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An Experimental Approach to Assessing Material Corrosion Rates in a Reactor Containment Sump Following a Loss of Coolant Accident

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An Experimental Approach to Assessing Material Corrosion Rates in a Reactor Containment Sump Following a Loss of Coolant Accident An Experimental Approach to Assessing Material Corrosion Rates in a Reactor Containment Sump Following a Loss of Coolant Accident Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Erik Anders Lahti, B.S. Graduate Program in Nuclear Engineering The Ohio State University 2013 Thesis Committee: Jinsuo Zhang, Advisor Tunc Aldemir Richard Denning Copyrighted by Erik Anders Lahti 2013 Abstract The present study conducts an extensive a review of relevant research that pertains to Generic Safety Issue 191 (GSI-191) and the chemistry and corrosion behavior of the various materials present in the containment sump of a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Facility designs are described for two experimental systems that would examine corrosion effects. Thermodynamic simulations, and integrated and benchtop tests have determined the structure of the potential precipitates that may clog the sump strainer and cause a failure of the emergency core cooling system (ECCS). Based on this research, it was determined that the available research has been insufficient in terms of simulating the transient temperature and pressure behavior in the containment sump in the post loss of coolant environment. Research gaps are identified, and recommendations for future research are presented that would be performed in the proposed experimental facilities. ii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my family and friends. Thank you for all your love and support! iii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge Doctor Jinsuo Zhang for his guidance and tutelage. Without it, this document would not have been possible. iv Vita June 2008 ...................................................................Diploma, Sylvania Southview High School June 2010 to August 2010..........................................Intern, Los Alamos National Laboratory January 2011 to August 2012 ....................................Intern, Ohio Emergency Management Agency March 2012 to present ...............................................Intern, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory June 2012 ...................................................................B.S. Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University August 2012 to present ..............................................Graduate Research Assistant, Nuclear Engineering Program, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Nuclear Engineering v Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................ii Dedication..................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments......................................................................................................iv Vita.............................................................................................................................v List of Tables .............................................................................................................viii List of Figures............................................................................................................ix List of Equations........................................................................................................x Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Background ..............................................................................................3 2.1 Relevant Results from GSI-191 Research ...............................................4 2.2 Sump Materials ........................................................................................7 2.2.1 Zinc ...........................................................................................11 2.2.2 Aluminum .................................................................................14 2.2.3 Carbon Steel..............................................................................17 2.2.4 Copper.......................................................................................20 2.2.5 Concrete ....................................................................................23 2.2.6 Fiber Insulation .........................................................................26 Chapter 3: Experimental Setup and Procedure for Autoclave Tests..........................32 vi 3.1 Experimental Setup..................................................................................33 3.1.1 Autoclave ..................................................................................33 3.1.2 Potentiostat; Working, Counter and Reference Electrodes; and Wiring ................................................................................................36 3.1.3 Hydrogen Canisters, Heater, Thermocouples and Temperature Controller ...........................................................................................39 3.2 Experimental Procedure...........................................................................40 Chapter 4: Experimental Setup and Procedure for a Non-isothermal Test Loop ......43 4.1 Experimental Setup..................................................................................43 4.1.1 Pressure Vessel .........................................................................45 4.1.2 Heat Exchanger and Pre-Heater................................................47 4.1.3 Test Columns ............................................................................50 4.2 Experimental Procedure...........................................................................51 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Future Research ............................................................53 5.1 Conclusions..............................................................................................53 5.2 Future Research .......................................................................................54 References..................................................................................................................55 vii List of Tables Table 2.1: Expected Precipitates in Alkaline Solutions at Various Temperatures ....5 Table 2.2: Expected Precipitates in Neutral Solutions at Various Temperatures......6 Table 2.3: Calculated Corrosion Potentials for Containment Sump Materials..........9 Table 2.4: Simulated Zinc Corrosion Product Production.........................................13 Table 2.5: Simulated Aluminum Corrosion Product Production...............................16 Table 2.6: Simulated Carbon Steel Corrosion Product Production ...........................19 Table 2.7: Simulated Copper Corrosion Product Production ....................................22 Table 2.8: Composition of Portland Cement .............................................................24 Table 2.9: Oxide Composition of Portland Cement...................................................24 Table 2.10: Simulated Concrete (Non-Particulate) Corrosion Product Production...25 Table 2.11: Simulated Concrete (Particulate) Corrosion Product Production...........25 Table 2.12: Measured Leaching Rates of Major Components of Concrete...............26 Table 2.13: Composition of Nukon Fiber Insulation.................................................27 Table 2.14: Composition Limits of E-Glass Fiber.....................................................27 Table 2.15: Estimation of Fiber Insulation Concentration.........................................29 Table 2.16: Simulated Nukon Insulation Corrosion Product Production ..................30 Table 3.1: Test Matrix for Autoclave Experiments ...................................................42 viii List of Figures Figure 2.1: Pourbaix Diagram for Zinc at 25 °C .......................................................12 Figure 2.2: Pourbaix Diagram for Aluminum at 25 °C .............................................15 Figure 2.3: Pourbaix Diagram for Iron at 150 °C ......................................................18 Figure 2.4: Pourbaix Diagram for Copper at 100 °C.................................................21 Figure 3.1: EZE-Seal Autoclave from Parker Hannifin Corporation ........................35 Figure 3.2: Packing Gland from Conax Technologies...............................................36 Figure 3.3: Power Lead Gland from Conax Teachnologies ......................................36 Figure 3.4: High Pressure Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode from Corr Instruments ....38 Figure 3.5: Model SP-300 Potentiostat from Bio-Logic Science Instruments ..........39 Figure 4.1: Non-isothermal Test Loop Concept Drawing .........................................44 Figure 4.2: Immersion Heater from Chromalox ........................................................46 Figure 4.3: Spiral Heat Exchanger from Sentry Equipment......................................49 Figure 4.4: Heat Tape from BriskHeat ......................................................................50 ix List of Equations Equation 2.1: Calculating the Reversible Potential ...................................................8 Equation 2.2: Nernst Equation...................................................................................8 Equation 2.3: Corrosion Product Formation Relation ...............................................10 Equation 2.4 Effect of Temperature on the Solubility of Silicon Dioxide ................29 Equation 4.1: Heat Exchanger Design Equation........................................................47
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