DOCSLIB.ORG

Natural Gas Vehicle Basics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Natural Gas Vehicle Basics Natural Gas Vehicle Basics Heavy-duty NGVs for long-haul fleets that operate along a route with natural gas Natural gas powers about 175,000 fueling stations. Photo from Saturn Lounge Photography, NREL 28496 U.S. vehicles and more than 23 million vehicles worldwide.1 Natural gallons of LNG contains the energy regulations, including Federal Motor gas vehicles (NGVs) are a good equivalent of a gallon of gasoline. Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS). choice for high-mileage (high fuel-use) Compared to gasoline and diesel fuel, fleets—such as buses, medium- How and where is natural gas natural gas has a higher autoignition and heavy-duty trucks, and refuse produced and distributed? temperature, so it takes significantly vehicles—that are centrally fueled Most natural gas is drawn from wells more heat for the fuel to ignite without or operate within a limited area or or extracted in conjunction with crude oil a flame or spark. This makes uninten- along a route with natural gas fueling production. U.S. production of natural tional ignition less likely. In addition, because it is lighter than air, natural stations. The advantages of natural gas has increased significantly in recent gas dissipates quickly. gas as an alternative fuel include years. Most U.S. natural gas is produced in North America. The United States its domestic production, established NGV fuel tanks are strong and extremely has a vast distribution system, which distribution network, relatively low puncture resistant, and they undergo can quickly and economically distribute testing according to stringent standards. cost, and emissions benefits. natural gas to and from most locations in Once in use, they must be inspected in the lower 48 states. What is natural gas? a qualified service facility every three Renewable natural gas (RNG), or years (36 months) or 36,000 miles, Natural gas is an odorless, gaseous 4 biomethane, is produced from decaying whichever comes first. The National Fire mixture of hydrocarbons—predominantly organic materials like municipal solid Protection Association, U.S. Department methane (CH ). The fuel is widely used 4 waste from landfills, sewage from waste- of Transportation, and other organizations for heating and cooking, electric power water treatment plants, animal manure, or provide these and other safety guidelines production, and industrial use. Although food waste. After impurities are removed, for NGVs, as well as for fueling equip- it is a proven, reliable alternative fuel that 5 the gas is ready for use in vehicles or for ment. A list of applicable codes and has long been used to power vehicles, distribution through existing pipelines. standards is available on the AFDC less than 1% of natural gas is currently RNG qualifies as a renewable fuel under (afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/48611.pdf). used this way.2 Because it is a gas, it the federal Renewable Fuel Standard must be stored on board a vehicle in (RFS) and a low-carbon fuel under 1 either a compressed or liquefied state. In “NGVAmerica – Vehicles.” Accessed January 2020. California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard. www.ngvamerica.org/vehicles. the United States, compressed natural gas (CNG) is typically stored in a tank at a In 2018, more than 305 million gasoline- 2 “Natural Gas Consumption by End Use,” U.S. Energy Information Administration. Accessed January 2020. pressure of 3,600 pounds per square inch. gallon equivalents of RNG received www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_a.htm. credits under the RFS.3 This constitutes Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is super- 3 “Spreadsheet of RIN Generation and Renewable Fuel significant progress toward renewable Volume Production by Fuel Type for the Renewable cooled and stored in its liquid form at goals, despite the fact that RNG produc- Fuel Standard,” U.S. Environmental Protection −260°F in insulated tanks. Because liquid tion is still a small fraction of estimated Agency. Accessed January 2020. www.epa.gov/ is denser than gas, more energy can be fuels-registration-reporting-and-compliance-help/ potential. Learn more about RNG on the spreadsheet-rin-generation-and-renewable-fuel-0. stored by volume. This makes LNG Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) favorable for trucks that need a longer 4 U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway (afdc.energy.gov/rng). Traffic Safety Administration, Compressed Natural Gas driving range. CNG is sold in units of Fuel Container Integrity, 49 C.F.R. 571.304 (Oct. 1, 2011). gasoline- or diesel-gallon equivalents, Are NGVs safe? 5 “NFPA 52: Vehicular Natural Gas Fuel Systems which is based on the energy content of Just like conventional vehicles, NGVs Code,” National Fire Protection Association. Accessed a gallon of gasoline or diesel fuel. LNG January 2020. nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all- must comply with all applicable codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/ is sold as a liquid gallon, where 1.5 detail?code=52. engines are traditionally limited to Purchasing new vehicles heavy-duty applications and can be more To find available OEM NGVs and fuel-efficient than their spark-ignited, engines, see the AFDC Vehicle Search dedicated counterparts. A dual-fuel (afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/search) system is more complex, requiring or the Natural Gas Vehicles for America diesel exhaust aftertreatment and onboard (NGVAmerica) Vehicle Availability page storage of both types of fuel at all times (ngvamerica.org/vehicles/availability). (whereas bi-fuel vehicles can operate on either fuel exclusively). A variety of In some cases, buyers can order OEM light-, medium-, and heavy-duty NGVs models with gaseous-fuel “prep pack- CNG vehicles are fueled with easy- are available and suitable for various ages,” which allow a qualified system to-use, pressure-sealed fueling applications. Buyers can purchase retrofitter or vehicle modifier (QSR or dispensers. Photo by Dennis Schroeder, vehicles through OEM dealerships or QVM) to install the EPA- or CARB- NREL 48723 have in-service vehicles converted. certified fuel delivery system before the vehicle is delivered to the customer. Considerations for CNG tanks How well do NGVs perform? Converting in-service vehicles When purchasing a CNG vehicle, NGVs are similar to gasoline or diesel customers should be mindful of the vehicles with regard to power, accel- Owners should insist upon an EPA- or FMVSS inspection requirements and eration, and cruising speed. Natural CARB-certified system when converting the useful life of the fuel tanks. For used gas has a higher pump octane number vehicles. System manufacturers may vehicles, it is important to know when than gasoline (120+ compared to 84–93 perform the conversion themselves the fuel tanks were last inspected, the for gasoline), and some OEMs offer or work closely with a QSR/QVM. A expiration date, if the vehicle has been in dedicated engines optimized to take well-qualified QSR/QVM will have an accident, and whether the tanks were advantage of this higher rating.6 This can established procedures and technical inspected after. CNG tanks have a useful result in improved performance and fuel training for the installation process, as life of 15, 20, or 25 years, depending on economy over nonoptimized engines. well as best practices. It is important how they were certified by the original The driving range of NGVs is generally to understand these and ask to review equipment manufacturer (OEM). All less than that of comparable gasoline and documentation on emissions compli- CNG tanks carry a label with the expira- diesel vehicles because with natural gas, ance as well as the conversion practices, tion date. This date may also be found on less overall energy content can be stored procedures, warranty, and training. a label near the fueling connector and on in the same size tank. Extra natural gas the label under the hood of the vehicle. storage tanks or the use of LNG can help How much do NGVs cost? increase range for larger vehicles. The price of an NGV is higher than Types of NGVs available that of a comparable conventional fuel There are three types of NGVs: How can I find reliable and vehicle; however, NGVs can provide EPA-compliant vehicles? an acceptable return on investment • Dedicated vehicles are designed to run (ROI) for many fleets because of fuel All NGVs must be certified to meet only on natural gas. cost savings. NGVs can cost thousands U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of dollars more than comparable gaso- • Bi-fuel vehicles have two separate (EPA) or California Air Resources Board line- or diesel-powered vehicles. The fueling systems that enable them to run (CARB) emissions standards. For a list price depends on the fuel tank capacity, on either natural gas or gasoline. This of EPA-certified conversion systems number of tanks required, and whether extends overall vehicle range by adding and engines, see the EPA website (epa. the vehicle is purchased new from an the distance that can be driven on each gov/vehicle-and-engine-certification/ OEM or is an in-service vehicle that has fuel separately. lists-epa-compliant-alternative-fuel- been converted. The maintenance and conversion-systems). Consult the • Dual-fuel vehicles use natural gas operation costs are similar to those of Natural Gas Vehicle Conversions page blended with some diesel fuel for their gasoline or diesel counterparts.7 and the publication What Fleets Need ignition assistance, allowing them For dedicated NGVs, maintenance costs to operate much like conventional to Know About Alternative Fuel Vehicle compression-ignition (e.g., diesel) Conversions, Retrofits, and Repowers on the AFDC for additional information on engines. 6 “AFDC Fuel Properties Comparison,” Alternative Fuels conversions (afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/ Data Center. Accessed January 2020. afdc.energy.gov/ Light-duty vehicles are typically config- natural_gas_conversions.html). fuels/fuel_properties.php. ured as dedicated or bi-fuel models, and 7 “Alternative Fuel Life-Cycle Environmental and heavy-duty vehicles are configured as Economic Transportation (AFLEET) Tool 2018,” dedicated or dual-fuel models.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Gas Vehicles Myth Vs. Reality
    INNOVATION | NGV NATURAL GAS VEHICLES MYTH VS. REALITY Transitioning your fleet to alternative fuels is a major decision, and there are several factors to consider. Unfortunately, not all of the information in the market related to heavy-duty natural gas vehicles (NGVs) is 100 percent accurate. The information below aims to dispel some of these myths while providing valuable insights about NGVs. MYTH REALITY When specifying a vehicle, it’s important to select engine power that matches the given load and duty cycle. Earlier 8.9 liter natural gas engines were limited to 320 horsepower. They were not always used in their ideal applications and often pulled loads that were heavier than intended. As a result, there were some early reliability challenges. NGVs don’t have Fortunately, reliability has improved and the Cummins Westport near-zero 11.9 liter engine enough power, offers up to 400 horsepower and 1,450 lb-ft torque to pull full 80,000 pound GVWR aren’t reliable. loads.1 In a study conducted by the American Gas Association (AGA) NGVs were found to be as safe or safer than vehicles powered by liquid fuels. NGVs require Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fuel tanks, or “cylinders.” They need to be inspected every three years or 36,000 miles. The AGA study goes on to state that the NGV fleet vehicle injury rate was 37 CNG is not safe. percent lower than the gasoline fleet vehicle rate and there were no fuel related fatalities compared with 1.28 deaths per 100 million miles for gasoline fleet vehicles.2 Improvements in CNG cylinder storage design have led to fuel systems that provide E F range that matches the range of a typical diesel-powered truck.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Energy in the 21St Century: a Primer
    U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46723 SUMMARY R46723 U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Since the start of the 21st century, the U.S. energy system has changed tremendously. Technological advances in energy production have driven changes in energy consumption, and Melissa N. Diaz, the United States has moved from being a net importer of most forms of energy to a declining Coordinator importer—and a net exporter in 2019. The United States remains the second largest producer and Analyst in Energy Policy consumer of energy in the world, behind China. Overall energy consumption in the United States has held relatively steady since 2000, while the mix of energy sources has changed. Between 2000 and 2019, consumption of natural gas and renewable energy increased, while oil and nuclear power were relatively flat and coal decreased. In the same period, production of oil, natural gas, and renewables increased, while nuclear power was relatively flat and coal decreased. Overall energy production increased by 42% over the same period. Increases in the production of oil and natural gas are due in part to technological improvements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling that have facilitated access to resources in unconventional formations (e.g., shale). U.S. oil production (including natural gas liquids and crude oil) and natural gas production hit record highs in 2019. The United States is the largest producer of natural gas, a net exporter, and the largest consumer. Oil, natural gas, and other liquid fuels depend on a network of over three million miles of pipeline infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicle Expansion Liquefied Natural Gas
    The Road to 1 Billion Miles in UPS’s Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicles UPS is committed to better fuel alternatives, now and for the future. That’s why we recently announced a new goal –– to drive 1 billion miles in our alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles by 2017. With nearly 3,000 vehicles currently in our “rolling laboratory,” we’re creating sustainable connections and delivering innovative, new technologies on the road and around the globe. 1 000 000 00 0 miles by 2017 1 Billion Miles Our goal is to drive 1 billion miles in alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles by the end of 2017 — more than double our previous goal to drive 400 million miles. 295 Million Miles 212 Million Miles Base Year 100 Million Miles 2000 2005 2010 2012 2017 Electric Vehicle Liquefied Natural Gas Expansion Announcement x20 100x 2013 2013 Earlier this year we deployed 100 fully electric UPS announced the purchase of 700 LNG tractors in commercial vehicles throughout California. These 2013 and plan to ultimately have more than 1,000 in additions to our electric vehicle fleet will help our fleet. These tractors will operate from LNG fueling offset the consumption of conventional motor fuel stations in Las Vegas, Nev.; Phoenix, Ariz., and Beaver by an estimated 126,000 gallons per year. and Salt Lake City, Utah among other locations. Electric Vehicles Diesel Hybrid Hydraulic 2001 First tested in New York City in the 1930s, we 2006 took a second look in Santiago, Chile, in 2001. Harnessing hydraulic power sharply increases fuel Today, we have more than 100 worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • CASE Studies
    THE STATE OF ASIAN CITIES 2010/11 CASE STUDIES TRANSPORTATION POSITIVE CHANGE IS WITHIN REACH Transportation generates at least one third of greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas, but positive change is within reach, and much more easily than some policymakers might think. Cycle rickshaws remain a policy blind spot The cycle rickshaw remains widely popular in Asian cities and is a sustainable urban transport for short- distance trips (1-5 km). It can also complement and integrate very effectively as a low-cost feeder service to public transport systems, providing point-to-point service (i.e., from home to a bus stop). According to estimates, over seven million passenger/goods cycle rickshaws are in operation in various Indian cities (including some 600,000 in India’s National Capital Region) where they are used by substantial numbers of low- and middle-income commuters as well as tourists, and even goods or materials. Still, for all its popularity and benefits, this non-polluting type of transport is largely ignored by policymakers and transport planners. Recently in Delhi, a ban on cycle rickshaws resulted in additional traffic problems as people turned to ‘auto’ (i.e., motorized) rickshaws instead. The ban met with public outcry and opposition from many civil society groups. In a landmark decision in February 2010, the Delhi High Court ruled that the Municipal Corporation’s ban on cycle rickshaws was unconstitutional. State of Asian Cities Report 2010/11, Ch. 4, Box 4.17 Delhi’s conversion to natural gas and solar power In 1998 and at the request of India’s non-governmental Centre for Science and Environment, the country’s Supreme Court directed the Delhi Government to convert all public transport and para-transit vehicles from diesel or petrol engines to compressed natural gas (CNG).
    [Show full text]
  • Fuel Properties Comparison
    Alternative Fuels Data Center Fuel Properties Comparison Compressed Liquefied Low Sulfur Gasoline/E10 Biodiesel Propane (LPG) Natural Gas Natural Gas Ethanol/E100 Methanol Hydrogen Electricity Diesel (CNG) (LNG) Chemical C4 to C12 and C8 to C25 Methyl esters of C3H8 (majority) CH4 (majority), CH4 same as CNG CH3CH2OH CH3OH H2 N/A Structure [1] Ethanol ≤ to C12 to C22 fatty acids and C4H10 C2H6 and inert with inert gasses 10% (minority) gases <0.5% (a) Fuel Material Crude Oil Crude Oil Fats and oils from A by-product of Underground Underground Corn, grains, or Natural gas, coal, Natural gas, Natural gas, coal, (feedstocks) sources such as petroleum reserves and reserves and agricultural waste or woody biomass methanol, and nuclear, wind, soybeans, waste refining or renewable renewable (cellulose) electrolysis of hydro, solar, and cooking oil, animal natural gas biogas biogas water small percentages fats, and rapeseed processing of geothermal and biomass Gasoline or 1 gal = 1.00 1 gal = 1.12 B100 1 gal = 0.74 GGE 1 lb. = 0.18 GGE 1 lb. = 0.19 GGE 1 gal = 0.67 GGE 1 gal = 0.50 GGE 1 lb. = 0.45 1 kWh = 0.030 Diesel Gallon GGE GGE 1 gal = 1.05 GGE 1 gal = 0.66 DGE 1 lb. = 0.16 DGE 1 lb. = 0.17 DGE 1 gal = 0.59 DGE 1 gal = 0.45 DGE GGE GGE Equivalent 1 gal = 0.88 1 gal = 1.00 1 gal = 0.93 DGE 1 lb. = 0.40 1 kWh = 0.027 (GGE or DGE) DGE DGE B20 DGE DGE 1 gal = 1.11 GGE 1 kg = 1 GGE 1 gal = 0.99 DGE 1 kg = 0.9 DGE Energy 1 gallon of 1 gallon of 1 gallon of B100 1 gallon of 5.66 lb., or 5.37 lb.
    [Show full text]
  • China at the Crossroads
    SPECIAL REPORT China at the Crossroads Energy, Transportation, and the 21st Century James S. Cannon June 1998 INFORM, Inc. 120 Wall Street New York, NY 10005-4001 Tel (212) 361-2400 Fax (212) 361-2412 Site www.informinc.org Gina Goldstein, Editor Emily Robbins, Production Editor © 1998 by INFORM, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISSN# 1050-8953 Volume 5, Number 2 Acknowledgments INFORM is grateful to all those who contributed their time, knowledge, and perspectives to the preparation of this report. We also wish to thank ARIA Foundation, The Compton Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, and The Helen Sperry Lea Foundation, without whose generous support this work would not have been possible. Table of Contents Preface Introduction: A Moment of Choice for China. ........................................................................1 Motor Vehicles in China: Oil and Other Options...................................................................3 Motor Vehicle Manufacturing........................................................................................................3 Oil: Supply and Demand...............................................................................................................5 Alternative Vehicles and Fuels........................................................................................................8 Natural Gas Vehicles.....................................................................................................8 Liquefied Petroleum Gas ..............................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas Vehicle Technology
    Natural Gas Vehicle Technology Basic Information about Light -Duty Vehicles History Natural Gas Vehicles 1910’s : Low-pressu re bag carried on a trailer (USA) 1930’s Wood-Gas (Germany) © ENGVA, 2003 1 Gaseous Vehicle Fuels LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) Propane, butane, mixture 3 – 15 bar (45 – 625 psi) at ambient temperature CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) Methane CH 4 200 bar (3000 psi) at ambient temperature LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Methane CH 4 Cryogenic : Liquefied at -162°C (typical for vehicle use -140°C @ 3 to 5 bar) H2 (Hydrogen) CH 2 (350 bar (5150 psi) compressed) or LH 2 (liquefied, -253°C) © ENGVA, 2003 CNG system overview Light-Duty Typical CNG Components in a Natural Gas Vehicle Fill receptacle Storage tank(s) Piping and fittings High Pressure Regulator Fuel-rail CNG injectors ECU Source : Volvo © ENGVA, 2003 2 CNG storage Storage in gaseous phase Storage under high pressure : 200 bar / 3000 psi Storage in one or more cylinders LPG storage Source : Barbotti, Argentina Storage in liquid phase Storage under low pressure : 3 - 15 bar Storage (mostly) in one cylinder Source : Opel © ENGVA, 2003 CNG fuel systems Light-Duty Mono-Fuel CNG only (dedicated) Bi-Fuel Source : Fiat Auto Spa CNG & Petrol © ENGVA, 2003 3 Mono-Fuel system Light-Duty Advantages Optimised engine possible Higher power output Lower fuel consumption Better exhaust gas emissions More available space for CNG tanks Better access to incentive programs Disadvantages Higher system price Restricted (total) range Dependency on filling station availability Source :
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas and Propane
    Construction Concerns: Natural Gas and Propane Article by Gregory Havel September 28, 2015 For the purposes of this article, I will discuss the use of natural gas and propane [liquefied propane (LP)] gas in buildings under construction, in buildings undergoing renovation, and in the temporary structures that are found on construction job sites including scaffold enclosures. In permanent structures, natural gas is carried by pipe from the utility company meter to the location of the heating appliances. Natural gas from utility companies is lighter than air and is odorized. In temporary structures and in buildings under construction or renovation, the gas may be carried from the utility company meter by pipe or a hose rated for natural gas at the pressure to be used to the location of the heating appliances. These pipes and hoses must be properly supported and must be protected from damage including from foot and wheeled traffic. The hoses, pipes, and connections must be checked regularly for leaks. For permanent and temporary structures, LP gas is usually stored in horizontal tanks outside the structure (photo 1) at a distance from the structure. September 28, 2015 (1) In Photo 1, note the frost on the bottom third of the tank that indicates the approximate amount of LP that is left in the tank. LP gas for fuel is heavier than air and is odorized. It is carried from the tank to the heating appliances by pipe or hose rated for LP gas at the pressure to be used. As it is for natural gas, these pipes and hoses must be properly supported and protected from damage including from foot and wheeled traffic.
    [Show full text]
  • Report to Congress
    REPORT TO CONGRESS Effects of the Alternative Motor Fuels Act CAFE Incentives Policy PREPARED BY: U.S. Department of Transportation U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Environmental Protection Agency March 2002 Table of Contents Highlights.............................................................................................................................iii Executive Summary.............................................................................................................vi I. Introduction.....................................................................................................................1 II. Background.....................................................................................................................3 III. Availability of Alternative Fuel Vehicles.....................................................................13 IV. Availability and Use of Alternative Fuels....................................................................27 V. Analysis of the Effects on Energy Conservation and the Environment...................................................................................................37 VI. Summary of Findings and Recommendations............................................................49 Appendices.........................................................................................................................52 Appendix A: Summary of Federal Register Comments Appendix B: Listing of CAFE Fines Paid by Vehicle Manufacturers Appendix C: U.S. Refueling Site Counts by State
    [Show full text]
  • Leak Detection in Natural Gas and Propane Commercial Motor Vehicles Course
    Leak Detection in Natural Gas and Propane Commercial Motor Vehicles Course July 2015 Table of Contents 1. Leak Detection in Natural Gas and Propane Commercial Motor Vehicles Course ............................................... 1 1.1 Introduction and Overview ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Welcome ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Course Goal .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Training Outcomes ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.5 Training Outcomes (Continued) ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.6 Course Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.7 Course Topic Areas ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1.8 Course Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.9 Module One: Overview of CNG, LNG,
    [Show full text]
  • 2002-00201-01-E.Pdf (Pdf)
    report no. 2/95 alternative fuels in the automotive market Prepared for the CONCAWE Automotive Emissions Management Group by its Technical Coordinator, R.C. Hutcheson Reproduction permitted with due acknowledgement Ó CONCAWE Brussels October 1995 I report no. 2/95 ABSTRACT A review of the advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels for road transport has been conducted. Based on numerous literature sources and in-house data, CONCAWE concludes that: · Alternatives to conventional automotive transport fuels are unlikely to make a significant impact in the foreseeable future for either economic or environmental reasons. · Gaseous fuels have some advantages and some growth can be expected. More specifically, compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) may be employed as an alternative to diesel fuel in urban fleet applications. · Bio-fuels remain marginal products and their use can only be justified if societal and/or agricultural policy outweigh market forces. · Methanol has a number of disadvantages in terms of its acute toxicity and the emissions of “air toxics”, notably formaldehyde. In addition, recent estimates suggest that methanol will remain uneconomic when compared with conventional fuels. KEYWORDS Gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, CNG, LNG, Methanol, LPG, bio-fuels, ethanol, rape seed methyl ester, RSME, carbon dioxide, CO2, emissions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This literature review is fully referenced (see Section 12). However, CONCAWE is grateful to the following for their permission to quote in detail from their publications: · SAE Paper No. 932778 ã1993 - reprinted with permission from the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. (15) · “Road vehicles - Efficiency and emissions” - Dr. Walter Ospelt, AVL LIST GmbH.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquefied Natural Gas/ Compressed Natural Gas Opportunities
    Liquefied Natural Gas/ Compressed Natural Gas Opportunities Fixed Gas and Flame Detection Applications While there are many solutions that can help meet our energy needs into the future, natural gas and its benefits are available now. The significant increase in the supply of natural gas, brought about by technical advancements in producing gas from shale deposits, has revolutionized the gas industry; opening up new sources of gas production in North America. Such increased production has escalated U.S. competitiveness, promoted job growth and bolstered the economy with lower, more stable natural gas prices.¹ ¹http://www.powerincooperation.com Because every life has a purpose... LNG/CNG Opportunites Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been converted Total U.S. natural gas production, consumption, to liquid form for ease of storage or transport, and its use allows for and net imports, 1990-2035 the production and marketing of natural gas deposits that were (trillion cubicfeet) History 2010 Projections previously economically unrecoverable. This technology is used for 30 natural gas supply operations and domestic storage, and in Net exports, 2035 5% consumption such as for vehicle fuel. 25 Compressed natural gas (CNG) is natural gas under pressure Consumption which remains clear, odorless, and non-corrosive. CNG is a fossil 11% Net imports, 2010 fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane/LPG and is a 20 Henry Hub spot market more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is natural gas prices (2010 dollars per million Btu) much safer in the event of a spill. Domestic production 10 Interest in LNG and CNG has been rekindled and is expected to play 15 5 an important role in the natural gas industry and energy markets 0 over the next several years.
    [Show full text]