Modeling Nicotinic Neuromodulation from Global Functional and Network Levels to Nachr Based Mechanisms
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Striking the Right Balance Between Gi and Gq Signalling a New Study Explains Why Some Inhibitors of the Serotonin
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IN BRIEF PERCEPTION Excitability modulates synaesthesia Synaesthetes who experience colours when perceiving or representing numbers exhibit structural and functional differences in cortical areas that are involved in number and colour processing compared to non-synaesthetes. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation, the authors showed that in humans, grapheme-colour synaesthesia is characterized by enhanced cortical excitability in the primary visual cortex and can be augmented or attenuated with cathodal or anodal stimulation, respectively. ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Terhune, D. B. et al. Enhanced cortical excitability in grapheme-color synesthesia and its modulation. Curr. Biol. 21, 2006–2009 (2011) NEUROPHARMACOLOGY Striking the right balance between Gi and Gq signalling A new study explains why some inhibitors of the serotonin Gq protein-coupled receptor 2AR (such as clozapine), but not others (such as ritanserin), have antipsychotic actions. The authors showed that 2AR can form a heteromeric complex with metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) — which is a Gi protein-coupled receptor — and that this interaction can enhance glutamate-induced Gi signalling and reduce serotonin-induced Gq signalling. The intracellular Gi and Gq signalling balance is predictive of the anti- or pro-psychotic activity of drugs targeting 2AR and mGluR2, providing a potential new metric to improve current antipsychotic therapies. ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Fribourg, M. et al. Decoding the signaling of a GPCR heteromeric complex reveals a unifying mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. Cell 147, 1011–1023 (2011) BEHAVIOURAL NEUROSCIENCE Curbing sweet cravings In this study, the authors examined the reward value of sweeteners in mice by assessing the animals’ preferences for sweeteners compared to lick-induced optogenetic activation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. -
Molecular Biology of Neuronal Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
EXPERIMENTAL and MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Vol. 30, No 3, 123-130, September 1998 Molecular biology of neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels Hemin Chin and is capable of directing expression of calcium channel activity in heterologous expression systems. In the central Genetics Research Branch, Division of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Research, nervous system (CNS), VGCCs are expressed by five National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, distinct a1 subunit genes (α1A, α1B, α1C, α1D and α1E), U.S.A. which exhibit further variations due to alternative splicing of the primary RNA transcripts. The α1C and, α1D su b u n i t Accepted 3 August 1998 genes encode dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive L-type channels, while the three other α1 subunit genes (α1A, α1B and α1E) give rise to DHP-insensitive P/Q-, N- and R-type channels, respectively. The α2 and δ s u b u n i t proteins are produced by proteolytic cleavage of a larger precursor produced by the single α2-δ gene (Table 1). Introduction Three alternatively spliced variants of the α2 subunit are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Two variants Calcium ions are important intracellular messengers have been isolated from the brain and skeletal muscle mediating a number of neuronal functions including neuro- (Kim et al., 1992; Williams et al., 1992), and a distinct transmitter release, neurosecretion, neuronal excitation, third splice variant which is expressed in glial cells has survival of eurons, and regulation of gene expression. been recently identified (Puro et al., 1996). In addition to The entry of calcium across the plasmamembrane in the gene encoding the skeletal muscle β subunit, three response to membrane depolarization or activation of 1 other β subunit genes (β2, β3 and β4) have been isolated neurotransmitter receptors represents a major pathway thus far. -
Chemical Neurotransmission
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02598-1 — Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology 4th Edition Excerpt More Information Chapter1 Chemical neurotransmission Anatomical versus chemical basis of Beyond the second messenger to a neurotransmission 1 phosphoprotein cascade triggering gene 16 Principles of chemical neurotransmission 5 expression Neurotransmitters 5 How neurotransmission triggers gene 18 Neurotransmission: classic, retrograde, expression 18 and volume 6 Molecular mechanism of gene expression Excitation–secretion coupling 8 Epigenetics 24 Signal transduction cascades 9 What are the molecular mechanisms 24 Overview 9 of epigenetics? Forming a second messenger 11 How epigenetics maintains or changes the status quo 26 Beyond the second messenger to phosphoprotein messengers 13 Summary 26 Modern psychopharmacology is largely the story of neurons, not unlike millions of telephone wires chemical neurotransmission. To understand the actions within thousands upon thousands of cables. The ana- of drugs on the brain, to grasp the impact of diseases tomically addressed brain is thus a complex wiring upon the central nervous system, and to interpret the diagram, ferrying electrical impulses to wherever behavioral consequences of psychiatric medicines, the “wire” is plugged in (i.e., at a synapse). Synapses one must be fluent in the language and principles of canformonmanypartsofaneuron,notjustthe chemical neurotransmission. The importance of this dendrites as axodendritic synapses, but also on the fact cannot be overstated for the student of psychophar- soma as axosomatic synapses, and even at the begin- macology. This chapter forms the foundation for the ning and at the end of axons (axoaxonic synapses) entire book, and the roadmap for one’s journey through (Figure 1-2). -
Prominent Activation of Brainstem and Pallidal Afferents of the Ventral Tegmental Area by Cocaine
Neuropsychopharmacology (2008) 33, 2688–2700 & 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/08 $30.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Prominent Activation of Brainstem and Pallidal Afferents of the Ventral Tegmental Area by Cocaine 1,3 2 1 1 1 Stefanie Geisler , Michela Marinelli , Beth DeGarmo , Mary L Becker , Alexander J Freiman , 2 2 ,1 Mitch Beales , Gloria E Meredith and Daniel S Zahm* 1 2 Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA Blockade of monoamine transporters by cocaine should not necessarily lead to certain observed consequences of cocaine administration, including increased firing of ventral mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons and accompanying impulse-stimulated release of DA in the forebrain and cortex. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the dopaminergic-activating effect of cocaine requires stimulation of the dopaminergic neurons by afferents of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We sought to determine if afferents of the VTA are activated following cocaine administration. Rats were injected in the VTA with retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold and, after 1 week, were allowed to self-administer cocaine or saline via jugular catheters for 2 h on 6 consecutive days. Other rats received a similar amount of investigator- administered cocaine through jugular catheters. Afterward, the rats were killed and the brains processed immunohistochemically for retrogradely transported tracer and Fos, the protein product of the neuronal activation-associated immediate early gene, c-fos. Forebrain neurons exhibiting both Fos and tracer immunoreactivity were enriched in both cocaine groups relative to the controls only in the globus pallidus and ventral pallidum, which, together, represented a minor part of total forebrain retrogradely labeled neurons. -
5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists in Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: the Iceberg Still Lies Beneath the Surface
1521-0081/71/3/383–412$35.00 https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.015487 PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS Pharmacol Rev 71:383–412, July 2019 Copyright © 2019 by The Author(s) This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC Attribution 4.0 International license. ASSOCIATE EDITOR: JEFFREY M. WITKIN 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists in Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: The Iceberg Still Lies beneath the Surface Gohar Fakhfouri,1 Reza Rahimian,1 Jonas Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen, Mohammad Reza Zirak, and Jean-Martin Beaulieu Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.) Abstract. ....................................................................................384 I. Introduction. ..............................................................................384 II. 5-HT3 Receptor Structure, Distribution, and Ligands.........................................384 A. 5-HT3 Receptor Agonists .................................................................385 B. 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists. ............................................................385 Downloaded from 1. 5-HT3 Receptor Competitive Antagonists..............................................385 2. 5-HT3 Receptor -
Neuropharmacology
FACULTY OF MEDICINE SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY PHAR 3202 Neuropharmacology COURSE OUTLINE SESSION 2, 2013 2 Contents Page Course Information 3 Assessment Procedures 4 Lecture Outlines 11 Assessment Tasks and Due Dates 14 Timetable 15 Group Assignment Information 16 Practical Class Manual 21 3 PHAR3202 Course Information Neuropharmacology (PHAR3202) is a 3rd year Science Course worth Six Units of Credit (6 UOC). The course will build on the information you have gained in Pharmacology (PHAR2011) and Physiology (2101 & 2201) as well as Biochemistry (BIOC2101/2181)) and Molecular Biology (2201/2291) or Chemistry (2021/2041). OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE Building on basic pharmacology skills learned in PHAR2011, the objectives of this course are to a) provide both knowledge and conceptual understanding of the use and action of various classes of drugs in the treatment of different human diseases affecting the brain and b) develop an appreciation of the need for further research to identify new drug targets for more effective therapies. COURSE CO-ORDINATOR and LECTURERS: Course Co-ordinators: Dr Nicole Jones Professor Margaret Morris Room 327 Room 322 Wallace Wurth East Wallace Wurth East Ph: 9385 2568 Ph 9385 1560 [email protected] [email protected] Consultation time: Thursday 11-12pm (outside these times please be sure to make an appointment via email as undergraduate students do not have access to the upper floors of the Wallace Wurth building) Students wishing to see the course coordinator outside consultation times should make an appointment via email. Lecturers in this course: Dr. Trudie Binder [email protected] Dr. -
The Selective Serotonin2a Receptor Antagonist, MDL100,907, Elicits A
BRIEF REPORT The Selective Serotonin2A Receptor Antagonist, MDL100,907, Elicits a Specific Interoceptive Cue in Rats Anne Dekeyne, Ph.D., Loretta Iob, B.Sc., Patrick Hautefaye, Ph.D., and Mark J. Millan, Ph.D. Employing a two-lever, food-reinforced, Fixed Ratio 10 5-HT2B/2C antagonist, SB206,553 (0.16 and 2.5 mg/kg) and drug discrimination procedure, rats were trained to the selective 5-HT2C antagonists, SB242,084 (2.5 and recognize the highly-selective serotonin (5-HT)2A receptor 10.0 mg/kg,) and RS102221 (2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg), did not antagonist, MDL100,907 (0.16 mg/kg, i.p.). They attained significantly generalize. In conclusion, selective blockade of Ϯ Ϯ criterion after a mean S.E.M. of 70 11 sessions. 5-HT2A receptors by MDL100,907 elicits a discriminative MDL100,907 fully generalized with an Effective Dose stimulus in rats which appears to be specifically mediated (ED)50 of 0.005 mg/kg, s.c.. A further selective 5-HT2A via 5-HT2A as compared with 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors. antagonist, SR46349, similarly generalized with an ED50 of [Neuropsychopharmacology 26:552–556, 2002] 0.04 mg/kg, s.c. In distinction, the selective 5-HT2B © 2002 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology antagonist, SB204,741 (0.63 and 10.0 mg/kg), the Published by Elsevier Science Inc. KEY WORDS: Drug discrimination; Interoceptive; 5-HT2A stimulus (DS) properties of several 5-HT2 agonists and receptors hallucinogens, such as mescaline (Appel and Callahan 1989), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (Fiorella et al. Drug discrimination procedures have been extensively 1995) and quipazine (Friedman et al. -
Part III: Modeling Neurotransmission – a Cholinergic Synapse
Part III: Modeling Neurotransmission – A Cholinergic Synapse Operation of the nervous system is dependent on the flow of information through chains of neurons functionally connected by synapses. The neuron conducting impulses toward the synapse is the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron transmitting the signal away from the synapse is the postsynaptic neuron. Chemical synapses are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. For the most part, neurotransmitter receptors in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell are either 1.) channel-linked receptors, which mediate fast synaptic transmission, or 2.) G protein-linked receptors, which oversee slow synaptic responses. Channel-linked receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that interact directly with a neurotransmitter and are called ionotropic receptors. Alternatively, metabotropic receptors do not have a channel that opens or closes but rather, are linked to a G-protein. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the metabotropic receptor, the receptor activates the G-protein which, in turn, goes on to activate another molecule. 3a. Model the ionotropic cholinergic synapse shown below. Be sure to label all of the following: voltage-gated sodium channel, voltage-gated potassium channel, neurotransmitter, synaptic vesicle, presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, potassium leak channel, sodium-potassium pump, synaptic cleft, acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholinesterase, calcium channel. When a nerve impulse (action potential) reaches the axon terminal, it sets into motion a chain of events that triggers the release of neurotransmitter. You will next model the events of neurotransmission at a cholinergic synapse. Cholinergic synapses utilize acetylcholine as the chemical of neurotransmission. MSOE Center for BioMolecular Modeling Synapse Kit: Section 3-6 | 1 Step 1 - Action potential arrives at the Step 2 - Calcium channels open in the terminal end of the presynaptic cell. -
Regulation of Neuronal Communication by G Protein-Coupled Receptors ⇑ Yunhong Huang, Amantha Thathiah
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector FEBS Letters 589 (2015) 1607–1619 journal homepage: www.FEBSLetters.org Review Regulation of neuronal communication by G protein-coupled receptors ⇑ Yunhong Huang, Amantha Thathiah VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics (CME) and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (LIND), University of Leuven (KUL), Leuven, Belgium article info abstract Article history: Neuronal communication plays an essential role in the propagation of information in the brain and Received 31 March 2015 requires a precisely orchestrated connectivity between neurons. Synaptic transmission is the mech- Revised 5 May 2015 anism through which neurons communicate with each other. It is a strictly regulated process which Accepted 5 May 2015 involves membrane depolarization, the cellular exocytosis machinery, neurotransmitter release Available online 14 May 2015 from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft, and the interaction between ion channels, G Edited by Wilhelm Just protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and downstream effector molecules. The focus of this review is to explore the role of GPCRs and G protein-signaling in neurotransmission, to highlight the func- tion of GPCRs, which are localized in both presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane terminals, in reg- Keywords: G protein-coupled receptors ulation of intrasynaptic and intersynaptic communication, and to discuss the involvement of G-proteins astrocytic GPCRs in the regulation of neuronal communication. Neuronal communication Ó 2015 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Synaptic transmission Signaling Astrocytes Neurons Autoreceptors Neurotransmitters 1. -
RIM-BP2 Primes Synaptic Vesicles Via Recruitment of Munc13-1 At
RESEARCH ARTICLE RIM-BP2 primes synaptic vesicles via recruitment of Munc13-1 at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses Marisa M Brockmann1†, Marta Maglione2,3,4†, Claudia G Willmes5†, Alexander Stumpf6, Boris A Bouazza1, Laura M Velasquez6, M Katharina Grauel1, Prateep Beed6, Martin Lehmann3, Niclas Gimber6, Jan Schmoranzer4, Stephan J Sigrist2,4,5*, Christian Rosenmund1,4*, Dietmar Schmitz4,5,6* 1Institut fu¨ r Neurophysiologie, Charite´ – Universita¨ tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universita¨ t Berlin, Humboldt-Universita¨ t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; 2Freie Universita¨ t Berlin, Institut fu¨ r Biologie, Berlin, Germany; 3Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut fu¨ r Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany; 4NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany; 5DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Berlin, Germany; 6Neuroscience Research Center, Charite´ – Universita¨ tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universita¨ t Berlin, Humboldt-Universita¨ t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany Abstract All synapses require fusion-competent vesicles and coordinated Ca2+-secretion coupling for neurotransmission, yet functional and anatomical properties are diverse across *For correspondence: different synapse types. We show that the presynaptic protein RIM-BP2 has diversified functions in [email protected] (SJS); neurotransmitter release at different central murine synapses and thus contributes to synaptic [email protected] diversity. At hippocampal pyramidal CA3-CA1 synapses, RIM-BP2 loss has a mild effect on (CR); neurotransmitter release, by only regulating Ca2+-secretion coupling. However, at hippocampal [email protected] (DS) mossy fiber synapses, RIM-BP2 has a substantial impact on neurotransmitter release by promoting †These authors contributed vesicle docking/priming and vesicular release probability via stabilization of Munc13-1 at the active equally to this work zone. -
Mapping the Populations of Neurotensin Neurons in the Male Mouse Brain T Laura E
Neuropeptides 76 (2019) 101930 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropeptides journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/npep Mapping the populations of neurotensin neurons in the male mouse brain T Laura E. Schroeder, Ryan Furdock, Cristina Rivera Quiles, Gizem Kurt, Patricia Perez-Bonilla, ⁎ Angela Garcia, Crystal Colon-Ortiz, Juliette Brown, Raluca Bugescu, Gina M. Leinninger Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Neurotensin (Nts) is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of many facets of physiology, including car- Lateral hypothalamus diovascular tone, pain processing, ingestive behaviors, locomotor drive, sleep, addiction and social behaviors. Parabrachial nucleus Yet, there is incomplete understanding about how the various populations of Nts neurons distributed throughout Periaqueductal gray the brain mediate such physiology. This knowledge gap largely stemmed from the inability to simultaneously Central amygdala identify Nts cell bodies and manipulate them in vivo. One means of overcoming this obstacle is to study NtsCre Thalamus mice crossed onto a Cre-inducible green fluorescent reporter line (NtsCre;GFP mice), as these mice permit both Nucleus accumbens Preoptic area visualization and in vivo modulation of specific populations of Nts neurons (using Cre-inducible viral and genetic tools) to reveal their function. Here we provide a comprehensive characterization of the distribution and relative Abbreviation: 12 N, Hypoglossal nucleus; -
Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by Systematic Input-Output Mapping
Article Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by Systematic Input-Output Mapping Graphical Abstract Authors Kevin T. Beier, Elizabeth E. Steinberg, Katherine E. DeLoach, ..., Eric J. Kremer, Robert C. Malenka, Liqun Luo Correspondence [email protected] (R.C.M.), [email protected] (L.L.) In Brief A combination of state-of-the-art viral- genetic tools shows that dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA-DA) employ biased-input/discrete- output circuit architecture, allowing the construction of an input-output map for further investigation of the neural circuits underlying the different functions of these neurons in psychological processes and brain diseases. Highlights d VTA dopamine (DA) and GABA neurons receive similar inputs from diverse sources d VTA-DA neurons projecting to different output sites receive biased input d VTA-DA neurons projecting to lateral and medial NAc innervate non-overlapping targets d A top-down anterior cortex/VTA-DA/lateral NAc circuit is reinforcing Beier et al., 2015, Cell 162, 622–634 July 30, 2015 ª2015 Elsevier Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.015 Article Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by Systematic Input-Output Mapping Kevin T. Beier,1,2 Elizabeth E. Steinberg,2 Katherine E. DeLoach,1 Stanley Xie,1 Kazunari Miyamichi,1,5 Lindsay Schwarz,1 Xiaojing J. Gao,1,6 Eric J. Kremer,3,4 Robert C. Malenka,2,* and Liqun Luo1,* 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 2Nancy Pritzker Laboratory,