CENSUS OF INDIA 1981

SERIES 18

RAJASTHAN

Part X-D HANDICRAFT SURVEY REPORT JUTT-PATTI (A Craft Study on Goat Hair Product)

DraIied by SIIArvI5HER SINGH .iIssistant Director

s. R. LUHADIA Joint Director Census Operations. Rajasthan

FOREWORD The Indian handicrafts are known the world over for their rich variety, grace, elegance and skilled craftmanshlp. Nevertheless, a numbet of handicrafts because of their stiff competition with factory made products, non-availability of raw materials, exhorbitant increase in the manufacturing cost, lack of proper marketing facilities for finished products or due to a variety of other reasons have either become extinct 01 have reached the moribund stage. After independence, however, a number of schemes were introduced by different govelnment agencies for their growth and development but still this sudden impetus have helped only at few crafti to flourish and thereby become spinners of foreign exchange for the country. Despite the unique position being enjoyed by the handicrafts especially in the realm of national economy, the genelal awareness among the people in the country about our crafts and craftsmen had been deplorably poor. Nothing was practically known.. about the commodities pro­ duced, techniques employed for the manufacture of different objects, raw matelials used, their availability, methods adopted for the sale of finished products etc. An attempt was therefcre made in connection with the 1961 Census to study about 150 crafts from different parts of the country with a view to provide basic information on those clafts which were selected fOl the stud}'. At the 1971 Census, the study on handicrafts was not taken up but this was again revived in connection with the 1981 Census. Thele has been, however, some diffelence 1:etween the stu­ dies taken up in connection with the Censuses of 1961 and 1981. While the 1961 studies have covered both rural and urban crafts, the 1981 studies have focussed theh attention only on traditional rural based clafts. That apart, the 1981 studies besides touching upon those as­ pects which were covered undel the 1961 series, ~ave lai~ emphasis on mattels that ar~ vita] for the revival of rural crafts and thereby for the rejUVenatIOn of the economy of the le!;lon parti­ cularly the village&. This is in consonance with the policy of the government to give due imp or· tancc to the rural sector with focus on employment intensive stlategy of development in which nex~ to agriculture, the small scale industries and handicrafts playa significant tOle. fhe formats required for undertaking the study were formulated by Dr. K.P. Ittaman under the able guidance of Dr. N.O. Nag. the then Deputy Registrar General, Social Studiei Division. Dr. Ittaman who succeeded Dr. Nag as Deputy Registrar General, Social Studies Division co·ordinated the study undertaken in different States/Union Territories by the DirectOlates of Census Operations. The leporb received from the Directorates were examined by Shri M.K. Jain, Senior Research Officel with the help of Smt. Suman Prashar, Assistant Director of Census Operations. I am grateful to all of them for organising this study.

The present report is the. outcom~ of a study unde~taken on Goat H~il Product by the Diroctorate of Census Ope~atIOns, RaJas~an .. I h~ve Immense pleasure In ~cknowledging the services rendered by Shrl S.R. Luhadla, Jomt Dlrectol and hIS colleagues In the Census Directorate for bringing out this publication.

Nnw DELHI The 1ST JUNE, 1988 v. S. VBlWA Registrar General, India

(ill)

PREFACE Various types of fibres from vegetables and animal lcingdoms and in the present times synthetic ones also are used for weaving clothes and making strings etc. Jutt-patti is woven from goat hair. The craft of jutt-patti is practiced in western districts of Barmer, Jodhpur and Jalol of the Rajasthan State. The craft is solely practiced by Maru Kumhars who are traditionally potters since mediaeval times. The craft is export oriented and almost all the produce is exported mainly to gulf countries and is thus a good foreign exchange earner.

I extend my gratitude to Shri Vijay Verma the Registral General, India and Dr. K. P. Ittaman, Deputy Registrar General, India for their unfailing help, guidance and encouragement in bringing out this study in its present form. The present study was ably conducted by Shri Gladstone Fernandes, Investigator assisted by Sarva Shri Murari La! Gupta, Statistical Assistant and Kanhaiya Lal, Computor under the able supervision and guidance of Shri Shamsher Singh, Assistant Director who also drafted the report. Besides, my appreciations are also due to other members of the staff associated with this study listed overleaf. I am thankful to Sarva Shri Ishwar Chand Jain of Jasol and Madanji of Balotra for their whole hearted co-operation in the conduct of this survey.

S. R. LUHADIA JAiPUR Joint Director Census Operations, Rajasthan April IS, 1989

(v) OTHER MEMBERS OF THE STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH STUDY

TABULATION: Shri R. A. Agrawal Investigator Sbri Arun Kumar Jain. Computor Shri R. C. Bairwa Computor PHOTOGRAPHY : Shri R. K. Singh Statistical Assistant PRINTING: Shri M. M. Goyal Investigator Shri Hassan Mohammad Printing Inspector MAPS: Shri B. L. Arya Sr. Geographer Shri P. K. Sharma Artist Shri I. N. Dhundharia . Draught~mlln

(-ri) CONTENTS PAOB FOREWORD (Ul) PREFACE (v) MAPS . (ld)-(x Ii)

PART I : REPORT CHAPfBR- I History of Origin and DovelopmontoftheCraft 3-7 CHAPTBR- II Craftsmen in their Rural Setting 8-17 CHAPTBR- III Process of Loarning • 18-20 CEiAPTBR- IV Manufacturing Process 21-24 CEiAPTBR- V Marketing 25 CElO\PfSR- VI Craft and Employmen t 26-29

CElo\PfBR- VII Con~lusion 30-31

PART II I APPENDICES Table 1 to 14 (BasO 37 (Chsed on Households practising the craft) 61-85 Table 38 to 50 (Based on Households who left practising the craft) . 86-111

PART III I PHOTOGRAPHS

PHOTOGRAPHS 115-120

J-:;:91 R. G. India/ND/8S

JUTT-PATTI (A Craft Study OR Goat Hair Products)

(i x) 2-291 R. O. India/ND/88

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(xi) RAJASTHAN JUTT-PATTI CRAFT ICENTRES' INOTIONALJ

01 STRICT NAG AUR ,

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DISTRICT PAl.l

5 I R 0 H I

G U J R A T

10000AAV • IT"T If.. ••• ••• ...... RIIiER AND WATEA .ODIES ...... _0 DISTRICT..... '" .,. CENTAES WHEAE JUTT-PAT T I CRAFT 1$ PRACTICED•• _. ';~I '1 TEHSIL '" ... ••• ... -. _._- REPOAT BASED CENTRES •• , ...... _. _ • HEADQU"Rl'ERS DISTRICT'I TEHSlL ..... ®® ...u.... "'ATIONAL 'HIGHWAY ...... IlL- 1I0loD••• , ••••••, ••••••• -' ..... - ...... --- ItAILW"Y UNE METRE GAUGE •• '" ... ++I+++foo-

(xii) PART-I REPORT

CHAPTER I mSTORY OF ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRAFTS Weaving is an old art and is being practiced all &isting of sheep and goats. The craft of goat hair over the world. Various types of fibres are used for product is thus concentrated only in the western dis­ this purpose, which are obtained from vegetable as tricts of the State. As per the centres outside the well as animal kingdom and in modern times they are country, the names of the actual centres are not avail­ even artificially produced. Animal hair are widely able but it is practiced in Turkey and Iraq, who are used as fibres for weaving woollen and silken cloth. the main competitors with India in the international Goat hair are coarse and rough and hence only rug­ market. ged material used for packaging or for making tents etc. is prepared from it. 3. The craft at goat hair products i. called jutt­ 2. The craft of making cloth from goa,t hair origi­ patti. Iutt means goat hair, and patti means strips i.e. nated in mediaeval times used to be exported. The strips of cloth woven from goat hair. The glOat hair demand of raw goat hair and its products has been bags and ropes are also produced for local oonsump­ quite high in the middle-east countries since media.. tion in various villages of Rajasthan by stray house­ eval times. The cloth made of goat hair called jutt­ holds. The craft is mainly concentrated in Damer. patti is used as tent cloth for making tents and as Pachpadra, Chohtan and' Siw8i1la tehsils of Barmer filter material for filteriIlg the crude oil in the middle­ district, Osian, Shergarh and Jodhpur tehsils of Jodh­ east countries. Rajasthan State, especially its western pur district and Ahore tehsi1 of Ialor district, though part abounds in cattle wealth. The whole area, is it is alSo said to be practiced in four vma~es of. Sikar desert bound and comes under arid zone. Agricul­ district. As per the listing of households engawed ture is dependent on rains but the area abounds in in this craft during the present survey during 1985; variou!! types ot shrubs and grasses which provide 1.239 households residing in 47 villages of the above nourishing food for animals and hence provide vast mentioned three districts were found practising this pasture lands for domesticated animals mostly con- craft as is evident from the following table:

Table No. l.lL..Sex-wise distribution of members of households practising the eraft a t various centres at distriet level

Number of centres No. of house- Population of the households practising craft Name or District wh~crart is holds practising practiced the craft Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 Ii t. Banner. 39 1,046 6,577 3,468 3,109 2. Jalor 1 18 108 56 51 3. Jodhpur 7 175 1,234 644 590 TarAL 47 1,239 7,919 4,168 3,751

4. Of the 7,919 persons, constituting the total popu- males. Among the minor workers the number of lation of households engaged in the jutt-patti craft, female workers exceeds !that of males in all the 59.30 per cent are workers and of the total workeI"l. districts. The foJlowing table gives information re- 16.72 per cent are minors. In Jodhpur and Jalor dis- garding sex-wise distribution of major and minor tricts, the number of female workers e)l.ceeds tbat of. workers at the district level: Table No. 1.2-Sex-wise distribution of totalfmajor/minor workers engaged in the eraft at district level No. of workers engaged In the craft

Name of District Total Workm Major Workers Minor Workers (above 14 years) (14 years and below)

Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Pemale. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Barmer 3,888 2,013 l,87S 3,238 1,710 1,528 650 303 347 2. Jalor S7 28 29 53 27 26 4 1 ] 3. Jodhpur 7S1 373 378 620 323 297 131 50 81

TOTAL 4,696 2,414 2,282 3,911 2,060 l,8S1 785 354 431

3 4

5. The total population of the 47 centres wbere the which the industry has to face Is plastic sheets import­ craft is practiced comes to 678,034 of whicb 182,367 ed from United States and other countries which have are workers as per Census 1981. Of the total num­ started replacing the traditional jutt-patti being used ber of workers in the~e centres, 8.731 are engaged in ~, materif'l for making bags and tents. household industries, manufacturing, processing. ser­ vicing and repairs [Caltegory V (at) of Census] which 12. The cost of manufacturing is also escalated comes to 4.79 per cent while the workers engaged in because of the taxes imposed on the raw material and rbe goat hair craft form 53.79 per cent of the total finished goods. Sales tax is imposed at the rate of 4.0 workers engaged in Category V(a) at these centres. per cent :lloogwith surcharge CJf. 10.0 per cent on raw material i.e .• goat hair and besides these. one per cent. 6. According to the survey conducted by Directorate Mandi tax is also collected by Krishi Upaj Mandi at of Economic and Industrial Survey of Rajasthan the tehsil level. Sales tax at the rate of 8.0 per cent (]·overrunent in 1961. there were 1,155 spinners and is charged on yam and patti produced from goat hair weavers engaged in the production of the goat hair which in tum results in further price hike. Octroi CJf. .l!oods in 1961. whereas during the present survey is charged at the rate 2.0 per cent at Bombay . The commission on purchase of goat hair comes to tbis number has swelled up to 4,696. 3.0 per cent of the purchase price.

7. Only one community viz.. Kumbars of Maru 13. According to various traders engaged in the eA­ ~ub-caste. is mainly engaged in this craft. They are, port of jutt-patti an incentive at the rate of 25.00 pel' traditionally potters who (ook to jutt-patti craft in cent used to be ,given on the cash value of jutt-patti the mediaevel period. In some of the centres where exp::)f~ed as c!lsh compensatory support by Govern­ the craft is presently ~racticed it has been ~tarted only ment of Indiat which was later on reduced to 20.00 recently. while at m~ny centres the craftsmen have per cent in 1963-64. While in 1979 only 5.00 per cent ~witched over to weaving of COfielD thread durries. of the value of export was given as cash incentive and the rest ]5.00 per cent import licence for imparting 8. The only product manufactured from ~Oflt hir w')ol top, nylon yarn and dyes, and colour chemicals is jutt-patti which is mostly used as material for used to be given on which items import duty of making tents in Arabian countries and as filtering 200.00 per cent used to be levied otherwise. The jutt­ material for erode oil. patti was classified as a item similar to carpets: and the same incentives as given to carpet exporters used to 9. During the survey in 1961. the monty-value of the be given to the jutt-patti exporters also. From Octo· jutt-pattti produced a!lJlualIy was estimated at Rs. 12.0 ber ] 982 tbe jutt-patti was classified as 'others' and lakhs. Almost all the production of the jutt-patti o-uy 7.00 per ce'lt cash incentive is allowed on export used to be exported to gulf countries. value of jutt-patti. As c'lsh compensatory suPPOl"'t effective from 1st July, 1981). the Government of India in its C.C.S. Oreul:>r No. 43{86 dated 15th September. 10. The quantity of the jutt-patti produced used tn be approximately 730 metric tonnes in 1978-79 whiclt 1986 has mentioned that the rate of cash compen­ satory support of F.O.B. (Free on Board) value will ![l"aduaJIy declined to almost half in 1984-85. The be 8.00 per cent in case of woollen durries, drug­ oroduction of jutt-patti and its money value in Rs gets and goat-bair patties and it is to remain in force from 1978-79 to 1984-85 was as under: upto 3] st March, 1986. It has also been clarified in the circular that while the intention of the Gov­ Table No. 1.3-The qU8ntit) (in metrie toques) of ernment of India is to keep these rates stable for jutt-patti produced in various years aDr! its value the above period, the Government reserves the right (in Rupees) at the prevalent market rate- to withdraw I alter this rate at any time as merited.

Quantity or Value (Rupees ]4. Upto 1962 only coa.rse quality lutt-patti used to Year Jutt-Patti in Crores) be manufactured which was used for straining and (in metric filtering crude oil and was then replaced in view of tonnes) the technological innovations.

1978-79 730 t ·36 15. Tho standacd size of lutt-patti used to be (i) 1980-81 626 HO 75'x2.5' (ii) 6O'x2.5' (iii) 45'x2S i.e. (iJ 22.85mx O.762m (ii) 18.28mXO.762m (iii) 13.71mxO.762m. In 1981-82 N.A. N.A. common parlance of the workers these used to be 1982-83 700 1 ·'0 called patties of 25 war, 20 war and ] 5 war where the word 'war' used to denote yard. Only the length 1983-84 600 1 -00 of the jutt-patti is mentioned as breadth is always 1984-85 406 0·95 fixed at 30" i.e. 0.762m. The width of the jutt-patti is counted in shawls. one shawl consists of eight threads of war. four on the upper side of the loom In. The reum. of decline in production of jurt-patti and four on the lower side of the loom. There are is the competittion, which it had to face. in the inter­ 32 shawls (256 threads) in the width of jutt-patti national market from goods manufactured in Syria which is called I)ne than and measures approximate­ and Turkey. The Syrian and Turkish products are ly two and a half feet (Approx. 75 em.). A ftuctua .. S8.id to be of superior quality. Another competition tion of two inches i.e. about five centimetres is 5

allowable in the breadth Le. the breadth used to Rs. 25.00 per kg. This continuous fall in prices WIle vary between 28" to 32". Since 1977 the ftuctua·· responsible for the ouster of many dealers and manu­ tion in the breadth of the standard jutt-patti has been facturers of jutt-patti from the market. increased by one inch (2.54 em.) on the lower side and an allowance of about five inches (12.7 em.) is 19. DUring the present survey there was mainly one allowed length wise although the standard sizes as manufacturer in the field namely MIs. Mohammed said above are still used fer markiJg the bales of the An;s Rasbir Ahmad Opp. Vldyut Nagar Banner jutt-patti. The variaiDCe in sizes are generally kept Road. P.B. No. 5{B) Balotra During the period on lower side because Of the instructions from the with effect from 28th July. 1984 to 2nd March. 1985 manufacturers as in India they have to pay wages the total export of this firm was of 2.500 bales valued according to weight while in foreign countries they at Rs. 95.00,374.50 as per income tax returns of the sell them by bales. firm. The goods were exported through MIs. Abdulla :Jhai Abdul Qadar. 206. Nag Devi Street, 16. The weight of standard sizes of jutt-patti also Bombay to KuwaiJt· and Saudi Arabia. The jutt-patti vary according to the type of weaving which is of is f',xported to Kuwait since it is a free port. The three types viz. Iraqi. Camel and Syrian. The weight nomads residing in Iran. Iraq. Saudi Arabia etc. who of standard patti according to the type of weaving is are the actual users then get these from Kuwait. as under:- The commission agents at Bombay are paid at the rate of 1.0 10 1.50 per cent of the sale proceeds at T:!ble No. 1.4-Weight or various leDgths of jutt-patti the jUltt-patti. by type of weaviDgs 20. There is no agency engaged in the deveJopment Weight of jutt-patti (m kg.) of the craft. The Khadi Gramodyog Boarc.J Rajas­ by type of weaving than, l~owever. Itook Bome interest by advancing Length of jutt-patti loan tJ the Sarvodaya Jutt-Audyoglk Utpadak (in feet) IraqI ('...a!'1el SyrIan Sahkari Samiti Limited, Jasol but the latter came under liquidation in 1981 and from whence there is 1 2 3 4 no move in this direction from the Khadi Board. 45. 16 19 20 21. The first Co-operative Society of the jutt-pafti 60 21 25 25 workers was formed in May, 1956 with 16 metnbers at Balotra. under the name "Shri Praja Pa,ti Utpa­ 75 26 31 31 (fak Sahkari Samiti". It had a share capital of Rs. 1,000.00 and was also granted a loa,n of 17. The number of juU-patties per bale 8S per the Rs. 5,000.00 on 27th December, 1958 by the Indus­ type of weaving is as under: tries Department. This \ Co-operative Society was , closed because of lack of financial resource~ and Table No. US-No. of jutt-patties per bale by length of other reason~ enumerated in the following para.­ jott-patti and type of weaviDg grapba. 22. In February 1960 some of the workers engaged Number of Jutt-patties per in jutt-patti formed another co-operative society bale by type of weaving Leo1gth of Jutt-patti under the name "Jat Utpadak Sahkari Samiti", at (in feet) Iraqi Camel Syrian Jaso1. The share capital of this co-operetive society was Rs. 2.475.00. The lack of finance was a major 2 3 4 aandkap of this co-operative society. When this society was formed the only employer of these wor­ 45 12 10 10 kers MIs. N. H. Vohra & Bros. stopped. providing them with work. They also wiped off the business 60 8 8 8 of the society by quoting lower prices even !l,t a loss 75 6 6 6 to eliminllte comoetition an.d also encouraged fae­ tio:nalism and disSensions among the shareholders of this society and thus it failed soon. 18. The jutt-patti is got prepared on mte contract i e. labour rate basis by the man'11hcturers at the 23. Yet another Co-operative Society was formed reSidence of the workers through agents who are ~or tbe benefit of the iutt-patti. workers 1.!nder the ,a:d at the rate of 1.50 per cent of the labour name "Sarvodaya Jutt Audyo~k Utpadak, Sahkari charges or on salary basis. Sometimes the goodl', 3r~ ~~miti Limited" hscl, and was got regis~ered on got man.ufactured throullh local ag?nts. The w!-,cb 12th AmP, 1966 under the registration number production is expol'lted through the Commission h07-C, Banner. This CO-'Jperative Society WIlS given Agent'i at Bombay. The prices of iutt-patti h::ld re:'ognition by th~ Khadi Gramodyo~ Board. Rajas­ been varying from time to time Upro 1977 it~ prlC,! titan, Jaipur vide No. Raj-2889 and 1t was also used to be Rs. 25.00 per kg. w~ich then redu- ed b hllvm~ Raj~'lth.'m Sales T'x No. RST-3 f 1 arct Central Rs. 18.00 after 1977. It. the month of Mav 1982 t_:n,'"" 'Tax "N"0. BLT 1232. The~e were :6 members the price of iutt-'Jatti, Iwe to Rs. 41.00 per "1.;; and 'n :t at tne time of registration which iLlcroased to 43 since October. 1982. its prices are registering a con­ in 1978 Any resident of the Jasel Gram Panchayat tinuous fall and pr\"srntly vary between R <;. 21.00 to A rea WllO hd completed 18 years Of age and 1-291 R G. India/ND 'R8 6

was following occupation of a ;utt spinner or weaver Table No. 1.6- Value of goods pordlased and tlldshetl could become its member by holding at least products sold during 1971-72 to 1977.78 one share of this co-operative socioty. Although It was formed in 1966 it could not stare functioning Year Goods purchased Finished upto 1971 because of non-availability of requisilto (Value ID Rs.) Products Sold loans and other economic help. (Value in Rs.)

2 3 24. The aims and objectives of this co-operative society were to purchase raw-material. to sell the 1 1971-72 17,032,87 9,573 ·60 items manufactured by its members and to improve the social and economic conditions of ids members. 2 1972-73 19,149 '73 42,369'46 3 1973-74 146·05 7,811'61 25. As per the records of this co-operative society. 4 1974-75 1,09,611 ·52 51,486'20 the share capital of the members Rs. 3,737.50 was 5 1975-76 2,57,475 ·73 2,56,500 '46 and an amount of Rs. 3,762.50 was gWen as share capital by Rajasthan Khadi Board, Jaipur in the 6 1976·77 50,451'64 1,56,869 ·93 year 1966. Raiasthan Khadi Gramodyog Board 7 1977-78 38,947 ·73 1,59.947 ·38 gave Rs. 27.000.00 in 1971-72. Rs. 60,000.00 in 1974- 75 as familIle relief loan and Rs. 25.000.00 in 1976- 77 as subsidy. In 1975 loans were advanced to 37 30. In the beginning a loan of Rs. 87.000.00 was members of this society at the rate of Rs. 16,750.00 taken by this co-operative society from Rajasthan . per member. Khadi Board although the total loan sanotioned is said to be about three lakhs. The Society could rc­ 26. There was an executive committee for looking pya only nominal amount and hence the rest of the after the working of the society which constituted of loan amount was written off when the society went seven members including the Chainnan as under:- IOto liquidation. Name Offic, 31. Shri Bhikam Chand ICumhar lefit the job of 1 Shri Hasti Mal Kumhar Chalrmtm manager on 1st July. 1978 and started serving else­ where WhICh resulted in the closure of the werking 2 Shri Gulab Chand Kumhar Member of this Co-operative Society which ~DIt iIitO liq~­ datIon since 30th January, 1981 aIJ.d..its .ohar.glfieamc 3 Shri Lumba Ram Kumhar -do- under Shti Shanker Lal Jain, Manager, Balotra 4 Shri Dheen Mal Kumhar -do- M:lrketing Society, Balotra who acted as its liqui­ dator. The net loss of the Co-operative Society in S Shri Rawta Ram Kumhar -do- the year 1978-79 was lts. 31,729,73. The assets and 6 Shri Champa La} Kumhar -do- liab:IWes of this Co-operative Society as on 1st l uly, 1981 were as under:- , Shri Himta Ram Kumhar -do- Liabilities Assets 27. The working of the co-operati"\1e society Wa! Rajasthan Khadi looked after by a manager Shri Bhikam Chand Kum­ Board 79,652 ·50 From Members : hal" on a monthly remuneration of Rs. 500.00. Labour Charges 1,314 ·15 (i) Advance • 8,202 ·31 Share CapItal 37,500·00 (II) Raw materials 26,013 '99 28. The society entered into business mainly with the following establishments and firms:- Sales Tax • 8,000'00 Telepbone Security . 1,000'00 1. Khadi Gramodyog Bhawan, M. I. Road, 1,26,466 ·65 35,216'30 laipur. 2. Rajasthan Handicraft Emporium, 6S-T. C. 32. After the liquidation of the society an amount Building, Cannaught Place. New Delhi. of Rs. 30,000.00 was collected from its members and p3.id to Rajasthan Khadi Board, Jaipur and the 3. MIs. Paras Patti Manufacturing Corpora­ godown was got closed and telephone disconnected. tion. Jase!. The saleS-tax arrears were paid by attaching of the 4. MIs. Prabhat Patti Suppliers. la801. fixed assets of the society like machines, mould. fan etc. 5. MIs. AbduUa Bhai Abdul Qadar, 26O-Nag Devi Street, Bombay. T raininlt'(um-Production Centre 6. MIs. Moolji Tulsi Das & Company. 133- 33. A Training-cum-ProductiC)n Centre was started Qazi Saiyad Street, Bombay. by Panchayat Samiti, Sindri at village Baroni under the TR YSEM (Trainipg of Youths for Self Employ­ 29. The details of >the goods purchased and sold by ment) scheme of the Raj~sthan State Government this co-operative SOciety from 197}-72 tt) 1977-7S under the District Rural Development Agency, Bar­ mer on 6th Ottober. 1984 and WIl& run up fO 6th .p~ per Jols records are as under:~ 7

February. 1985 whence it closed. It was started with Samiti. Sindri. Since no further allocatiODt of tundI a VIew to train rural youths in the craft of Jutt-patti. was made by the Panchayat Samiti, Sindri. the centro Initially the training programme wu aimed to pro­ was closed down in the very year of its inception. nde ,tl'aining f(}C six months to each batch of trainees but the training waa imparted to only the first batch 34. No mytIu or legoDda are COD.D.ectcd. with tbiJ for about four months and the centte never operated craft. The craft used to be practiced in an unorga­ afterwards. Thero were eIght trainees in the first nised manner till recent past and it is only in lut batch. All the trainecI were Kumhars of Maru IUb­ few decades that it has been organised especially cute although there was no ban on training on the since 1960 onwards when various export incentives balis of caste. community or tribe. The trainin, were declared by the Central Government. was imparted by an instructor na.med Shri Mala Ram Sf o. Shri Mema Ram belonging to Mara lub­ caste of Kumhara and was paId at the rlto of 35. It is _id that the craft of jutt-patti W8I fint Rs. 150.00 pel: month. The traiJees were ginD started some two centuries ago at Balom and Jasol Jtipend at tbe rate of Rs. 75.00 per month per and about the same time at Shergarh followed by tramec. The ,training centre was given cash assist­ BaIIUli and Gora~ The work was confined to making ance for purchase of tool. and raw-material at the of bags for carrying goods on camel back and wu rate of Rs. 50.00 per trainee, with the view. ,that sale done on contract basis. The material required for proceeds of the finished goods which the trainee wiJl making the bags used to be supplied by the con­ prepare during period or training were to be utilised sumer concerned. It was only for last: few decades for imparting training to future tra.mees. The goods that the jutt-patties are being exported through thus prepared were to be sold through the Panchayat orpniaed. leCtor. CHAPTER. II CRAFtSMEN IN THEIR RURAL SETTING The pRIIem study was conducted at seven sq. km. and population as per 1981 Ce1:sus comes centres viz. Balotra. Jalol. Bamani, Shergarh. Gora • to 820 with dens1ty of popUlation 46 persons per • wra.Di and SalaMIS. 01 these Balotra is locateo sq.km .in urban area while the remaming six are in rural 6. Gora falls m newly carvoo. tehsil Gudha Ileas. Balotra is the only urban area where the the of Malam (50 km,) of district Barmer (104). During jua·patti craft is practiced. the 1981 Census it used to be under tehsil Harmer. 2. Although the present ItUdy is that of a tradi~ The railway station, junior college and degree col­ tional rural based craft the urban centre cf BaJctra lege are located at Barmer. The motor road and baa been selected as it plays an important role in post office are at Ogala (6 km)' The police station is &he study of ,this craft. The artisans engaged in this at Serwa (83 kID.). The marketing centre, secondary ~ at Balotra hail from rural areas and many I>~hool, telep:l0ne and telegraph facihties a.Jd bank­ of them have PIeces of land at their villages of Lg facilities ure ava.tlable at Dhorimana (38 km.). origin and most of them emigra,te to their villages The primary sChOOl and middle ~hool are located a1id till 'their land and I or work as agncultural in the referrent village. The area of Gora i$ 27.90 labourers dwing rainy season ani return to Balotra km, with population of 2,050 as per Census 1981. only when employment opportunity in .their villages The denslty of population comes to 76 persons per become lean and again engage themselves in the iutt­ sq. km. patti cra.tt Thus there elOS~ a constant rural-urban linkage for people practicing this craft at Ball)tra. 7. Shergarh is tehsil headquarter of the tehsil of 'i"me name and it falls in dlstnct jodhpur (102 km.). it has been selected at CODtn'> 1 to study Besides The motor road, police station, marketing centre, rural·urban di1ferential. primary and middle schools, secondary and higher 3. Balotra il located in Pacbpadra (11 kIn) tebsil secondary schools, post office, telephone and of district Banner (95 km). The railway station. telegraph facilit,es and bmkmg fac;litie~ ere motor road. police station. marketing centre, primary, located in the referrent village. The railway middle and seco!ldary schools, junior college! station and degree college are located at Jodhpur. )Jigher secondary school, post-office, telephone, tete­ rae area of Sbergarh is 99,60 sq. km. and popu­ srapb and banking facilities are all a,vailable at lation comes to 3.399 as per Census 1981. The Balotra, the degree college is located at Barmer. The density of P'Jpulation comes ,to 65 perIOns per sq. area of 1Ihe town is 23.71 sq. lan. with 28,070 popu­ kin, lation as per 1981 Census, The densIty of popula­ 8 Bhawrani is located in tehsil Ahore (38 km.) of tion comes to 1,184 persons per sq. km. district Jalor (40 kIn.). The prirnary school, middle 4. Jasol is located in tehsil Pachpadra (15 km) of school, higrer secondary !>c}]ool, adult literaay district Banner (105 km). The railway station, tele­ centre, dispensary, post office, banking facilities and graph office and pobee ~tation are all located at bus-stand nre all l(Y:ated in the referrent village. Balotra (5 km). The motor road marketing centre, The area, of the referrent village;8 59.15 sq. km. primary school. m!ddle school, secondary ~hool. with 4.925 population as per Census 1981. The junior colleg~, pose-office, telephone facility. bank­ densi,ty of population comes to 83 penJons per ing facility. gram-panchayat and nyaya panchayat sq. km. are located in the village. The degree college is 9. Salaw:ls is situated in tebsil Jodhpur (23 km.) of located at Banner. The area of the village is 43.74 district Jodhpur. The primacy school, middle and sq. kIn. with population of 8,060 as per Census 1981 secondary schools. hospitad., dispensary, primary and the density of population comes to 184 persons health centre, family plannil'g centre, post office, per sq. km. and telephone facilities. bus sta,nd and railway station are all located in the referrent village. The 5. Bamni is ~tuated in the newly carved (w.e.f. lst July 1982) fehsil Gudha Malani (40 km.) of district area of Sa,lawas is 41'.59 sq. km. and population as Banner (75 kIn.). During 1981 Census it was under per 1981 Census IS 3.496. The density of popula­ tehsil Barmer. The police station, marketmg centre, . tio'l comes to 84 persons per sq. Jan, middle school, post-office, telephone facili~y, tele­ 10. The general living conditions of the craftsmen graph office and banking faCIlities ace all available engaged iI!l jutt-patti craft is in no way better than at Sindri (10 km). The railway station and their castemen and ~J-villagers. Since the job avail­ secondary school are situated at Balotra (55 km), ability to the craft~men IS not certain their economic The motor road, primary school and training­ conditions are poor and are also comparatively cum-production centre associated with the craft are poorer as compared to their other caste-people en· situated in the village, The area of Bamni is 18.02 gaged in pottery or other occupations. 8 9 l4. 1bet'e Were fo\hld 47 c!OmDt.urllttes residing in Kumhars. the Maru sub-caste being practising jutt­ the selected villages of which 41 were found pro­ patti craft is ranked lower. Within Maru 8ub-caste, fessmg Hinduism. Among these twenty-six belonged those engaged in making pottery consider them­ to other Hindus. thirteen fa scheduled castes and aelves higher than those engaged in jutt­ two to scheduled tribes. of the remaining six. one pattI craft and vice-versa. There has not been ob­ each professed lainiSlll and SikhIsm and four pro­ :~erved any spccHic pattern of settlement of the crafts­ fessed IIIam. The number of communittes residing men engaged in jutt-patti in the general settlement in the related villages varied between 9 to 25. There pattern of the villages Selected for the present study. were resloing n;re comr.u!11ties in R:m_li, 14 in They are fou.ld dispersed in the selected vjllagcs and Gora. 18 in Jasol, 20 in Shergarh. 23 each in Salawas living with other Kumhara if there is separate settle­ and Bhawrani and 25 in Dalotra. The general caste ment (MohaJla) of Kumbars. There is no distinc­ hierarchy amon:! those professing HmdUIsm was tIon withb Kumhars in eatillg or taking water et\:. found as under . CfOm those Kumhars practising the craft and as such no social discrimination followed between the two. Brahman. 1 h J· Purohit.• 14. The Kumhars worshIp goddess SirJya Devi and I ..:onsider her as their famtly deity (Kul-dcvi, who is Sadh-Swami-Vaishnav. ~ald to b.;: WIfe of a Kumhar in the reign of Demon .1 King Hiral'yakashyap who ordered his son Prahalad Ralput-Khatrl. to be burnt alive in the oven (Aawa) of the royal Ma'bajan-Sindhi. Kumhar. Suiya Devi predicted that by grace of I God. Prahalad will be recovered unhurt and when .rat-BiSbn.oi-Patcl. it so happe:led the Kumhars started worshipping her 1 Darosa· as goddeSi. l Rebarj . 15. It is said that Siriya Dev1 had four sons. One I of them married a maid-servant of the kIng by f01- Mali. lowing Nata ceremony. Since the maid servant W88 SuJw-soni. of different caste her offsprings were called Mareta i.e. known through their mother. Another ~ went BllAt-Darzl-Ghancm-KalaI.! . .. 1 -Kum ha r. to eastern region in search m occupation and Ida .1 offsprings were known as Purbia (related to east). NRI. I Another son followed the traditional occupation of Lohu. p0ttery ~nd as he used to make earilie!1wares (BJlanda, in the local dialect), and his offsprings were ~ known as Bhcnda The fourth son of Sidya Devi Bhil!Mina. followed the occupation of cultivation and hence bis J offsprings came to be known Maru who later on took GarUda. the jutt-pa,tti craft as their occupation. I Nat. 16. The Maru Kumhars are endogamous WIth res­ Kha~it. pect to caste and sub-caste and exogamous with res­ poct to gotra. There are said to be fifty gotras Dhoh. among the Ma.ru Kumhars of which important ones Me~wal-Moohi-Chamar-Bham'bhi. are: Dhanak. 1 Wowaanya 2 Nomera .l 3 Jalandhara/Jalodara/ 4 Aai taan B 1. ad Jalendra ~., 5 Maadniya 6 Heepota Sa'Fa. 7 Tank 8 Jinlodiya Bhangi. 9 Kirdiwal 10 Kodour 1 11 Kaatwal 12 Hudiwala/ Sansl. Haardiwal Limba 14 Bhagroda 12. There is no social disabiaity attached to the 13 craftsmen engaged m ]u,tt-patti craft. Information 15 Aawaal 16 Chhaaparwal regarding approximate number of households of 17 Khator 18 Mudela various caste I tribe I community residing in samph':d 19 Jethlwal 20 Harwa villages and their approximate sex-Wise population has been presented in ApPendix Table 1. 21 Kodela (Kodeal) 22 Mehamta 23 Ouriya 24 Slvta t 3. Since all the crafUmen belong to Maru sub­ 25 Ohorel 26 Negauri caste of Kumbars they are ranked alongwith Kum­ 27 Jijlodiya 28 Hadiwal hal'S in the general caste hiera~hy of the a~ !n which the referrent vi1Jaae/town 1S located. Within 29 Bhairodiya 30 Dadarwal 10

~1 Nokwal 32 Dathwal are only 6 persoaa (0.98 pee cent) in the age-group 33 KhODU) a 34 Metota 70 and above. 35 Balodiya 36 Kaarwal 19. The highest percentage (100.00 per cent) of cur­ rently married persons, males and females is seen in Demographic profile of craftsmen !:ie age-group 30-34. 35·44 and 55 +; and 20-34 res­ 17. To get an insigbt into the s':-cio-economlc con­ pectIvely. There have been !l.Oted instances of child ditions of the craftsmen engaged in the craft of goal m:miages and there are 17 married persons (Males- hair products 99 households engaged in the craft 6, females.1l) ,in the age group 0-14. There are were surveyed at seven centres enumerated above noted 1.89 per cent currently married females in the The total population covered comes to 611 (Males age·group 0-4. While there is no currently married 319; Females·292). All the sampled households be­ male in this age-group. The percentage of current· Jong to Maru sub-caste of Kumhars. ly married females is higher as compared to males in the total population. There is only one divo~ed 18. The highest population is noted in the age­ or separated female (0.34 per cent) and she is in the group 0-4 and the populaftion shows a descend­ age·group 35-44 as is evident from the following ing trend with increase in age-group. There table: Table No. 2.l-Per ceot distributioo of sampled populatioo by age, sex & marital status ,

Never MarrieU Currently Married Widowed Divorced or Separated Ag~-groop ------'~PersODS Males Females Persons Males FemalesIPersons~'------Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

~ 98·97 100'00 98-11 1 ·03 I ·89 S-9 96'81 95-92 97'78 3 ·19 4-OS 2'22 !G--l.o! 8S'S6 92'00 77'SO 14·44 8·00 22·50 1S-19 44·83 62'86 17·39 55 ·17 37·14 82·61 20--24 10·20 17·86 89·80 82'14 100'00 IS-lSI '·56 10·53 94-44 89·47 100 .()() 30-34 .- 100·00 100·00 100 .()() 35--44 92·42 lOO'()() 84'38 606 12·50 1·52 3 '12 U-,54 1 ·96 3·57 80·39 89·29 69'56 17'65 7 14 30'44 1$--69 81 'lS 100'00 68·42 18'75 31'58 70.., 83'33 100·00 66·67 16'67 33·33 Aliases 48·77 52·3S 44·87 47·79 47'02 48 ·63 3'27 0·63 6·16 0'17 0·14

20. The highest percentage of currently married highest percentage of married females is at Shergarh persons is at Shergarh (56.00 per cent) followed by (66.67 per cent) and lowest at Bamnj, (37.29 per cent). Gora. ,The highest percentage of currently married The lone divorced or separated female it at lasol as males is at Bhawrani (54.55 per cent), while the lowest percentage is at Salawas (28.57 per cent). The is evident from the following table : Tabl;! No. 2.2-Centre--wise per cent and distribution of sampled population by sex " marital status

Never Mamed Currently Married Widowed Divorced or Separated Name of Centre Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Femalos 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 n Balotra 46 94 46'SI 41·06 48·98 53'19 45'10 4'08 7·84 Bamnl 56'14 58·18 54'24 39 47 41 'S2 37'29 4·39 8'47 Bhawrani 53'85 45'45 60·00 46·15 54·55 40'()() Gor. 43·81 48'28 38'30 ,54'29 51'72 57'45 1'90 4'25 Juol. 47·52 52'89 41'18 48'87 46'28 51·96 3 '13 0'83 5'88 0'48 0'98 Salawas 60'00 71'43 33'33 35'()() 28'57 50 .()() 5'00 16'67 Sherprh 40'00 46'15 33'33 56'00 46'15 66'67 4'00 7'70 ------TOTAL 48'77 52'35 44'87 47·79 47·02 48'63 3 ·27 0·63 6'16 0'17 0'34 11

21. The sex ratio in the total surveyed population of 429 at SallltWas as may be seen from the following the households engaged in the craft comes to 915. table presenting sex-ratio by age-groups at village The highest sex-ratio 1.085 is at Balo.tra and lowest level :- Table No. 2.3-\g~roDp-wise and centre-wise sex-ratio of sampled population - Sex-ratio ABe Il'0up Total Balotra Bamnl Bhawrani Gora Jasol Salawas Shergarh

1 1 3 4 ~ 6 7 8 9 --- 0-4 1,205 3,333 2,500 1,000 1,200 720 500 1,000 5-9 918 500 1,375 1,667 667 1,000 333 1,000 10-14 800 1,429 636 889 688 333 15-19 659 7S0 SOO 111 1,000 1,000 3,000 20-24 750 400 667 1,333 750 25-29 89' 1,000 667 333 1,000 1,000 30-34 1,000 1,000 1,500 1,.500 667 35-44 941 1,100 714 333 1,200 917 1,000 2.000

4~-54 821 1,000 2.000 1,000 571 800 1,000 ''0''

5~9 1,462 1,667 3.000 1,000 1,500 1,000 70+ 1,000 1,000 1,000 ----- TOTAL 91' 1,085 1,073 1,364 810 843 429 923

"0" No Male Population 22. Information regarding distribution of population 23. The literacy rate among the surveyed populartion classified by age, sex and marital status and distribu­ comes to 17.51 per cent. It comes to 32.92 per cent tion of population by marital status centre-wise bas among maJes and only 0.68 per cent among females. been presented in Appendix Table 2 and 2(b). Infor. Ther~ is no literate female at Balotra. Bamni, Gora, mation regarding age and sex-wise distribution of Salawas and Shergarh. The following table presents population by centres has been presented in Appendix the sex-wise per cent distrIbution of hterates and Table-2(b). iI'literates a,t selected centres - T lbb No. 2.4 -Sex-wise per cent distribution of mtterate, literates and educated, persons at selected centres

illIterates Literate and educated Name of Centre Persons Males Females Persons Males Females ---- - I 2 3 4 5 6 7

Balotra 71 ·43 40'43 100·00 28'57 59'57

Bamni 93 86 87'27 100·00 6'14 12·73

Bhawrani 73 08 4S ·4S 93'33 26·92 S4'5S 6·67

Gora 90 48 82·76 100·00 9'52 17 ·24

Jasol 79·82 63·64 99'02 20'18 36'36 0·98

Salawa\ 8500 78 57 100·00 15·00 21'43

Shergarh 7200 46 15 100 '00 28'00 53·85 ------TOTAL 82·49 67·08 99 32 17 51 32 92 0·68 12

24. The highest literacy rate among total p~pulatlOn group 5-9 only showing that female education has and ~ong males is noted in the age-gr::-up 10-114 ')tart~ 1'C(ently as may be seen from the following The hterate and educated fem::.les are In t.1J.e age- table :-

T~ble ~"lo. l..5-Age III Jd 'Jex-"is~ ~r ceot distributioD of illiterate, literate aDd educated persoDs ------Dliterate Literate and educated Aae-group Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7

All ages 82·49 67'08 99'32 17 ·51 32·92 0·68 0--4 100·00 100·00 100·00 5-9 85 ·11 75·51 95·50 14·89 24·49 444 10-14 65·56 38·00 100·00 34·44 62·00 15-19 72'41 54'29 100 0()() 27·59 45·71 20-24 85 71 75·00 100 00 14·29 25·00 25-34 80 18 61·86 100·00 19 ,12 37 ·14 35 - 83·23 66·67 100·00 16·77 33·33 ------25. The literacy rates have shown increasing trend female literacy among the craftsmen. Tbe literacy at all centres during the three decennial censuses. rates as shown by survey daJta are higher at Bamni. The literacy rates are lower for females in the survey Bhawrani, Gora and Shergarh as may be seen from data as compared to census data showing lesser the following table : T.ll,le No. 2.6--Sex-wise literacy rates at selected centres during the preseJlt sliney aod "Illious censuS('s

Uteracy Rate Name of Centre Present Survey Census 1981 Census 1971 Census 1961 Persons Males Females Pe:-soDs Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Batotra 28 57 59 57 3996 5371 23'34 35·65 49·72 19·40 21 72 46,83 0·91

Bamnl 6 ·14 12 ·73 2 32 4'26 025 091 1 ,29 042 0·51 0·89 Bbawrana 26 ·92 S4 ·55 6 67 14 ·38 23 69 4 ·55 9,02 14 ·96 2· S3 4 ·89 9 ·21 0,21 Gora 9·52 17·24 5·75 10'77 0'69 6·73 11·84 0·69 S'4O 9·70 0·53 Jasol 2018 36·36 098 25·31 3657 12'16 20'28 30,90 8·65 18·78 31 '15 '·03

Salawas IS 00 21 43 22·37 35'27 8·35 19'13 29·94 6·85 14·62 25'24 3·47 Shergarh 2800 53·85 1859 10·13 5·92 16·55 28·51 3·34 12·86 22·56 1·53

TOTAL 17'51 32·92 068 29·84 42·32 15·43 25'38 37·14 12'07 17·22 32·62 6,22

26. There is only one person having the edllcatl~)nal 27. The persons and males With ed:..cati:'nal level level of graduate and above. He is in the age-group lUatrlculatiorr/secondary and graduate and above. aJl 25-34 and re'rldes at Balotra. The highest percentage reside at Bal.ltra. and those with educatiIJnal level of literate and educated persons is literate without middle at Balotra and 1asol. while the bigh.'!st per­ educational level followed by primary. middle and (.'Cntage is at Balotra... The highest p;!-r~entage of matricu·ationjeero.J.clary levels. All the literate and !JersOlls Rnd males with eauca 10:,.1 lev..:] prlm:uy i~ to be n0ticed at Bbawrani. followed by Sherg:>rh anl educated females are literate (without educat:onal the highest percentage of literate ?ersons and males level). The highst perct"ntage of males with educa­ (withoLt educ:-tional Lvel) IS to be noticed at Gora tion31 level of primary and mtddle is in the age-group f.~lLwd by B mni, as may be se~n 110m T.lble 20-24 a-s m!ly be seen from the Table No. 2.7. No. 2.8. 13

-CI\ CI\..... 00- -00 ...... ~ .... - o

.....Ie)

"".....

...... N .....N ...~

......

o o......

~ ~ ; $ ~ \Q ! .... r-- ...- .,00 00 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Q ! to- t- ......

~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ I '" ~ r: ~ ;J; j ~ :!; ~ ~ ~ ::: 00r:- ~ ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ :!; e ~ ~ ~ .... 'Q 0 ...... "" ~ :!; c:; ~ ~ ::: ~ I ...., _ V'l ~ '" f"".II ... e e e 8 8 8...... 8 !iii is ~ ~ ~ .... ~ ~ 8 e ~ ~ :!; ~ ~ ; ~ ~ fri ~ ~ ::: ~ ~ :g c:; e !iii is ~ ~ ~ ~ ;::: ; ~ ~ ~ ! 8 ~ ~ :!: ~ :ri ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :s f;;

4-291 R. G. India/NO/88 14

28. Information regarding distribution of population 33. Of the migrant households the highest number classified by age, sex and educational level; and, by (9) is of those wh'l$e duration of &tay 1n the refer­ sex, eQucationa,l level by centres haa been presented. rent village is 6-10 years and minimum of those in ApP,endix Table 3 ac.d 3(a). whose duration of stay is 1l·20 years (3 households). Information regarding distribution ot h 'usehclds 29. AI) the sampled households engaged in tlle craft classifie4 by migration st'atus> with reference to place profess Hinduism, belong to MaIJl sub-caste o~ (}f birth and reasons f'Jr migrat on, and by migcetio'l Kumhars and their mother-tonsue is Muwari. The stqtus and duration of stay i.n the ceferrent v11lage he-ad of households were males in case of 98 sampled with relation to the head of househcld; has been households and female in case of only one household. prese.lted in Appc;'ndix 6 and 7. Of the 99 sampl:!d heads of 67.68 fer ceijt households zre illiterate, of 17.17 per cen literate (without 34. There is no occupational- diversity at Sale was. educational level) of 12.12 per cent primary; of 202 Tbe maximum Qccupatl:m:l diversity is noted among per cent middle and of J.OI per cent matrJ<:ulation the sampled households at Jaso1 ~oll"wed by Balotra. or secondary. The traditional occupation of all the 35. The single occupatio;} of jutt-patti "raft is s2mpled households is pottery. followed as main occupation by 45.46 per cent house­ 30. The average number of p:r$ons per )louljehoJd holds while 14.14 per cent hQuseJ:lOlds ioi1ows !=uIti­ among the sampled households comes to 6.17. 'The valion a~ main occupation apd jutt-patti as second higbest number of households (40.41 per cellt) have main occupatbn in the agriculturally slack seflSOD. 6-7 persons and there is only Qne sirgie-member TlJ.e households sb-Jwing o9(:upationell diversity of household. Infcrmation distrib'ltion of two 'A"'"cupations follow the occupathns of accounts r~arding c1:!rk. casu,gJ }ebo)..1rer, cultivation, e.lectrician. households classified by age and sex of heed of house­ holds and the number of members in the household labourer in flour mil's, peon, rearing of cattle. service, shopkeeper, run'ing tea-stall, tru~k driver. bullock- has been presented in Appendix Table 4. 'cart d";ver, weaving of c.Piton-thread durries and tltose following tbree occupations follpYl cultivatkn, 31. The largest number of households (37) is of hbour; cu'tivati"n, rearing of cattle, and culfvatio'l; those cOnsisting of self, spouse, unmarried sO'J.S aud rUllnjjUIl; tea-~t8n a10ngwltb jutt-patti. Information daughters foll~wed by hou&eholds (26) consisting of regarding distribution of hQusellolds class'ifie~ QY self. spouse, married son, son's wife, witl-! or without number of workers and by main occupational diver­ unmarried sons and daughters. Inf.9rm~tiJn regard­ SIty has been presented in Appendix Table 8 and ing distribution of household,; classified by nature of 8(a). relation of members to head of the household and 1 number of members has been presented h Appendix 36. Of the ~9 sampled households 72.72 per cert Table S. hopseholds practice subsidiary oocupati9ns. The maximum number of households (29) foll~w jutt.pat~i 32. Of the 99 sampled households 76.76 JX!f cent are craFt as sub'tidiary occupation foIlowe.d by cultivation such whose heads were born in the referre'lt village (26 hous-ehol:Is) and casud labour (10 househ'Jlds). and retqa;ning households are such whose l1ead"! were 11lformation regardi!lg households classified by sex, born oqtside the referrent village in rural areas (21.12 broad age-group and subsidiary occupation i'l 1ela­ per ceqt} or in urban areas (2.02 per cent). The ti(ln to heed of household has been pre "en ted in highest percentage (82.60) of mwrant heads. cf house­ Aopendix Table ~. holds migrated in seErcb of employment and of 4 35 per ce~t each resnectively for service, a(;companied 37. The maximum number of workers is in the age­ parents who mj;grated to tbe referrent village in \"!roup 15-34 fol1owed by age-group 35-59. There is search of livelihoOO; were born at motbers place and no Don-worker in the age-group 35-59 while there are because of marriage in the referrent vil1age Thus lmty two female non-w~rkers in the ag.e·group 15-34 JivelihoQd and employment played a key TOole in the The folInwing fable gives distribution of workers and migratiQn. non-workers clt:5si.fied by sex a'ld broad age-groups.

Table No. 2.9 -Distributbn qf total papulation, wodters and DOD-workel'S by sex and br"lld age-groups

Total population Workers Non-workers Agc-grOUIl Persons Males Femal~ Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All age$ • 611 319 292 379 197 182 232 122 110 0-\4 ':' 28) 143 138 60 25 35 221 118 103 15-34 175 98 77 173 9& 7S 2 2 3'-59 • 123 62 61 ]23 62 61 32 16 16 23 12 11 9 4 - 60+ • 5 38. The literacy rate is higher among the workers 43. Of the total non-workers 95.26 per c~nt are in (20.05 per cent) as compared to non-workers (13.36 tile ege-group 0-114, 0.86 per cent in the age-group per cent). Of the two female literates one is a w Jrker 15-19 and 3.88 per cent III the age-group 60 and and anQther non-worker. Informa,tion regarding dis­ ab:>ve. TI1ere is no male non-w:>rkers in the age­ tribution of workers and non-workers classIfied by group 115-59 and no female non-worker in the age­ sex and educatio..1al level has been presented i:J group 20-59. The highest percentage of no.::t-workets Appendix Tab!e 10. is of dependents (72.42 per-cent). Of the ma,le non­ workers 30,32 per cent are full time students while 39. As adready mentIoned the tradItional occupation among the female workers o.1ly 1.82 per cent are of all the households engag~d in jutt-patti craft is full-time students, Only 2.73 per cent of t11e female pottery, and at present none of the worker is engaged n')n-workers are engaged in household dut:es. Infor­ 18 it. The highest number of workers in all the maj Jr mation regardhg distribution of non-workers by sex. age-groups are engaged in JUU-pattl craft both amon,; age and type of 2:ctiv~fy has been presented .in males as well as females. The made workers in the Appendix Table 14. age-group 0-14 follow lour occupattQDS those in age­ group 15-34 follow twelve occupations. those m the Household! not practicing the ctaft age-group 35-59 follow nine occupations. and. those In the age-group 60+ follow two occupalions only. _ 44. To have a compl~te view of the socia-economic Thus newer fields are being exploited by y0unger c(l)lditions of tbe people engaged in jutt-patti craft gcneration of male workers for employment. The datar was alSO c61lec~ for 22 households who were female workers m all the major age-groups. however. l'ometimes ago practicing this craft ana have left_ follow two occupations viz., jutt-patti and cultivation. practicing it since then. The maximum number of InfOrmation regarding distribution of workers classi­ such households has been sampled from Jasol and fied by traditional and present occupatIon: sex and Bhawrani and minimum from Bamni and Shergarh broad age-group bas bean presented in Appendix as is evident from the following ta,bIe: Table 1:1. Table No. 2.10-Sex-wise distribution of population amo~ sl1mpled h90seholds not practicing the craft at 40. Of ,the 379 workers 73.88 per cent reponed their selected centres present occupation as perennial and the rem~g 26.1.2 per cent as seasonal. Of the total workers 250 Total No. o[ Total population workers follow iutt-patti. craft as main occupation Name of Centre Sampled 196.40 per cent 8. perennial and 3,60 per cent as households seasonal) while. 57 workers, follow it as second main not' practi- Persons Males Females occupation in off season. cing the craft

2 3 S 41. The hi~st number of workers are engaged in , 14 '1 jun-patti cr8it following it as main or secono ma~Ii. ' occupation. Of the 99 workers engaged in their 1. Balotra 4 19 11 8 present occupation on seasonal basis 27.27 per cent 2, Bamni 2 2 follow no other occupation in their slack season. 3. Bhawrani 5 17 '8 9 Information regarding distribution of workers by present occupation; type of occupation and other 4. Gora 3 15 6 9 occupation followed in case thc present occupation 5. Jasol 5 2S 10 IS is seasonal has been presented in Appendix Table 12. 6, Salawas 3 16 9 7 42. Of the 379 worken; 24.55 per cent follow subsi­ 7. Shergarh 6 4 2 diary occupltions. Am ')ng the 197 mille workers Totd 2,} 46.19 per cent and among 182 female workers 32.42 100 50 \ . SQ per cent augment their incomes by engaging them­ selves in subsidiary occupations. The wQrkers prac­ ticing jutt-patti craft as main occupation follow 45. The maximum number of persons is in age-group eight types of subsidiary occupations viz.. ruaning a 10-14; of males in age-group 10-14; and 35-44; ana. tea-sta,}). cultivation. weaving cotton durries. casual of females in the age-group 0-4 and 0-9-. The mini­ labour. agricultural labour. thand-cart puller, masonry mum number of persons., males and females is in and rearing of cattle. Those engaged iil rearing the ase-group 70+. of C8,ttle. casual labour and shop-keeper follow cultivation and jutt-patti as subsidiary OccupatlOn, 46. There are 48.00 per cent currently married Those engaged in service. bullock-cart drIVer. culti­ males as compa~ to 42.00 per Cent curuentIy mar:' vation. accounts clerk, peon. and flour-mill. follow ried females. The percentage or widowed males jutt-patti craft as subsidiary occupation and one comes to 4.00 per cent and that of widowed females worker engaged as electrician engages himself in 8.00 per cent. There is 110 divorced or separated making cotton thread dunies as s:lbs~diary occupa­ male or female in the sampled population. Thero tion. Information regardbg distributbn. of workers Is no currently married male or female in the age­ classified by sex. broad age-group, ma'io activi.ty and group 0-14. Infor_matilJn retarding distribution of subsidiarY occupatioDr has been. pre$entecl in Appendix popull!~jon classjfi~ by age. sex and maritil .status Tabie 13. has been presented in Appendix Table 15. 16

47. The literacy rate comes to 31.00 per cent aIllong 50. Of the sampled households 50.00 p~r cent are total population. 58.00 per cent among males and such as consist of self. SP:>Use' UDmuried sons and 4.00 per cent among females. Among the literate daughters and 13.64 per cent consist of self and and educated males 37.93 per cent are liten:.te (with­ spouse. Thus majority of the sampled households out educational !eve!). 31.03 per cent primary. 24.14 consist of nuclear families. Information regarding per cent middle and 3.45 per eMt eacd matriculation! distribution of households classified by nature of secondary and graduate and above. All the literate relation of members to head of the households and and educated females are literate (without educational number of members has been prese'lted in Appendix level) and are in the age-group 10-14. The lone Table 18. graduate and above male is in the age·group 35 +. Information regarding distribution of population 51. Of the s~pled households 77.27 per cent are classified by age. sex. and educational level has been non-migrant with respect to place of birth of the presented in Appendix Table 16. head of housebold. Of the five migralllt h~useholds whose heads were boro outside the referrent village. two were born in the rural area of the same district 48. All the sampled households not practicing craft and three were born in the rural areas of the other practice Hinduism; belong to Maru sub-caste of distriots (diStrict 121or.-2; district 1odhPU!-I). All the Kumhars and heads of all these households are males mi.grant househ'llds migrated to the referrent villages of which 31.82 per cent are illiterate. 27.27 per cent in search of livelihood. literate (without educational level) 18.18 per cent primary; 13.63 per cent middle and 4.55 per' cent 52. The two migrant households whose heads were each matriculation/secon._dary and. graduate and b()m outside the referrent village but in the same above. district are residing in the referrent village for a duration, of 11-20 years and the three householdS 49. The average number of members per sampled whose heads were born outside the referrent district household comes to 4.55. There is no single member but within the same state are residing in the referrcnt household and their is no household having 10 or vilJage for duration of 20 and more years. more members. The maximum number of house· 53. There are 50.00 per cent workers among males holds is of thoSe having five members forowed by while there a.re only 26.00 per cent workers among those having 6-7 members. There are only 9.09 per females. The work:ng force constitute of 92.11 per cent sampled households having 8-9 members. Infor­ cent of the total workers and 5.26 per cent workers mation regarding distribution of households classified are in the age·group 0 14 and only 2.63 per cent flre by age and sex of head of the household and number in the age-group 60+. The following table gives of members has been presented in Appendix information regarding distribution of workers and Table 17. non-workers by sex and broad age-groups:

Table No. 2.11-Distribution of total pDpulation, warkers and non-workers by sex ana broad age-groups amongst households not practicing the craft

Total population Workers Non-workers Aso-aroup Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All ages. 100 SO SO 38 2S 13 62 2S 37 0-14 4S 21 24 2 1 1 43 20 23 15-34 29 14 IS 19 11 8 10 3 7 35-59 19 12 7 16 12 3 3 60+ 7 3 4 1 1 " 6 2 4

54. The literacy rate among the male workers comes tional level has been presented in Appendix Table to 47.37 per cent while among female workers there 19. is no litera4c I educated female. The largest num.ber of both workers and non-workers are literate (with­ 55. None. of the workers in. the sampled households out educational level) followed by primary among not practicing the craft follow their traditional occu­ workers and middle among non-workers. There is no pation of pottery. The workers in ,the age-group non-worker baving education&l level of matrie and 0-114 and 60+ are engaged in cultivation. The above. There is one male worker each hav~ng edu­ workers in the age-group 15·34 follow six occupations viz; weaving of silk and cotton thread durries. casual cational le.vel of matriculation/secondary and, gra­ labour, cultivation. cloth·shop. tea-stall and accounts duate and above. Information regarding distribu­ clerk while those in the age-group 35·59 engage tion of wotkers and non-work_ers by Sex and educa- themselves in ten occupations viz., govel'Jltqent 17 servlce. slone-crushing. casuai labour. swea1meat seller. 57. The' hu·ges.t number of non-workers independent cultivation. teacher. accounts clerk. weaving of slik followed by full-time students. All the female non­ and cotton thread durries. tea-staJI. and run lIng workers in the age-group 20-49 are engaged in house· dhaba (eating-house). Information regarding distri­ hold duties. There is no male non-worker in the bution of workers classified by traditianal and preswt age-group 20-59. All the non-workers in the ege­ occupations. sex and broad age-group has been group 60;:: are dependents. Information regarding presented in Appendix Tab~e 20. distribution of non-workers by sex. age and type of 56. As mentioned above the traditional occupation Ilctivity has been presented 1n Appendix Table 21. of the househ:>lds who hav~ left practising the craft 58. There is no special service available to crafts­ is pottery which was left by their fore fathers who started practising the jutt-patti oraft but with the men engaged in jutt-patti in any of the selected lapse of time these households left practicing the ce.1tres except a co-operative society at Ja501 and jutt-pa.tti craft also and have taken to other occupa training-cum-production centre a.t Bamni. the details tions as detailed above. of which have atrezdy been diSCUSSed in Chapter I. CHAPTER III PROCESS OF LEARNING

The craftsmen pass on then: knowledge. to the husband's mother. husband, father's m:>thi!r. father's younger generation generally at a very y Jung ~ge. mother's brother. brother's son's, SOD. father'S The knowled!e of t!le craft is passed on to near rela­ brother, father's brother's SJn, moiliel"s brother. tives and s.:>metJmes to castl!men. ana fn~nds but the wife's father's brother's son. wife's father. father's friend in this case should be of the same caste. As brother's wife, husband's father's sis'er's husband !.ald earlier the craft IS pract;ced by Maru sab-caste and friend. The highest number received training of Kum~ars and Ibe kJiowledge of the craft is a from m.:>tber foU)wed by father. The main stages of guarded &..<>cret ,and 1t is ltot passed on to the periOns the creft are making of POO::1ies;.\~pinning -and weav­ belongtng to other caste/tribe/ community. ing and every one engaged in the craft. performs all the three functions. The various stages have been 2. Of the 322 workers engaged in the craft 34.78 clllbbed together for the purp:>se of this table and per cent are engaged in it for less than 5 years; 21.43 only jQtt-patti has been shown in column heads. per cent fOr 5-9 years; 14.60 per cent fOr 10-19 years Information regarding distribution of persons enga­ and; 20.19 per cent for 20 and more years. The ged in the craft classified by relationship with highest number of I!he neads of households received the ht!ad. nature of work performed and the person tl'amlng from father followed by castemen and imparted training has been presented in Appendix brother. The head of households received traming 1able 23. from fourteen categories of persons who were mostly , closely related to them. The wives of the heads, 4. The period taken to learn the craft is less than received training from seven categories of persons one year for all persons engaged in the craft. Of and the maximum number received training from the 322 workers engaged in the craft 78.57 per cent their mother followed by husband, husband's mother learnt it in less than six months duration and the and their own father. The sons receIved training remaining 21,.43 per cent b~tween six months to one from six categories of trainers and the largest num­ year duration. All the persons were tramed free as ber received tra.iJning from their father followed by it is obligatory to impart training on part of the mother. The persons related to heads of households trainers and no remuneration of any kind is paid by as brothers received training from three. categories the trs,inees or received by the trainers for imparting of persons and mostly received training from their training. Information tegarding distribution of per­ brothers. ThoSe related to head of h::msehold as sons engaged in the craft classified by relationship son's wife received training from three categories of with the head, the person imparted trainillg, period persons and the highest number received their train­ of training and remuneration has been presented in ing from husband's mother followed by their own. A'ppendix Table 24. mother. The daughters re:.:eived training from their mother and father but lugely from their mJther. 5. There are no terms and conditions attached The mothers of the heads of the house\lolds received with the impacting of training to the trainees. None training largely from their mother followed by father of the workers in the sampled households informed and husband. The sister received training from a b:>ut any term or condition attached with the learn­ mother only and the son's daughter received training from father's mother and her own mother. The ing of the craft. All the. 'Yorkers . engaged in t~e craft informed that the tl'alDlDg receIved by them IS brother's wife received training from her husband's adequate and three of them (0.93 per cent) informed mother. Thus we see that tra,ining generally. is that better training facilities exist under TRYSEM imparted by parents. mother-in-law and brother's. (Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment) The male trainees are generally initiated to the craft by male relatives and female trainees by female rela­ Programme. tives. Information regarding distribution of persons claSSified by relationship with the head, the person 6. None of the workers felt that receiv1ng of better imparted training and the period engaged in the craft training was essential fQr them. Among them 77.02 has been presented in Appendix Ta,ble 22. per cent were of the v'iew that there is no need of better framing. 20.81 per cent held that{ they were 3. The composition of the sampled' households . fully trained, 1.86 per cent ,held that they were acc)rding to the relationship of its members to head already trained and only 0.31 per cent held that of the household include members who ~ re related better training is acquired by practice. InformatioD to the head of houSehold as self. wife. son. son's wife, regarding assessment of training received by the brotner. daughter. mother. sister. son's d~ug~l~er. persons as related to the period engaged in the craft. father's sister's son's daughter and brother s WIfe. availability of better training facility and intenti~n The persons who imp£.rted training were related to trJ receive better training has been presented In their disciples as father. mother. brother. castemen. App!ndix Table 25.

18 19

7. AltboUgh there is no formal restriction on 13. Shrt· Poonam Chanl 5/0 Shri Uoo'ji Maru imparting training regardIng the jutt-p... tt: craft it Kumhat aged 77 years is literate Wlthout educa­ is 'confined to the Maru Kumhars. AlthJugh 58.59 tional level a d reSIdes at' Bzfotra. He 'IAigt ah:d to per cent of the sampled hOJseholds ~en ed zilly Balotra about 40 years age from village ~ SalaWl!s. res~ict.on in impaltlDg train'ng reg~rding ,the craft dis_ father was having lenJ lit SlllaWlis which was the lemaining 41.41 per ~nt ~ouseholds admitted sold out at the time of m gl'atiun. He used to work that there exists caste 'bias in imparting traking to at 'one tradfr's shop of Manajan community at new recruits and mostly it is fu!llher re~tl'itted to Salawas a..d a~so Stlleted servmg at another shop of kin-gr:oups as far as poss b~e. a treger of Mahajan community at Balotra too. He viSIts his relat:ves in the village once a year and . 8. Tl:e attitude in this regard hZI!; r'lhown chang_e is also being visited by them. His soli used to get and number of persons re;:ortwg restriction in train­ tRe work of jutt-p;ttti dJ.ae by workers on <,ommis­ ing to people has s~own a decline in shorter slon' (msis which was a lucrative j"b ~fnr them as' he per:ods of prrcticing the c.raft i.e. lesser the duration used to earn about Rs. 500.00 per month till recently. of period being ~ngr8ed, in the crlUt les,~r the Wnen the de. line in the trade statted he er.gaged attitade for restriction in training with cast~-bias to hImself ~s a ,Cf!iftsman. Qne o~ rus _gr' nd-~ons is new recruits. I'lformation legard ng households re"­ .ep~a_g~ti III wea¥Jll~_of COttQl1 durnes.at ~lawag, .while porti'd restrU:o:ls. fQr illlparfi.lg ttz'ning to peo~le aJi6t:t.er ~ranQ-;on js Tunning a cloth shop at :s:.lawas as .related to ,Period epgaged in the craft has been jijtt-'patb brlsiness is on. e' declite anJ facbg presented ~n Appendix Table 26. a greet da~ger and l .. bonrets c

10. Of the households weaving jutt-patti heads of themselves in cultivation which provides them with 71.80 per cent are illiterates, of 15.39 per cent food for the year' and thus they shift to cultivation literates (without educational level), of 8.97 per from the craft work during the rainy season. The cent primary and of 2.56 per cent and 1.28 per cent phenomenon is more marked at Jasol where the middle and matriculation/secondary respectively. workers shift to their native villa-ges where they own small patches of agricultural land. 11. The seasonal variations do take place in the iflmltfattore of goat hair thread as well as jutt-patfi. . 'Dtlring the summers more work is done us longer 13. Amongst the 77 households engaged in the hbllrs fbt work are available while during the win­ m£lIlufacture of I goat haitl thread 19.48 per cent re­ ters ,the output reduces slightly as work is starfi:d 'ported productibn of 51-l()() kg. of thread per month. late and bas to be closed eartier as compared to 40.26 per cent. produced 101-200 kg. per month; summers. During the rainy season the goat hair 28.57 per cent produced 201-300 kg. per month and start emitting bad odour and if they get wet they 11.69 per cent 301-500 kg. per month. The follow­ ~I\it stinking hence tbe work almost 'Comes to a halt. ing table gives the dispersal of households engaged. in spinnip;g of goat 'hair thread by educational level 1~. 'PIiE oWer ilit:t6t Ii!; lhat during the i~jny season of head of household and average quantity of thread the workers who own small patches of land engage produced per month per household. t'abie No. 4.2-Distribution 'of houseiiolds manufacturing goat hair thread by educational level of head of bousehold !lndx.average quaJltity of ~oat hair thread 'produced per month (iil kg.)

Bducationallevel iQf head of Total no. of Number of households------reporting manufacturing average quantity of househo d households ~at hair thread per month (in kg) I?er household as engaged in manufacturing Less than 50 51-100 101-200 201-300 301-500 rgoat 'hair thread

2 3 4 5 6 7

D1i\erate . ~. 46 10 20 13 3 Literate·(without·educationallevel) 17 3 6 5 3 Primary 11 1 5 3 2 Mid&le 2 1 1 Matriculation/Secondary • TOTAL 77 15 31 22 9

14. Amongst the households engaged in the manu­ TIi'fofmatioil regaTal'l1g dispersal of hon~holds engaged facture of jutt-patties 20.51 per cent households pro­ in the weaiVing df j1itt-pafties from the goat hair duced 51~100 kg., 38.46 per cent produced 101-~00 thread by educational level of head of household kg. 29.49 peT cent produced 2(H-300 .kg, and 11.54 per cent produced 301-500 kg. per month of the and the average quantity of thread .produced per finished jutn-patties on an average per montb. month 'per household are given in the table below:

Table No. 4.3-Distribution of households manufacturing jutt-patti byeducationallevel oJ "head of iJlouselfolls 'add average quantity of jott-patti producea per month (in 'kg.)

Educatioftallevel of head of Totalnq. of Number of households reporting manufacturing average quantity of household households jutt-pattles per month (in kg) per household as engaged in weaving of Less than 50 51-100 101-200 201-300 901-=-500 juU-patties

2 '3 4 5 6 7

Illiterate 56 9 22 19 6 Eiteiate'(.nthout educatlonallevel) • 12 3 S 2 2 1»rimary 7 3' 2 1 1 Middle 2 1 1 " Matriculation/Secondary TOTAL 78 16 30 23 9 23

15. The aVerage qwmJ:ity Qf goat hair consumed per 19. None of the hous~holds, comp'~~ oil ;m)'j month by all ~e sampled househo~ds at all the problem in procuring the raw material ex.cep~ {qur ~ntres comes to 17.141 kg. for producing 15,207 households Who pointed towards irregular sup'p~y qf kg. of goat hair thread from which 14,829 kg. of raw material. jUltt-patti is produced. The above figures indicate that from 1.127 kg. of goat hair one kg. of goat hair thread Te«:bnique of manufacture is produced and 1.025 kg. of goat hair thread is re­ 20. The raw materiaJ used in the lDallufacturing of quired to produce one kg. of jutt-patti. Thus to pro­ the jutt-patti is goat hair. The length of the goat­ duce one kg. of jutt-patti. 1.127 kg. of goat hair thread hair vanes between 5 to. 15 em. The goat harr is and in tum 1.155 kg. of goat hair is required. In sheared once a year in the months Otf April-May actual practice wastage of 12.5 per cent is allowedl when summers approach. The average yield of hair on the raw. material at the spinning stage includiJllg from an adult goat is between 400 to 7oo~. Goat loss in scouring and of 2.5 per cent at the w.eaving hair is clAssdiable in two ty~ viz., clipped goat hair stage i.e. the manuf2cturer demands 87.5 kg. of goat and tannety goat hair. The former is sheated from hair thread for 100 kg. of goat ~air and 97.5 kg. of the live goat while the latter is removed from the jutt-patti for 100 kg. of goat h8lir thread. The ratio skin of the slaughtered goats and is said to emit bad of the raw material required to produce one kg. of odour especially if it gets moistened or ;)'let. the finished product by educational level of the head I of _ the sampled households has been presented in 21., The goat hair is recei,ved from t1!e Qppnessmen the following table: engaged in the trade of this raw materi~l in g~y 'Fable No. 4.4--Ratio of consumption of raw mate­ bags which contain 100 to 150 kg. of the raw'mate­ ria) by educational level of head of rial. The raw malt:erial is first sorted according to household. its colour i.e. black and wliite. Only female workeri perform this work and sort out 50 to 70 kg. Qf goal! balE in a day and get a remuneration of Rs. 5.00 (q , Educational level Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of 7.00 per day depending upon the work performed. of head of hou~­ consumption consumptIOn consumptIOn . hold of ~oat hair of goat hair of goat hair to prpduce thread to to pr,oduce 22. The sorted goat hair is then scoured. Three one kg of produce one kg. of methods are used for this purpose (a} manually with goat hall one kg of jtiU-patfl the help of ropes. (b) manuailly operated traditio.gaL thread jutt-patti ginnIng machine and (c) electncaJly operated giImIDgJ catding machine. The goat hair are first moistened Illiterate 1'128 1·025 1'156 by sprinkling water mixed with sesamum oil and left Literate (without edu- overnight It is done to soften the goat hair and to cational level) . 1·129 1 ·028 1 ·161 avoid their fleeing while scouring. Primary 1'123 1'027 1 '153 23. In the first process scouring is generally done by Middle 1'116 1 ·029 1 ·148 women. Four pieces of rope are tied to a peg on ~ Matnculation/Secondary 1·125 1 ·017 1·144 wall on one side and the other loose end is held in hand by the women doing scouring. Raw goat hair TOTAL 1'127 1·025 1 '155 lying on the ground are given a beating with the help of these ropes which results In removal of mud, dust 16. InfoI'JD.a~j.'on regardin81 average monthly con­ and other impurities and separation of each fibre. In sumption of raw material by seasonal variation for the second method the fibre is ginned with the h~p manufacturing di:OleTent items of handicraft classi­ of a ginning machine hanging from the roof and fied by educational level of the head of household whose cord is vibrated. with the help o£ a wooden has been presented in Appendix Table 30. pestle whiCh separates the fibres and cleanse them. In the third method the ginning is done with the help 17. From among the 77 households engaged in the of a carding machine. The ginning charges at the manufacture goat hair thread 15 obtain the raw rate of Rs. 7.00 per 40 kg. IS borne by the bpinner. material i.e. goat hair from Balotra and 62 from the agency godown in the referrent village. From among 24. Poonies are then prepared from, scoured goat hair those obtaining raw-material from Balotr8J three by the women folk to help easy spinning. Poonies are bring it to the site of work on bicycle and the rest small oblonged bundles of raw goat hair and are on foot and of those bringing the raw-material from prepared by hand frequently moistening the goat hair the agency godown in the referrent village, one with water and weigh about fifty gm. each. The brings it to tihe site on bicycle, one in cart and the paonies are kept in a basket and water is frequently rest on fool sprinkled over them so that the goat hair may not fall out from the poonies and get scattered all around. 18. Amongst the 78 households engaged in manu­ facturing jutt-patti, seven procure the raw material 25. The goat hair thread is then spun from the from Balotra. of which one brings it on bicycle and poonies with the help of a spinning-wheel. The spin­ six on foot. The remaining 71 households obtain the ning-wheel is rotated generally by some women or old raw material from agency godown in the referrent persons and two persons the:n spin the thread on two villages and bring it to the site of work. on bicycle spindles attached to the spinning-wheel. They attach and in cart in one case each, and the remaining 69 one end of the poom to the spindle and walk back­ households on :&lot. wards till about 50 metres while the spindles are 24 rotated with the movement of the spinning-wheel. warps while passing the shuttle carrying the wefting The thread is then rolled on a wooden stick. During thread. Two persons ace required for weaving which the process of spinning water is sprinkled on and oftelD. is generally done by males. The Kangha is a comb on the poonies and on the string which rotates the made of wood with iron teeth. . spindles. The spinning-wheel rests on hinges and mil­ let flour is used as lubricant for the hinges. Mustard 28. About 250 gm of sesamum oil is consumed in qil is used as lubricant for the spindle. the making of one jutt-patti. The spindle Takla costs Rs. 10.00 per piece and is to be replaced every 26. Three types of weaving viz; four months. The string used for moving the spin­ ning wheel Maat gets weared within three to four (a~ Iraqi! (b) Camel and. (0) Syrian are in vogue. days and hence is to be replaced after this. It costs Rs. 2.00 per string. The comb (Kangha) used to pull In Iraqi jutt-paffi tlhe warp (tana) is twisted the weft costs Rs. 20.00 per piece and lasts for six (two threads of goat hair are twisted toge­ to ten years depending upon the work done. manner ther) and woof is sinrple (no.t twisted), and of use and maintenance. The wooden frame Khapta wefts two to three warps. costs Rs. 5.00 per piece and lasts for about a year. In camel jutt-patti, the warp (tana) is twisted and woof is simple (not twisted) and double 29. The holida~8 are observed on second lunar day thread woof are vrefted in the warp. of bright half (Dw1tiya of Shukla Paksha). eleventh lunar day (Ekadashi) of both the haJ.ves of lunar . In SYrian jutt-patti b~ warp and woof are month, full moon day (Poomima) and no moon day twisted .. In all the above Itypes double warps (Amavasya~ of every lunar month, for fifteen days are used for wefting. from Holl festival (phaIgun Shukla 15 to Cha£tra .., Krishna 30) and from Shravl!n Shukla Pratipada to 27. The only tools u&ed in weaving are Punas, Bhadrapada Krishna 30 (Amavasya). Khapta and Kangha.. The Punas consists of wooden frame made of two crossed woods and is used for 30. No improved tools, equipment, technique or k~ping the breadth of the jutt-pa,tt~ at required mea­ design has been introduced in the craft. No myths sjJl'ement keeping the warp stretched. The Khapta is or legends are attached with any of the spinning or alightly curved! wooden tool used for changing the weavini techniques. CHAPTER V MARKETING All the households engaged in the manufacture other castes generally Mali. Balai. Raigar etc. are of jutt-patti do their jobs on labour rate. All the raw also engaged by Kumhars to help them in spi.n.niDg ma,terial is supplied by the firms engaged in the work only. and they are paid at the rate. of Rs. 4.00 manufacturing of jutt-patti and the finished goods are to 7.00 per da:y depending on the area. season. type taken by them. These firms monopolise in this item of work and quantlty produced by the worker. All and all the work is got done on labOlUt-ralte baSls. the goods manufactured are used for export pur­ The oharges for spinning paid to the workers per poses except a httie portion usod. for local needs. kg. of goa,t hair thread are Rs. 2.90 and Rs. 3.40 fhe market rate Off goat hair is about .Rs. 6.00 to depending upon the quality of spinning i.e. whether 6.50 per kg. but if the workers mix their own g08lt the thread is thicker (8 strands) Or thinner (6 hair at the spinrung or weaving stage. they are. .paid Itrands). The rate for spinning the thmner thread for it at the ra,te of Rs. 2.00 less than the prevailing are more. The charges for weaNing paid to the wor­ market prices of the goat hair. The accounts of the kers per kg. of ju,tt-patti are Rs. 3.10 and Rs. 3.60 wages of the workers are cleared once in a year at depending upon the thickness of the goat hair thread. HoH festival. Ho~r. some money is advanced to 'lesser charges are paid for thick thread and more them by the manufacturer evecy four months. The for the weaving of thin thread. The thread of guat amount of advance does not exceed ~'Venty-five per hair is called Dheen or Soot in the local dialet. Till cent of the wages due to tlJe worker. Generally.. 1968 the ra~ of spinning and weaving used to be Rs. 25.00 per jutt-patti delivered by the worker are Rs. 2.00 per kg. of jutt-patti which was raised. to retained by ~ manufacturer as securitY amount I() Rs. 4.00 per kg. which remained prevalellt t,ll 1975. that if some material becomes less or some defk:ctive. Since then every year on Holi festival when work is work is done by the worker the- ctifference can be started anew. the manufacturers have a general meet­ adjusted against this amount ing:in which rev,ision of rates is decided. Shri Mahesh Trading Company had increased the rates 3. Amongst the 77 households enga~ in manu­ \Oll 24th February. 1975 from Rs. 4.00 per kg. for facturmg goat hair thread. 8 produce ()"1,O quintals spinning and weaving to Rs. 4.50, and in competi­ of goat hair thr!ead per annum. 20 households each tion. to it Paras Trading Company put the rates of produce H-15 q and 16-25 .q; 22 households pro-, Spinning and weaiVing at Rs. 5.00 per kg. of jutt­ duce 26-40 q. five households produce 41-55 q. Oply. patti and Mahesh Trading fixed the rate at Rs. 5.50 two households produce S6 and more q of goat 'hair per kg. and ultima,tely Prabhat Patti put the rates pee annum. at Rs. 6.00 per kg. which became prevalent and since then the ra~ for spinning and weaving toge­ ther has been Rs. 6.00 per kg. of jutt-patti. Since 4. Amongst the 78 households engaged in manu­ the time Mohammad Anis started the work of jutt­ fecturing jua-patties five households produce 0-10 q patti in right earnest. he has increased the rate to of jutt-patti per annum. 19 households 1.1-15 q. 25 Rs. 7.00 per kg. only for fine. quaJity spinning and households each 16-25 q and 26-40 q. one house­ weaving and for the ordinary spinning ,and weaving hold 41·45 q and three households produce S6 and' he haa fixed the rate of Rs. 6.00 per kg. which have more q of jutt-patti per annum. not been further revised and are prevalent till daile. 5. Since all the households prepare the goods 'on, 2. If the worker is engaged by the manufacturer at labour rate basis the goods prepared by them is his workshop he is paid at the rate of Rs. 5.00 per collected by the firm getting the goods manufac­ day for spinning, weaving is not done at the facto­ tured and then sells it. The workers do not get any ries or workshops and is always done at the resi­ share out of the profit eat'DlOd by these firms J8lld so dence of the workers and only by the Kumhars of do !Dot face any difficulty in disposing of the ,ijpished Maru sub-caste. Sometime female workers from goods.

25 CHAPTER VI CRAFT AND EMPLOYMENT

The cralt of weaving jutt-patti is practiced in all increase in the population. spilting of the joint-fami­ the selected centres from one and a half to two and lies. absence of alternative employment. easy le~m­ a half centuries. It was started earliest in Gora, about mg \lJf the techniques of the craft, better earnings as 25Q years ago. in Balotra. JJlsol. Shergarh and Salawas compared to other available employments. easy about 200 years ago and in villages Bhawrani and availabJity of work and raw materiaJ and induction Bamn1 1!)0 years ago. A!Il the sampled households ot persons ealgaged 1n other occupations in the cralt are traditionally engaged in this craft. Amongst the amI. lesser requirement of finances required to practice sampled households 89.90 per cent informed tha't the craft besides its being the traditional craft pro­ 1U+' households were engaged in the craft before viding easy availability of employment ]·940 while only 4.04 per cent informed that less than 5 households were engdged in the craft at their 5. The highest number of households (11) opined centres and 6.06 per cent hl)u,seholus iaformed that that there ih3d been increase in population of the 5-9 households were en~ed in the craft dUl'ing hOliseh,olds engaged in the craft and seven households this period. The number of ~ouseholds engaged in each opined that the craft provides lucratjve employ­ the craft showed an increase during the period 1940- ment as compared to other jobs therefore more per­ 50.. 1950-60. 1960-70 and 1970-80. Durmg 1970-80, sons: are taking up the craft; and. thatl this craft 10+ households were engaged in the craft in each of " provides employment during the non-agricultural the- selected centres. Durtng the survey only one Sl!ason. The increase 1n the n,umber of households household reported that the number of households and persons engaged in the crait was Q,ttributed by engaged in the craft is less than 5 at one centre while six households each to two different reasons VIZ., the rest 99.99 per cent households reported that 10+ there is lack of availability of ~mployment in rural households were engaged in the crait at selected areas and besides the craft prov.ides a source of good centres. earning in the non-agricultural season. and th.!J,t the population of the households engaged in the ~t hl!S 2. Qnly 2.02 per cent srunpled households each increased as also the in-migrant households ha..ve informed that the _number of persons engaged in the taken up the craft and ,bc$ides not much fi1;lance is g03t.1uili! ,crait was less ,than 10, and 10-19 pc;:rsQns requiredJ and" it is traditional work. Iesp_ectIvely befQ1'e 1940 at their cent~. The number of' ~ ~geQ. ~ the CIa« sh9wed. an increase 6. Information regarding 1'e.Il!!Ons reporlted by h01Jse­ during 1940-50 and only one household each ,inform,­ bolds for variation in number of. bo~holQs anQ. cd that less than 10. and 10-19 persons were engaged persons engaged in the craft during 4st fou_r dC5!a~ in the craft at them ce.ntres while 97.98 per cent classified ,by broad age-gJ:oups pf $e. head of hoqse­ sampled households informed that 20 + persons were hold has been presented in Appendix T.able 32. engaged' in the craft at their centres. From 1980 Qny.rards up to the present survey all the sampled 7. Amongst the 99 sampled households prllctiSjug households informed that 20+ persons were t'he cOltt 81 households described the craft as a good engaged in the craft at all the sampted centres. source of l1velihood in the past and the remam.ing Information regarding number of households 18 households described it 'as a lion-lucrative job iiIl reporting a.bout the number of households and persons the past. Only one household each described; it as a engaged in craft.in the village. during different periods non-lucrative job as (i) only limited number of Classified by broad age-groups of the he:ad of the articles (e.g .• camel-sa.cks. strings. strapes e.tt.) useQ. hoUsehold has been presented in Appendix ;fable ~ 1. to be produced, (ii) there was lack of raw materil!l. and (iii) outside demand was negligible. Only t'\'I.O 3. All ,the sampled householdS' practising craft gave hotlSeholds describect it as non-lucrative, beca\lSe of forty-two reasons for the in~rease in the number of lesser possibility of) e:xpa!11Sion looking to the lack of households and persons engaged in the craft during detnan<4 and four households were of the view that the last four decades. None of these hOUSeholds it fetches lower wages as compared to labour involved informed any decrease in the number of households and nine households advanced the reason that there and peISO!JlS engap in the craft nor any of them was only limited local demand. Wormed that there is no substantial increase in the Ilumber of households and persons engaged in the 8. Amongst Ithe 99 sampled households practising craft during last four decades. the craft 51 households (51.52 per cent) described it as a source of gainful employment while the rest 48 4. In general the reasons advanced for increase in househOlds (48.48 per cent) described it as not being the number of households and persons engaged in a source for gainful employment. The reasons offered the craft during the last four decades advanced by for its being gainful employment are that the wages che sampled households point towards biological offered are good, there is wide demand for ·the 26 27

finished ·products in the international market, work 1n -the jutt-patti craft and the rest 55 did not 'Want is available for the persons of all ages and both sexes their sons/daughters to be engaged in the ,craft. The throughout the year, there is no difficu1!ty in obtain­ reasons advanced. for wanting to engage their ing the raw material, there is no need of money, sons and daughters in the crak are that it provides job education or ailly specialised training in 'starting the throughout the year even ~ the agricu1tu~lIy slack craft and that there is no alternative avenue of em­ ~ason for both the sexes, 'it is a good source of liveli­ ploymeht available. The highest number of house­ hood. wages offered are good and employment is holds adVli!n.ced the reason that there is wide demand provided a,t the door-step; no education or 'speciill for the finished products in the international market skill is n:quired to start 'the craft; no alterila'tive wOrk and that there is no difficulty in obtaining the raw is available. and. migratiOn (rom the village in searCh material. Information regarding distdbution of house­ of alternative employment is not 'J)ossible. holds reported about the craft as a source for gainful ~mployment da&lified by religion, caSte/tribe/com­ 12. The reasons for not, wanting ,to engage their SODS munity of the head of the household and reasons and daughters in the jutt-pa.tt~ craft fare. that wage. reported for considering the craft as a profitable offered are low, it is not a respectable or lucrative or occupation has been presented in Appendix Table 33. attractive occupation. there is lack of demand for - finished product. the supply of raw material is not 9. Only five persons were reported unemployed regular and ~t is h~dous for health. monopoly of amongst the saml)led households at the time of the trader. inferior qualitY of raw maoterial. ,there js survey. Of these four were males and one female. ,no Jocal demand and tl;lere ·is . competition in the All the males were related to the beads of households international market. as sons and the female as son's wife. The two males! were in the age-.group 0-14 and two males and one 1;J. While about fifty per cent 0'( the illiterate 'headS female in the age-group 15-34. All these were of households do not wan:t to have their sons anll unemployed for 1-2 years. The fiemale had training daughters engaged in this craft about seven.tY per and experience of spilllning the goat hair and the males cent of the litecate and educaited beads of hOUSeholds that of weavinll; jult-patti. These unemployed nersons do not desire so. Information regarding hQusegolds were reported from two centres viz .. Bamni and Gora. wanting/not wanting their sons/daughters engaged in (i)fI these two males were literate without educational the craft with reasQns thereof classified by educa­ level and two males and one female were illiterate. tional level of ,the head of the bousel;tola has bie'eil The female was unemployed because of lack of presented in Appenqix Table 35: availabiHty of work and males because of lack of 14. Of the 99 sampled .households rpraotisin~ the supply of raw material. AU of these persons had ttaft 32 households reported about 'the younger 'gene­ been previously employed in jun-patti craft but had ration taking mtere9t in ·the craft and 'the femain~ since not made any attempt to get any alternate em­ 67 households reported about the young~ generation ployment or employment at some other place other not taking interest 10 the craft. Amdngst -the house­ than their own villages. holds repbrting' alio-ot the youh~r generation taking 10. Of the samn-Ied households practising the craft interest iIi. the craft 56.25 per cent repoFted tha,t there is no need fot any 'special training -to statt .the 45 hou..~holds (4545 per coot) reported that their econClmic positioll has improved and tbe rest 54 craft, 43.75 per -cent -reported ·no rolhm' QCCUpation-a1 household::! (54.55 ocr cent) rep'>rted their economiC' oPpOrtunity; 15:63 per cent repOfted tha.t they-shOUld oosition did not improve by practising tbe craft. Of rather do sometliing- i:bstead of doing rnothin~;- 1'2.50 the 67 households whose heads were illiterAte 52.24 per cent reported that no finance is Tequired to 'begin per 'cent reoorted that fheir economic positiol} im­ the craft: 9.38 per cent reported that they can eam moved while amQng the 32 household's whose heads well even in non-agricultural season; -6.25 per cent! were literate and educated onlv 31.25 per cent reported preference for womng in the viUa~e; and reoorted thalt their economic oosiJtion did not improve. g..1 ') per cent each :rePOrted having -no agricultural land and it being traditional occupation as reasons ~us 'the households 'with illiferate heads of house­ holds were more satisfied with the practices of the for younger generation taking interest in the craft. craft as compare(! to thf'l6e with literate and educa,ted 15. From amongst the households reporting younger heaas of households. The hi,mest number of hou~ generation not taking interest in the craft 62.69 per holds (14) advanCed the rea'K>n for their improved cent households report'ed that they be allowed to opt position that it provides employment throughout the the occupation of their own choice; 16.42 per cent year even in the non-allrlcultural seasoo and hillhest reported no Specific reason, 10.45 per cent reported humber of households advanced the reason for their that craft has no .more remained a lucrative. job; 8~96 economic position not being improved ao; the Wll~eSl ner cent ~ported the i'llterest of younger _generation offered are low because of the monopoly of the trader is in persuinf!' -education; 5.97 per cent each reported and that the raw material is aJso not of !lood quality .low waples offered and availa.bility of more lucrative coupled with its irregular availability. Inform~tibh ·jobs; 4.48 per cent reported more intere6t in produc­ regarding housenolds reported having improved/not in~ cotton durries and 2.98 Der cent each reported improved ·their economic staitus 'With reasOns thereof inegular supply of raw materiaa and, more interest 'classified by educational level of the hean of the in agricultural persuits as ·reasons for the younger bDusehol

~eraJtio:ris' hence. there are nQ circumstances compel­ interfere and look after the inter,est of the workers lUig/ motivating them to take up the craft of jutt­ engaged in jutt-patti craft, four suggested that wages pattl should be increased, three suggested that the num­ ber of traders should increase and one suggested that 16. Amongst the 99 sampled households practising there should be created a healthy market. Of these the craft 45 reported having satisfaction with their households two were of the view that no attempt occupation and the reme,ining S4 reported having nas been made to rejuvenate the craft while SIX dis •.satisfaction with their occupatiDn. The ieasons maintained that atlea.st some attempt had been made advanced for their being satisfied with the craft are in this regard by forming a corporation and a union. thet it is lucrative. provides employment at: door­ step. the raw-material is easily availe,ble, payments 21. Among those 22 sampled households which are made regulady. no problem is faced and even left practising the craft. 72.73 per cent gave up the illiterate person can dOl it and no alternatwe employ­ craft for less ,than five years, 9.09 per cent for 5-9 ment is available. years, 13.64 per cent fDr 10-19 years and 4.54 per cent for 20 + years. 17. 'The reasons given fOr their being cli~satisfied with the craft are related to low wages, irregular 22. Of the 22 sampled households not practising availability of raw material, inferilor quahty Qf raw­ the craft all the heads of households are males pro­ material. its being non·attractive and non.lucrative fessing Hinduism and belong to Maru sub-caste of jOb.' mDnDpoly of the trader. !!,bsence of local Kumliars and heads of 31.82 per cent households demand for finished pro'd1,lcts. irregular availability are illiterate, of 27.27 per cent households literate of work. tough competition in the intemational ' without educational level; of 18.18 per cent house­ market and the craft being hazardous tor health. holds primary; of 13.64 per cent households middle About 50.7 per cent of tbe householdll whose heads and 4.54 per cent households each matriculation/ were illiterate and about 31.5 per cent of the house­ ~econdary. and, graduate apd above respectively. hOlds whose hk:ads were titera.te and edu'Cated rep'Jrf'ed Heads of 27.27 per cent of these households are pre­ their peilllg satisfied with the craft. sently engaged In cultivation; of 13.64 per cent hOllseholds each in weaving of silk and cotton thread 18. Although &7.88 per cent of the lIampled bouse­ durries and as accounts clerks respectively; of 9.09 holds practising craft are nQt intendiJllg to leave the per cent households are running tea-stall, and of craft quite a large number of them are dis·satisfied 4.54 per cent households each are engaged as casual with it. Of the 12.12 per cent sample

25. Amongst the 22 sampled non-practising house­ sidered to be a respectable job, and the craft is not holds two are such as have no members possessing lucrative. necessary skill to practice the craft and have left practising the craft for less than five years duration. 30. Information regarding number of households Both these households advanced the reason that disinterested in having their sons/daughters sticking wages are low and that there is lack of raw material to their traditional occupations but like to have them and also lack of work. Of these one belonged to engaged in occupation of their lildng classified by village Bhawrani and one to village Gora. Head of sex and present occupation of the head of the house­ one of these households is illiterate and of the other hold; by sex and educational level of head of the bad studied up to middle; one is engaged in cultiva­ household; and by sex and broad age-group of the tion and the other is working as accounts clerk. head of the household has been presented in Ap­ pendix Tables 45 to 47. 26. The heads of the remaining 20 sampled house­ holds having members with necessary skill to prac­ 31. Amongst the non-practising sampled house­ tice the craft but not practising the same advanced holds only two households gave reasons for the reasons such as the incum~nt is interested in service; present day prosperity of the craft, and twenty the wages offered are low; the craft does not offer households reported various reasons for prevailing good prospect; there is difficulty in obtaining the raw adversity regarding the craft and all the sampled matenal; non-availability of regular work; health households gave various suggestions for the up-lift­ condition does not allow to continue the craft and ment of the craft. it is difficult to impart education to children In small earnings, monopoly of the trader and lack of demand 32. The reasons advanced for prosperity of the for finished products. ~raft are that the population of the people engaged in the craft has increased as well as there is increase 17. Information regarding distribution of households in the quantum of the work also. and, that the having members with necessary skill to practice the craftsman have now started weaving jutt-patti which craft and reported reasons for not practising the craft has an international market instead of camel bags etc. classified by religion caste/tribe/community of the which had only local market and have been replaced. head of the household; by educational 'level of the by bags made of other materials like jute, plastic etc. head of the household; and by occupation of the head of the household has been presented in Ap­ 33. The reasons for adversity regarding the craft pendiX Tables 42 to 44. were reported as the wages offered are low and government does not take any interest for up-lift­ 28. Of the 20 non-practising sampled households ment of the craft, inferior quality of raw material having members with necessary skill, four are con­ is available, monopoly of the trader, lack of demand sidering to take up the craft as an occupation and for the finished goods and that no attempt has been sixteen have no intention to take up the craft as an made to capture new markets. occupation. Amongsf the four households consider­ ing to take up the jutt-patti craft as an occupation 34. The measures suggested to develop the craft head of one household is illiterate and of three house­ were that the government should ~ake appropriate holds have attained the educational level of primary. measures to develop the craft, good quality raw Each of the heads of these households are engaged material should be supplied alongwitb increase in in different occupations viz .• weaving of silk and cot­ wages and alternative employment should also be ton thread durries, stone chipping, running a tea­ provided during the slack season, the monopolistic stall and in cultivation. conditions should be removed. there should be regular supply of the raw material and local demand 29. Amongst the non-practising sampled house­ should also be created. holds only one was such as gave no views regard­ ing the questions whether their sons/daughters should 35. Information regarding homeholds reporting not stick to their traditional occupation of jutt-patti reasons for prosperity/adversity of the craft in but should follow the occupation of their liking and recent past and giving suggestions to develop the the remaining twenty-one households reported that craft by present occupation of the head of house­ their sons/daughters should not stick to their tradi­ hold; by educational level of the head of the house­ tional occupation of jutt-patti but should follow the hold; and, by broad age-group of the head of the occupation of their liking as the craft does not offer household among sampled non-practising house­ good prospects, there are limited hours of work and holds has ~en presented in Appendix Tables 48 to wages offered are bett(lr in other jobs, it is not con- SQ.

6-291 R. O. India/ND/S8 CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION The jutt-patti craft used to be considered as ginning them and small hair also used to fill the quite a lucrative occupation monopolised by the atmosphere. Mechanisation has in turn deprived craftsmen 'belonging to Maru Kumhars till recently. the workers from the wages earned by them through Although the monopoly of the craftsmen still exists ginning. as far as production work is concerned, trading has been monopolised by fe.w traders. The craft 5. Goat hair is said to be carrier of malta fever. has undergone various changes in as far as type therefore, its entry is banned Jin most of the coun­ of articles produced is concerned. Only bags and tries unless .it is properly fumigated.. The' process small rugs etc., used to be prepared by the crafts­ of fumigation results in heavy reduction in weight men who were supp1ied the raw material viz.. goat of the goat hair products which results in loss to the hair by their clients. With the increase in demand suppljer. It is, therefore, advisable that the goat of jult-patti i.e. long strips woven from goat hair hair products may be fumigated prior to shipment. the craft has experienced a drastic change. Huge But curiously enough no case of malta fever has amount of capital. org_anisation and managerial ever been noted in this region probably because of skills are required to obtain the orders from dry and arid climate and becauSe the work is foreign countries and execute them in which the suspended during rainy season. craftsmen lock and thus within last few decades whole of trading has got monopolised in few hands. 6. The· main hurdle in We practice of tbe craft is The workers now have to depend on the traders said to be the -monopolistic control of few traders ' for work who in turn depend on the international whose financial positions are sound enough as to market conditions and competitwn. The international make them eligible for competition even in global competition and introduction of the monopolist tenders. Such amount of money requirement, board­ traders has wiped off the extra remunerations which ing capacity, managerial skills and organisational net the craftsmen used to derive from the craft and in work required for such enterprises lack in the crafts­ turn has also made them· dependent for work on the men. Educational backwardness is also g factor traders. Further the craft has to face competition de.terrent for the upliftmentI of the craft. from articles made of other modern materials e.g. piastic, rubber etc. which has also introduced tough 7 There had not been any occupational mobility competition. amongst the sampled households practising the craft although many of the craftsmen were especially the literate and educated ones of the view that their 2. The craftsmen at present do not find the craft children should adopt better occupations after ob­ as lucrative as it used to be because of above re­ ferred reason and hence many of them do not taining education. Amongst those who had left desire to get their ohildren engaged in the craft and practising of the craft the occupations taken up were yet many of these also inducted their children in the cuWvation" weaving of si'k and cotton tlbreed durries. craft becauSe of their poor econoaPc conditions, running tea stall or eating house, casual labour, lesser educational facilities coupled with their own sweetmeat vendor. stone chipping, cloth shop and illiteracy and lack of -proper atmosphere congenial employed as teacher and accounts clerk. Of these for education of children. the weaving of durries is akin to weaving of jutt­ patties and cultivation and casual labour were the occupations which many of them practice as second 3. Since the raw material is goat hair its production main occupation during the slack season. Thus We also depends on the breed and number of goats. see that except for the occupation of teacher or ac­ The longer hair are considered to be better ones. counts clerk all other occupations taken up by them The region in which this craft is practiced comes do not require any education or specialised skill. under arid zone and is drought prone because of lesser rains. }Jesides the market conditions, trade S. It was a geneI'aJ opinion that some where the: unionism, associations of the traders and local poli­ government should intervene to make a break tics, Hie vagaries of nature also thus affect the through. The answer lies only in the unity of craft. The use of tannery goat hair also acts as' workers and financial, organisational and manage­ repellent for the craft to some extent. rial skills which may be prollided by the government so that the exploitation of the workers may be 4. Mechanisation has also entered the craft only at stopped. the ginning or carding stage which is nowadays done with the help of ginning/carding machine in­ 9. To end the exploitation of the workers it is stead of doing it manually with the help of ropes. suggested that small co-operative societies of the The manual ginning was hazardous to health be­ craftsmen may be formed through which loans also cause of dust eminated from the ~oat hair while b~ advanced at differential rates to the craftsmen and 30 31 the whole production of these societies may be pur­ being usect" as filtering material e.g. padding materiai chased by some apex body which may in turn ar­ and as material where a bad conductor of heat and range for the sale of these products in various electricity is required. It can also find use as markets including foreign markets. Educational cushioning material in industries. facilities may be extended to the wards of the craftsmen engaged in jutt.patti and some incentive 11. Instead of tradidonaI processes of spinning the in the form of scholarships may be given to atltract goat-hair mechanised spinning wheels and better them. There can be a training-cum-production type of looms can be used if the demand for jutt­ centre where training can be imparted to the wards patti is raised which will result in better production of the craftsmen or training programme may be and safety to craftsmen's health. coupled with their educational curricular. The faci­ lity of medical aid should also be extended to these 12. Since the looms are operated manually all the craftsmen as they are susceptible to diseases more concessions given to handloom workers or hand­ than the normal person because of dust and small loom products should also be made available to the hairs rampant in the atmosphere of their working. persons engaged in the craft of jutt·patti also. Further the commercial tax and duty exemptions should 10. New markets can be creatfid by changing the also be made available to the jutt-patti crafts articles articles produced by goat hair e.g. doormats rungs and some incentive scheme should also be introduced ctc; ~d introducing some embroidered designs on to promote export so that the craft may be able these articles. Various new uses can be found for to stand cut-throat competition rife in the world tbe jutt-patti espe'lially in the industry apart from market.

PART Il APPENDICES

33

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Tablo No. Heading PAGE 1. Approximate number of households and sox-wise population of various Caste/Tribe/ Community residing in sampled villages (Data collected during survey) 38 2. DistributIon of Population Classified by Age, Sox and Marital Status 42 2(a) Sex-wise Marital Status by Surveyed Centres 42 2(b) Age and Sex-wise distribution of Population by Centres 43 3. Distribution of Population classified by age, sex and educationallovel 44 3(a) Distribution of Population classified by centres sex and educational level 45 4. Distribution of Households classified by Age and Sex of Head of the households and Number of Members 46 5. Distribution of households classified by nature of relation of members to head of the house­ hold and Number of Members 47 6. Distribution of households classified by migration status with reference to place of birth and reasons for migration in relation to head of household 48 7. Distribution of households classified by migration status and duration of stay in the village with reference to (Place of birth) head of the household 48 8. DIstribution of households classified by number of workers and by main occupational diversity (i.e., different members having different occupatIons) . 49 8(a) DIstribution of households classifieJ by number of workers and by main occupational diversity (i.e., Different members having different occupations) 50 9. Households classified by Sex, Broad Age-group and SL bsidiary occupation in relation to Head of Household 51 10. Distribution of workers and Non-workers Classified by Sex and Educational Level 51 11. Distribution of workers classified by Traditional and Present occupations, Sex and Broad Age-Group 52 12. Distribution of workers by present occupation, type of occupation and other occupation followed in case the present occupation is seasonal 53 13. Distribution of workers classified by Sex, Broad Age-Group, main activity and subsidiary occupation 54 14. Distribution of Non-workers by sex, age and Type of ActiVIty . 55 15. Distribution of Population classified by Age, Sex and Marital Status 55 16. Distribution of PopulatIOn Classified by Age, Sex and Educational level 56 17. Distribution of households classified by age and sex of Head of the Household and Number of Members 57 18. DIstribution of Households classified by Nature of Relation of Members to Head of the Household and Number of Members 57 19. Distnbution of Workers and Non-Workers ClaSSIfied by Sex and Educational Level 58 20. Distnbution of Workers Classified by Traditional and present Occupations, Sex and Broad Age-Group 59 21. Distribution of Non-Workers by Sex, Age and Type of Activity 60 22. Distribution of,Persons Classified by Relationship with the head, the Person imparted train- ing and the perIod engaged in the craft .... 61 23. Distnbution of Persons engaged in the Craft ClaSSified by Relationship with the Head, Nature of work performed and the porsons imparted truming 62 35 36

Table No. Heading PAGI 24. Distribution of petsons engaged in the Craft Classified by Relationship with the head, the person imparted training, period of training and remun~ration . . . 63 25. Assessment of training received by the persons as related to the period engaged in the craft, availability of better training facility and intention to receive better training . .. 68 26. Households reported restrictions for imparting training to people as related to period engaged in the Craft ...... '. . . ., 6& 27. Dlstnbution of parsons engaged in the Craft Classified by relatIonship with the Head and source of Acquirement of skill (In case the skill is passed on from Father to Son tradi- tionally) 69 28. Distribution of Households and Persons Engaged in the Craft as Related to Place of Work 70 29. Households Classified by Broad Age-Group, Place of Work and Duration of Work in the Handicraft in Relation to Head of the Household and other Members 70 30. Average Monthly consumption of Raw-materials by seasonal Variations for Manufacturing different Itom'i of'Haudicraft Classified by Educational Level of the Household. .. 71 31. Number of Households Reporting about the Number of Households and Persons engaged in Craft in the Village During Different Period Classified by Broad Age-Group of the Head of the Household 72 32. Reasons Reported by housoholds for Variation in the number of Households and persons ngaged in the Craft during last Four decades Classified by Broad Age-Group of tho Head of the Household 73 33. Households Reported about the Craft as a Source for gainful Employment Classified by Religion, Cast.:/Tribe/Community of the Head of the Household and Reasons reported for considering the Craft as a Profitable Oocupation 76 34. Households Reported having improved/Not improved their Economic status with roasons thereof Cla~sified by Educational Level of tho Head of the Household 77 35. Households Wanting/Not Wanting to have their sons/daughters engaged in the Craft reasons thereof Classified by EducatIonal Level of the head of tho Housohold 79

36. Homehold~ rep.>rtej having Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction with the Occupation (Craft) with reasons thereof Classifiod by Educational Level ofthe Head of the Household . 82 37. Households roported having expressed dissatisfaction with their Occupation (Craft), Future plan and Penod of Implene!ltation Classifiod by Educational Lovel of the Hoad of tho Household 85 38. House'lOlds Roported Reasons for giving up the Craft ClaSSIfied by Sex, Religion and Caste/Tn be/Community of the Head of tho Household 86 39. Hn~\)lJ.old~ Rep()~ted Reasons for giving up tho Craft Classified by Sex and Education Levol of tho Head of Household 88 4,). Househo]j3 reportod reasons for giving up the Craft Classifiod by Sex, and Occupation ofthl) Head of the Housohold 90

41. HOU"0~10Ids Reported Reasons for giving up tho Craft Classified by Broad Ago-Group of tho hoad of the Household 92 42. Distribution of Housoholds having members with Necessary skill to practice tho craft and Reported reasons for not practising the Craft Classified by Religion, Caste/Tnbe/Community of the Head of the Household 93 43. Distribution of Households havmg Members with necessary skill to practice the craft and Reported Reasons for not practis ing the Craft Classified by Educational Level of the H0ad of the Household 904 44. Distribution of households havihg Member/s with necessary skill to practice the Craft and Reported Reasons for not practising the Craft Classified by Occupation of the Head of tho Household 96 45. Num;er of Households Disinterested in having their Sons/Daughters stirking to their tra.dition'll O;;cupation but liko to have thom ongagod in occupation of their liking Clas- sifioi by Sex and pr030nt Occupation of the Hoad of the Household . 98 37

Tabla No. Heading PAGB 46. Number of HousellOlds disinterested in having their sons/daughters stIcking to their tradi- tional Occupation but like to have them engaged in Occupation of their lIking Classified by Sex. and Educational Level oftne Head ofthe Household 99 47. Numb"r of Households dlsintere~ted in h3.vi'lg theIr Sons!Daughters sticking to their tradi- tional Occupation but like to have them engaged in Occupation of their lIking classified by Sex. and Broad Age-Group of the Head of the Household 99 48. Households reported reasons for plosperity/Adversity of the Craft in recont past and given suggestions to develop the Craft, Classified by Present Occupation of the Head of the Household 100 49. Households Reported Reasons for prosperity/Adver!llty of the Craft in recent past and gIven sugg

7-291 R. G. India/NO/88 38

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APPENDIX TAIJLE 2-DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION CLASSIFUD BY AGE, SIX AND MARlTAL STATl..S

Total population Never Married Marrill4 Widowed Divorced or Sepa- A&e-IfOuP ----- rated Per- Males Fe- Per- Male~ Fe- Per- Males Fe- Pet- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- .ons males sons males sons males sons males sons males

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10' 11 12 13 14 15 16

0--4 . 97 44 53 96 44 52 1 1 5-9 . 94 49 4S 91 41 44 3 2 1 10-14 90 SO 40 77 46 31 13 4 9 1S-19 58 35 23 26 22 32 13 19 20-24 49 28 21 5 S " 44 23 21 25-29 36 19 17 2 2 34 17 17 30-34 32 16 16 32 16 1(i 35-44 66 34 32 61 34 27 4 1 1 45-S4 51 28 23 1 41 25 16 9 2 "7 S5-69 32 13 19 26 13 13 6 6 70+ 6 3 3 5 3 2 1 1

Total All Age-groups 611 319 292 298 167 131 292 ISO 142 20 2 18 1

APPENDIX TABLE 1(a)- SEX-WISE MARITAL STATUS BY SlIRVEYED CENTRES

Marital Status Name of Ceatre Total population Never Married Married Widowed Divorced or Sepa------rated Per- Males Fe- Per· Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Pet- Males Fe- sons males sons males sons males solIS males sons males

1 2. 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16

Balotta 98 47 51 46 22 24 48 25 23 4 4 Bamni 114 S5 59 64 32 32 4S 2.3 11 S S BbawraDi • 26 11 IS 14 5 9 12 6 6 Gora 105 58 47 46 28 18 57 30 21 2 2 Jasol 223 121 102 106 64 42 109 56 53 7 1 6 1 Salawas 20 14 6 12 10 2 7 4 3 1 1 Shergarh 25 13 12 10 6 4- 14 6 S 1 1

TOTAL 611 319 292 298 161 131 292 ISO 142 20 2 18 1 1 43

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APPENDTX TABLE 3...... DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION CLASSlPIED BY AGE, SEX Al\JD EDUCATIONU LEVEL

Educational Level Age-group Total Population nliterate Literate (without educationallovel) -----Primary Middle Per- Males Pe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Pe- Per- Males Pe- Per------M!lles Fe- sons males sons males sons males son~ male~ sans m!lles

1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

AU Agel 611 319 292 504 214 290 66 64 2 34 34 S 5 0-4 97 44 S3 97 44 S3 5-9 94 49 45 80 37 43 14 12 2 10-14 90 SO 40 59 19 40 26 26 5 S 15-19 58 35 23 42 19 23 7 7 8 8 1 1 2O-l4 '49 18 11 41 11 11 1 1 5 S 1 1 2S-34 68 3S 33 SS 22 33 4 4 7 7 1 1 35+ ISS 78 77 129 52 77 14 14 9 9 2 2 Ap not atated

-Contd.

Educational Level Matriculation! Higher Secondary/ Non-Technical Technical di- Graduate and Secondary Pre-Universityl diploma or certi- ploma or ccrt:i- above Aae-group Intcrm.ewate ficate not equal ficate not equ'l.l to degree to degree ------_....._ Per- Males Fe- Per- Males-- Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- p~- Mdes Fe- sons males sons males sons males sons mdes sons males

1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

All Ages 1 1 1 1 0-4 $-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-34 1 1 35+ 1 1 Age not stated

-Cone/d. 4S

APPENDIX TABLE 3(a)-DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION CLASSIFIED BY CENTRES, SEX AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

Literate (without -.....r ______Educational~ Level Total Population lliiterate educational level) Centres ___...... ---- Primary Middle ------Per- Males Pe------Per- Males Pe- Per- Males Pe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- SOns males sons males sons males sons males SODS males

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 ----- 1. Balotra 98 47 51 70 19 51 11 11 11 11 4 4 2. Bamni 114 55 59 107 48 59 6 6 1 3. Bhawrani 26 11 15 19 5 14 3 2 1 4 4 4. Gora lOS 58 47 95 48 47 9 9 1 1 5. Jasol 223 121 102 178 77 101 31 30 13 13 1 1 6. Salawas 20 14 6 17 11 6 2 2 1 1 7. Shergarh 25 13 12 18 6 12 4 4 3 3

TOTAL 611 319 292 S04 214 290 66 64 2 34 34 S S

-Con/d.

Educational Level ~----~------___...... __.------Matriculationl High~-Secondaryl Non-Technical Technical diploma Graduate and Secondary Pre-university/ diploma or or certificate above Centres Intermediate certificate not equal to not equal to degree degree Per- Males Pe- Per- Males Pe- Per- Males Pe- Per- Males Pe- Per- Males Fe­ SODS males sons males sons males sons males sons males

1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

1. Balotra 1 1 1 1 2. Bamni 3. Bhawrani 4. Gora 5. Jasol 6. Salawu 7. Shergarh

TOTAL 1 1 1 1

-Concld:

8-291 R. O. IDdialND/88 46

APPENDIX rAiitt 4-.firStiriiuriON OF HOiIsEHOWS CLAssIFmD BY AGE AND SEX OF HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOW AND NUMBER OF MEMBERS

Number of hOUlO- ..... of tead of households holdl by leX of head No. of households having members of the household Single :4 4 S 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 & abovo

1 2 3 4 , 6 7 8 9 10 11

Below 20 MalCi 3 1 2 FomalCi JO...... Jt MaleJ 14 1 3 1 4 4 1 FomalCi 3O-i9 Males 29 1 1 4 6 1 9 S Fom8IoI 40-4, Males 2' 3 11 , 4 FomIleI 1 1 5O-st MalOI 17 2 1 3 8 1 1 FcmalCi ~ ad aboy. . MalCi 12 2 6 2 2 Fomalea

All agel Malos 98 1 3 9 11 12 40 14 8 Femalei 1 1

TOlAr. 99 1 3 9 11 13 40 14 8 47

APPENDIX TABLE S-DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY NATURE OF RELATION OF MEMBERS TO HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND NUMBER OF MEMBERS

Nature of rolation of members of head of tho household Number of NumbetA housoboldl of memborl

1 2 3

1. Self 1 1 2. Self. spouao 3 6 3. Solf. spouso. wuna.rried SODS .and daughters 37 198 4. Self. spouso. married SODS and SOD'S Wife or without unmarried sons & daughters 26 lOS S. Self, spouso, married brother, brother's Wife, with or without unmarried SODS & daughters 6. Solf, spouso, married brothers, brother's wife, married SODS, son's Wife, with/without unmarried SODS & daughters • . • . • . . • " .. 7. Self, (Male), unmarried 8On/dauabter 8. Self, (Female) unmarried son/daughter 9. Self, spouse, with or without unmarned son/daughter and widowed father 10. Self, spouse, With or Without unmarried son/daughter and Widowed mother 4 30 11. Solf. (Male) unmarried brother/sister 12. Others (specify) 28 171 Self, spouse, married brother, widowed mother 1 4 Self, spouse, UllIDIUTied son, SOD'S daughter (married) • 1 4 Self married brother, widowed mother, unmarrIed sister 1 4 Self, spouse, unmarried 100, father's sister, son's daughter 1 .5 Self, spouse, unmarried daughter &. marned daughter 1 7 Self, spouse, unmarried brother, married & unmarried sister and unmarried daughter i , Self. spouse, married mother, unmarried brother, unmarried daughter • 1 6 Self, spouse, father, mother, mamed son, unmarried son, unmarrIed daughter 1 8 Sclf, spouse, unmarried SOD and daughter, mother, father 1 (; Self, spouse, widowed mother, father's father, father's mother 1 .5 Self, spouse, unmarried SOD, married son, divorced daughter & daughter's daughter 1 7 Self, spouse, unmarried brother, unmarried SOD and daughter and brothel'S son 1 7 Self,spouse, unmarried brother, widowed mother 1 S Self, spouse, marrIed son & married daughter and unmarried daughter . 1 7 Self, (Female) unmarried IOD, unmarried daughter and husbands mother widow 1 .5 Self, spouse, unmarried brother &. Widowed mother • 1 6 Self, spouse, married soD/unmarried SOD & daughter ~. 1 7 Self (Male widowed) unmarried sons & married daughter 1 3 Self, spouse, married SOIl and married daughter 1 S Self, spouse, and unmarried son 1 4 Self, spouse, With married brother &. widowed mother &. unmarried sister 1 I Self, spouse, unmarried daughter and widowed mother with unmarried brother &. married sister 7 Self, spouse, with unmarried SOD and daughter & married SODS &. SOD'S wife and widowed mother 1 12 Self. widowed mother, unmarried brother & sister 2 12 Self, spouse, married son or unmarried son &. married daughter 1 7 Self, _paUle, married &; unmarried SOD, married daughter & widowed mother 1 7 Self,spoue. unmarried IODS &. UJlIII8I1'ied brother 1 TOTAL 99 611" 48

APPENDIX TABLE 6-DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY MIGRATION STATUS WITH REFERENCE TO PLACE OF BIRm AND REASONS FOR MIGRATION IN RELATION TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

Number of households which have migrated due to Number - MlsratlOD status with reference to place of of In connec- Accompanied Born at For Marriage birth of head of the household households tlon with parents who mother's employment in the service migrated to place referrent the village' villaae because of livelihood

1 2 3 4 S 6 7

A- Non-migrant (Bom in the VIllage) . 76 B. Migrant Rural 21 1 1 18 1 (Female) Urban 2 1 I. Bom outside the referrent village but Rural 17 1 1 14 1 in the same district Urban D. Born out side the referrent distrIct but Rural 4 4 within tho State Urban 2 1 1 1. Jodhpur Rural 2 2 Urban 2 1 1 2. Nagaur Rural 1 1 Urban 3. Jalor . Rural 1 1 Urban m. Bom outside the State Rural Urban --Rural 97 1 1 18 TOTAL 1 Urban 2 1

APPENDIX TABLE 7-DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY MIGRATION STATUS AND DURATION OF STAY IN THE VULAGE WITH REFERENCE TO (PLACE OF BIRTH) HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD

Number of households where duration of stay in the village or Migration status with reference to place of Number head of the household is birth of head of the household of house- Non- Migrant holds Migrant Leu than 1- S 6-10 11-20 21+ 1 Year Years Years Years Years

1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8

A. Non-migrant • 76 76 B. rMiJrant Rural 21 4 9 2 6 Urban 2 1 1 L Born outside the referrent VI1Iage but Rural 17 4 8 2 3 in tho aamo district Urban n. Born outside the referrent dIstrict but in the same State Rural 4 1 3 Urban 2 1 1 1. Jodhpur Rural 2 1 1 Urban 2 1 1 2.Nagaur Rural 1 1 Urban 3. Jalor Rural 1 Urban m. Born outside the State.

TOTAL Rural ')1 76 4 9 2 6 Urba:. 2 1 1 49

APPENDIX TABLE 8- DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS CL.\SSIFIED BY NUMBER OF 'WORKERS AND BY ~ OCCUPATIONAL DIVERSITY (i.e. DIFFERENT MEMBERS HAVING DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS)

Number Number Description of occupational of of diversity house- workers holds

1 2 3

L No Occupational diversity 59 204 1. Juttpatti . 45 147 2. Cultivation 14 57 II. Occupational diversity 40 175 A. Two Oc:eupatiolUl 36 146 Juttpatti - Accounts clerk 3 7 Juttpatti - Casual Labour 8 30 Juupatti - Cultivation 5 19 Jl ttpattJ - ElectriCian 1 8 Juttpatti - Labour in ftour Mill 1 3 Juttpatti - Peon 1 4 Juttpatti - RearIDg of Cattle • 1 5 Juttpatti - Service . 3 14 JUttpattl - Shop keeper • 7 27 Juttpatti - Tea Stall 1 4 Juttpatti - Tnwk Driver 1 3 JuttpattJ - Bullock_Cart_Driver 1 5 Juttpatti - WeavID8 Cotton thread durries 1 3 Cultivation - Rearing of Cattle 2 14 _. ~ B. Three_ Oa:upatiolUl 4.. i,_29 Juttpatti - Cultivation - Labour 1 7 Juttpattl - Cultivation-Rearing of Cattle 2 17 Juttpattl - Cultivation-Tea Stall 1 S

TOTAL 99 379 50

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APPENDIX TABLE 9-HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY SEX, BROAD AGE-GROUPS AND SUBSIDIARY OCCUPATION IN RELATION TO HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

No. of households Number of households having subsidiary OCCUpation Ase-aroup Sex No. of having house- no sub- Jutt- Agri- Tea- Weaving Culti- Camel CattIo Hand- holdl sidiary patti cultural stall of cotton vation labour rcarina occupa- labour durrles tion J1er

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0-14 Males 1 Females U-34 Males 29 7 5 1 1 10 3 1 Females 33-59 MaIes 56 11 21 1 1 14 7 FOJIIaleI 1 1 60+ Males 12 8 3 1 Females

TOTAL Males 98 27 29 2 1 2 25 10 1 1 Females 1 1 Persons 99 27 29 2 1 2 26 10 1 1

APPENDIX TABLE to-DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY SEX AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

Number of Educational Level Total Population Workers Non-Workers -.------..~- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males pe.. sons males sons males sons dIaI.eI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 io

Illiterate . 504 214 290 303 122 181 201 92 109 Uterate (without educationallevet) 66 64 2 39 38 1 27 2CJ 1 Primary/Basic • 34 34 30 30 4 4 Middle 5 5 5 5 Matriculation/Secondary 1 1 1 1 Higher Secondary/Pre-university/Intermediate Non-Technical diploma or Certifiaate not equal to degree TechDical diploma or Certifiaate Dot equal to degree - Graduate and above 1 1 1 1

TOTAL 611 319 292 379 197 182 232 122 -110 52

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.... ~ ... fie~ II I l~ II 53

APPBNDIX TABLE 12-DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS BY PRESENT OCCUPATION, TYPE OF OCCUPATION AND OTHER OCCUPATION FOLLOWED IN CASE THE PRFSENT OCCUPATION IS SEASONAL

Number Number of members Number of members reported occupation noted in col.1 as seasonal and follows of reported occupation other occupation Mcmbcra noted in col. 1 as Prelent Occupation Seasonal Pemmial ]uttpatti Cultlva- Casual Rearing Juttpatti Weaving No work tion labour of cattle and cotton Occupa- cotten thread DOD donles durries

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1. Bullock Cart Driver 3 3 2. Casual Labour 9 4 5 4 J. Cultivation 87 83 4 SO 1 S 26 4. Accounts Clerk 3 3 5. Truck Driver 1 1 6. Electrician . 1 1 7. Labour in flour Mill 1 1 8. Peon 1 1 9. Rearing of Cattle 10 9 1 10. Juttpatti Work 2!lO 9 241 4 2 2 1 11. Shop Keeper 7 7 12. Service . 3 3 13. Tea Hotel 2 2 14. Weaving Cotton Thread durriea 1 1

TOTAL 379 99 280 57 4 3 5 1 2 27

9-291 R. O. India/ND/SS S4

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APPENDIX TABLE 14-DISTRIBUTION OF NON-WORKERS BY SEX, AGE AND TYPE OF ACTIVITY

Total Number Number of Non-workers by type of I'ctivity and sex of Non-workers Age-GrouP Infant Full time student Household duty Seekmg employment Dependent Per- Males Fe- sons males Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fc- sons males sons males sons males sons males sons maIcI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

0--14 221 118 103 19 9 10 39 37 2 2 2 1 1 160 71 89 15-19 2 2 2 2 20-24 . 25-29 . 30--39 40-49 . SO-S9 1 60+ 9 4 5 00 1 8 4 4

TOTAL 232 122 110 19 9 10 39 37 2 3 3 3 1 2 168 7S 93

APPENDIX TABLE 15-DISTRmUTION OF POPULATION CLASSIFIED BY AGE, SEX AND MARITAL STATUS

Never married Married WIdowed Divorced or Unspecified Total Seperated Population Age-GrouP Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fe- Per- Males Fc- sons males sons males sons males sons males sons males sons males

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

0-4 15 6 9 IS 6 9 S-9 . 14 S 9 14 5 9 10--14 • 16 10 6 16 10 6 15-19 . 4 3 1 4 3 1 8 6 :a 20-24 S 2 3 5 2 3 25-29 7 2 5 7 2 , 30--34 . 9 4 5 9 4 , 35-44 14 10 4 1 1 15 10 5 4S-S4 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 55-69 3 1 2 2 1 1 5 2 3 70+ 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Age not stated

TOTAL 49 24 25 4S 24 21 6 2 4 100 50 50 56

B ~i ~ .... ' 111 ...... I N 8 i ~ .91A B' tl I~ol ~;-8 0\.... ~..2d.s i I ; 8 OCI i1i.~ go .... J~u tl ~ ~~al ...... t- B o.~c!lij-8 0 ZA .. ~ ~ ! .ila- Ie i 'iI .... 8 J~f ~t ~ blg .... B JI~! ::s~ !f .... ~ 'i ~i - Q ji IS .... :- = i~J i -'" ~1 " :s~ - t- : 1'4 N : ...-t N II ::s .... ~ ! I j rtl -0 0\ 11S~ 0\ : ... N : N N 2~ ....'g ~ I ~ 8 I N ,1'4 rtl lOCI ~ j~1 g .... : N ... ' .... : .... ::1t....,1_y ~ It- - a ~ 0\ 0\ .... N .... 0 .... Ie ... I j rtl - I ~ Ie ... N N ... N .... J... i! ! on 8 .... ~ 0\ 0\ 10 N ...... 0 ...._ 8 ~1 ! _ I ~ Ie .... ~ Ie N ~ ~ Ip;. j 8 on .... 10 co on Ie \C 1 N ...... N ~ !§

"C

'l" C7\ V ~ 10'" <;;; i ~ I~ £ll~~~~;: I:l 4> I~ <- ~ 57

APPENDIX TABLE 17-DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY AGE AND SEX OF HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND NUMBER OF MEMBERS

Number of Age of households by Number of households having members head of sex of household head of the Single 2 3 4 S 6-7 8~9 10-12 13 &; household above 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 Below 20 M .. F 20-029 M 4 1 2 1 F 30--39 M 9 1 2 1 2 1 2 F 40-49 M 6 1 3 2 F S0-059 M 1 1 F 60 and above . M 2 2 F

Age not stated M F

TorAL M 22 4 3 3 6 4 2 P

APPENDIX TABLE IS-DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY NATURE OF RELATION OF MEMBERS TO HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND NUMBER OF MEMBERS

Nature or relation of members to head of the household Number Number of house- of holds members 1 2 a 1. Self • 2. Self, SPOU80 a , 3. Self, Spouse, Unmarried SODS and Daughters 11 4. Self, Spouse, Married son and son's WIfe with or without Unmarned SODS and Daughterll 1 '"I S. Self, Spouse, Married Brother, Brother's wife, with or Without unmarried SODS and Daughters 6. Self, Spouse, Married Brother, Brother's wife, Mamed Sons, lIOn's Wife, with/without unmarried sODi/or and daughters. • • . . . . . • • . • •

7. Self (Male), unmarried SOD/Daughter . l 5 8. Self (Female), unmarried SOI1/Daughter . 9. Self, spouse with or without unmarried SoD/Daughter and widowed Father 10. Self, Spouse with or without Unmarried Son/Daughter and Widowed Mother 2 10 11. Self (Male), Unmarried Brother/Sister 12. Othen (Specify) : 3 21 I. self. spouse, UnOlltrled SonID:l.t.lshtcr, m'irr1ed and unmarried brothers and widow mother 1 9 IL Self, Spouse, unmarried daughter, rather and mother • 1 , TIL Self , Spouse, unmarried brother and widow mother 1 ,

TorA!. 100 58

APPENDIX TABLE It-DlSTRlButtON OF WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS CLASSIFIED BY SEX AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

Total Population Number of Workers Number of Non-workers Bducllionallevel Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10

1. illiterate 69 21 48 20 7 13 49 14 35 2- Litetato (without educational Javel) • 13 11 2 7 7 6 4 2 3. Primary 9 9 6 6 3 3 4 Middle 7 7 3 3 4 4 s. Matric:uJationjSecondary • 1 1 1 1 6. Higber-Secondary/Pre-univer- lily/Intermediate. • \ 7. Non-TecJmical Diploma or Qrtificato not equal to Degree 8. TecImical Diploma or Certificate not equal to Degree 9. Graduate and above 1 1 1 1

TOTAL 100 SO SO 38 2S 13 62 2S 37 59

~ .... i .2 "I:i is ... 0·.= 1;j on i N ...... a c,,,, G~! .~ -~ I G'8 ~~e~ a I i 'il... 8 i N .... 8~ ... &li ;: o.§ 08 ~ ! T ~ ~ le .<:Ic, ...... •II! ...... ~ 8 8~ N . I j ~! .~ '=1:1 0...... 0 ...0 ~ I d,g ! DDB ~ ...... j f ,g.a ~ a '0 ~i.8 0- ... 00 G :J:;i ...... E-<~ !a 8]-1 ...tool ~ ~ I ~~ ~ I fIl "00 1;' i j 'iI!:I ...... ~ ..,. :; ::So GO U i ~ tool 0 := d:! §~ ~ l... r .,c ~ ~ o ... 'Cl as Ie 'Cl 0 t E li8 I; < l ...roo...... a j ~ d fiJi I fIl SIK 6~i g ~ a b o',c on N N !flO'" i ~ = 0- :a l; 1 'iI!:I IQ.... N N B:.- :a~f 'I ~ := ...... a ....on ~~ ..,.ii ... Iu 01:1 ..,. ....on ...... rIl l li8 ~8f B ..,. ~ j ...... GO ....GO ·8 ...... ~ ~g'Cl~ ~'i ~ 00 'Cl!o~ .... ~ .<:loS :s! N )1 Ilc )11lc ... § ri.s'Oj.8 J-:~ a ~ 'a].§i", :2 Ilc ::'llJEc J1!'a.8:8 N~

fOI~ '"'a i ~ ]j]] ... fo"o 18'",g:=J :8'" ~!!.§ i ~ i!.§ ~ ~j'a'Cl ,e~~ ~ 'a'aj f 60

APPENDIX TABLE ll-DISTRIBUTION OF NON-WORKERS BY SEX, AGE AND TYPE OF ACTIVITY

Number or Non-workers Numoer of non-workers by type of activity alld sex A.IO group Persona Malea Females Infant Full time Household Seeking Dependent student duty employment Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 " 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 11 13 14 0-14 43 20 23 3 1 9 3 8 19 1S--19 4 1 1 2 1 1

26-24 1 1 1 .5-29 3 3 3 30-39 4 40-49 "1 "1 1 SO-s9 60+ 6 2 2 4 Age not atated "

TOTAL 62 25 37 3 1 11 3 9 11 24 61

...... N I N

..... on .....

...... 00

...r-­

IC ..... 00 ...... , 00 .....N on ...... r-­

.....r-- I­

......

...... , - 00

o ...... "'" ... ..,o

IC ... 00 N

l­ N ....

10 r-- N N ...... 10..... 10...... r-­

1.= ~ • I a 11-0 ... O .... 2'1I.l.8 '" Z O ...."fl °!IJ U co .... u '8].5 ,,", 5C11:l g.. 0·,.. 5 10-291 R. O. India/ND/S8 .62 ... ~ ~ ... ~.. · ... )!~ f'j f4 ·"'IS "'loS CI\...... I! =.. d'! ~ 00...... ~ ~ij~.. ·0 ...... ~ ~rt~ · N Iz .. I ~j~! lD- ... · ~ J.... ~ i ~ .. . .,., ... 'a ~ ~jJI - ... E .Il '" ... N I ." ~ j Cl ... :'t >G ! A- 1 ~Jdii ... ~ ,··0 J ...M 5 d'!Jdii '" .g f '" ~ g ...N a e 1 fI.I '" i a , ... '" 'I 0.1 c .... ~ .. 0 .... 't . j j I%l .. ut "'" ~ ~9 01) .", ... ti '" 1 ~j-= ...0 ~ ~§ 9 ~~j I ~ 'a 0\ : ...-I ~ ..... ~~ j :1 ~i~J '" CI ''tI ~ 00 • \0 .... z ;1lI · ..... 00 ~m ::r:.o - ' .rA • 00 .0\ !E ;'tIo~ r- QC).... =]~ ~ 8 c ICI :! ... '" QC) ~ as .... ~ • ell e~ '" - ~ ~ ,:Q .. - N ~ eo. CD N ~ 0] ~ ...N '" M 0 ~ .. "'" ~......

r- ... M ..... 'iii ..... "'"on 0\ ..... r- ~-= ...... 0 ! I - 15 ' 0 .. eo OIl N \0 ICI ...... N ~ ~ on ...... ~ ... ~'Gl~J~S .....~

I ~~ • 0 fI.I ... g ~ c,'tI I as·as ~ f-o ~j ... JfI.I_·~b ~ ~ l! j ., .J~ ~ ·b is i ...o ..rIJ.s "1.J ..rA. -5 ~ ~ § § o! J g ~Q 0 St ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 fI.I fI.I ~ ~ 63

.".1JiI IlasS 10 &.-as astl ~ e"v._ M ~1:10§ ,.:1'"

~ Z I ~ 11\ M-r'"Iii .~= 0 Is M ~ 0 , 0 ... '" I I ::s J>:!tGs ~ eliii.:l 6.:1'':: .'" = 138 :8 I _, ] := ~ ..., .... a;.,i G ..0 i~ M Ao~ ;2 10- .:I o ... I is lDi' J>:!.Gs ~ ~~ fi.~ = 8='':: ~ =.:1",-; .... : No ~ ~.;; 13: M...... ~ 1:10.:1, ~ii J>:;G-eI ! fi:s! S =8=',:: ~ ~!§ I :.= fiJo'\ ~ +'" ..0 I ... 0\ ot: Mlii f:l:.~ o &S i lID .:I 0 - - tl ... '" I o'S8 00 ! ] -s .;31ii::S =1 =~ - 88~'~ •.1. ~ ..., ~ r-- : .... ~~ ~~i§ :ao 1...0 - - IO~I a 1 OI~.:IO 10 a 0 i ~5fi~ Ill: i".:I'':: - ~ OO ..... :00 it t- 11\ ~ ~i G !~i~ ~o S ... .; o:!.f!a ...... i •51 [IS = 8 ~'':: ~ t;~ "'CI ",Ill ..., .a . I ;!t Iii ~·H ~,i ... 6 0 I "'"" J>:!IG8 M § .§1ii::S = Ei ='':: - ~ I II )1 ...... r-- ...... , N: 818 1.;; :a.t' ... - ... ~ i 10_ 1:101 o IlLS ...... 0 ~! o:!l"1:1. 8 J =a~'~ 2 11\ ...... ei ! Ij]~t"'=", := t' 0\ ... -..., "" 00_, ....- 11\ r-- ~ !Ul 8 Is I " . , I '; = 00 ~ ('"'s, .lsas ~G =''::0 ~ • I .:=..0 ~ I"- i5 ;!til.) 01' .. o I -",' . ';8 \0 e 9 i.~ ~ Ii ~~ ~ ..., ...... iAo a! ~ l:s!i :~ I ~ 11\ ... ~ IO .... ! 0 I ... ~ 10"', .... ~ 1a!a::S ~~~.~ -S5~1 ... 11\ ..., . M M == t- ..., ...... , aD !I:I'"~·ii. o..0 tiL ..0 '" 0\ 00 00 flo! OCL.IDID ...... I s: I"- 11\ ...... M .... ~ ! ~]~Btl~5 M ..., ~ ! ij· i o-l 02 J ::I 1:12 '" 8·-,1'-SOC .f! 1'J._ . ~ ~ .- ~ -I ~ i .sa. ... 02 6 ~! J J~ 5 j J!lI ~:a.8 ;;j i rn ~ '~ ~ I "' ... ~ = 64

· .. ecI ~ a ~g 1:,~ ... ~!lL2

......

00....

....",

.' ....

... 65

.• ~ ::D.&o I"- o tIII- - I b ~ ~.8 ~al:1g

•.!. ~ .... ~~g b~;g ~ a =.= •.!. ~ ::D.&o o tIII- b~Sa ~e==

M ..,

..

00 ",

00 I"­ . .... ", ..

I ~ ~§.g

•.!. ~ II"! ,.. ::D~o ", o till ...

.., .... ", . \C _ - -I"- I I I I I I 1 .... I

-0\

. ..,

.., ""

M "" :..., ..... 00

.,., , N N r-. 10- 10 67

\Q .....

11'1 .....

"

N .....

......

o .....

b.....

;;.....

8..... s.....

(5.....

8.....

..... 68

APPENDIX TABLE 25-ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING RECEIVED BY THE PERSONS AS RELATED TO THE PERIOD ENGAGED IN THE CRAFT, AVAILABILITY OF,'BETTER TRAINING FACILITY AND INTENSION TO RECEIVE BETTER TRAINING

Number Number who consi- Number Number In favour of of persons der the training reportmg Period engaged in the etaft engaged received is avaIlabilIty Receivmg Not receiving better training because of in the of better better cnft Adoquate lnade- training trairun& No Need Fully Already Facts that quate facilities trained trained better TRYSEM training IS programme acquired by practice

1 1 3 4 ~ 6 7 8 9 10

Less than 5 years 112 112 80 29 2 5-9 years. 69 69 2 42 16 1 10-19 yean 47 47 40 5 2 20 1 years. 94 94 86 7 1

TorAL 322 322 3 248 67 6 1

APPENDIX TABLE 16-HOUSEHOLDS REPORTED R&9TRICDONS FOR IMPARTING TRAINING TO PEOPLE AS RELATED TO PERIOD ENGAGED IN THE CRAFT

Period erjgaged in the Number of house- Number of households reported having No. of households reported Craft (In respect of the holels engaged in having restrIctIOns for Imparting head of the household) the Craft Restrictions for No restrictions for trauung to people Remarks imparting traimng imparting trammg Out SIde the kin group

2 3 4 5 6

Less than 5 years 24 3 21 3 5-9 years . 16 6 10 6 10-19 years 13 7 6 7 20+ years . 46 25 21 25

TOTA.L 99 41 58 41 69 Ilqnll ...... ~ S.PlluqIllH N '!lOs ',JlJqlOJg ~ .... '.III'IlJBII ,.IJJJIA .... "a'qJ0IB: ....CI\ S,IIJ'IlJOJ'( -II! I 00 '" I~ DOS .... ~ !j IIOS .,.. 'It 'It S.I9'1lJOJg ...... , N N 8 JIJ'IlJBII ...\0 til S,IJ.J!A\ Q .... ~~ pUIJJ.1d: ....on ~ 'It ...... 00 !~ UBUI9JSB::> ...'It ...... S co 0\ .... 00 1 J9'qJ0J'( ...... ~~ S,plIllQSD]{ ~ ...... ~~ ptI1!QsnH ....N ~ ~.. S,JIJJS!S ~tIl ID .... 00 'tI ptIuqSUH ...... me ·fi .... go :llIA\ .... ~~ S,J:I'qlOlg ....0 ... '" S,IO'qJlld ~~~ uos S,J9qlOlg N ..... \0 :2 CI\ ~ ~o f S,JOlllBd IQ~ @ J:oqJOJg co ...... 1,.toq'lld ~ ~z0 I .IoqJOJg .... ~ 3i .5 S,.I9VOW f'"o u~ s,lOlPlld ...... ! Jaq.oJ'( ID ',.I9QJUd ~~ on ...... 0\ ~ JOqJO.lg ...

.I9qJOW ..... N N 0\ 00 N on ID .... ~~ ..... N ...N ...~ ~~ .I°ll,lId ...... 0\ f'"o ...... ililil on ...... § ~~ 'a ~~ .5~'tIG 00 co N GIl \0 \0 ...... N ~ ~ on ...... N ... {/l~ ~oJ ....~ zi .f: am~a aA.

I :;] ~ ~ . .'"g I! tfl J Q,'tI N .... ~ i i ~ ~ .1ri3 .... 1~ ~ .:3 oS J ~ .!loS .! '0 111i;jl ~ ~·Ii ~ 8 ~ 112 ~ 112 112 as C! ::e ~ ! II: I!a 11-291 R. G. India/ND/88 - -. !,i,...IIIt.___ ... _ 70

APPBNDIX TABLE 2~lSTRlBunON OF HOUSEHOLDS AND PRRsoNS ENGAGED IN THE CRAFT-.u Rt!tAt'tD TO PlACE OF WORK Numbet of house­ Place of work of the head of the households holds wbere place of Place of work of persons other thaD ~ l!ad' of the houaehilld it work ot head of tho Household (as Noted Same as that of Other tbaa the head of the h01Ueho. in Col. 1) head of household piI't 01 ~ dweUiDg boUle llesideDcc of the ReaideD(je of. referreot bo1JseheliJi otller hotucbClldt 1 2 3 4 5 1. Part of the dwelling house A. Residence of the referrent households 89 210 3 B. Residence of households other than the refcrrent household 10 2. Work shop A. Owned by the hou~old B. Owned by others (Specify) 3. Training-cum-Production Centre A. Owned by the household B. Owned by others (Specify) 4. Any other (specify)

TOTAL 99 211 3

APPENDIX TABLE 19-HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY BaOAD AGE-GROUP, PLACE OF WORK AND DURATION OF WORK IN 'tilE HANDICRAFT IN RELATION TO HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND OTHER Mll\mEitS ------Age-group Duration of Number of the No. of persons Place of work· (years) work In the head of the ofher than the handicraft households en- head of the Part of the dwellilll hoase where- gaged 1D the households craft engaged in the Residence of the referrent Residen_ til other hQusebo* handicraft households

Na. of head C1f No. of proseDS No. of the No:.o~ the housellolds other than head head oftM other tle of the house- liousaheldl head ortBe holds houlIChold

Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males FMIales ------I 2 3 4 5 6 7 g 9 10 11 12 13 r4 ------0--14 Less than 5 Years 2 2 5-9 Years 10-19 Years 20-+ Years . 15-34 Less than 5 Years 9 6 14 7 6 14 2 5~9 Years 7 1 11 7 1 10 I 10-19 Years 9 3 14 8 3 I3 1 1 20+ Years 4 3 6 3 3 6 1 3S~59 Less than 5 Years 12 11 4 9 11 4 3 5-9 Years 8 11 16 7 11 16 1 10-19 Years 4 4 6 4 4- 6 20.]- Years. 32 1 20 56 30 1 20 54 2 2 80+ Less than 5 Years 2 4 3 2 4 3 5~9 Years 1 2 1 1 2 1 10-19 Years 20' Years. 9 5 20 9 5 20 TOTAL Less than 5 Years 24 21 23 19 21 23 5 5-9 Years 16 14 28 15 14 27 1 1 10--19 Yean 13 7 20 12 7 19 1 1 20-+ Years. 45 28 82 42 1 28 80 3 2

GUND TOTAL 98 70 153 88 70 149 10 4

·J\.II the houaebokl are wQr~n, in 4wellin1 gaits either owned b1 th4lm ()f olbert. 7I

APPBNDIX TABLE JO--AVDAGE MONTHLY CONSUMPTION OF RAW MATD1A1.8 BY SEASONAL VAlUADONS FOR MANU­ 'AeruRlNG DIFFERENT ITEMS OF HANDICllAFI' CLASiIFIED BY EDUCA1'IONAL LEVEL OF THE HOUSEHOLD

Educational Level Quantity Number Average NU[JJber ~ported Qqantity Number Average Number Reported of bead of household of Handi- of house­ Monthly having seasenal of Handi- of house­ monthly having seasonal Vari­ !:laft items holds Consump- VariatJon in the craft imn. Itolds consump­ atIon lD the consump­ manufae- manufac­ tion of ConsumptIon of manufac.. manu- tIon of tion of raw material tUJed (in turing each raw- raw-material tured rae- each raw Kg.) material (in Kg.) tUI'inJ material Number Goatbair (in Kg.) Number Goatl1air (in Kg.) of tbread of house­ work is Goat hair Goat hair Goat haa house- Work is Jutt PattI JuU Patti Goat hair holds stopped Thread ~d holds stopped TbreJd during the durlDgthe rainy sea­ rainy sea- son and son and hence rio hence no raw ma­ raw-ma- teriaJ is terial is consumed consumed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Illiterate 8,492 46 9,580 46 46 11.095 56 11,372 56 56 Uterate with",t edUC4- tional levol 3,590 17 4.053 17 17 2.054 12 2.111 12 12 PriBm'y 2,435 11 2,735 11 11 1.155 7 1,186 7 7 Middle 370 2 413 2 2 350 2 360 2 2 Matrk:ulatien/Secondary 320 1 360 1 17S 178 1 1 HiPer Soc.!PUC/lnter. Non-TeGh. Dip. or Certi- IkaW DDt equal to decree Tech. Dip. or CerPficate not equal to degree Graduate.8£ above

TOTAL 15,207 77 17,141 77 77 14.829 78 15,207 78 72 APPBNDlX TABLE 31-NUMBER OF HOUSatOLDS REPORTING ABOUT THE NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS AND PERSONS ENGAGED IN CRAFT IN THE VILLo\G£ DURING DIFFERENT PERIOD CLASSJIl'IIID BY BROAD AGE-GROUP OF THE HEAD OF THE HOVSEHOLD-Collrd.

Num- Number of households reported about the Ilumb« of households engaged ill craft in the village during the period berof Broad house- .Before 1940 1940--1950 19S0-196O 1960-1970 1970-1980 At present .... hollia ,roup onga- Less 5-9 10+ Less S-9 10+ Less S~9 10+ Less S-9 10·, Loss 5-9 10-i- LeIS 5-9 10, ed in than than than than than thaD. the 5 S S S 5 5 Craft Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS--- 16 17 18 19 20 0--014 1 1 1 1 1 15-34 29 1 2 26 1 rJ 29 29 29 19 ,S-" 57 2 4 51 2 54 2 55 56 J7 1 SCi 410+ 11 1 .. , 11 1 11 1 11 12 12 12 .-iItatad Tor"," 99 4 6 89 2- 4 93 3 96 1 98 99 98

-Collld.

Mum- Number of hoU8Oholda reported about the number of bOUlebolds engaged in the craft in the village dvrmg the period Broad berof &IJD" house- Befcn 1940 1940-1950 195~1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 At present JrOI&P bolds engag- Less- 10-19 20+ Less-lO-19 10+ Less- 10-1920-1- Leas 10-1920+ Lesa 10-19 20-/ Less 10-19 20+ cd in than than thaD. than tlwl than the 10 10 10 10 ]0 10 Craft

I 2. 21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

0--014 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15-34 19 28 28 29 29 29 29 .S-B 57 55 56 57 57 57 57 60+ 12 1 11 12 12 12 12 1Z .... not Ita"

TorAJ. 99 2 2 95 97 99 99 99 99

-Collcld......

·Nf'I"') ......

......

• fOl M

.~

. __

.N

....

• fOl M '4 I...

..,......

......

.....

QO N .... N

....

....

....

N

.... 7'

,S} ,'0 • .s,~ I~!;~e~!!~ ; =..8~o'g ... oE I Q"g...... o..c: o~J~..:~ tl..!!!'O

~ 4) ®,w '.;:;9 ~ :.l = .... '" "'ebO "'''0 ~ l- 0:9 5 :l i'! ll u ..,o..,,,g-u ... ..P g.8i",0 = - CIII"C= ... ..,. e o e::l ~,e'§::1 !;i z e 6..8 1:l.'"g"OoE a~ ~ Q. ~~c;l.s.s::: ~'"C:i 't:I ::1"0 o bOtle- .... - ... ~-0 == t§s 0 =:E 5; § ~ 4) Q,~ 5! _g '"0 a0.><1';: '" u+:l .... ;9.':: ~ 80"0 N .. ._is e'- i..!!! OJ =0 ~.!l; ~ ~~ ::s 0 rIlrll e ~ "u ~ ::1_'-1:l.""O.- -a '"4)l:l.og, - I:l. '" a3 ..s.. .§..8~;;9 58.~ g,~~ Ii 8,"'; ~9 oS'" Ub 0' rIli flO .g= ~-5 tl"C ." =-5 8. .-=~ o~=.::;:~..!!!~'~1~ ~ .;:;"" !~ "C::s ii~·~1~ ~i G~ ~~'Gj ~ ~~~ gl~~~i Q~ .::: 8.u bO..c: 0 '" s ... ..c: 0 o.> = "0 "0 '" - 0 '" _ u '" ~.- ='-.= ... 0 ~ = IU_ - S,....""f'-IO....,aS"t:J ...... OUl- O= 'a tl"'~-aoc -·--=,c8- u "'e",8·- ~~ ..s ., v '" ~"'=~O'" ~ ,.Q,,,,= ,0 ... ~ ='" ::IQ, 0 , "gb"'-_ 0 .S 08:;:: '" "C ="Ou"'=~tl::s =Q, "0=-8'" ..c: =.><1"'l!l- I~ '"'0 &l! "C'" ao~,;: ~ 8.'a'O~] ~~.,:: g ~ 0 1.0 .c-e ==..c:g,oI= ~~_ = '8~" ""9-o;~'5o-5Q,-:a- 8j ..0 0 eol;~rl~;:o =P"":"''t;! Q, .. 01) c ~..c:.c-,c"'..!!!..c:utl~e~",btl ;~ ..,... 0 I o~ 't:I '" c; ~~ ~ !,.c '0 8. '" ::Itl"O o~ ~O'O ~~ '0 .~~ ~ '" ~ ~ 1S.'iii g Q,s = O!;! i ErS..¥:¢:: .... ~ fIJ rn cd~_ U C\ g'" =c_ e..c:"''''ra-'"gol!!l'O .... OI)U>ai :0 ... ~ ..c: :g'" -~;t3e~~!ie"O..:!~~8~..! 8 eo. 0 ~ 6 I; " ,.g ~ ~ g <> 8!J ~ ! ~';;j 1° <1';: l!l ~'O""= .... 8 c co ... tG..c: S '" e; ... 01) ~ ::I 5~ =~ ... ° • _ ~ 01) tl'O ... "S.ts:1?e o.c ~~ J::s;>o.,,=::s ... - .... c:sc:s g i ..8~;9-8'§, 8 s·e ,2.g l!l 8 = c.!:. Cfl) I ;: ::I'.!. 0... o..c: ..c: 8- ~=~ ., rI1c:fOO ...... 0 ~uQ '" ... ~ c:s,8 o~~] C =.!l 0 s.., .... ;'O~.::::~ e .... ::I 01) - as = 0= ' r- e "is _.oS ... ~ e g g.~l ~.l!l'a 8~ i:~ ~ 's ~ '0 .. - C, ~ Sb'" u'i fa '" rll 5 .§~~.s.8·~i.s'a ~~ d.g~, t= ~ ..!t'O j Q.2 ~>. ~a a ... ::I:i c ~~ ... Ii Q,,,g~,g b .-:g 5,0.51 §.!!l 0 "0 l!l ... Q, S \0 eO..loC'5!!l OI)e= ...... oo'O .., s..os e;.oS ~ 0 ~ ~ "''':-=.5 -~otl'O ... .c'O..IoC "0 .... "'''0 "g 0 ,. <> 8 5" ~ t:s .... -8 g·!!lo I! ~..oll;9"O 2, ~c!:: ~,2 5:"O~..cr >cCI .... .""" ... === ~ g.·iilo l3 ....1 5 Q~ c.8 5:'= ~ '" ~ on ~i '~'O~'::: iil S t ~ 0 ... ..c:sS~cf!~="S.§ .- ~ ° "0.. -- e.~ ~~ 1J=:I>rIlU)t:"O'OCl)U!I ~ 0 ~..a 01)'0 == = 0 =...:l ..c:..c: .... 'O.~ ~ as :::I C, rIl '0:9.9 ..,. ~ l51'5 N .... f'I <'l'"" on '"C\ ~ 8::1::1 '" ~l:l.! z_go_ '0 ~ 0 ,.J ..001). !ff) ~ « g,-..c:'O...... I-< - ..,. .., .,..a. 0 0 'Oc,0..c'" 0 .... ° ""'" c l- ; :::I "0 :K I I I! or, or 0 ~ ... o~g 1 .., \0 <: ~ a:l !iI!.c-t;; 76

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13-291 R. G. India/ND/88 86

APPENDIX TABLE 38-HOUSEHOLDS REPORTED REASONS FOR GIVING UP THg CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY SEX, RELIGION AND CASTE/TRIBE/COMMUNITY OF THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD

Number of households having giveu up the craft lme.

Less than S yean due to RolisioD Caste} TrIbe/ The The Tilere i. There IS Work is There is There is Comm.­ wagM craft lack of lack of not avai- monopoly la.k of IIity offered does not availability availability lable of the demand are very offer of raw of raw regularly traders of finished low ,ood pro- materia] material and waps and who goods cl: apectl. &: wages offered offer low the waPI offered are allO wqes off'cred are low ]OW are low

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

HiDdu Kumhar M 22 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 (Maru) F

TOTAL • M 22 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 F 87

APPENDIX TABLE 38-HOUSEHOLDS REPoRTED REASONS FOR GIVING UP THE CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY SEX, REUGION ANb CASTE/TRIBE/COMMUNITY OF THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD-Coneld.

Religion, Caste/Tribe! Sex Number of households having given up the craft since Community of the head of of the household head Less than 5 years due to 5-9 years due to 10-19 years due to 20+ years due to _------of Religion Castel the Work is Work is The health The wages The wages The craft There IS The person Tribe! hou- not re- not re- does not offCled offered does not lack of concerned Com­ se- guIatly guIarly permit to are low &: are very offer good avallablhty was mullity hold available avadable continue health also low prospect of raw interested and the and the the craft does Dot material in serYlce wages wages permit &. wages carrier offered offered offered rather are low are low are low than on- because of because of monopoly the mono- r;!!~ ef the poly of .ill th. c:raft tradera the trader &: besides these the incumbant is interes- ted in Govt. service

2 3 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19

Hiad" • • Kumhar M 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (MaN) F

TOTAL • M 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F 8&

APPBNDIX TABLE 39-HOUSEHOLDS REPORTED REASONS FOR GIVING UP THE CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY SEX AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD-Contd.

Bducauonal Level of the Sex of Num­ Number of the households having given up the craft SIncc IIIIIU of tIM! Aouaeholds the bet of head the Less than 5 years due to of the house­ house- holds The wages The craft There IS There is Work IS There is There IS Work. IS hold offered does not lack of lack of not' aV81- monopoly lack of not regularly are very offer availab.- availability lable of the demand of available & low good lity of of raw regularly traders" finished the wages prospects raw material and who goods & off~red are matenal and wages wages offer the wages low because off.:red are offered arc low waies offered are of monopoly low also low low of the traders

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1. Witerate M 7 1 2 1 F 1. Utcrate (without edu- M 6 1 2 1 1 cational level) F

I. PrimarJ 01 JUDior Baaig M 4 2 F M 3 1 1 " Middle F t. MatricalatiODISCCOIldary M 1 F t. Higher Secondary 11n- M tamediatejPre-UDiver- F lily '7. Non Technical diploma M 01' certdil;:ate Dot equal F to degree. 8. TClCbnicaI diploma or M ccrtifieate Dol equal to F degreo ,. Graciute and above . M 1 F

TOTAl. • M 22 3 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 F 89

APPENDIX TABLE 39-HOUSEHOLDS REPORTED REASONS FOR GIVING UP THE CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY SEX AND EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF THE HEAD 01<' HOUSEHOLD-Cone/d.

Educational Level of the Sex Nwn- Nwnber of the households baVlDg given up the craft smce t..

1 2 3 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

1. Illiterate M 7 1 1 F 2. Literate (without edu- M 6 catlonal level) F 3. Primary or Junior BlUlic M 1 1 F -4. Midd. M 1 1 F S. Matriculation/Secondary M 1 1 F 6. Hisher SecondaryjIn- M termedlatejPre-Univertlity F 7. Non Teehmeal diploma M or certJiicate Dot equal to F degree I. Technical diploma or M certifteate not equal to F degree 9. Graduate and above. M 1 1 F

TOTAL • M 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 I F .. 90

A:i'PBNDIX TABLE 4O-HOUSEHOWS REPORTED REASONS FOR GIVING UP THE CRAFT

Number of the hOUleholdJ having given up the craft since Occupation of the head of the Sex of Number household the of the Less than 5 years due to head of house- the holds hOllS'- The wages The craft There is There is Work is There is hold offered are does not lack of avai- lack of not avai- mono­ very low offered ,ood lability of availability of lable poly of prOlpect raw material raw material regularly the traders and wapi and wages wbo offen ofI'lRd me offend an low waPI low aile low

1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9

1. Government servic:o M 1 F

2. Weaving of Silk Ii; cotion M 3 1 threadduries F 3. Casual labour M 1 F 4. Sweetmeat vendor (Namkin M 1 1 thela) F

S. Stone chipping M 1 F 6. Cultivation • M 6 1 2 1 1 F 7. Cloth Shop M 1 F

8. Tea stall M 2 1 1 F 9. Teacher M 1 F

10. Accounts clerk M l 1 1 F 11. Eating House (Dhaba) M 1 1 p 12. Non worker (DopendeDt) M 1 F

TarAL M 21 a 1 l J. , 1 F .. 00 APPENDIX cLASSIFIED BY sa AND OCCUPATION OF THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD

Number of tho bouIeholds having given up the craft since ------~------._~------ltss than S years due to '-9 yean due to 10-19 yean due to 20+ years due to There is laek Work is not Work is not The health The wages The wages The craft There is lack The person of de;ntnd of r~gularly aval- r~gularly aval- does not offered are offered are does not of availability concerne:! was fi1ish,d go()is lable and the lable and the permit to low and health very low offer good of raw mate- interested in and the wag~s wages ollere:! wages offered continue the also docs not prospects rial and wages servIce carrier olfered ar" low are low be- are low be- craft permit offered are rather than cause of cause of the low engaging him- monopoly of monopoly of self in the tile trad... the tradera craft and besidea these the incumbent is intarestocl in Govt. earvico

10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18

1

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 92

APPENDIX TABLE 41-HOUSEHOLDS REPORTED REASONS FOR GIVING UP THE CRAFT CLASSIFIm BY BROAD AGE.GROUP OF THE HEAD OF mE HOUSEHOLD

Number of tho households baving given up the aaf! since Broad ago-ll'OUp of the head of Sex of Number the household the head of house- of the holds Less than 5 years due to bouso- holds Wages The craft There is There is Work is There II offered are does not lack of lack of not available Dlonopoly very low offer good availability availability regularly of the prospect o( raw of raw and wages trader and material material & offered are who offered wages offered also low low wagel are low

2 3 4 6 7 8 9

0-14 M F 15-34 .M 8 1 1 1 1 F 35-59 M 12 1 1 1 3 1 F 60+ .M 2 1 F Ap not stated M F

TOTAL M 22 3 1 2 1 4 F

-Colltd.

Number of the households having given up the craft since

----~------.------~------~------Less than S years due 10 5-9 years due to 10-19 years due to 20+ years due to There is lack Work is not Work is not The health The wages The wages The craft There is lack The person of demand for regularly regularly does not per­ offered are offered are does Dot of avallabillty concerned wal finished goods avanable and available and mit to con­ low and health very low offer good of raw mate- Interested in and the wages the wages wages offered tinue the craft also does not prospects rial and wages service camer offered are offered are are low be· -permit offered are rather than low low because of cause of the low engaging him. the monopoly monopoly of self in the of the traders the traders craft and besides these the in­ cwnbent is interested in Govt. service

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 1 1 1 1

1

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

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APPENDIX TABLE 43--DISlRmUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING MEMBERS WITH NECESSARY SKILL TO PRACTICE THE CRAFT THE HEAD OF

Number of hOuseholds having member(s) with necessary 1!ducational level of the head Sex of Number Number of Incumbent is The wages The craft The wages of the hQuschold the head of the household., mterested in offered are does not offered are of the house­ having no serVice low offer good low and there house­ holds members WIth pr'OIpect is di1Iiculty hold aecessary skill of obtainioK to practice raw matorial t1lt craft

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Dliterate M 7 1 2 F 2. Literate (withollt educational M 6 1 1 level) F 3. Primary or JUllIor Basic M 4 F 4. Middl. M 3 1 1 F 5. Matriculation!Secondary. M 1 1 F 6. Higbel' Secondary/Intermediate! M Pte-University F 7. NOD-technical diploma or certi- M ficate Dot equal to degree F 8. Technical diploma or certl- M ficate DOt equal to degree F 9. Graduate & above M 1 F

TOTAL M 22 2 4 2 1 F 95

APPBMDIX AND REPORTED REASONS FOR NOT PRACTISING THE CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY EDUCATIONAL LE\'EL OF THE HOUSEHOLD skill to practise the craft but not practising the aame due to Difficulty is faced The work is Health condition Health does not The wages offered The wages offered The wages offered m obtaining raw not available does not allow permit to con- are low because are low because of are low & there is material regularly and to contmue m tmue craft of monopoly of monopoly of the lack of demand of wages offered the craft and the trader coupled traders finished products are also low wages offered WIth shortage of are too low and regular work and it becomes diffi- .iDcumbent is in- cult to impart terestad in service education to children in the small earniags

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

2 1 1

2 1 1

3

1

2 3 1 1 3 1 1 96

M'PBNDIX TABLE 44--DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING MEMBERS WITH NECESSARY SKILL TO PRACTISE THE CRAFT HEAD OJ.'

Number of households having member(s) wlth necessary s.kill O<:cupation of the bead of Sex of Number Number of Incumbent The wages The craft The wages household the head of house- households IS mtecested offered are does not offered are of the holds havmg no In service low offer good low and there household member(s) wIth prospect IS difficulty of skill to pra- obtaining raw ctise the craft material

1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8

1. Government, service M 1 1 F 2. Weaving of silk and cotton thread M 3 1 durries F 3. Casual labour M 1 1 F 4. Sweatmeat vendor (Namkin M 1 1 theta) F S. Stone chipping M 1 1 F 6. Cultivation M 6 1 1 F 7. Ooth shop • M 1 1 F 8. Tea stall M 2 F 9. Teacher M 1 F 10. Ac:counts Ocr" M 3 1 1 F 11. Eating House (Dhaba) • M 1 F

12. Non WOTker M 1 F

TOTAL M 22 2 1 4 2 1 --- l' 97

APPENDIX AND KEPORTFJ) REASONS FOR NOT PRACDSING THE CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION OF THE THE HOUSEHOLD to practise the craft but not practising the same due to Difficulty is faced The work is Health condition Health does The wages offered The wages offered The wages offered in obtaming raw not avatlable does not allow to not permit are low because :ire low becaue are low and there material regularly and contlDl,le in the to contmue of monopoly of of monopoly of IS lack of demand wa,es offered craft and wages craft the traders coupled the traders of finIshed product are also low offered are too wIth shortage of low and It regular work and becomes dJfficult Incumbent IS in­ to impart edl,lca­ terested in servIce cation to chlldrca in such small earning

9 10 11 12 13 14 IS

1 1

2 1 1

1 1

1

1

1

1

2 3 1 1 3 1 1 9g

APPENDIX TABLE 45-NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS DISIl.'IiTERESTED IN HAVING THEIR SONSIDACGHTERS STICKING TO lHEJR TRADITIONAL OCCUPAlION BUT LIKE TO HAVE THEM ENGAGED IN OCCUPATION OF THEIR LIKING CLASSIFIED BY SEX Arm PRESENT OCCUPATION OF THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD

Number of households reported that their sons/daughters should not stick to the traditional occupation but should follo,w the occupatIOn of their lIking due to

OccupatIOn of the heaJ of the Se,\ of Number The craft There are The wages The wages The craft IS No specific household the head of hou~- does not lImited hours offered in offered In this Dot lucratIve reason of the holds have good of work and other Jobs craft are low and does not house- prospect wages offered are better and It also have good hold are better does not have prospect ill other jobs good prospects as well as it is Dot considered a respectablo job

1 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9

1. Government Service M 1 1 F 2. Weaving of Silk and Cotton M 3 2 1 thread durries F 3. Casual Labour . M 1 1 F 4. Sweatmeat Vendor (Namkin M 1 1 Thela) F S. Stone Chipping . M 1 1 F ,. Cultivation • M 6 6 F 1. .Ooth Shop M 1 1 F 3. Tea Stall M 2 1 1 F .. 9. Teacher M 1 1 F 10. ACcounts Cert M 3 3 F 11. Eatinl House (Dbaba) M 1 1 F 12. NOD Worker M 1 1 F

TOTAL M 22 15 1 2 2 1 1 F 99

APPENDIX TABLE 46-NUMBER o.F HOUSEHOLDS DISINfERESrED IN H·WING THEIR S':>NSjDAUGHrERS STICKING TO. THEIR TRADmo.NAL o.CCUPATION' BUT UKE TO. H4.VE THE\{ E'lG.4.GED IN o.CCUPATION o.F THEIR LIKING CLASSIFIED BY SEX AND EDUCATIo.NAL LEVEL o.F THE HE\D o.F THE HOUSEHOLD

Number of households reported that their sons/daughters should not stick to the traditional occupation but should follow the occupation of their liking due to Educational level of the head Sex of Number The craft There are The wages The wages The craft No speci. of the household the head of the does not limited hours offered 1D offered In thIS IS not lucrative lic reason of the house- have good of work and other jobs craft are low & and does not house­ holds prospects wages offered are better It also does have good hold are better not have good prospects in other prospects as job. well as it is not considered a respectable job

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Illiterate M 7 5 1 1 2. Literate (without educational M 6 3 2 1 level) 3. Primary or Junior Basic M 4 3 4. Middle M 3 3 5. Matriculation/Secondary M 1 6. Higher Secondary/Intermediate/ M Pre-University 7. Non-Technical Diploma or M Certificate not equal to Degree 8. Technical Diploma or Certifi- M cate not equal to Degree 9. Graduate and above M 1 1 TOTAL M 22 15 1 2 2 1 1

TABLE 47-NUMBER o.F Ho.USEHo.LDS DISINTERESTED IN HAVING THEIR SONS/DAUGHTERS STICKING TO. THE! ~ TRADmo.NAL OCCUPATIo.N BUT LIKE TO. HAVE THEM ENGAGED IN o.CCUPATION o.F THEIR LIKING CLASSIFIED BY SEX AND BRo.AD AGE-GROUP OF THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHo.LD

Number of households reported that their sons/daughters should not stick to the traditional occupation but should follow the occupation of their liking due to Broad age-group of the head Sex of Number The craft There are The wages The wages The craft No specific of the household the head of house- does not hmlted hours offered 1D offered In thiS is not It.crative reason of the holds have good of work and other jobs craft are low & and does not house- prospects wages offered are better It also does have good hold are better not have good prospects in other prospects as Jobs well as it is not considered a respectable job

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 0-14 M 2 15-34 M 8 7 3 35-59 M 12 7 2 4 60+ M 2 1 !5 Ap lI.ot stated M

TOTAL M 22 15 2 2

t-tote : N:o Female head of the hlUsehold in Table 46 and 47. 100

APPENDIX TABLE 48 -HOUSEHOLDS REPORTED REASONS FOR PROSPERITY/ADVERSITY OF THE CRAFT IN RECENT PAST AND OPTHE

Number reportmg reasons for prosperlty/~dversity of the craft --Reasons for prosperity ------Reasons for adversity -----~ Occupation of the head Sex of Number The population of The craftsmen The wages offered The wages offered of the household the head of house- the people engaged have now started are low & govern- are low & only or th~ hold'! 10 the craft has weaving of jutt- ment does not lOrerior quahty household mcreased as well path whICh has an taken any mterest raw material IS as there IS increase international mar- for uphftment of available m the quantum of ket Instead of the craft the work also camel bags etc. which had only local market and have now been re- placed by bags made of other material like jutt, plastic etc.

2 3 4 5 6 7 ------1. Government Service . M 1 F 2. Weavmg of Silk & Cotton M 3 1 thread durries F 3. Casual Labour M 1 1 F 4. Sweatmeat vendor (Namkin M 1 Theta) F s. Stone Chipping M 1 F 6. Cultivation M 6 F 7. Cloth Shop M F 8. Tea-Stall • M 2 F 9. Teacher . M F 10. Accounts Clerk M 3 F 11. Eating House (Dhaba) M 1 F 12. Non-Worker M 1 F

TOTAL M 22 1 1 1 2 F 101 APPENDIX GIVIl2'f SUQGIS'ftONB TO DBVELOP "!'lIE ClL\PT eLAISJII'IED BY PUDN1' GCCUPA!'ICN VF n.E IUJ> HOlJSDlOLD

Number reportlq ...... lor prctaP rity/adwnity of the craft .RcuoDi for Aclwrsity

Low wapa arc Tl»n illaGk of There IlIlaek of There is lack of· l.ow wages aro Low waps CII'C There i, t.ck. of otrerod bocaUlO demaDCl fOl' clemaod for finj. demand for the offered ,*",USC of oil'erec1 because of GeIr.aJlQ for tina­ of mOQopoly of Aaiabod goods A abed goods .. mate- finished products monopoi)' of traden monopoly of the shet' 10001 In tbe the ttl\dera \Sl& "'... otr1nd r\alr.w.i1abl& is a1ao A tt&lk hal uso u well as tben ~ lr "en "he ClUS\1Lg n,arlt.et kI aN _low of iAfarior ,uabt, bcIOA mODopohsoci IIICk of demand for quality of the raw also no atteJr.pt has JIUIbcd aoodI material is alIo been made to capo iIIfcIioI turo Dew market A there Is mono­ pol)' of tbo traclel'l

1'_~1 I. G. fndlaIND/8. loa APPENDI'( .. '~"~ ~- '" T~L~ 48:-:HOUSEH9WS_~ttTED_.REASONS J,l'OR P!taspERITY/ADYERSITY OF THE CRAFT IN RE~ PASJF~

NlIlDber reporting reasoDs (or prospeuty/adversity of tho craft Nl.::lber ofbo't!Scholds I" :gge3ted Reasons for f dversity meh ures to develop the craft

Occupation of the lad s~ !)f Number There IS lack of There IS monopoly The government Good quality of of the household tile head ofhouae­ demll)d for .fiDl­ of the traders as should take appro- raw material of the hQlds shed goods In the also la ck of de- prlate measures to should be supplied house~Jd OXlstmg market as mand for finished develop the craft and wages should ~o no attempt products & lack of be increased and has been made to availability of raw alternative em- capture new mar­ material & the ployment should kets and t.lae wages wages effered are also be provided offered are allo also low durin, tlte low IIack period ~OJ

APPENDIX GIVEN SUGGESTIONS TO_DEVELOP THE CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY PRESENT OCCUPATION OF THE HEAD HOUSEHOLD

Number of hoUlCboldi IUUCStcd mcaaURIS to develop the craft

The monoPolistic Tbe-wages should The wages- SBould There should be­ The demand for The demand for There IS need to condition should be increased &: be IOcreased &: raw mcrease in the finished products finished products create local de­ be removed and good quabty of material shoLlld be wages should be created should be \:tCated mand and mono­ waaes may be raw m3.teIlal maJe available &: government poly of the traders upwardly revised should be made regularly may extend should be put to available support to develop an end the craft

19 20 21 22 23 24 2S

" .. ., , -.. .. 2

'I, I

, ·1 ...... I ..

" , .. 1

·1 .. ..

I

,', I

, , 1 I I

1·

1

2 3 I 2 4 3 1 106

APPENDIX T ..\BLE 4!t-HOUSEHOLPS REf'OJlTED RSASONS WR PROSPBRITYTADVERSlTY OF THE CR.AFl' IN RECENT PAST A(IIp OFnIE

Number ntpOrtiua nuons for prosperity/adversity 01 the craft

R.ououa for prospel'ity - ROl'lons f(or adversity - EducatioQAllevol of the Suot Number The population of The cratlsmen The waaes o1fered The waps offend boa4 ef the boUICbolds tho head of boT.De- tbo people onpgcd have DOW started arc low &: Govt. arc low 4 oO)y of tho holds iD tbo craft Ilu:rcas- weaving of lutt- cIocs not take any inferior q'!&'itJ hoUMJiolds od as well as tbcre patti which baa an intcr~t for uplift- raw matorial iI iI mcrease in the international mar- ment of the craft a'VailabJe fI1JU1tum of tM kct instead of c:amoJ work also bass etc. which bad only local markec &; baTe BOW been repW:et by baSi made of other matcrialliU lutt-plastic etc.

1 2- 3 .. 5 (; 7 -"-- I. Illiterate r • - M 7 1 1 F .. 2. Litoratc (without edllCll- M , .. .. tional level) P •• 3. Prltnary • M 4 1 •• P •• 4. Middle M 3 p ., ..• ..I J. Mattt: .Jlat!on/Sccondary . M 1 F .. ,.. . 6. High..r Seconda.-y/lntcrme- .M .. diatcjPre-Univenity p

7. NOD Technical cliploma 01' M certilicato Dot equal to de&ret p I. Technical diploma or cerdI- M cate Dot equal to dearco P lJ. Graduate and above M 1 F ..

TOTAL M.. 22 1 1 1 2 105

GIVEN SUGGESTIONS TO DEVELOP 'filE CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF 'filE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

Number reporting I'Ca8Ons for prosperity/adversity of the craft Reasons for adversity Low wages are There is lack of There is lack of There is lack of Low wages are Low wages are There is lack of otl'ered because demand for the demand for fini­ demand for the offered because of offered because demand for fini- of monopoly .r finished goods shed goods and finished products monopoly of the of monopoly of the shed goods in the tnden and the wages material available and trade has also traders as well as traders and the existlDg market u offind are also is also of inferior been monopolised there is lack of quality of the raw also no attempt low .uality demand for the material is alao has been made to finiabed goods inferior capture new mar­ kot and thero it monopoly or .... tradon

I 9 10 11 12 13 14

.J 1

.. 1 1 1 .. 1 1

•• 1

..

• 1 ,1 1 1 1 1 106

TABLE 4!J-HOusm«>LDS REPORtED REASOf(I FOR P:R.OSPERlTY/ADVERSlTY OF THE CRAFT IN RECENT. PAST AND i'H&

Number reporting reason. for prosperity/adversity of the c;:;raft Number of hoL.sebolos sLggested Reasons for adversity meas 'Ures to dovelop the craft

E!ducationallevel of the Sex of Numb« There is lack of There is monopoly The "ovemment Good quality :raw head of tho household the head of house- demand for fini- of the traders as &hou d take appro- material shoukl a. of the holds shed products in also lack of de- priate measure to aupphed &. wages household tho existing markets mand for finishod develop the craft should be increased .. also no attempt products &. lack of &. alternative om- bas been made to availability of raw ployment should capture new mar- material &. the also be provided ket and the wages wages offered are during the alack offered are also also low period low

1 2 3 15 16 17 18

I. Dliterate • M 7 1 3 J p

2. Literate (without eciucatiODal M 6 2 level) F J. PrimIIrJ • M 04 1 F 04.. Middle . M S 1 2 F ,. MatriculatiOD/SecoDdaI)'I M 1 F 6. Higher Socondary/Interme- diate!Pro-University rr 7. Non-Tecbnical diploma or M c:ertifk:ate not equal to deJreo F I. Tecbnical diploma or CCI'tiA- M alte not equal to degree F 9. Graduate and above M 1 1 F

TarAL • M 202 1 5 5 1 F 107 4PrSNPIX OIV£N' SnGO_DONI TO DEVIWP nm CJlAliT CJ.,ASSWIlID BY FDUCAnONAL LEVt":L OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

Number of households s1J88eSted measures to develop the craft

Tho IDOQopolistic The waiCS should The wages should There should be The demand for The demand for There is need to COQ4it,ipQ should be increased & be lDcreased & raw lQcrease in the finished product finished products create local de­ be reJ»ov.ed aIll1 $00:1 QualIty of matOl'lal should be wages should be created should be created mand and mono­ wail's way be raw materja] made avallable & government may poly of the trader upwardly ,.,vised should be JJJa40 resuJ,arly extend support to should be put to avaIlab" develop the craft an end

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

2 1

1 1 2 1

1 2 1

1

1

1

2 3 1 2 4 3 108 APPENDIX TABLEl 5ChHOUSEHOLDS REPORTED REASONS FOR PROSPElUTl"IADVERSlTY OF THE CRAFl' IN RECENT PAST AND THE

Number reporting reasona for prOlperity/adversity of the craft Reasons for prosperity Reason. for-adversity Btoad ago-group of tho head Sex of Number The population TIw craftsmen The wages offered The wages offered of tho housoholds the head of house- of the people en- have now started are low &; govern- are low &; only of the holds gaged in the craft weaving jutt-patti .mcnt does not take mfcrior quality houaohold had mcreased as winch has an In- uy interest for raw material it well as there is ternational market upliftment of the available increase in the instead of ca.mel craft quantum of tho bags etc. which work also had only local DlIU'- ket "haw been replaced by baaa made of other materialliko jute. plastic etc. 1 1 3 4 s 7

0-14 M · F 1S-U M I 1 1 · F 3'-3' M 12 1 1 1 · F "ad above M 2 F ,A_. Dot ltated M F

TorAL • M 1 1 1 2 F 10§)

-UNMDDI GIVg"'f SUGGESriO~S TO DEVELOP TIU CRA.Fl', CLASSIFIED BY BROAD AGE-GROUP OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

Number roportinJ I'OBIOns for pt'OIperity/advenity of the craft Reasons for adversity LowwapJare There is Jack of There is lack of There is Jack of Low wages are Low wages are There is lack of dered because demand for the demand for the demand for finish­ offered because of offered because of demand for finish­ .r monopoly of fimshed goods fimshed goods and ed goods & trade monopoly of the monopoly of the ed good in the traden and the wages tho material avai­ has also been traders as well as traders & the qua­ existIng markets .1 offared are also lable is also of in- mOBopolisod there is lack of de­ hty of the raw ma­ also no attempt has low ferior quality mand for fiDiIhIMi tarial is also in- been made to cap­ IOOcIa f.iOl' ture DOW market .t there is monopoly oftlw tradIn , • 10 11 12 13 14

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

J __ __ ~-_-. I 1 1 110 All_Uk TABLE So-B01J8BBOLDS REPOI.1'FJ> JilBASONS FOR. f'RQSP~Y/ADVFBSl1'Y OF THE CBAFl' IN RECENT PA$T AND TJJE

Number reporting realOns for prosperity/!:dversity of the craft Number of households suggested Reasons for adversity meUures to Jevelop the daft

'Broad age-group of the head Sex of Number There is lack of There is monopoly The government Oood qua.ht,. tllw or tho household the head of house- demand for fini- of the traders &; as aaould take appro- material1bGul4 bo of the holds shed products In also lack of de­ prJate moasures to supplied &; WQDS household the eXlstmg markets mand for fiOJsbod deveJop tbe mlll'kct should be mcreu- as also no attempt products &; lack 0( ed &; alternative has been made to availability of raw omplo~tsho~ capture new mar- matcnai &; tho alao be provided kets and the wapa wagoa offend are during tho slac:k offered are allO also low period low

t 2 3 15 16 17 18

0-14 M F 15-34 M 8 1 1 1 F 35-59 M 12 1 4 1 F 60 and above M 2 1 F Ap not stated . M F

M 21 __l I 5 1 TOTAL • F 111

APPBNDJX GIVEN SUGGESTIONS TO DEVELOP THE CRAFT CLASSIFIED BY BROAD AGE-GROUP OF THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

Number of households suggested measures to develop tho craft

The monopolistic The wages should The wages should There should be The demand for fini- The demand for There is need to condition should be mcreased and be increased and Increase In wages shed product should finished products create local demand be removed and good quality raw raw material should be created & gov- .bould be createel an(1 monopoly of wages may be material should be made available emment may ex- the trader should be upwardly reVised be made aWl- regularly tend support to put to an end lable develop the craft

19 21 23 24

1 1 2 1

1 1 1 :I

1

1 4 s 1

ctIPN--5 5-29111. G. lndfa(ND)/88-1-3-H- 300.

PART ilr PHOTOGRAPHS

113 17--2.91 R. O. India/ND/BI \ 115

A YOUNG GIRL SPINNING GOAT HAIR

KUTCHA HOUSES BELONGING TO CRAFrSMEN 116

AN ANOTHER VIEW OF SPINNING OF GOAT HAIR

A PANORAMIC VIEW OF VILLAGE JASOL 117

A FINISHED GOAT HAIR PRODUcr

GENERAL MERCHANDISE SHOP AT VILLAGE JASOL 118

r SHRINE OF GODDESS SIRYA DEVI-FAMILY DEITY OF MARU KUMHARS

\

"" '. CRAFTSMEN BELONGING TO MARU KUMHAR COMMUNITY MACIDNE USED FOR PRESSING DALES OF JUTT-PATTI

AN INSIDE VIEW OF THE SIRIYA DEVI SHRINE SIRIYA DEVI IS ON THE LEFT OF LORD GANESH 120

WEAVING OF JUTI-PAm IS IN PROCESS

l, \" \

\\

INDIGENOUS TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS USED IN WEAVING (LOCAL NAMES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT-KANGHA, KHAPTA, POONACH, SMALL KHANCHNA, KHAPTA, VAVARNA. KHANCHNA)