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A Family Based Study in Punjab, India 9772150409002 07 Vol.2, No.7, 667-792 (2010) Natural Science TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 2, Number 7, July 2010 ASTRONOMY & SPACE SCIENCES Development of extensional stresses in the compressional setting of the Himalayan thrust wedge: inference from numerical modelling Ganesh Raj Joshi, Daigoro Hayashi……………………………………………………………………………………………667 Impacts of oasis on the atmospheric hydrological cycle over the nearby desert Qiang Zhang, Yuhe Nan, Sheng Wang…………………………………………………………………………………………681 CHEMISTRY Synthesis, structural characterization and formation mechanism of giant-dielectric CaCu3Ti4O12 nanotubes Nirupam Banerjee, Saluru Baba Krupanidhi……………………………………………………………………………………688 Formation characterization and rheological properties of zirconia and ceria-stabilized zirconia Arvind K. Nikumbh, Parag V. Adhyapak…………………………………………………………………………………………694 Synthesis and characterization of an amphiphilic chitosan bearing octyl and methoxy polyethylene glycol groups Guanghua Liu, Jianqun Gan, Aimin Chen, Qian Liu, Xusheng Zhao……………………………………………………………707 A sensitive, rapid and validated liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for determination of Mimosine in Mimosa pudica Linn Parikshit A. Champanerkar, Vikas V. Vaidya, Sunita Shailajan, Sasikumar N. Menon…………………………………………713 LIFE SCIENCE Residues of 862, 921 of VP3 are associated with virulence in infectious bursal disease virus strain Harbin-1 Renmao Li, Haiying Wang, Guangming Huang, Manfu Zhang…………………………………………………………………718 Review on dermatomycosis: pathogenesis and treatment Deepika T. Lakshmipathy, Krishnan Kannabiran…………………………………………………………………………………726 Familial aggregation and heritability for cardiovascular risk factors: a family based study in Punjab, India Raman Kumar, Badaruddoza……………………………………………………………………………………………………732 Characterization of seed storage protein patterns of four Iranian Pistachios using SDS-PAGE Ali Akbar Ehsanpour, Behrokh Shojaie, Fatemeh Rostami………………………………………………………………………737 Comparison of factor loadings for anthropometric and physiometric measures among type 2 diabetic males, pre-and post-menopausal females in North Indian Punjabi population Badaruddoza, Basanti Barna, Amarjit Singh Bhanwer……………………………………………………………………………741 Environmental stress upon hepatopancreatic cells of freshwater prawns (decapoda: caridea) from the floodplain of paraná river Pablo Collins………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………748 PHYSICS Multidimensional electrostatic energy and classical renormalization Sami M. AL-Jaber…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………760 Pyrogenicity of hyaluronic acid hydrogel cross-linked by divinyl sulfone for soft tissue augmentation Jin-Tae Kim, Jae-Ha Choi, Deuk-Yong Lee………………………………………………………………………………………764 The effect of cartilaginous rings on particle deposition by convection and brownian diffusion Hans O. Åkerstedt, Sofie M. Högberg, Staffan T. Lundström, Thomas Sandström………………………………………………769 Flow behavior of UCM viscoelastic fluid in sudden contraction channel Chunquan Fu, Hongliang Zhou, Hongjun Yin, Huiying Zhong, Haimei Jiang……………………………………………………780 OTHERS Great collapse (kepler’s first law) Mohammad Tayseer Kayed Al-Tamimi…………………………………………………………………………………………786 Copyright © 2010 SciRes. Openly accessible at http://www.scirp.org/journal/NS/ Natural Science Journal Information SUBSCRIPTIONS The Natural Science (Online at Scientific Research Publishing, www.SciRP.org) is published monthly by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. Subscription rates: Print: $50 per copy. To subscribe, please contact Journals Subscriptions Department, E-mail: [email protected] SERVICES Advertisements Advertisement Sales Department, E-mail: [email protected] Reprints (minimum quantity 100 copies) Reprints Co-ordinator, Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. E-mail: [email protected] COPYRIGHT Copyright© 2010 Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as described below, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Copying of articles is not permitted except for personal and internal use, to the extent permitted by national copyright law, or under the terms of a license issued by the national Reproduction Rights Organization. Requests for permission for other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works or for resale, and other enquiries should be addressed to the Publisher. Statements and opinions expressed in the articles and communications are those of the individual contributors and not the statements and opinion of Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. We assumes no responsibility or liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein. We expressly disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. If expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. PRODUCTION INFORMATION For manuscripts that have been accepted for publication, please contact: E-mail: [email protected] Vol.2, No.7, 667-680 (2010) Natural Science doi:10.4236/ns.2010.27083 Development of extensional stresses in the compressional setting of the Himalayan thrust wedge: inference from numerical modelling Ganesh Raj Joshi*, Daigoro Hayashi Simulation Tectonics Laboratory, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Received 16 March 2010; revised 10 May 2010; accepted 15 May 2010. ABSTRACT Displacement; Finite Element Modelling; Himalayan Wedge The estimation of contemporary tectonic stress field and deformation in active fold-and-thrust belts are imperative in identifying active geo- 1. INTRODUCTION dynamics and resulting faulting phenomenon. In this paper, we focus on contemporary exten- The existence of syn-orogenic extension is relatively new sional tectonics in the overall compressive set- discovery, which was described only since the eighties ting of the Himalayan orogen. Here we examine and has received quite a lot of attention in the past two the regional tectonic stress field and upper decades. Understanding the mechanisms that produce crustal deformation in the Himalayan thrust extensional deformation in contractional orogenic belts is wedge using a 2D finite element technique, in- a major issue in the study of the plate continental struc- corporating elastic rheology under plain strain ture and its dynamics. During the past few decades, ex- condition. The elastic models demonstrate that tensional deformation structures have been mapped in the extensional tectonic stress and related nor- several contractional orogen such as the eastern Alps [1], mal faulting is extensively developed in the Andean Cordillera [2], Southern Apennines [3], Scandi- southern front of the Himalaya at shallow navian Caledonides [4], North American Cordillera [5], crustal level (< 10 km in depth). Our modelling and the Himalayan orogen [6-8]. Generally, the normal shows a good consistency with the geological faults appear to be late stage or post-orogenic structures, field evidences of active faulting, focal mecha- while documented cases of syn-orogenic normal faulting nism solutions of medium size earthquakes in are less common, which does not fit readily into the the several sectors of the Himalaya. Results paradigm of plate tectonics [9]. based on numerical simulation, tectonic analy- The Himalayan continental collision is formed as a sis and taking geological and geophysical data result of collision between Indian and Eurasian land- into account, we interpret that the present-day masses ca 65-40 Ma ago [10]. The dominant structures extensional tectonic activity is not restricted in of the Himalayan chain show a stack of large south- the southern Tibet but distributed in the differ- vergent thrust sheets emplaced successively from north ent sectors of the Himalayan fold-and-thrust to south [11] and bounded by major intra-crustal thrusts. belt co-exist with compressional structures. These intra-continental tectonic features, general seismic Modelling results also indicate that the nature, phenomenon, major folds and other deformation struc- distribution and orientation of the maximum tures indicate the predominantly compressional tectonic compressive stress (1) of the Himalaya are regime of the Himalaya. However, lately, a variety of mainly controlled by the intra crustal Main Hi- extensional expressions and normal faults have been malayan décollement (MHT). The significant recognized in the southern Tibet [6,12,13]. Although it is amount of shear stress/strain concentration believed that these extensional structures are generally along the MHT in the western Nepal predict that restricted only in the southern Tibet [6,12]; however, the region is prone to moderate and great future recent research has shown that normal faults and other earthquakes. extensional features are not restricted only within south- ern Tibet but distributed in the several sectors of the Hi- Keywords: Extensional Stress Field; Convergent malaya [14-19]. These extensional features, however, are Copyright © 2010 SciRes. Openly accessible at http://www.scirp.org/journal/NS/ 668 G. R. Joshi et al. / Natural Science 2 (2010) 667-680 not obviously consistent with the dominant seismicity eastern sectors on the
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