Design Attitude and Social Innovation: Empirical Studies of the Return on Design
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DESIGN ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL INNOVATION: EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF THE RETURN ON DESIGN by MARIANA V. AMATULLO Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Committee: Richard Buchanan, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University (chair) Richard Boland Jr., Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University Kalle Lyytinen, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University John Paul Stephens, Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University Weatherhead School of Management Designing Sustainable Systems CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May 2015 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Mariana Amatullo candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree*. (signed) Richard Buchanan (chair of the committee) Richard Boland Jr. Kalle Lyytinen John Paul Stephens (date) March 16, 2015 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. ii © Copyright by Mariana V. Amatullo, 2015 All Rights Reserved iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the many individuals around the world who have crossed my path outside the professional framework of design and management cultures, and who will never read its contents. They represent the inspiration for its fundamental quest. Their singular trajectories to overcome circumstances of hardship of many kinds exemplify the imagination and tenacity it takes to design an alternative and more humane future with boundless optimism. Their agency and actions impart essential purpose to my inquiry. iv Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. x Motivation ......................................................................................................................... xv Preface............................................................................................................................. xvii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xx Introductory Chapter ........................................................................................................... 1 The Problem of Practice and the Inquiry’s Objective ..................................................... 1 Literature Review and Theoretical Foundations ............................................................. 4 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 24 Research Methodology ................................................................................................. 27 Why Design Methods? A Definition and Rationale ..................................................... 28 Summary of the Three Empirical Studies and Research Questions ............................. 30 Dialectical Reasoning as a Strategy of Inquiry ............................................................. 43 Prelude to Chapter 1.......................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 1: Design for Social Change: Consequential Shifts in the Designer’s Role ....... 50 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 50 Research Question ........................................................................................................ 51 Literature Review.......................................................................................................... 53 Methods......................................................................................................................... 61 Sample........................................................................................................................... 62 Data Collection ............................................................................................................. 63 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 64 Findings......................................................................................................................... 67 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 72 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 79 Implications for Practice and Future Research ............................................................. 80 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 81 Prelude to Chapter 2.......................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 2: Explaining the Effects of Design Attitude on Team Learning, Process Satisfaction and Social Innovation Outcomes .................................................................. 83 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 83 v Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 88 Conceptualization of Design Attitude ........................................................................... 89 Hypotheses Development and Conceptual Model ...................................................... 108 Research Design and Methods .................................................................................... 112 Data Collection, Sample and Data Screening ............................................................. 130 Findings....................................................................................................................... 143 Discussion and Theoretical Implications and Extensions ........................................... 145 Implications for Practice ............................................................................................. 151 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 152 Concluding Perspectives ............................................................................................. 153 Prelude to Chapter 3........................................................................................................ 154 Chapter 3: Innovation by Design at UNICEF: An Ethnographic Case Study ................ 155 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 155 Theoretical Background .............................................................................................. 162 Methods....................................................................................................................... 170 Findings....................................................................................................................... 185 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 220 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 227 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 228 Chapter 4: Significance of the Inquiry ............................................................................ 229 The Integrated Findings: Why they Matter ................................................................. 229 Theoretical Implications ............................................................................................. 235 Significance for Practice ............................................................................................. 238 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 241 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 244 Appendix A: The design Attitude: Abilities & Capabilities ........................................... 245 Appendix B: Synopsis of Case Studies ........................................................................... 246 Appendix C: Interview Protocol ..................................................................................... 251 Appendix D: Survey Constructs and Items ..................................................................... 253 Appendix E: EFA Pattern Matrix Results ....................................................................... 257 Appendix F: CFA Analysis ............................................................................................. 258 Appendix G: Demographic Data .................................................................................... 259 Appendix H: Typology of Projects in the Dataset .......................................................... 268 Appendix I: Organizational Charts of the UNICEF Innovation Unit ............................