Blue Line Magazine 1 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 2 OCTOBER 2005 October 2005 Volume 17 Number 8 Publisher’s Commentary 5 Let’s get our emergency plans in order Blue Line Magazine 12A-4981 Hwy 7 East Ste 254 More than a foundation 6 Markham, ON L3R 1N1 After a half century of policing Mac leaves a strong legacy Ph: 905 640-3048 Fax: 905 640-7547 Web: www.blueline.ca eMail: [email protected] New Brunswick cops faced down 9 — Publisher — Morley S. Lymburner drug warlords eMail: [email protected] Going home 10 — General Manager — Mary Lymburner, M.Ed. Raising money and spirits eMail: [email protected]

— Editor — launches ‘Don’t Get Stuck’ 12 Mark Reesor Needle program for children initiative eMail: [email protected] — News Editor — Zero - 15 14 Ryan Siegmund Recruiting issues for outreach programs eMail: [email protected]

— Advertising — DISPATCHES 16 Mary Lymburner Many police officers call it a career after Dean Clarke 25 years of service but not Mac. Gordon Bob Murray Agencies cooperate to police park 18 Kathryn Lymburner MacFarlane Carlisle retired in July after eMail: [email protected] heading the Police Force for 25 Taking control of your crisis 20 years. He was a police officer for almost half a — Pre-press Production — Del Wall century, retiring from the RCMP after 22 years Confronting post traumatic stress 22 to take over as chief of Fredericton, his home — Contributing Editors — town. Blue Line East Coast Correspondent Communication Skills Mark Giles CASE LAW 26 Danette Dooley talked to Carlisle and looks Police Management James Clark back on his long career. Tactical Firearms Dave Brown • Traffic violation justifies stop Like many Canadian police officers, Technology Tom Rataj • Private arrests don’t require warning Psychology Dorothy Cotton Force Cpl. Randy Reilly Case Law Mike Novakowski • Detention, not questioning, triggers right was shocked by the Meyerthorpe shootings and • Vehicle search incident to arrest Blue Line Magazine is published monthly, September to June, by decided to run a marathon in their honour to Blue Line Magazine Incorporated with a mailing address of: • Rules different for private detentions raise money for the New Brunswick Police 12A - 4981 Hwy. 7 East, Ste. 254, Markham, Ontario, L3R 1N1. • Breath test must be shown as reasonable Officer’s Memorial. As Bobbi Simmons Individual magazines are $5.00 each. Subscriptions are $25.00 per explains, the $10,000 he raised will pay to keep year or $40.00 for 2 years. (Foreign - $50.00 U.S.) Group and bulk rates CACP conference a media smorgasbord 31 up the site and fund a bi-annual service available upon request. honouring slain police officers. All material submitted for publication becomes the property of Blue Line Magazine unless other arrangements have been made with the publisher Investigating the RCMP 33 Most Canadian police forces realize the prior to publishing. importance of actively recruiting new officers The authors, advisors and Publisher accept no liability whatsoever for Civilian complaints commission any injuries to persons or property resulting from the application or but many don’t work as hard at retaining the adoption of any of the procedures, tactics or considerations presented in this magazine. Readers are cautioned and advised that articles presented officers they already have. S/Sgt. Syd Gravel, herein are edited and supplied for your personal awareness and should not Geographic profiling - the debate 34 who heads civilian and sworn recruiting for be used for further action until appropriate advice and guidance is received Ten problems with Rossmo and Filer defence from a supervisor, Crown Attorney or other person in authority. the , says it’s also Established in 1988, Blue Line Magazine is an independent publication crucial to recruit and support candidates who designed to inform, entertain, educate and upgrade the skills of those involved in the law enforcement profession. It has no direct control from a CORRESPONDENCE 37 come from social, cultural and familial law enforcement agency and its opinions and articles do not necessarily surroundings where policing is not considered reflect the opinions of any government, police, or law enforcement agency. ©2005 - All articles are protected by copyright. No part of this DEEP BLUE 38 an honourable career. publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, West Coast Correspondent Elvin Klassen electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording or by any Listening to ‘others’ crucial for police information storage or retrieval system without permission. writes about what is, some weekends, one of Internet activity is monitored and use or re-posting of the largest cities in Manitoba — Riding material on the Internet is restricted. ODDITORIALS 39 Mountain National Park — and the Mounties, Park Wardens and private security who work Mounties work on Manitoba shortage 40 together to keep the peace. Craig Bennell, This publication is a private venture and receives no Brent Snook and Paul Taylor defend their subsidy or grant from any level of government. Policing costs up in 41 Man versus machine article, which details a — Affiliations — simpler and quicker way to conduct International Association of Law Enforcement Planners Canadian Advertising Rates & Data NEWS CLIPS 43, 45 geographic profiling. International Police Association In our regular features, Mike Novakowski The Police Leadership Forum has case law, Public and Media Relations PRODUCT NEWS 44 Periodical Publishers Exchange Correspondent Mark Giles has an inside look The Canadian Press Newswire Harvey Research at handling media relations for the recent COMING EVENTS 45 CACP conference in Ottawa and Dr. Dorothy Printed in Canada by Tri-Tech Printing points out the importance of listening to ISSN #0847 8538 BACK OF THE BOOK 46 others, even if they don’t happen to work in Canada Post - Canadian Publications Mail The origins of modern policing your profession. Product Sales Agreement No. 176796

Blue Line Magazine 3 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 4 OCTOBER 2005 Let’s get our emergency plans in order

by Morley Lymburner Department would have some dedicated indi- This is why I was heartened by the recent viduals willing to stick around. announcement by Deputy Minister Anne When confronted with a disaster on the As clever as I thought I was being, I did McLellan that the government was going to scale of the recent New Orleans flood how not have a solution or even a suggestion for ensure funds were released for emergency would Canadian emergency services hold up? them. Instead I was struck by the enormity of services to perform simulations in real time. It is certain that when something like this the task of planning for such an event. When There are many lessons to be learned that can occurs you need a strong leader to take control one considers the politicians’ and top brass’ only be taught through the lives and blood and you need a strong personality to reassure need for command and control and mix that lost by others. Disasters such as the New Or- the public. They need not necessarily be the with the need to have front-line innovators in leans flood will no doubt provide a great deal same person but the two ingredients had better the right place and at the right time, it appears of learning opportunities for many thousands be there when things start happening. almost impossible to do anything in a predict- of emergency services personnel in the fu- Over the years many jurisdictions have had able fashion. I also know that there are some ture. Any initiatives by governments to plan plans in place to ensure appropriate response experts out there who can figure all this out and and fund such events appropriately can only to disasters. Many have plans but no opportu- my hat goes off to them for even trying. be applauded. nities to practice them due to budget restraints of some form or another. I was fortunate enough many years ago to be asked to sit in on an emer- gency management response exercise. It taught me a great deal about the differences between how cops think and how politicians think about emergency response. The scenario exercise was a nuclear power plant explosion just outside the city. The inci- dent was set to occur at 6:15 a.m. which magi- cally coincided with the beginning of the day shift for just about every municipal service in the city. It was obvious at the outset there was going to be no test of the emergency call-back list or how fast human resources could be marshaled in sufficient numbers to respond. Of course I also understood that this was a “paper exercise” and not the real thing. As the traffic training officer for the east end of the city I was asked to look over the road maps and give any suggestions I might have. My eyes were drawn to two small blue stars at the intersection of two six lane high- ways. I asked what these are and was advised they were two police cars and four officers. Their duties were to block off the roads from east bound and north bound traffic and redi- rect them back the way they came. When asked who drew up these plans I was advised it was done with the municipal depart- ment heads as directed by the mayor’s office. The plans were probably good in theory and the book it was bound in was at least three inches thick. It made for a formidable piece of litera- ture with a great deal of effort put into its devel- opment. It was sure to impress anyone looking at it on a shelf. Implementation, however, was impossible and failed to consider many realities of life and human nature. When asked my opinion I responded in my usual apolitical but cynical fashion. I advised them that the two blue stars would never have people there to fulfill their mandate. In fact the two blue stars would, in all probability, be lead- ing the parade out of town with the advantage of lights and sirens to clear the way. Human nature as it is would not likely allow finding two dedicated officers to willingly expose them- selves to the effects of radiation in any higher levels than any other citizen. In the true sense of Sir Robert Peel’s 7th principle the police would indeed become the public and they would willingly join in the panic and chaos. If the ba- sis of their plan was those two blue stars they might as well remove them now and figure out what they would do next. Perhaps the Library

Blue Line Magazine 5 OCTOBER 2005 by Danette Dooley ence in Bonn, Germany in 1979. Carlisle’s accomplishments are numerous as “I had the opportunity to travel fairly ex- and impressive. He led the Fredericton force to Gordon MacFarlane (Mac) Carlisle was tensively with that training profile across Canada Class ‘A’ status; it now offers a complete range walking the beat long before many of today’s and the States, as well as to Europe,” he recalls. of services, including polygraph, family serv- active duty police officers were even born. “That was a very rewarding part of my career.” ices section, underwater recovery, ERT, marine On July 4, 1958, just days out of high Carlisle embodied what it meant to be a and public order units. school, an 18-year-old Carlisle left his home police officer in his 22-year RCMP career, says He is a former member of the International in Fredericton, New Brunswick and headed to Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli says. Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Uni- Regina to join the RCMP. “His superiors spoke often of his deport- form Crime Committee and a past president of On July 5, 2005 he ended a 47-year polic- ment and dress, his enthusiasm for the job, his the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police ing career which included an incredible 25-year- relationship with those he served and his abil- (CACP). In 1997, Fredericton became one of stint as chief of the Fredericton Police Force. ity – indeed his willingness – to adapt to any the smallest cities and forces to ever host the “To shut down after all that time, it was a situation,” he says. “These qualities served him CACP’s annual conference. rather traumatic day for me,” the former chief in good stead from the time he joined the Carlisle says it’s crucial that chiefs stay in says, remembering his last day on the job. Things RCMP in 1958 to the day he retired as chief of tune with what’s happening on the streets. were a lot different in the early days. the Fredericton Police Force.” “The members appreciate it if you’re out “The equipment was so much different Carlisle was appointed chief in May 1980, there in the trenches with them. They can re- back then,” he says. “A lot of the old cars were the same month he retired. During his 25-years, late to you so much better and they realize you six cylinder, two doors. We had a few V-8’s, he helped bring policing in the city into the don’t mind getting your hands dirty. If there’s but they were all two doors too. The detach- 20th century by introducing a computer aided something to be done, they know you’re there ment cars were all black and the highway cars dispatching system in 1986 and an automated to assist, just like any other officer.” were black with white doors on them. Your ra- records management system in 1988. An early promoter of community policing, dar was that you sat on the side of the road and While primarily responsible for adminis- Carlisle oversaw its introduction in Fredericton. waited,” he laughs, “and communications were trative duties, Carlisle has always been in- “We had a storefront community police shaky at best, when you did have them.” volved in hands-on policing, as exemplified by office in 1984 in a neighbourhood that was However, things were much simpler. “This an article in the May 31, 1997 Daily Gleaner experiencing a particular amount of problems,” was before the Charter so that made things a crediting him with rescuing a would-be bridge says Fredericton’s current chief, Barry little bit different – and the clientele was a lit- jumper. He downplays what some see as a he- MacKnight, who was hired by Carlisle in 1984. tle bit different, too. They were nowhere near roic effort on his part, saying he just happened “We had what we all know now as a com- as sophisticated as they are today.” to be in the right place at the right time. munity police office in this particular neighbour- Carlisle advanced quickly through the “I was driving across the bridge in my (un- hood... one of the pioneer community policing ranks, becoming a corporal in 1967, sergeant marked) police car and I saw a fellow sitting projects, in all likelihood, in the country.” in 1973 and staff sergeant in 1976. He was the on the outside rail on the bridge,” he recalls. Fredericton now has eight community po- NCO in charge of several “H” Division detach- “He had his back to the water and had nothing licing offices and all members are involved in ments in Nova Scotia and was appointed the to hold on to. He looked like he was going to the philosophy. section NCO in Sydney Sub/Division prior to jump so I stopped the car and walked back. I Carlisle also oversaw the development of his early retirement from the RCMP in May finally got ahold of him. He tried to jump off the first victim services unit in New Brunswick 1980. A member of the “H” Division Emer- but I held him and a passing motorist stopped – one of the first in the country – in 1984. gency Response Team (ERT), he was involved and helped me pull him back up. By that time, His many accolades include induction as in centralized training across Canada and was I’d already called for back-up and a couple of an Officer of the Police Order of Merit and one of only two members to represent the our cars arrived and took him to the hospital to RCMP Long Service, Police Exemplary Serv- RCMP at an international anti-terrorist confer- have him checked out.” ice, Queen’s Silver Jubilee and Queen’s Golden

Blue Line Magazine 6 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 7 OCTOBER 2005 Jubilee medals. However, the most rewarding Carlisle is the cop who “put Fredericton “Some very important case law in police tributes for any officer come from friends and on the map” with technology, says Insp. Brent labour law emanated from some of the issues comrades within the policing community. Blackmore, who transferred into the force from in the ’90s and there are a number of issues “He strove to raise the level of profession- Dartmouth Police in 1986. Like MacKnight and that he’s had an impact on,” he adds. alism in policing, not just with our force but in many other officers with the force today, Carlisle credits his wife Gail with support- policing across the province and nationally,” Blackmore was hired by Carlisle, who quickly ing him throughout his lengthy career. says MacKnight, who also served with the became not only his chief but also his mentor. “I had a lot of moves when I was in the RCMP. Carlisle is a strong leader, he says, who “He had an open door policy and would al- RCMP and Gail moved around with me and her advanced many projects dear to his heart. ways take time to talk to you about your career responsibility as my spouse all those years when “He has a very great interest in the appli- and steer you in the right direction... He’s a great I was was fairly onerous. It would cations of technology in police work, so our believer in education. He encourages all of the be extremely difficult to be involved in the ac- department has always been highly automated. members to go back and take further studies... tivities and policing I did without her support.” He began a very close relationship with a com- so he’s made a huge difference in my career by The Carlisle’s two sons, Anthony and Jeffrey, puter aided dispatching and records manage- being there to guide me in the right direction. I are officers with the Serv- ment systems back in 1983 and that relation- still keep in touch with him after he’s retired, ice, as is their daughter-in-law Stephanie. ship has flourished since then.” for those purposes,” Blackmore says. “I encouraged them to do whatever they The way rank and file view a force speaks Training coordinator and media liaison of- wanted to do,” Carlisle says. “The only caveat I volumes about the man at the top. MacKnight ficer Cst. Bobbi Simmons credits Carlisle with had was that they had to get their university de- says Carlisle earned the respect of his mem- influencing her to become a police officer. grees first. They both did that and then went to bers and the confidence of the entire commu- “Upon completing my on the job training the Atlantic Police Academy... Of course, it made nity and was widely viewed as progressive. as a cadet, I wasn’t hired right away and was me very proud to see them following in my foot- “When the chief came here in 1980, the force pretty devastated. I remember getting a call from steps.” Carlisle says it’s now time for him to sit was certainly not where it should have been. He him, telling me to keep my head up and I would back and watch the people that he has guided advanced the department light years ahead. He be working in Fredericton someday,” she recalls. through the years take over the reigns. was certainly seen as a very strong leader who Carlisle recognized abilities in her that she MacKnight says the man who hired him has passionately took the department where he felt it hadn’t yet realized herself, Simmons says. laid a strong foundation on which he will con- should be. People who were around at the time “He was supportive of my career goals and tinue to build. “We know the challenges we’ve he first started say he hit the ground running and if there was one lesson I learned from him, (it) got ahead, we know where we’ve come from was a force to be reckoned with.” was an incredible work ethic. He was a great and we know where we’re heading,” he says. Carlisle always had a clear vision of what example of dedication to the job and his pride “When you leave one day and the depart- he wanted for the force, says community in this force was contagious,” she says. ment continues to flourish, that’s a very strong resourse section Cst. Paula Murray. The Fredericton Police Force has been statement that you did good work – and we “He leaves us with a modern, diverse, com- closely scrutinized over the last decade and haven’t missed a beat. We’re rocketing forward munity based police agency, well prepared to face Carlisle “lived through some dark times here because of the legacy that he has left behind.” challenges of the future – and as a visionary and and being subject to a lot of the problems that leader, he has taught us to embrace change and chiefs around the country are going through,” Danette Dooley is Blue Line’s east coast correspondent and can be reached at [email protected]. always look ahead to the possibilities.” MacKnight says.

Blue Line Magazine 8 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line New Brunswick cops faced down drug warlords by Richard Duplain Maritime Correspondent Blue Line Magazine - November 1989

“We have never been in so much danger and The security operation began early As the hearings progressed, police moni- yet at the same time had so much protection,” Wednesday afternoon of September 13th, 1989, tored the halls and perimetre of the court build- was the way one government employee de- when Edmundston city police stopped a van ing and officers were assigned to each Judge as scribed the tightest paramilitary security op- and a car containing four Colombian nation- they arrived. They entered the court through a eration conducted in the province by special als. Searches of the vehicles revealed they were private doorway and went to their courts using police assault teams. carrying an Uzi submachine gun, a Russian a private elevator and accompanied by armed The threat to the security of this city in the 762x369 assault rifle, an Israeli 565 assault ri- guards. Saint John River Valley was at its greatest this fle and more than 3,000 rounds of At 3:30 p.m. the two previously arrested past September as an underground Colombian ammunition.There were six 9mm semi-auto- suspects were led to awaiting police cars and organization readied itself for an apparent as- matic pistols, tear gas, a Japanese grenade (a whisked away to the city jail where tight secu- sault on the 130-year-old provincial jail. The dud), burglary equipment, an electric zap gun rity continued until September 16th when the mission, the authorities are still unsure of, was and camping equipment. two drug suspects and all five of the other South either to free the two Colombian nationals held Following that investigation, police deter- Americans were transferred to the Renous and on drug importation charges or to kill them. mined there might be a Fredericton connection Dorchester federal penitentiaries. Commenting The plan went awry when police in in view of the court hearing scheduled for the on the security situation, RCMP Sergeant Mark Edmundston, near the Quebec border, were next day of two Colombians charged with at- Flemming said the emergency response team tipped off September 13th to a number of ve- tempting to import drugs into Canada. They conducted a “threat assessment.” He said there hicles carrying illegal weapons. A similar tip were arrested last spring after their plane had been no threats made against the court. “We on the same day in Fredericton resulted in a crashed on a remote air field just outside of the are assessing the situation regarding the situa- further arrest in Saint John. city of Fredericton. A search of the plane re- tion in Colombia... but an ounce of protection Whatever the plan, security was the tight- vealed 500 kg of cocaine worth around $250 is worth a pound of cure,” he said. est it has ever been as a convoy of police cars million and weapons. It is believed that they Also worthy of note was the high degree transported two Colombian nationals and five were using the more remote areas of New of co-operation experienced by all those who other South Americans to the Justice Building Brunswick and Maine to smuggle drugs. had a part in the event. One would think total in the capital’s downtown area for separate At midnight, RCMP and Fredericton Police confusion would reign as a natural result of hearings relating to drug importation and con- were notified of the security measures and pro- such an unusually high profile and risky case spiracy to commit a prison break. tection was given to Premier McKenna and oth- especially in small town New Brunswick. This Close to 30 specially trained RCMP and ers. This protection extended some days after was not the case. On the contrary, the two main Fredericton Police emergency response mem- the initial arrests in Edmundston. By morning’s police agencies joined forces and acted admi- bers, including Chief Carlisle, could be seen light, emergency response team members could rably. These were police officers, known by carrying 9mm machine guns, M-16 sniper ri- be seen on the rooftop of the Fredericton Farm- most on a first name basis, doing their jobs and fles, shotguns, pistols and elaborate communi- ers’ Market and the Centennial Building adja- still having the time and humanity to smile at cations devices. They took up strategic posi- cent to the Provincial Jail house. the bystanders. They talked with the curious tions in and around the Justice Building each Both drug suspects were taken to the Justice and reassured the insecure. time the Colombians attended court. Building by a police convoy consisting of more With all the virtues of a rural Canadian life, Before the hearings got underway, deputy than a dozen heavily armed officers. The two were and try as we may to avoid the excesses of a sheriffs conducted body searches and security immediately placed in separate cells on the base- modern urban lifestyle, we must ask ourselves, checks as media representatives and spectators ment floor of the court and a police guard armed ‘who are we that it cannot happen here.’ The entered the courtroom to view the proceedings. with a machine gun guarded the door to the cell. fact is, it can happen here, and it has.

Blue Line Magazine 9 OCTOBER 2005 by Bobbi Simmons the majority of his career in the Major Crime cal goal. It was a hugely successful feeling.” Unit and general patrol. He currently serves as On the morning of the marathon, August The March 2005 murders of four RCMP a shift supervisor in the Patrol Division. He is 14, 2005, Reilly awoke with excitement. It was members in Mayerthorpe, Alberta had a pro- the father of two, Patrick 15 and Allyson 13. the end of the 126 day build up to the event. found affect on the policing community across Reilly presented the idea of the “Going He said he knew he was well trained and that Canada. Police officers were grieving and con- Home Marathon” to the Vice-President of the his hard work would see him realize this im- sumed by the details that were disseminated Board of Directors. The idea for the project was portant goal he had set for himself. by the RCMP and media, wanting to know how fine-tuned and plans began to develop for fund “I felt well prepared, it was like being re- such a tragedy could happen. One of those of- raising initiatives. At that point, he entered into ally prepared to write an exam. You know you’re ficers was Cpl. Randy Reilly of the Fredericton his 18 week training program. ready but you are still nervous,” he stated. Police Force. His approach was quite simple – find out At 7:00 AM, he set out on his tribute mara- Shortly after the shootings, Reilly was in how to run a marathon. Having been a recrea- thon with many friends and supporters on hand. the police gym running on a treadmill, watch- tional runner, he sought out information on how For the first five kilometres, he ran with Police ing coverage of the incident that had played to prepare for such a task. He referenced a Chief Barry MacKnight and Police Chaplain out in the days previous. The images of the four marathon training plan for the Chicago Mara- Rev. John Cathcart (who stayed for another five young officers caused him to think about their thon designed by Hal Higdon, Senior Editor kilometres). Later, RCMP Cpl. Sam Kenny and going home to God and tore at his heart strings. of Running World Magazine, as well as other Fredericton Police Sgt. Katherine Alchorn ran His thoughts shifted back and forth between reference material. His program consisted of ten kilometres, encouraging him and offering those officers and his desire to train for a mara- three short run days (3 k – 16 k), a cross train- advice on how to make it to the end. However thon. By the end of that work out, he devised a ing day with cycling and weights, one long run he was never alone. He was accompanied by plan that involved his “going home” to the day (10k –35k) and two rest days. several colleagues and friends on bikes and roller place where he grew up, but not by a car, by “This program totally consumed my life. blades the entire 43.3 kilometres. Eventually, running. He would run a marathon to Stanley, The marathon became paramount and eve- they all ran the last eight kilometers with him. New Brunswick and dedicate the run to the rything else took a back seat,” recalls Reilly. “The run itself was awesome. Having sup- fallen members of the RCMP. Even more, he “It changed my approach to my own physi- porters was comforting and energizing. Peo- would suggest it be a fundraiser for the New cal fitness.” ple came out of their houses to cheer me on Brunswick Peace Officer’s Memorial, as he had Prior to the program, he mostly weight and it gave me strength knowing that people just become a member of the Board of Direc- trained and ran five kilometre distances three supported the cause like they did,” said Reilly. tors. “The idea of it was that it was a marathon times a week. During the process his body As he approached the village where he grew distance and I was going home,” says Reilly. changed, going from a 238 pound build to a up, his thoughts were bittersweet. He thought “It was truly symbolic of dying and going home lean 208. When asked about the sacrifice of of why he was running, for fallen officers and to God.” this training he said that he did not regard it in that he was arriving home, which filled him Cpl. Reilly was born and raised in Stanley, that way. He was enjoying the philanthropic with excitement. He was touched by the pres- NB, a community of 250 people north of feeling of volunteering for something that he ence of many peace officers, colleagues, fam- Fredericton. In 1982 he moved to Fredericton believed in. ily and friends as he approached the final 500 where he became a Correctional youth coun- “It was better than working for money!,” metres of his journey. cillor, later attending the Atlantic Police Acad- he laughed. “I got a great high from the self- “I had such a feeling of success and emy in 1988. The Fredericton Police Force satisfaction of completing this training, and ul- achievement. It was great.” hired him in December of that year, serving timately the run, you know, meeting the physi- Reilly sprinted across the finish line, held

Blue Line Magazine 10 OCTOBER 2005 Innovation in fingerprints

MONTREAL — A forensic researcher has devel- oped a new technique which lifts fingerprints from wet paper in a method that is not only cheaper than existing techniques but more effective. The new method can be used to lift prints off evidence that has been submerged in water or snow. Alexandre Beaudoin, 27, trained at the Uni- versity of Montreal for microbiology, is working for Quebec Provincial Police. He developed the method two years ago at the police lab. by his parents John and Helen, to finish in a Beaudoin’s innovation was to soak the evi- time of four hours and 30 minutes. dence in oil red-0, a liquid used in microbiology, This event raised over $10,000.00 for the to identify membranes and cells. New Brunswick Peace Officer’s Memorial. The original method is based on oxidation reduction, which uses silver to coat and iden- The money will be used for upkeep of the tify fingerprints. Memorial Pavilion located on the Fredericton Beaudoin discovered that mixing methanol Green. In addition, there are plans for improve- with the oil red-0 substance works to create a ments to the site. Most importantly, this money stain which clearly defines the fingerprint. funds the bi-annual service recognizing the Not only is Beaudoin’s method more effec- sacrifice made by peace officers in the line of tive, it is also cost efficient. He says five hun- duty. It will ensure that families will have the dred grams of material required for his method, opportunity to share the memory of their loved costs $15 dollars while the equivalent for the oxi- ones and take pride in what they have done for dation reduction method costs $1,000. New Brunswick. “We just lifted a fingerprint from a piece of Reilly was asked, what was the predomi- paper that was taken as evidence 20 years ago nant thought that ran through his mind during that someone used in a failed attempt to light a this adventure. “The whole idea of going home. fire,” he said. Anytime I am feeling down, I’ll just drive home Beaudoin outlined the advantages of his and it grounds me. It is such a good feeling to new technique, also outlined in the Journal of Forensic Identification, to colleagues at the go home. Even though death is such a tragic annual conference of the Canadian Identifi- loss on earth, it must be a great feeling to go cation Society. home to God.”

Blue Line Magazine 11 OCTOBER 2005 Edmonton police launch ‘Don’t Get Stuck’ Needle program initiative for children by Ryan Siegmund The children have been very receptive, she says. After informing them of the two It’s never too early to rules and showing the video, Bourque tests educate children their memory and knowledge of what they about the dangers sur- have learned. rounding dirty nee- The program officially began this past dles and what to do if April with a big media launch attended by they find one. provincial and local politicians and com- That’s the message the munity leaders. The turnout exceeded (EPS) is present- Bourque’s expectations but with all the ing with its new needle injury prevention hoopla, she feared there would be a per- program aimed at elementary students. ception that injection drug use was only It was developed by EPS Cst. Sharon an inner city problem. Bourque, who works in the city’s selected “You do have your homelessness, your schools program as a school liaison officer. poverty, but the issue of drugs is always Three of her seven schools are elementary ongoing,” she says, noting crystal meth and, knowing the Edmonton Safer Cities labs are found in rural areas. Initiative committee was working to reduce Although discarded needles haven’t the risk to children who find discarded nee- safety box,’” Bourque says. “The video and been a regular occurrence in any of Bourque’s dles, Bourque saw an opportunity. colouring book really enforce the key mes- schools over the past three years, she says they “Unfortunately some of my schools are sages,” which are one, if you find a needle, were consistently turning up in the west end of located in areas where prostitutes sort of don’t touch it, and two, tell an adult. the city a few years back. hang their hats, so to speak,” she says. “Usu- “When I go into my presentation with the “Diane told me a story where a young child ally with that type of lifestyle, there is drug- kids, I talk about health and what it means to be had found a needle in a playground and was play- use associated and with drug-use there are healthy – so you get that dialogue. The whole ing doctor with it... I wanted to start something needles.” program itself focuses on health promotion and for the kids because it can happen in the city of Bourque has a passion for working with harm reduction – that’s the whole purpose of this Edmonton, or when you are traveling abroad with children and wanted to alert them to the dan- initiative. It fits into the safer cities initiative as your family or out camping. It is just to educate gers of discarded needles. She worked with well as the community based policing model.” them on what to do if you do find a needle be- Diane Paltzat, an EPS registered nurse, and Jeff While Bourque doesn’t divulge the illegal cause it’s not a toy to be played with.” Awid from multi media services to develop a activity associated with dirty needles to the Each of Bourque’s schools received a kit five-minute video for kindergarten to grade children because of their tender age, she does with a needle safety box, tongs and a box of three students informing them of what to do if try to teach the difference between good and gloves so that a teacher, nurse or parent-vol- they find a needle. bad needles. unteer is prepared if a needle is found. ‘Sharpie’ the big yellow needle safety box, “I say, ‘there are lots of people here in the Needle safety boxes are presently only of- a character which mimics Sponge Bob Square room today that have brothers, sisters and fam- fered in certain areas of Edmonton. Bourque says Pants, is featured in a colouring book which is ily members who have to use needles to stay the city made the mistake of asking communities also given to students. healthy’ and that is how I bring it in… (I say) if they wanted the boxes rather than placing them “He says ‘adults put needles inside of me, ‘unfortunately there are people who choose to throughout the city like did. doctors and nurses use needles that are good use needles for unhealthy reasons’ and that is The Safer Cities Committee launched a for you, needles can’t harm me because I’m a just the way I leave it.” needle safety box program in 2002 and has collected more than 15,000 needles in the Ed- monton area. The initiative distributes safe needle disposable tool kits, outlines what they are about and now includes the colouring book and video from the Don’t Get Stuck program. Bourque says this ties in nicely with the com- mittee’s goal of reducing the risk to children. Bourque would like to see the program spread across the country. The Edmonton Po- lice Foundation recently contributed $2,500 to order more books, she notes, but that’s just enough to cover her present schools. “Diane and I will be looking at ways of getting support to order more books so that if other schools called saying they would like to do this, I’d be able to do it. “For me as a police officer, who works with young children and also a mother to a young daughter, I wanted to do something for the kids and my belief is that if one child is harmed by a dirty needle – that is one child too many. I want to prevent that from happening and that’s why this program was developed.”

Cst. Sharon Bourque can be reached at [email protected] or 780-421-3436.

Blue Line Magazine 12 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 13 OCTOBER 2005 Zero -15 Recruiting issues for outreach programs by Syd Gravel to recruit in our fast-changing communities need to ensure an applicant understands: Police outreach programs should strive to • the job and what is expected of them retain as well as recruit officers. Today’s well • the competitive process they are entering educated and highly skilled recruits will • the reality and consequences of being hired change careers if they don’t find the challenge A person’s knowledge of these three fac- or rewards they are looking for. tors determines their chances of success. If they Much has been written about the chang- have a strong understanding of all three, I call ing demographics of our candidates and the that stage ‘zero.’ If they don’t understand or need for managers to be much more aware of lack support through any of the stages, they changes to management styles, but how we have a minus factor going against them. A per- recruit also has to change. son can find themselves anywhere along the ‘- I have been involved in recruiting for eight 5 to -15’ continuum, depending on how many years and can categorically state that the tradi- stages they have going against them. tional way of identifying police candidates, Preparing for a job is like preparing for a although it has served us well for more than race against other candidates for a job. There 150 years, is no longer appropriate. ‘Shopping is a baseline – starting line, which all approach mall’ recruitment booths, newspaper ads and after practicing and preparing, when they feel twice a year university or college ‘job fairs’ dressing retention issues. informed and qualified enough to win. The just doesn’t meet our needs anymore and the I am not suggesting that we need to con- most prepared, informed and qualified candi- days of simply processing applicant files are vince people to become police officers – they date wins. long gone. will lack the policing spirit unless they have a The objective of any police outreach pro- The age, education and experience level strong desire – but many community members gram is to ensure that all candidates are at base- of applicants is changing and they now come have that spirit; we simply need to learn how line zero; in other words, that the 30 people from communities where policing is no longer to nurture it and institute organizational change ‘racing’ to be hired feel confident that they are viewed as a career option or honourable pro- to support it. as informed, prepared and qualified as they can fessional choice. This is one of the two major Changing an organization is complex but be for what they have to do or know to win reasons why outreach projects, using traditional possible if the leadership is willing (but that is that position. recruiting methods, fail – the other is not ad- for another article). Police agencies preparing Stage one - Zero to -5 Most people born and raised in Canada have a pretty clear understanding of how po- licing, in general, is done here, but the social, cultural and familial surroundings in which they have been raised may affect how they view policing from a personal or cultural perspec- tive. That perception may be stronger than their general understanding, which I consider a mi- nus factor. A candidates level of negativity de- termines how difficult they are to recruit. This is not about a person not being quali- fied and recruiters having to make them so, or recruiters having to convince a potential can- didate to join when they don’t want to. It is simply addressing a perception that is interfer- ing with reality. If a recruiter doesn’t make the effort, they can lose good candidates. As has been said many times, people’s per- ceptions are their realities and unless recruit- ers point out the differences between percep- tion and reality, the perceptions will remain and good candidates will not come to the fore. Unique recruiting efforts must be devel- oped for unique communities within our juris- diction to address the perceptions, realities and differences that prevent good potential candi- dates from getting into the process.

Stage two - Zero to -10 The second area that has traditionally helped people get into policing is knowing an officer who is willing to advise them how to prepare for the hiring process and career. Can- didates can get a ride-along, often more than one, with their friend’s help. Zero effort is re-

Blue Line Magazine 14 OCTOBER 2005 quired here; the candidate is already well in- know how complex the police application proc- nothing more than an enforcement arm of a formed because of their friend or family mem- ess can be; the background investigations and corrupt regime. ber’s connections and needs no further help. interview, physical agilities and fitness, apti- The family may exhibit very little pride, Some candidates find attending a college tude, communications and psych tests are all and understandably so, refusing to celebrate the or university workshop a comfortable and wel- very intrusive and complex and can take event, help the officer move or attend their coming environment in which to obtain the months to complete, only to end in disappoint- graduation. As a matter of course, even in the information they need. On the minus side, some ment if they are not hired. most traditional hires, friends drop off when candidates don’t have either of these options Police services today aren’t equipped to do candidates become police officers. We know available to them. Perhaps they are too new to debriefings and generally don’t do them well, that, but when your community of friends and the community or Canada to know a police if at all. It can be devastating for a candidate to family is limited to a small, specific group, this officer, or they come from a community where not know what went wrong. There are certainly can be very damaging. people don’t trust or understand the police and times when we cannot disclose this informa- therefore don’t have the contacts needed to start tion. Candidates who know people in the busi- In some communities friends can become them on their career path. If they don’t have an ness can generally find some support or expla- enemies, not only to the recruit but to the fam- understanding of policing that takes them nation; unconnected individuals tend to explain ily. Police agencies need to work very hard to through stage one, they are already at -5, with their failure to family and friends using their help -15s transition into policing. This goes the potential to drop to -10. Reaching out to own perception or opinions, which may thwart beyond recruiting and involves police train- them requires effort on the part of recruiters your recruiting efforts in their immediate com- ing centres, coach officers, supervisors and and police services. munities. Recruiters must have immediate and platoon peers. The other area may be a lack of comfort in well thought out strategies so they can posi- Police services that recognize the complex- attending mainstream information sessions. tively close unsuccessful candidate files. ity of recruiting in their communities will put Some excellent candidates may not be com- Let me be clear here. It is up to us, as pro- the resources and expertise required where it fortable in colleges and universities. Sitting fessionally prepared and well trained members is needed. The days of traditional means of re- among 30 potential candidates may not be the of well established organizations with years of cruiting, which for the most part, required lit- best way for some people to learn what they tradition, to reach out and figure out how to do tle to no effort, are long gone. Becoming aware need to know and address issues they don’t things correctly; it is not up to individuals with- of the changing demographics of Canadian want to share with strangers. It can be difficult out supports, contrary traditions or misconcep- communities – education, age, religion, socio- to ask questions, especially if the question is tions to step up to the plate, figure things out economic status, gender, sexual orientation, about societal or cultural perceptions that most for themselves and fix things for us! gender identity and culture – and developing others in the class may not share or understand. an ability to work in that environment is an Recruiters need to make the effort to Stage three – Zero to -15 absolutely essential competency required of meet people one-on-one or attend custom- Family and friends take a great deal of pride recruiters today. made information sessions where potential in candidates hired to become police officers. candidates are in their own environment and They celebrate the event, help the new officer The leadership required to support the ever most comfortable. For example, this may setup the move to a new community, if re- changing approaches to recruiting is crucial to mean setting up discussions over coffee or quired, attend the graduation ceremony and the future success of Canadian police services. tea at a local tea room or sports court with show pride that their son, daughter or friend is We must move beyond simply stating that we one or two potential candidates. now a proud member of the local police serv- want to reflect the diversity of our community; Our recruiters have had more success with ice. Zero effort required here. The candidate is we must make that statement a reality. small groups of five or six interested or curi- already well supported by their friends and fam- S/Sgt Syd Gravel has served with the Ottawa Police Serv- ous youth at one-on-one meetings set up by ily and needs little or no further help. ice for more than 27 years as a patrol community leaders than at job fairs where 500 officer, instructor and head of sworn and A -15 candidate has everything, including civilian recruiting. He currently manages people have walked by our booth. The larger stage three, going against them. There is a very numbers may validate your ‘visual’ presence the OPS Outreach Recruitment Project, good chance family members will be shocked which works to attract applicants from but the applications you receive are what that they have chosen policing as a profession, Ottawa’s complex, diverse and chang- counts, and that’s where one-on-one excels. I ing demographics. He has taken a lead would suggest that recruiting officers coordi- since their views are shaped by memories of role in developing ethics training and nate these scenarios; front line patrol officers how police operated in their home country. was a recognized leader in teaching problem solving at Officers in some of these countries don’t make street level policing. Gravel can be reached at working with community leaders have a greater [email protected]. chance of success. any money unless they are corrupt and may be Last but not least are ride-alongs. If a can- didate doesn’t know anyone in a police serv- ice or doesn’t understand Canadian policing, Ottawa Police Taser use on the rise it is difficult to take that first step. If they’re with Tasers. Earlier this year, the Toronto trying to convince themselves to at least find OTTAWA — Taser use by Ottawa police tac- out more about policing while fighting a dis- tical officers is on the increase, stats show. approved allowing front-line supervisors in three divisions use Tasers trust of police, the ride-along application proc- Since 2000, they have been used for a three-month period. ess may be viewed as intrusive. A recruiter must an average of about once a month make sure interested candidates understand not and or 75 times in total. Stun guns Tasers are a necessary weapon in dealing with suspects in certain only the reason for the ride-along and what to this year, however, have already situations, Ottawa police say. expect but also why we ask what we ask in the been used 12 times, above previ- application process. ous years’ averages. “It’s really been extremely effec- tive at neutralizing a threat,” said Staff It helps to have volunteer officers cham- The Ottawa Police Association Sgt. Mike Ryan. “It fills the gap be- pion your efforts while accompanying the can- is developing a plan to add between didate during the ride-along, keeping recruit- 40 to 60 Tasers for front-line road su- tween some of our less lethal options.” Taser use in Ottawa is not as high as ing issues in mind. A call from the officer af- pervisors and other specialized units, it could be, Ryan says, referring to tactical officers terwards goes a long way in helping the re- adding to the current deployment of approxi- cruiter determine the next move. mately 50. being the only ones trained to use them. “We’re not overly relying on the option,” he said. I can’t emphasize enough the importance Should the proposal be approved, Ottawa “It’s reflective that it’s being deployed properly.” of making the candidate feel comfortable with would join Toronto in providing patrol supervisors the information they receive. All recruiters

Blue Line Magazine 15 OCTOBER 2005 Report says Ontario highways lack proper policing

Vernon White has been appointed the new chief of the Durham Regional Police Service, becoming the agency’s fifth chief. White, an RCMP veteran leaving behind his assistant commissioner post, has extensive experience in investigative and supervisory positions. Described as “one of the top police leaders in the nation,” White’s service record includes positions in major case management, community policing, proceeds of crime, detachment/unit commander, support services management, commercial crime and program policy. He began as chief designate on Sept. 6 and is to take over command at an unannounced date, replacing former chief Kevin McAlpine, who announced his retirement in May. A barrage of violent incidents in Saskatoon has prompted Saskatchewan’s justice minister to promise new action against criminal gangs. Frank An internal Ontario Provincial Police re- Hilton, press aid to Community Safety minis- Quennell says the province will port states the agency’s ability to patrol the ter Monte Kwinter. look at changes to legislation and highways is inadequate. “We have to hold a tough-line on spend- the development of anti-gang It states nearly four times the current ing and policing is just one of many compet- strategies with local authorities in ing priorities.” an effort to make the climate more number of traffic officers are needed to appro- hostile for gangs. Quennell says priately handle the workload. Meanwhile the Ontario Public Service officials will look at measures taken The report goes on to say that not only are Employees Union president says Transporta- to combat auto theft and break and enters as potential accident investigations inadequate, but formal tion Ministry workers should be responsible models that could be adapted to deal with gang activity. for road safety instead of police. The measures involve strengthening partnerships traffic training is nearly non-existent. The between the province, police and social agencies, number of officers solely assigned to traffic Leah Casselman says road safety issues can increased resourcing and prevention and education duty needs to be increased from 120 to 450 be handled more efficiently and in a more cost- activities. Five months ago police officials called for a and that 300 entirely new officers would be effective way by ministry officers and police provincial strategy after a report said Saskatchewan beneficial as “an investment in the future.” should spend their time and resources crack- has the highest per capita number of youth involved in gangs in Canada. The province is saying, however, that the ing down on crime, not unsafe vehicles. OPP must make due with it’s current budget. Using officers to conduct road safety An Albertan director of the Canadian Professional Although the government has promised to blitzes is an attempt to download costs onto Police Association says Alberta’s Solicitor General’s pay for 1,000 new officers, it is only going to pay police budgets, something that the public is less plan to use special constables to enforce traffic laws likely to question, Casselman says. on highways will compromise safety. Sgt. Al Koenig for municipal policing, not for patrolling provin- says it will also turn rural Alberta into small-town Georgia cial highways or other OPP responsibilities. The union maintains the ministry’s en- because special constables will set up speed traps to “It is up to the OPP to make the best use of forcement officers are trained and equipped to generate revenue for municipalities. Annette Bidniak, the resources that they have.” says Andrew do the same job at just over half the cost. spokesperson for Cenaiko says the special constables would work in teams with RCMP in rural areas and on highways in an effort to bolster enforcement and reduce traffic fatalities. Bidniak said the proposal is part of a larger plan to build a provincial pool of special constables who could do a variety of tasks, from Deputy Chief Forde makes history providing security at the courts and legislature to patrolling highways. TORONTO — Keith Forde, a 33- Forde, who becomes year veteran with the Toronto police deputy chief of human resource Alex Swann, spokesman for Public Safety Minister service has been promoted to command, said he wants to Anne McLellan says deferrals on several gun deputy chief, marking the first time continue to work to ensure the regulations are to “ensure compliance and be a black officer has assumed the po- service reflects Toronto’s diver- responsive to the feedback” on the regulations from sition in Toronto’s policing history. sity and sees a role for himself the public. The Canada Firearms Centre (CFC) as an intermediary and bridge- regulations were supposed to have taken effect in Forde has served in a variety September. A provision to have police agencies across of areas, most recently as the su- builder. Blair says he has al- Canada register all their weapons, including seized perintendent in charge of the train- ready asked Forde to “reach out guns, with CFC is among the delays. New rules ing and education unit. to community leaders,” to seek governing gun shows have been deferred until “I have, throughout my career, solutions in ending the outbreak November 2006, while regulations that would force gun- been the first (black officer) in many of shootings in the city. makers to identify all firearms with internationally positions,” Forde said after the an- Newly appointed Deputy Chiefs York Region Staff Sgt. recognized markings won’t come into force until the nouncement at police headquarters. Tony Warr, Kim Derry, Jane Dick Chris Bullen, president of the end of 2007. TPS Chief Bill Blair announced and Keith Forde assume their com- Association of Black Law En- Forde as one of four new deputy mands. forcers applauded the TPS Tony Cannavino, president of the Canadian chief designates during the unveil- Board for recognizing Forde Professional Police Association, as a “capable and qualified police leader.” says Tasers are a valuable tool that ing of the new command structure of the service. will protect officers. Citing a report Jane Dick, a 30-year veteran, becomes deputy “Blacks have been in policing in Canada for over prepared by the Canadian Police chief of the executive command, only the third woman 200 years,” he noted, describing Forde as a “role Research Centre, Cannavino says to become a deputy, while Kim Derry, also a 30-year model.” the advantages of non-lethal veteran, will oversee divisional policing command. Both Police board chair Pam McConnell described the Tasers far outweigh the risks. “With were appointed interim deputy chiefs in April. announcement as “a unique occasion, a time of sig- the Taser gun, it protects a police Supt. Tony Warr, who will lead specialized opera- nificant change, of substantial restructuring and of mo- officer from getting injured and it tions command was also given the promotion to deputy mentous opportunity.” protects the individual,” he says. chief. Forde and Ontario Provincial Police Deputy Com- The association says proper training is paramount, and Blair referred to the appointees as the “best team of missioner Jay Hope are now the highest ranking black all front-line officers should be equipped with them. police leaders ever assembled in this country.” officers in Canadian law enforcement.

Blue Line Magazine 16 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 17 OCTOBER 2005 Agencies cooperate to police popular Manitoba park by Elvin Klassen Riding Mountain National Park has a population of 30,000 people some weekends, making it one of the largest cities in Manitoba. More than 250,000 visitors annually pass through the gates of the western Manitoba park, which is about an hour north of Brandon. Visitors enjoy the town site of Wasagaming, the large and beautiful Clear Lake and the grasslands flanked by aspen in the western section, where bison graze in the fields. There are many lakes in its boreal for- ests, which have stands of spruce, 400 kilome- tres of hiking, biking, horse and cross-country ski trails and several campgrounds. Situated amidst a sea of agricultural land, Riding Mountain rises dramatically from the prairie landscape. Forming part of the Mani- toba Escarpment, this ‘island’ reserve covers 3,000 square kilometers and protects a wide variety of wildlife and vegetation areas. Agassiz Tower overlooks a panoramic view of prairies stretching out to the north. Clear Lake, covering 25 square kilometers, Cst. Dave Porter, Cpl. Brian Huff and Sr. Park Warden Ray Whaley drops to a depth of 34.7 metres. The park has 60 species of mammals, including cougars, ot- stables, three corporals, one staff sergeant and Wasagaming is a unique law enforcement unit. ters, fishers, pine martens and wolves. Its 260 one sergeant, police this large rural area. Each It’s officers are familiar with the National Parks species of birds include the great grey owl and of the towns has a community office, with the Act and consult and work closely with park bald eagle. administrative office in Shoal Lake. wardens to set out clear guidelines for shared The RCMP, park wardens and private se- Huff grew up in Fisher Branch, Manitoba delivery of service. curity officers work together to police the park, and has been with the RCMP for 10 years. He’s The Victoria Day weekend marks the offi- enforce regulations and protect visitors. no stranger to the outdoors — he and his fa- cial start to the summer for many and is one of “I work where other people play,” says ther taught bush survival techniques to the the busiest weekends of the year at the park. RCMP Cpl. Brian Huff of the Yellowhead De- Canadian Forces in the early 1990s and he takes The RCMP sent in an additional 12 patrol and tachment, who is in charge of the Wasagaming three weeks off each year to work with him three traffic officers — even a police dog from and Elphinstone offices. “I really enjoy my job. guiding hunters. Portage la Prairie — to help handle the crowds. I interact with people in the communities, work Two other officers work out of the Superintendent Greg Fenton declared the park in the outdoors and have the opportunity to be Wasagaming office year around and other of- alcohol free to combat previous problems with involved with boat and horse patrols.” ficers come in from neighbouring detachments alcohol and officers laid 127 liquor and Na- Wasagaming RCMP consolidated with de- for two week stints during the summer tourist tional Park Act charges. Check stops are com- tachments from Minnedosa, Elphinstone, Shoal season. The office receives 75 to 100 calls for mon and officers patrol on boats, ATVs, horses, Lake and Hamiota Detachments in 1999 to service each month and has three holding cells. bicycles and foot. form the Yellowhead Detachment. Fifteen con- Located within a national park, There are 13 wardens, including supervi- sory staff, during the summer. Their main tasks include managing resources, law enforcement and public safety. Wardens, in partnership with the RCMP, handled law enforcement duties in the park for almost 25 years. That changed in 2000 after Labour Canada, acting on a safety complaint from a Banff park warden, ordered to either change the unarmed wardens’ duties or ensure they were protected from dan- ger. The federal agency has now developed new policies which clarified a warden’s enforce- ment authority and responsibilities, enhanced training and communications systems and in- troduced new equipment. With their current limited enforcement role, many wardens are uncertain about their future duties and some are disillusioned with Parks Canada. The appeal process of the original complaint is continuing and appears headed for the Supreme Court of Canada. Senior Park Warden Ray Whaley says his staff has had a positive and supportive part- nership with the RCMP throughout his 23 years at the park. Both wardens and RCMP officers responded to a recent night time noise complaint, for example, discovering that a

Blue Line Magazine 18 OCTOBER 2005 group had stolen a boat from a cottage veys, evaluate habitats, monitor ecologi- owner. Wardens and officers laid a vari- cal integrity indicators, handle pollution ety of charges. control, assist in developing and “Wardens have helped the RCMP analyzing resource databases and handle many times with unruly crowd control fire management. streaming out of downtown dance halls,” Wardens are responsible for protect- Whaley explains. “The RCMP have count- ing the public’s safety, from providing less times reciprocated, providing backup emergency first aid to launching compli- services in campgrounds (and) vehicle and cated search and rescue operations on land criminal checks for wardens. There has and water. The service also assesses and been very good joint force efforts on im- manages the risks from visitor activities, paired driving offences in the park, traffic which involves trail and hazard marking and accident control, notification of next and visitor safety programs. They also to kin situations and community policing plan- “Park wardens working in Canada’s Na- work closely with local people and organiza- ning initiatives, to mention a few.” tional Parks should receive the same level of tions to manage and operate parks and, in many “We’ve gotten along for a long time be- protection that most other peace and conser- areas of Canada, with Aboriginal peoples to cause we’ve needed each other... Wasagaming vation officers in North America receive,” says ensure their traditional knowledge and experi- has been blessed with many fine RCMP offic- Whaley. “RCMP or provincial conservation ence is applied. ers over the years who were so willing to as- officers in their respective districts or detach- A third level of law enforcement is done sist the park maintain its peace and security ments do not have the resources or authority by Parks Canada contract workers. Riding goals,” Whaley says. to suddenly take up law enforcement in national Mountain spent nearly $70,000 this year on However, some joint operations no longer parks. Wardens should be afforded all the nec- security officers to patrol the campgrounds and take place because of the ruling. For example, essary personal protective equipment and re- town site during the night and provide a basic the two services worked together on a multi- lated training required to do their job on be- messaging service. Some park officials are day stakeout several years ago to nab poach- half of Canadians.” concerned about this because of the false im- ers, something that would be handled only by “To tell these wardens that their jobs pose age of security the untrained officers present the Mounties today. Whaley says wardens no personal risk and that it is the reason they to park visitors. rarely conduct road checks for poached meat, cannot carry sidearms is ridiculous,” says Inky The partnership between the agencies bear parts or firearms infractions because of Mark, MP for the area. “Natural resource, fish- makes Riding Mountain a popular and safe the tight restrictions. eries and even environment officers are re- place to enjoy Manitoba’s natural resources. Riding Mountain Park has the largest black quired to carry sidearms. They seldom deal “This is a wild and wonderful place where the bear population in the world and poachers con- with people. Park wardens however are being sky is vast and blue and every sunset is an oc- stantly try to fill the demand for bear paws and denied side arms even though they deal with casion to remember,” says Fenton. gallbladders, which usually end up in Asian people every day.” pharmacies and restaurants. Poachers also seek There are over 400 wardens serving in Cpl. Brian Huff can be reached at [email protected] elk trophy heads and elk and moose meat. Con- Canada’s 39 national parks and their respon- gc.ca or 204-848-2659; Senior Park Warden Ray Whaley trol of this problem has suffered since restric- sibilities range far beyond the stereotype of can be contacted at [email protected] or 204-848-7264. tions were introduced, officials say. catching poachers. They conduct wildlife sur-

Blue Line Magazine 19 OCTOBER 2005 Taking control of your crisis by Jim Stanton fax Regional Municipality for the RCMP. At approximately 3:57 a.m. on the On the first day, Cst. Taplin handled morning of October 14th, 2004, a MK more than 100 media calls. The major- Airlines 747 cargo plane took off ity of these were live telephone inter- from Halifax International Airport views with reporters from around the (HIA) loaded with tons of cargo and world as well as live briefings held at enough aviation gas to take it across HIA. the Atlantic. It was decided to use HIA as the As it roared down the runway at full facility to manage the event and brief throttle, something went terribly wrong. the media. The first media briefing The tail of the aircraft struck the run- was held at 6:07 a.m., on October way, breaking off in two pieces, leaving 14th. A mere two hours after the inci- the aircraft in an angle of attack with no dent, Cst. Taplin set up the scrum area way of controlling the destiny of the for media satellite trucks in a parking plane or crew. lot located on the airport property. On As it cleared the airport boundary fence, ties of the police Public Information Officers October 15th, Cst. Taplin contacted Sgt. the 747 crashed and exploded in a nearby field (PIO) who had to respond to national and in- Spicer for assistance in setting up a news con- instantly killing all seven crew members. Emer- ternational media attention that instantly ze- ference area in a room at a hanger at the air- gency services battled for four hours to quell roed-in on this accident. port. Media were accredited and briefed on the flames that engulfed the fuel-laden plane Such an event could have very quickly es- what was known to date. While this was a terrible tragedy for the calated into a logistical nightmare. The plane MK Airlines made arrangements to get crew, their families and the airlines, it also be- was registered in the United Kingdom with a their spokesperson on site as soon as possible. came a major test for Halifax emergency re- crew who were from Africa, the tail section Until he arrived, the Halifax team decided they sponders to manage yet another disaster in the was on airport property, the crash site was on a would only speak about what they were doing national/international media eye. combination of municipal and private land, and in terms of response to the crash itself and not I was in Halifax teaching a crisis commu- there was instant media interest. get caught in speculation about the plane, the nications course when this occurred. I noticed Because Halifax regional authorities had crew, the state of maintenance, and other such from the media coverage that two of the police first-hand experience in responding to many details. This was a wise decision and prevented officers being quoted about the crash had been major incidents in the last few years - the crash rumours from spreading. on a police media relations workshop we con- of Swiss Air 111, Hurricane Juan, at least three Because of the nature of the crash, the ducted earlier that year. I sent them both a quick major snowstorms, they were well prepared to RCMP took the lead roll in conducting the search e-mail to commend them on handling a poten- handle this latest tragedy. and recovery. Halifax Regional Municipality did tially difficult situation well and asked them to When the incident occurred HIA immedi- not activate their EOC but provided personnel let me know what communications lessons ately activated their Emergency Operations and logistical support to the airport team. were learned as a result of this tragedy. Center (EOC) and their emergency plan. On October 14, the media were given regu- On Sunday, October 17th, myself and At 4:00 a.m., RCMP PIO, Cst. Joe Taplin lar updates at 6:07a.m., 6:55 a.m., 11:00 a.m., Sgt. Paula Walsh, from the Royal Newfound- received a call from RCMP S/Sgt. Darrell 3:00 p.m. and 7:30 p.m. A media pool was al- land Constabulary - who was assisting me in Beaton advising him of the crash. He responded lowed to go on site to get footage for the news, Halifax - were invited by the Royal Cana- by driving immediately to the HIA EOC. under the control of the RCMP at 8:15 a.m. dian Mounted Police (RCMP) to visit the Cst. Taplin advised his counterpart Sgt. Transportation Safety Board (TSB) offi- HIA Emergency Operations Center (EOC) Don Spicer, Halifax Regional Municipal Po- cials arrived from Halifax and Ottawa on Oc- and the crash site. It was a great privilege to lice PIO at 4:13 a.m. of what had taken place tober 14, 2004, and worked with the RCMP at be allowed on site and I would like to share at the Halifax International airport. Sgt. the site. This information was relayed to the some of our experiences and observations. Spicer provided assistance by taking over me- media to ensure they were kept in the loop. This article focuses on the role and activi- dia relations and media calls within the Hali- The PIOs ensured officials were made

Blue Line Magazine 20 OCTOBER 2005 available to explain what steps were being The media were also provided with a de- 6. Establish a regular system for media briefing. taken, how the search and recovery grid was tailed coloured air photo to help accurately il- 7. Be strategic in releasing your information. established and updates were provided as new lustrate the crash scene. 8. Use the right person to release information information became available. This was a Cst. Taplin, as the PIO, set the ground rules as it becomes available. classic example of “feed the beast.” The beast for the media before the news conference 9. Take control of the media and set the being the media and its voracious appetite. started, including advising them who was go- ground rules – realize the media is your me- On October 17th, the flight data recorder ing to be attending the briefing, instructing dium to getting out your messages to the was recovered, everyone knew this was going them to identify themselves and the media out- various publics. to be big news. In a pre-news conference brief- let they were representing and to limit their 10. Provide the media with technical assistance ing, it was determined that the RCMP would questions to the incident itself. - such as switching boxes. provide an update on the status of the search As the news conference wound down, 11. Arrange for media “pools’” to go to the but the TSB would make the announcement Cst. Taplin reminded the media that there site, when possible. about the recorder being found. would be time for a couple of more ques- 12. Conduct detailed briefing of officials be- It was most appropriate the TSB make this tions and that TSB, RCMP and MK Airlines announcement since they would be able to an- officials would be available for one-on-one fore any news conference, and know who swer the detailed questions the media would ask. interviews afterwards. says what. The RCMP doing the briefing The PIOs assisted the media in obtaining 13. Have a PIO act as the facilitator for news was bilingual and prepared to handle any ques- additional photo opportunities and one-on-one conferences. tions that might come from the French media. interviews after the news conference 14. Stay flexible and get to know your col- A second RCMP Cst., Gary Latuor was avail- The PIOs then escorted the officials back leagues before a crisis occurs. able to assist Cst. Taplin in the logistics of the to the pre-briefing room, setup in a secure part 15. Remember, it’s YOUR crisis, not the me- news conference. of the airport and assisted the media in leaving dia’s – take control! MK Airlines determined that they would the news conference area. not sit at the briefing table but would be in at- In summary, some of the vital lessons tendance and available for interviews after the learned from this tragedy include: news conference, this was a wise decision as 1. Have a comprehensive emergency public it kept the purpose of the briefing very clear – information plan as part of your emer- an update on the search and recovery efforts gency plan. and the announcement about recovering the 2. Train your PIOs on how to handle situa- flight data recorder. tions like this. The media were provided with a switch- 3. Make sure you have up-to-date local me- ing box to plug their microphones into so they dia contact lists. would get a clear audio pick up and would not 4. Take care of the needs and deadlines of have to worry about getting their microphones local media before those of those from far- in a big jumble on the table. The box was tested ther away. just before the news conference started to make 5. Prepare templates to be able to get infor- sure there were no technical difficulties. mation out to the media quickly.

Blue Line Magazine 21 OCTOBER 2005 Confronting post traumatic stress disorder by Liz Brasier-Ackerman for all who work in law enforcement to be aware of the signs and symptoms of PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in themselves and others. This disorder is is a normal reaction to abnormal events, par- serious and insidious; it’s too easy to label ticularly those which are stressful and in- it as simple stress and ignore the signs of volve violence and fear. trouble. Common symptoms include ‘re-experi- Police need to take advantage of the help encing’ (flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive that is available. Critical incident stress de- thoughts), avoidance (withdrawal from re- briefing after a major incident gives offic- lationships and social interaction, mental and ers an opportunity to discuss events with emotional ‘numbness’) and increased peers. This works best when followed up arousal (hypervigilance, irritability, anger, with preventive measures like peer counsel- sleep disturbance and difficulty concentrat- ling, talking things over with those who fully ing). PTSD seldom occurs without accom- understand the demands of the job. panying conditions such as clinical depres- When PTSD occurs however, medical sion, burnout or substance abuse. help is necessary. Dr. David Wright of The common understanding of PTSD is with his co-workers. The answer to a ‘bad’ day Homewood Health Centre in Guelph heads the that it occurs after a single extraordinary event was to hit the pub before heading home. Any only Canadian in-patient PTSD treatment pro- but the experience is usually quite different for attempt to speak with superiors ended with gram. There are four stages a person must go police. Witnessing, experiencing and coping them suggesting that he’d better learn to cope. through on the road to recovery, he says: with traumatic events are an essential part of He was unwilling to burden his spouse by talk- • They must be made to feel safe. This is the the job and officers must find a way to incor- ing about job stress so the only thing left was core of PTSD; a sense that one is no longer porate them into the sphere of ‘normal’ on-the- socializing with co-workers, drinking and try- safe, the world is not a safe place and can job experience. This is a difficult task and po- ing to forget. never again be safe. lice have found varying ways of dealing with For years he managed to suppress his gut • The person must learn to focus on the here psychologically and emotionally overwhelm- reactions and carry on, until one day a rela- and now. The disorder keeps them out of ing experiences – some healthy, some not. Po- tively harmless and non-threatening incident touch with the world, either in an arousal lice PTSD is most often cumulative, resulting sent him spiraling down. Michael slid into de- state, wound up and ready for imminent dan- from many suppressed events, and there are pression and began to show all the symptoms ger, or an avoidance state, cut off from day three main reasons why this is unique to law of PTSD. He missed work, stopped contact to day life. enforcement: with co-workers, spent weeks, then months in • The person needs to be able to look at the • The demands of the job don’t leave room or front of the television and found it impossible incident(s) they’ve experienced, admit that time to process the mental, physical and emo- to focus. they were bad and talk freely about them tional effects of particularly severe incidents. He suffered mood swings, spent his days while staying grounded in the present. There is paperwork and follow-up to be done, in a state of mental limbo and his nights un- • The person must regain the ability to think followed by pressure to get back out on the job. able to sleep, stopped taking care of himself in future terms, seeing the future in a posi- • The general police mindset is that officers and disconnected from the rest of the world, tive light. know what they signed up for and should be including his family. Memories of the events Getting help is not easy at present. Some able to cope; if not, they may be in the wrong he’d witnessed haunted him to the point where who try have been rebuffed and left feeling in- line of work. the future was only dark. The world was no competent or weak. It’s a struggle that comes • Police officers make serious demands on longer a safe place. at a time when one is least able to fight for themselves. The ‘supercop’ image is power- Fortunately he realized he was in trouble what they need, but this situation is changing. ful and an officer having difficulty coping with and sought help. Reaching a saturation point Michael notes that he sees himself as “on an event perceives it as a personal deficiency. and being unable to suppress anymore is not the cusp of a change in guard.” Old attitudes are These influences lead many officers to sup- unusual. Many officers reach a ‘breaking point’ receding; police officers beginning their careers press adverse reactions to critical incidents and and don’t realize that they are dealing with today are aware of the dangers of critical inci- keeps them from looking for proper support. PTSD. Picture a full glass of water, Michael dents and less hesitant to talk about them. Michael worked in a large city for years says, with a convex curve at the top; add one Amendments to workers compensation policies and witnessed many incidents: trauma, vio- more drop and the curve is broken, allowing have made it easier for police to claim for lost lence, threats to his own and others’ welfare, the water to overflow. Perceiving few or no time and wages but this is still an uphill battle, sudden death, accidents, death notifications and avenues for venting after critical incidents adds with the onus being on the officer to prove that much more. Peer pressure left him unable to water to the glass. they’re dealing with cumulative PTSD. speak freely about particularly bad incidents The nature of the job makes it incumbent Andy Emmink of Emmink and Associates in Ajax, Ontario represents police whose claims have been turned down. He says police culture denies PTSD – there’s not only a stigma still attached to the term but a financial cost to po- lice services for successful claims. Seeking help is still not an easy process, but the alter- native is perilous. Now back on the job, Michael says he “struggled to accept a diagnosis of PTSD but once I overcame my own negative perception of what it is, then recovery began. There are many officers who are suffering and resist look- ing for help. Go forward and get the help that is needed. There are people out there that know exactly what to do to help you.”

Liz Brasier-Ackerman can be reached at [email protected] .

Blue Line Magazine 22 OCTOBER 2005 Dalhousie University Police Leadership Graduates Fall 2004 - Spring 2005 The Staff and Faculty of the Police Leadership Program congratulate all graduates on their success! Administration Certificate S/Cst. Scott Gawne Sgt. Lori Lynn Colbourne McMaster University Security, Hamilton, ON RMCP, Ottawa, ON Cpl. André Bernard D/Cst. Ron Hansen Cst. Eric Rashid Irani RCMP, Montreal, QC Halton Regional Police Service, ON RCMP, Yellowknife, NT Sgt. Julia Cecchetto Sgt. C.J. Kyle WO Ernie Kolmel Military Police, Tokyo, Japan Halifax Regional Police, NS Delta Police, BC Sgt. David A. Jenkins Cst. Andrew Taylor Sgt. David Pacheco McMaster University Security, Hamilton, ON Ontario Provincial Police, Aurora, ON Sgt. Scott Kerr Service, Brampton, ON Ontario Provincial Police, Sgt. James Perrin Supervisory Skills Certificate Queen’s Park, ON Halifax Regional Police, NS Sgt. Arthur R. Maye Det. Peter Riemenschneider Sgt. Craig Burnett RCMP, Ottawa, ON Peel Regional Police Service, ON RCMP, Enfield, NS Cpl. André Menoche DI Robin C. Sherwood Rhonda D. Chalupiak RCMP, Montreal, QC Bermuda Police Service, Bermuda RCMP, Regina, SK Sgt. Brian Miller Cst. Cheryl Simbirski Cst. Ed Conway South Simcoe Police, Innisfil, ON Sault Ste Marie Police Service, ON Brandon Police Service, MB Sgt. William Morris Sgt. William Paul Sutton Cst. Marjorie Jeffery Halifax Regional Police, NS Canadian Forces Military Police Academy, Sudbury Police Service, ON Det. Rod Jones Cst. Victor A. Richard Borden, ON Peel Regional Police Service, Brampton, ON Peel Regional Police Service, Brampton, ON Cst. Toni Zoledowski Sgt. Alistair J. Renshaw Sgt. Francois Roussel RCMP, Pembina Valley, MB RCMP, Ottawa, ON Durham Regional Police Service, Oshawa, ON Insp. Wayne R. Williams Service Delivery Certificate RCMP, Ottawa, ON Advanced Police Leadership Certificate

Law and Justice Certificate Sgt. Maggie Bryant Insp. Murray Morton Peel Regional Police Service, Brampton, ON Police Service, AB

S/Sgt. Garry Begg Cst. Jennifer Bushell This list is not exclusive. Some students could not be contacted and for reasons of RCMP, Surrey, BC , ON privacy and security some did not wish to have their names included.

Sgt. Bruce MacPhail Award S/Sgt. Chris Newton of the London Police Service is the fourth annual recipient of the Sgt. Bruce MacPhail Award for Academic Excellence in Dalhousie University's Police Leadership Program. Chris joined the London Police Service in June 1986 and was assigned to the Uniformed Patrol Branch. During his 19 years with the London Police Service, he has worked in the Criminal Investigation Division, Community Oriented Response Unit, and the Emergency Response Section. He has also completed temporary transfers to the Recruiting and Training Section as a Use of Force/ Firearms Instructor, and the Planning and Research Unit to assist in the development of training and procedural manuals. In 2000 Chris, along with other members of the Emergency Response Section, was awarded the London Police Service Board Citation for Valour and the National Tactical Officers Association Unit Citation for Valour, recognizing their actions during a barricaded gunman/shooting. Chris is currently the commander of the Emergency Response Section. Chris’ wife and children provide him with the support and encouragement to accomplish his personal and professional goals. Chris is actively involved in minor sports, acting as trainer and assistant coach for both hockey and lacrosse teams. Chris is a graduate of the Law and Security Administration Program at Conestoga College in Kitchener, Ontario. He completed Dalhousie University's Police Leadership Certificate with a concentration in Supervisory Skills by successfully completing Police Leadership & Management Development, Communication Skills for Police Personnel, and Managing Police Performance: Coaching Skills for Police. He has found these courses to be valuable to his professional development and would recommend this program to others for inclusion in their development plans.

Blue Line Magazine 23 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 24 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 25 OCTOBER 2005 Traffic violation justifies stop to gather intelligence by Mike Novakowski the detention and search violated the Charter dental to an arrest, is legal and not in violation and police arbitrary detained him under s.9 of s. 8 of the Charter,” the court ruled. A lawful traffic stop because they didn’t have reasonable grounds “A search is incidental to an arrest when based on observed vio- for stopping him. Furthermore, he submitted there is some valid purpose for the search, such lations wasn’t tainted by the search was unlawful and the evidence as a reasonable prospect of securing evidence an initial motive to should have been excluded. of the offence for which the accused is being gather intelligence, the A unanimous three member Alberta Court arrested. It does not require reasonable and Alberta Court of Appeal of Appeal dismissed the appeal. Although the probable grounds, only some reasonable basis has found. trial judge erred in his reasons, he was correct for the search.” In R. v. Yague, in admitting the evidence. The traffic officer Police could search the vehicle incident to 2005 ABCA 140, uni- witnessed violations before stopping Yague’s arrest in order to secure evidence of Lau’s formed traffic officers vehicle and police therefore had reasonable breach of recognizance, which meant search- pulled over the accused. grounds and a proper basis on which to pull ing for other cell phones and pagers. In uphold- An officer conducting site the vehicle over. The court held: ing the search, Alberta’s top court stated: surveil- lance on an unrelated matter rec- Even though the initial request to uni- The police seized the phone and pager ob- ognized Yague as someone he knew was in- formed traffic officers to stop the vehicle was served near Lau. They then found another cell volved in the drug trade and requested the stop. made when the police in the surveillance team phone in the front of the vehicle and a box on Officers followed Yague as he sped through a did not realize that they had sufficient grounds the rear seat next to where Lau was sitting. The construction zone, noted his rear licence plate to support a stop (the outstanding warrant), box contained, in addition to an empty cell light wasn’t working and pulled him over. He the stop which was made later wasn’t arbitrary, phone box, drug trafficking paraphernalia. The was arrested on an outstanding arrest warrant. since there were reasonable grounds to believe contents of the box further substantiated the The other occupants were identified, in- that the (accused) had committed traffic viola- grounds which the police would already have cluding passenger Lau, who was also arrested tions. The uniformed traffic officer testified that had to search for drugs. on a recognizance not to be in possession of whatever the surveillance team wanted, the Lau’s release condition, prohibiting pos- cell phones or pagers – an officer could see a uniformed officer wasn’t going to stop this car session of a cell phone, is common in a recog- cell phone and pager within his reach. Police unless he saw a traffic violation… nizance for drug charges as it is intended to searched the vehicle and found other drug traf- Once the initial stop had been lawfully ficking paraphernalia, including a kilogram of made, a further search on the suspicion of ille- assist in preventing the continued trafficking cocaine in a knapsack under the rear seat. gal drugs does not taint the stop (references of illegal drugs by taking away one of the com- Yague was convicted of possession of co- omitted, paras. 7-8). mon tools of the trade. As well, the (accused) caine for the purpose of trafficking at trial in The detention wasn’t arbitrary and there- and Lau were known to be involved in the ille- the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench. The judge fore, did not violate s. 9 of the Charter, and the gal drug trade. erroneously concluded that police had the search was lawful as an incident to arrest. Po- The circumstances suggested the three oc- power to stop vehicles for the purpose of gath- lice had reasonable grounds to arrest Lau for cupants of the vehicle were involved in traf- ering intelligence and dismissed his applica- breaching his recognizance. ficking cocaine. Thus, the search, which even- tion to exclude evidence. Yague then appealed “Where the police have reasonable and tually found the knapsack under the back seat to the Alberta Court of Appeal, arguing that probable grounds for arrest, a search, as inci- containing cocaine, and the seizure of the co- caine and drug trafficking paraphernalia, were reasonable and therefore, no violation of s. 8 occurred (para. 12). Private arrests don’t require warning Finally, even if the accused’s rights had been violated, the evidence was admissible by Mike Novakowski Justice Fichaud, writing on behalf of the under s.24(2). A private security guard is not required to unanimous court, first examined the applica- warn an arrestee about their right to counsel tion of the Charter, noting that it applied to a under the Charter, Nova Scotia’s highest court person’s actions in two ways: has held. 1. Activities of the government, whether or not In R. v. Skeir, 2005 NSCA 86, a private se- they can be classified as private curity guard arrested the accused for theft af- 2. A private entity implementing a specific ter he wheeled a shopping cart out of a store government policy or program or a private without paying for the items in it. The guard individual acting as an agent of the state improperly advised Skeir about his right to a or police lawyer; he made an incriminating statement and Skeir submitted that the security guard was was turned over to police. implementing a governmental policy in the During a voir dire in Nova Scotia Provin- field of criminal law when he was arrested and cial Court, the trial judge concluded the guard handed over to the police. Fichaud rejected this was not subject to the Charter. The statement, argument. In his view, the security guard did which proved Skeir knew the goods had not been not act as a state or police agent. Nor did s.494 paid for, was admitted. He was convicted of theft expressly delegate or abandon the police ar- under $5,000 and breach of probation for fail- rest function. Unlike the implementation of ing to keep the peace and be of good behaviour. specific governmental policy, which would He appealed directly to the Nova Scotia engage the Charter, mere action for a public Court of Appeal arguing, in part, that the trial purpose, as in this case, does not. judge erred in ruling that s.10(b) of the Char- The arrest by the security guard was not ter was not triggered by a private arrest under subject to the Charter and the appeal was s.494 of the Criminal Code. dismissed.

Blue Line Magazine 26 OCTOBER 2005 Detention, not questioning, triggers counsel right by Mike Novakowski operating mind. Even though Thomas felt com- would have been no pelled to make the statement, the compulsion Charter breach. If police do not detain, they are not required was self induced and didn’t result from actions Since Thomas to give a person their s.10(b) Charter right to a of the authorities. wasn’t detained when lawyer, Quebec’s highest court has ruled. Thomas was convicted by a jury of first the confession was ob- In R. v. Thomas, 2005 QCCA 628, the ac- degree murder in Quebec Superior Court but tained, s.10(b) of the cused walked into a Jamaican police station appealed to the province’s court of appeal, ar- Charter did not apply. and confessed to murdering a person in guing, in part, that his statement was made Jamaican law aside, Canada. He told two Jamaican police officers without being offered or afforded the opportu- even under Canadian that he had to tell someone about the murder nity to contact counsel. Justice Doydon, writ- law the statement was because it was haunting him and causing ing the unanimous judgment, ruled that even validly obtained and ad- nightmares and flashbacks. The officers ini- if the statement had been taken in Canada there missible. tially thought Thomas was insane, but changed their minds after he spoke fluently, intelligibly and provided a coherent statement. He wasn’t offered the opportunity to speak with a lawyer but was advised of his right to remain silent. After his oral confession, police took a written statement from Thomas; he signed it, was arrested and detained, returned to Canada and charged with the murder. During a voir dire in Quebec Superior Court, the trial judge found the confession admissible because it was ob- tained in accordance with Jamaican law. The Jamaican police officers were not acting on behalf of Canada and were therefore not bound by the Charter. Furthermore, it was freely and voluntarily given and was the product of an Police dogs and handlers celebrated INNISFAIL, Alta. (CP) - The value of police dogs and their handlers was celebrated at the national RCMP training centre in central Alberta. Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli told officers and visitors on hand for the 70th anniversary of the program that dog handlers and their dogs are often first on the scene and are exposed to serious danger as they protect victims or officers. “They are an integral part of resolving issues as soon as possible,” said Zaccardelli. “It’s important to celebrate what they do.” Trainer Robert Lowe, who retired this summer, said when it comes to finding lost children, it’s hard to put a price tag on a dog’s ability. “I’ve heard it said a dog can take the place of more than one police officer,” Lowe said. The 70th anniversary was also a time to pay trib- ute to the three officers and 17 dogs who have died while serving Canadians throughout the years. The new road leading to the training centre was named Galloway Road to commemorate RCMP Cpl. Jim Galloway, who was shot and killed in the line of duty in February 2004 in Spruce Grove, west of Edmonton. Galloway, 55, was killed in a standoff with an armed gunman, who was also shot and killed. The commissioner also reassured people at the Innisfail training centre there is no truth to rumours about the facility moving. “We will be continuing to invest in this very spe- cial place so that it continues to be the best that it can be,” he said. Two new whelping kennels have been installed and a $1.8-million administration building is being de- signed and should be operational by next fall. There are 125 RCMP dog and handler teams at work across Canada. Narcotic, avalanche and explo- sive search training have been added to the program over the years.

Blue Line Magazine 27 OCTOBER 2005 Vehicle search incident to arrest not automatic by Mike Novakowski a black cloth sheath for the pocket knife ly- ing by the accelerator and smelled a strong Police have no blanket right to search a odour of raw marijuana when he opened the motor vehicle incident to arrest, Saskatch- door. A search of the trunk turned up 2.4 kgs. ewan’s top court has ruled. of marijuana vacuum sealed in a backpack. In R. v. Bulmer, 2005 SKCA 90, a police of- Bulmer was arrested for possession for the ficer stopped the accused’s vehicle after notic- purpose of trafficking. ing it was weaving and did not have a front li- The search was found to be valid inciden- cence plate. The officer queried Bulmer on CPIC tal to arrest at trial in Saskatchewan Provincial after he produced his drivers licence and learned Court and Bulmer was convicted but he ap- he had an outstanding traffic warrant for not pealed to the province’s court of appeal. paying a failure to wear a seatbelt fine. Bulmer Justice Jackson, writing the unanimous said he thought he had paid but the warrant was judgment, first examined the law regarding confirmed valid and still in effect and he was searches incident to arrest. She noted that such arrested. The officer saw a jackknife clipped to The officer then searched the vehicle for searches of vehicles can only be undertaken if the inside of his waistband, removed it, patted further weapons and for evidence that Bulmer police have a valid reason, such as ensuring him down, advised him of his rights and placed had paid the ticket, such as a receipt. Look- the safety of the police and public or discover- him in the backseat of the police car. ing through the driver’s side window, he saw ing or protecting evidence from destruction. Jackson found the search could not be justi- fied in this case for safety, noting: • Bulmer was young (18 years old), had no Rules different for private prior record, was fully cooperative and was locked in the back of the police car • The jackknife had a 2 ½ inch blade and investigative detentions wasn’t a prohibited weapon • Two other officers were present as back-up by Mike Novakowski to the police…(references omitted, para. 4). As for looking for more evidence, it could The Charter has limited application in that The Charter does not apply to private per- not be said that further evidence was required it applies only to government actions, not pri- with respect to the seatbelt ticket, nor did see- sons who detain individuals, the Alberta Court vate individuals (including private security of- of Appeal has held. ing the pocket knife sheath give the officer a ficers) or private institutions. However, there new reason to search. Only after smelling the In R. v. Dell, 2005 ABCA 246, a bar are two exceptions: bouncer entered the men’s washroom, looked marijuana did he have new and reasonable 1. When a private individual acts as an agent grounds. Since Bulmer had a reasonable ex- through a crack in a cubicle and saw the ac- of the state, such as the police. The relevant cused fiddling with a black film canister. Sus- pectation of privacy in his vehicle, the lack of question to be asked here is whether the ex- a valid purpose in mind when searching vio- pecting drugs, he detained Dell and alerted change between the private individual and the manager, who patted him down for weap- lated his s.8 Charter right protecting him the accused would have taken place in the against unreasonable search and seizure. ons, found the canister, opened it and saw form and manner in which it did had the rocks – later determined to be cocaine – The evidence was excluded under s.24(2). police not intervened. Although it was non-conscriptive, necessary to wrapped in cellophane. He returned the can- 2. When a private individual can be categorized ister, detained Dell and called police, who prove the Crown’s case for a serious offence - as ‘part of government’ because they are and vehicles attract a reduced expectation of arrested him for possession of cocaine. performing a specific government function At trial in the Alberta Court of Queen’s privacy, there was no urgency or reasonable or implementing a specific governmental grounds for the search once Bulmer was secured. Bench, the accused unsuccessfully argued his policy or program. Charter rights were violated. In the judge’s “Mr. Bulmer wasn’t under arrest in further- In this case, bar staff could not be charac- ance of a suspected new crime (but) was ar- view, the Charter did not apply to the manag- terized as an agent of the state because police er’s search because it occurred between pri- rested pursuant to a warrant for arrest,” said did not intervene until after Dell’s detention Jackson, “and the warrant for the arrest was vate individuals. The cocaine was admitted and and search. Nor was the detention a specific Dell convicted. He appealed to the Alberta for the failure to appear in relation to a sum- governmental function. Unlike a citizen’s ar- mons to pay a seatbelt infraction. If one con- Court of Appeal, arguing he was arbitrarily rest, which is a specific government function detained by bar staff, contrary to s.9 of the trasts the seriousness of the reason for which delegated to private individuals, investigative Mr. Bulmer was arrested with the ultimate con- Charter, and that the cocaine should have been detentions by private persons do not attract excluded under s.24(2). sequence of the unlawful search, the dispro- Charter protection. In summary, Fruman wrote: portion alone seems to dictate exclusion.” Justice Fruman, with Justices Hunt and The bouncer’s work may overlap with the Cote concurring, first outlined the difference Moreover, the legal limits of a stop like government’s interest in preventing and inves- this in relation to a minor traffic offence need between an arrest and a detention: tigating crime. However, it cannot be said that The legal distinction in Charter cases be- to be clearly understood and the court wasn’t in conducting a brief investigative detention, prepared to condone this unacceptable police tween mere detention for investigative purposes the bouncer was acting as a delegate of the and actual arrest is well established. An inves- conduct. To do so would further bring the ad- government, carrying out its policies and pro- ministration of justice into disrepute. tigative detention is brief, based on a reason- grams. Accordingly, the Charter does not ap- able suspicion that an individual is connected The evidence was excluded and an acquit- ply to the actions of the bouncer in detaining tal entered. to a particular crime… an arrest is a continu- Dell, or the search and seizure flowing from ing act, based on reasonable and probable the detention (para. 27). grounds a crime has been committed. It in- The evidence was admissible and the ap- Visit www.blueline.ca/resources/caselaw for the complete volves a detention and a measure of ongoing peal was dismissed. case. E-mail [email protected] to reach Mike restraint until the arrested person is delivered Novakowski.

Blue Line Magazine 28 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 29 OCTOBER 2005 Breath test must be shown as reasonable by Mike Novakowski Since Haas failed to lead evidence that the will normally be the same evidence that would search was unreasonable, no s.8 violation was be called to show that the warrantless seizure An accused does not need to establish that demonstrated. of breath was reasonable. taking a breath sample was unreasonable; rather Haas appealed to the Ontario Court of Ap- If the Crown is faced with a s. 8 Charter the Crown must show it was reasonable, On- peal, arguing the Crown was obliged to call challenge, it is reasonable to require the Crown tario’s highest court has ruled. evidence that reasonable and probable grounds to call as evidence to resist that challenge the In R. v. Haas, (2005) Docket:C41963 existed for the breath demand, for without it very evidence it would call at trial, particularly (OntCA), the accused was pulled over by po- the readings should have been excluded. if that evidence can be called only once in a lice and admitted he had been drinking. The Justice Goudge, authoring the unanimous proceeding, blending the trial and s. 8 voir dire. officer formed a reasonable suspicion Haas had appeal judgment, first noted that taking breath Moreover, as a matter of policy, to require alcohol in his body and demanded a breath sam- samples is a seizure for the purposes of s.8 of the accused in a s. 8 Charter challenge to dem- ple into an approved screening device, which the Charter. Furthermore, all warrantless sei- onstrate the unreasonableness of the seizure he failed. The officer formed the opinion his zures are prima facie unreasonable and, once of breath ignores the reality that the Crown is blood alcohol level was more than 80mg% and it is demonstrated that a seizure was warrant- in the best position to know how and why the arrested him. He was chartered, read the breath less, the onus shifts to the Crown to show it seizure took place. From this perspective, it is demand, agreed to comply and was charged was reasonable (on a balance of probabilities). sensible to require the Crown to prove reasona- with operating a motor vehicle with a blood The same onus shifting to the Crown in bleness, rather than asking the accused to prove alcohol level over 80mg%. warrantless seizures generally also shifts to the the opposite (paras. 36-37). During a voir dire in the Ontario Court of Crown in breath demand seizures. Thus, the Since the Crown called no evidence, taking Justice, the Crown did not call evidence that Crown bore the burden of demonstrating that the sample was deemed unreasonable and a vio- the officer, who made the demand under the officer had reasonable and probable lation of Haas’ s.8 Charter rights. His appeal was s.253(4) of the Criminal Code, had reasonable grounds for the breathalyzer demand. Justice allowed and the trial verdict dismissing the and probable grounds to do so. The trial judge Goudge stated: charges was restored. ruled that the Crown had not proved the nec- Moreover, both statutory and policy con- Visit www.blueline.ca/resources/caselaw for the complete essary grounds, thereby violating Haas’ s.8 siderations suggest that warrantless breath de- case. E-mail [email protected] to reach Mike Charter right. The samples were excluded as mands should not be (an exception to the gen- Novakowski. evidence and the charge dismissed. eral rule that warrantless searches and seizures The decision was appealed to Superior are prima facie unreasonable). To demonstrate Court, which ordered a new trial, ruling Haas compliance with s. 254(3), the Crown must show that the police officer making the breath bore the onus of proving the absence of rea- OTTAWA — Justice Minister Irwin Cotler says demand had the necessary reasonable and sonable and probable grounds, rather than the legislation to be introduced this fall will allow probable grounds to do so. The evidence of this Crown having to prove such grounds existed. police and national security to eavesdrop on cell phone calls and monitor Internet activities. Police will be able to demand a wide range of information on the surfing habits of individiuals, including whether they’re carry- ing computer viruses. Cotler said current surveillance laws are outdated and were written before cell phones and e-mail became common. “We will put law-enforcement people on the same level playing field as criminals and terrorists in the matter of using technology and accessing technology,” Colter said. “At the same time we will protect the civil libertarian concerns that are involved such as privacy and information surveillance.” *** ONTARIO — Ontario drivers face a new man- datory booster seat law. Child seats have been required in Ontario since the 1980s, but as of Sept. 1, any adult with a child must have forward facing booster seats for kids who’ve outgrown infant seats. The new rules, passed last December, ap- ply to children up to eight who weigh between 40 to 80 pounds and are under four-foot-nine. Drivers who don’t use proper seats face fines of $90, a $20 surcharge and will lose two demerit points. The transportation ministry says scientific evidence shows skeletal development is strong enough by age eight to allow kids to wear adult seatbelts without risking additional injuries. Although Quebec is the only other prov- ince to make booster seats mandatory, Mani- toba and Nova Scotia are considering follow- ing Ontario’s lead.

Blue Line Magazine 30 OCTOBER 2005 CACP conference a media ‘smorgasbord’ Report de-linking Taser-related deaths grabs headlines by Mark Giles The annual Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (CACP) conference attracts a variety of groups: senior police officials from across the country, trade show exhibitors, special guests, speakers and, of course, media of all types. This year’s conference, held in Ottawa August 21 - 24, was no different. Bringing more than 350 chiefs of police and other senior offi- cials together, the conference offered a ‘smor- gasbord’ of events, displays, presentations and CACP meetings for media to digest. Like the conference itself, the CACP media-relations team integrated members from several agen- cies, including the host Ottawa Police Service, RCMP, OPP and the Canadian Forces Military Police. Their objective: to coordinate opportu- Photo: courtesy Ottawa Sun nities for spokespersons and subject-matter experts to speak to the media on policing is- CACP President Chief Edgar Macleod, RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli, Sureté du Québec sues affecting Canadians. Assistant Director-General Steven Chabot and Ottawa Police Chief Vince Bevan (left to right) discuss cooperation, integration and intelligence-led policing issues at the final news conference. “In supporting the conference, we wanted to ensure that Canadians are aware of the work being done by the CACP,” said S/Sgt Leo including the use of Tasers, national security, tre’s (CPRC) report on Taser use and related Janveau of the Ottawa Police Service and head police misconduct, intelligence-led and inte- deaths was expected to top the list. of the media-relations team. grated policing, organized crime and Canada’s It did – and the television and radio cover- The conference planning team identified drug policy. All are important issues, but the age that evening and into the next day, and print national-level issues likely to be of interest, release of the Canadian Police Research Cen- coverage the next morning, reflected the in-

Blue Line Magazine 31 OCTOBER 2005 tense interest in the story. The result was par- a variety of issues to a room full of media. They both positive and negative issues.” tially attributable to the coordinated efforts of have extensive experience in front of the cam- A communications and media instructor the CACP, the CPRC and the media team. An era and their media-relations skills were evi- with the FBI’s Law Enforcement Communi- initial media advisory was sent out nationally dent. The resulting coverage reflected the cations Unit, and a particularly entertaining outlining the theme of the conference and themes and messages they articulated, with the speaker, he addressed the topic of media rela- planned media opportunities. The plan called majority of news leads referring to CACP ef- tions in high-visibility situations. Emphasizing for several ad-hoc media opportunities and two forts to improve cooperation, integration and that good strategy and tactics can often make news conferences: one to discuss the Taser re- intelligence sharing. the difference, he strongly encouraged the port, and a second as a final wrap-up to dis- It was apparent throughout the conference chiefs to make sure media relations have a cuss the conference and CACP issues. that public and media relations have become a prominent place in their operations. The first news conference was set for 4:30 top priority for most law enforcement organi- A solid understanding of the importance of p.m. Monday afternoon – not normally the best zations. Most chiefs made themselves avail- positive media relations by chiefs can only help time of day as media deadlines often loom as able for interviews when asked and several local patrol officers and investigators doing po- the supper hour approaches, but with the CPRC came to the media office to check how they lice work at the street level. Media opportuni- Taser presentation already scheduled for late that had been quoted in their local newspapers or ties can often be incorporated into the execu- day, this was the earliest possible opportunity. other coverage. tion of search warrants, arrests, and seizures of To delay until the next morning was an option, Several conference present- stolen property and drugs – not just because they but one likely to result in information leaking ers emphasized the importance provide good stories and pictures, but also be- out overnight – and media stories not accurately of effective media relations. Los cause they make the public aware of the good reflecting the true nature of the report. Angeles Police Department police work being done in their community. Despite its late start, the news conference Deputy Chief Michael Berkow, As is the case with day-to-day police op- was well attended by television, radio and speaking on police misconduct, erations, the conference itself presented chal- print media. The resulting media coverage veered into the area and the im- lenges in achieving a balance between open- included key Taser-related messages put for- portance of informing the pub- ness and transparency, and confidentiality of ward by the report’s co-authors: Victoria Po- M. Berkow lic of police efforts. During a information and policy discussions at the vari- lice Acting Inspector Darren Laur and Calgary panel session immediately afterwards, he was ous sessions. To achieve the balance, media physician Dr. Christine Hall. The CPRC’s challenged by co-panelist Harry Black, a law- were allowed to cover the first few minutes of Steve Palmer appeared in a live-television yer, who felt that police agencies should be each presentation, followed by media oppor- interview for CTV’s Canada AM the next saying much less to the media, effectively lim- tunities with selected spokespersons at the end morning, which provided another opportunity iting comment to confirming that a matter is of each session. Although a Toronto Star re- to highlight the report’s findings. under investigation. porter referred to this as being “tightly stage The media balanced these stories, as ex- Berkow stood his ground, managed”, it seemed to work for the majority pected, with input from critics of Taser-related however, and was backed up the of media, who were able to get the interviews deaths and the placement of the Taser in the next day by two heavy hitters. and stories they were looking for. use-of-force continuum. Although this tem- First up was Vancouver Chief The CACP conference confirmed what we pered the tone of much of the coverage, the Jamie Graham, who spoke of his already knew – that media and the public are outcome for the policing community was still department’s successes in interested in police and law enforcement issues positive, as the public now had more infor- dealing with the infamous affecting the country and their local commu- mation with which to make their own deci- Stanley Park incident, where six nities. Whether it’s a national-level news con- sions regarding Taser use. Public and media- J. Graham Vancouver officers arrested and ference featuring top police officials or news relations practitioners cannot reasonably ask then assaulted several suspected and feature coverage of frontline policing ac- for more in the forming of public opinion. Al- drug dealers. Most stakeholders, including the tivities, using the media as a tool to communi- though it may take some time before Taser B.C. Civil Liberties Association, saw the cate with the public is essential. use becomes a commonly accepted practice; department’s openness, through extremely The 2005 CACP conference was a success with the facts available to the public, the like- proactive public and media relations in many ways – the effective use of the media lihood increases that they will, in time, see throughout and after the investigation, as a to communicate with local communities was one the officer and public-safety benefits this use- success. As noted in my December 2004 article of them. By making contact with Canadians, of-force option offers. Good strategy needed in challenging times: chiefs from across the country were able to show The second and final news conference was Vancouver Police Department a market leader the public, and the sworn members and civil- more general in nature and aimed at address- in police communications, Graham ians that work for them, that they’re working ing the overall content, objectives and out- demonstrated the value and benefits of using the hard to deal with the challenges and substantive comes of the four-day event. CACP President media to be open and transparent with the public. issues facing law enforcement today. Chief Edgar Macleod, RCMP Commissioner “The day is long past when public affairs Giuliano Zaccardelli, Sureté du Québec Assist- can be seen as a secondary or optional capa- Mark Giles is Blue Line Magazine’s correspondent for public and media relations, National Capital Region and ant Director-General Steven Chabot and Ot- bility,” said James Vance of the FBI. “Police military-related issues. tawa Police Chief Vince Bevan commented on agencies need to engage when dealing with

Blue Line Magazine 32 OCTOBER 2005 Investigating the RCMP a continuing challenge Civilian complaints commission complains about secrecy The biggest challenge the Commission for within the confines of the law, the occasional als “and that disclosure was very slow and ul- Public Complaints Against the RCMP (CPC) need for secrecy should not permit the RCMP timately proven to be incomplete,” the report faces is getting access to information, accord- to evade accountability to its oversight body.” states. Zaccardelli committed to “large and lib- ing to the civilian review agency’s 2004-2005 The CPC is obligated to safeguard sensi- eral” disclosure of information to the CPC and annual report. tive information, just like any other govern- ordered his officials to provide a list identify- “The RCMP Act states in clear and un- ment body, the report notes. “When the RCMP ing, “to the extent possible,” all documents equivocal words that, when a complainant re- unilaterally decides to withhold information withheld and the legal impediment to their re- quests a review of a complaint by the CPC, the from the CPC, neither the complainant nor the lease, it adds. RCMP must provide the CPC with all the mate- public can take such comfort, and confidence “As of March 31, 2005, this directive has rials relating to that complaint,” the report notes. in the RCMP is inevitably diminished.” apparently not been implemented,” it notes. “Over the years the CPC has often encountered RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli “Unless all necessary materials are provided great difficulty in obtaining relevant material.” recently acknowledged that, in one case, the to the CPC, the public complaint process will Documents such as inves- force was unwilling to disclose some materi- become meaningless.” tigative and operational files, witness statements, policies and protocols, police notes, search warrants and reports to Crown are vital to the agen- cy’s ability to review evidence and determine whether a com- plaint is substantiated, the re- Shirley Heafey port says. Commission Chair “Considerable resources are undeniably wasted dealing with this type of resistance, and significant delays to the com- plaint process are caused, to the detriment of complainants, RCMP members who are the subjects of complaints and the Canadian pub- lic... when relevant materials are withheld, the CPC is led to infer that the withholding is an attempt by the RCMP to frustrate the public complaint process.” As an example, the report cites a recently completed case where the agency repeatedly requested, over a two year period, unvetted pages of a RCMP public complaint investiga- tion report, correspondence, complete and unvetted copies of the subject member’s notes, a news clip and RCMP operational files. “When the RCMP finally delivered some of the additional materials, it became obvious that key information that substantiated the com- plaint had been initially withheld from the CPC,” the report charges. “Clearly, such at- tempts to thwart the public complaint process are unjustifiable.” The RCMP has also refused to give the agency material, the report states; its “wide- ranging and ever-increasing” reasons have in- cluded that the requested information: • would identify a young person or informant • could disclose police techniques or jeopard- ize an ongoing investigation • relates to national security or is “considered missing” • originates from another police force and the RCMP does not have permission to dissemi- nate or disclose it • is not “relevant” to the complaint • relates to a judicial sealing order or media strategy. “After 16 years, there appears to remain a belief within elements of the RCMP that se- crecy is to be preferred over transparency and accountability,” the report concludes (the CPC was established by Parliament in 1988). “There is no question that, in some circum- stances, a high degree of secrecy is required... however, to ensure that police powers are used

Blue Line Magazine 33 OCTOBER 2005 Geographic profiling - The debate continues Ten problems with the Rossmo and Filer defence of computer profiling by Craig Bennell, Brent Snook and Paul Taylor Canter’s profiling system, Dragnet, which and working with police forces to ensure that Rossmo and Filer indicate is not widely used it becomes more realistic. in North America. The only published study It must be reiterated that there is little em- In Man versus machine (Blue Line, April evaluating Rossmo’s system appears in his own pirical evidence available to support the use of 2005) we summarized our research on people’s book. Both studies suggest that these systems GP systems and that which does exist is limited ability to accurately predict an offender’s home can provide accurate predictions but more re- in numerous ways. Thus, it could be viewed as location based on where they commit their search is needed. equally counter-productive to rely on using these crimes. We argued that their performance im- A second, broader concern with the state- systems before such evidence exists. proves, after a short training session, to that ment comes from the substantial evidence that 4. Rossmo and Filer imply that we have focused typically achieved by computerized geographic investigative advice is often grounded in edu- solely on students in our experiments and profiling (GP) systems. cated guesswork. Several police investigators relied on solved cases. In Analysis versus guesswork (Blue Line, have told us it is quite common for neighbour- While our peer-reviewed experiments fo- Aug./Sept. 2005) highly respected geographic hood canvasses to be based on such “guess- cused on students, we make it clear in our arti- profilers Kim Rossmo and Scot Filer take is- work.” This is particularly the case for investi- cle that we also tested police officers, and the sue with our statements. Although we ad- gative advice given by geographic (or psycho- results were consistent with our student re- dressed many of their concerns in Applied Cog- logical) profilers. search. We used solved cases to evaluate dif- nitive Psychology, (2005, Volume 19, Issue 5), A psychological profile is “an educated ferent GP methods because it is necessary to we review them again here so readers can make attempt to provide investigative agencies with compare the predicted home location to the up their own minds about the value of our re- specific information to the type of individual offenders’ actual home location to evaluate search and the usefulness of geographic pro- who committed a certain crime,” said retired accuracy. While using solved offences may filing systems. NYPD Lieutenant-Commander Vernon distort research findings, since there may be 1. Rossmo and Filer state that “none of the Geberth, who has 40 years of police experi- important differences between offenders who authors have experience as police officers, ence. UK and Canadian profilers frequently are caught and those that aren’t, there is no investigators or geographic profilers. The make similar statements and Rossmo himself other option and all researchers in this area use advice they offer is therefore of questionable admits that a large component of GP is “sub- this approach. operational value.” jective,” particularly when the profiler attempts 5. GP is more than just analyzing crime loca- This is a common and unfair criticism lev- to reconstruct the offender’s mental map. tions, Rossmo says, arguing that we didn’t elled at psychologists with no police experience The many examples of neighbourhood can- examine auxiliary factors such as offender who undertake applied police research. It disre- vasses based on profiling advice provide, in type, demographics, crime sites, hunting gards the great benefits psychological research our opinion, examples of investigative strate- method, target backcloth, land use and zon- has provided policing in such areas as eyewit- gies being based on educated guesswork. ing, arterial routes and barriers, temporal ness testimony, interviewing, suspect interroga- 3. Another senior police officer is quoted as patterns and displacements. tion, personnel selection, detecting deception saying “articles such as ‘Man versus ma- While Rossmo and Filer’s approach consid- and stress management; most of this research chine’ are counter-productive to profes- ers these factors, we are less convinced of the was conducted by psychologists with no police sional law enforcement and only make our value they add to the GP process. Geographic experience. It’s unclear why Rossmo and Filer job more difficult.” profilers cannot draw on research to guide them feel psychological science cannot lead to simi- We disagree – if he is referring to articles in using the additional information to refine their lar contributions in geographic profiling. Psy- that critically examine the use of existing po- quantitative predictions. Although information chologists have already made advances in this lice procedures or propose potentially useful regarding the impact of offender type and area and will continue to do so, especially as new ways of carrying out policing tasks. Em- demographics does exist, the other factors have academic-practitioner collaborations increase. pirical research conducted on investigative pro- not been adequately researched. 2. One senior police officer is quoted as say- cedures and techniques help police services We have begun to research these issues. In ing “there is no way a team commander evolve better practice. one study, for example, we examined how the could justify to me the resources necessary If he considers our article counter-produc- number of crimes an officer considers when for a comprehensive canvass based on edu- tive because of a perception we have drawn making a prediction and the level of topo- cated guess work… something much more conclusions based on flawed research, than that graphical detail they’re given affects their pre- systematic, tested and evidence-based is is a more reasonable criticism. We are the first dictive accuracy. As in previous studies, our needed as the foundation for important in- to admit that there are some limitations with training approach improved their performance vestigative decisions.” our research and have discussed these openly to a point where they were as accurate as a GP This reflects an important perspective but in our articles, but that does not make it coun- system, but neither of the two factors had an it cannot be appropriately applied to the cur- ter-productive or limit the practical implica- impact on participants’ performance. rent state-of-play in geographic profiling. It im- tions of the results. All psychological research 6. Rossmo and Filer argue that five crime loca- plies that our “eye-ball” approach is simply is limited to some extent, but few would argue tions are typically needed to construct a geo- educated guess work while computerized sys- that it has no value. graphic profile, with the average being 20. tems are systematic, tested and evidence-based. Eyewitness testimony provides one of the They suggest the three locations used in some We don’t question the need to rely on such best examples. Although the research may be of our research makes our results question- standards when evaluating advice but question considered highly artificial – it typically in- able. They also provide two maps, one con- whether the approach advocated by Rossmo volves showing university students films of sisting of only a few crime site locations and and Filer meets them. mock crimes, then asking them to recall or rec- the other with many, arguing that it’s harder GP systems and the advice their users pro- ognize information from the film – findings to “eyeball” the centre of a crime series when vide can claim to be systematic, tested and evi- have had a very positive impact on policing considering a larger number of crimes. dence-based only after being evaluated and (new lineup procedures to increase the accu- There is much debate about the number of scrutinized by the academic, policing and GP racy of eyewitness identification, for example). crimes required for a geographic prediction to communities, and this has yet to occur. The We are currently attempting to improve the be reliable. Research conducted by ourselves and only evaluation published in a peer-reviewed quality of our research, in part by taking on others indicates the number of crimes doesn’t journal considered the effectiveness of David criticisms like those raised by Rossmo and Filer have a large impact on predictive accuracy. For

Blue Line Magazine 34 OCTOBER 2005 example, we have conducted studies using se- ferred to as hit percentage – the percentage of ries of three, five and seven crimes and our re- locations to be searched within the search area, sults did not change. Furthermore, serial offend- from highest to lowest probability, before the ers, other than burglars, rarely commit 20 or offender’s home is located. Their approach is more crimes; even Rossmo’s published serial potentially useful, but to be valid, it must have homicide data supports this, showing there are utility for police and it’s not clear, from current few crime series of this length since 1980. There evidence, that this is the case. Some GP system were five or more victims in only .07 per cent users, such as David Canter in the UK, indicate of US homicides in 2002, according to US Bu- police forces are often unable to effectively use reau of Justice statistics. this strategy because they cannot always search We are not convinced it’s harder to find the prioritized area. High costs or too many resi- the center of a crime distribution as the number dents in the area leads them to focus their ef- of crimes increase – but even if it is, there are forts on the highest probability area. profiling approaches effective in such circum- Under such conditions, there is little dif- stances that are far less complex and expen- ference between the single-point predictions we sive than GP systems. For example, as we in- have focused on and the search strategy ap- dicated in our article, a number of researchers proach advocated by Rossmo and Filer. Even have found that simply calculating the spatial when this is not the case, single-point predic- mean of a crime series (assigning each point tions could potentially provide the basis for an an X and Y coordinate and then calculating an effective search strategy; police could start average X and Y coordinate) can produce pre- searching for the offender at the predicted point, dictions that are as accurate as those made by for example, and work their way outwards un- GP systems. til resources are depleted. 7. Rossmo and Filer argue that the way we 8. Rossmo and Filer state that the heuristics measure predictive accuracy is incorrect. we teach have been shown to result in er- In all of our studies, we have had partici- rors in reasoning and they caution against pants predict a particular location as the (sin- using them. gle) point where an offender lives and meas- While there is research to support this state- ured their accuracy by calculating the distance ment, it was done mainly in the 1970s and ’80s between the predicted and actual home loca- and has been superseded by studies suggest- tion. Rossmo and Filer believe this approach is ing a more positive role for heuristics. For ex- incorrect because GP systems provide a search ample, Rossmo and Filer don’t mention a grow- strategy which indicates the probability of an ing body of research demonstrating that using offender residing at every location around the heuristics can and often does result in good area of criminal activity. decisions. Some of this research has compared The measure of accuracy they prefer is re- simple heuristics to complicated computational

Blue Line Magazine 35 OCTOBER 2005 techniques across a range of domains; the re- it seems disingenuous to discourage police Rossmo’s system in our research (you can use sults suggest simple heuristics can result in from using the quicker method. a range of algorithms in CrimeStat). The re- better decisions. 10. Rossmo and Filer argue that the systems sults, included in Man versus machine, sup- 9. Our results support a low-cost, easy to im- we have examined are not commonly em- port our arguments. plement alternative to GP systems. Rossmo ployed by police agencies and are not used We encourage readers to make up their own and Filer take issue with this because “this in Canada. minds. While we fully respect Rossmo and Fil- conclusion ignores the fact that US, Cana- We focused on two GP systems in our re- er’s work, there is a growing tendency in po- dian and UK police agencies can obtain search – CrimeStat, developed by Ned Levine in licing to assume that technology is needed to geographic profiling services from federal a National Institute of Justice funded project and accomplish tasks once done daily by officers law enforcement agencies at no cost.” now offered free to anyone who wishes to use it and crime analysts. This is appropriate when While agencies can obtain GP services at – and Dragnet, developed by David Canter at the the technology has been empirically evaluated no cost, they are not free; the burden of costs University of Liverpool. We are not aware of how in an appropriate fashion and found to improve are simply shifted to a different agency. Nor commonly these systems are used but Levine does the investigative process, but we think this has does their rebuttal help the many countries – provide some interesting statistics, although he yet to be convincingly shown with GP systems. South Africa, for example – that deal with se- admits they’re only rough estimates. Contrary to some views, if the only thing our rial crime on a regular basis but don’t have re- CrimeStat has been downloaded 6,000 work does is encourage future research of this course to a free service. times since March 2004, he stated recently. sort, than we feel it will have been very pro- There’s also the cost in time, which is per- Based on e-mails for technical support, he es- ductive indeed. haps more important than financial cost. Geo- timates that 75 per cent of users are research- Dr. Craig Bennell is an assistant professor at Carleton graphic profiles of the type advocated by ers and 25 per cent practitioners from a range University ([email protected]), Dr. Brent Rossmo and Filer take up to two weeks longer of government agencies, including police of- Snook is an assistant professor at Memorial University of to complete than heuristic-led judgments. If ficers or crime analysts. Newfoundland ([email protected]) and Dr. Paul future research continues to confirm that both More importantly, we tested an approxi- J. Taylor is a lecturer at the University of Liverpool approaches produce equally accurate results, mation of the underlying algorithm used in ([email protected]).

B.C. security manager receives award by Jim Clark For the past nine years Monad Security Audits Systems has held a security confer- ence in Toronto. Each spring security man- agers from across Canada attend this con- ference to listen and learn from profession- als from all branches of the justice system. Each year the staff at Monad Security Audit Systems selects a security manager who has stood out as a leader and achieved a level of excellence in the field of security. This year the “Award of Excellence” for 2004 was presented to security manager Claude Lalande who works for the Lougheed Town Centre located in Burnaby, British Columbia. Claude took over the po- sition at Lougheed upon retiring from the RCMP. He was presented with the award along with a lifetime subscription to Blue Line Magazine by the newly appointed To- ronto Chief of Police, William Blair. Chief Blair was the keynote speaker at this year’s conference and his informal style of presentation was very well received by the audience. He spoke for well over an hour on the importance of security and police working together. The audience was sur- prised with the fact that his start in law en- forcement began as a security officer in north Toronto’s Fairview Mall. The previ- In one of his first public functions as Chief of the , Bill Blair is shown ous chief of police Julian Fantino, who presenting the “Award of Excellence” to Claude Lalande as Jim Clark of Monad Security Audit Systems looks on. spoke at this conference several years ago, also talked about his start as a security of- ficer about 10 kilometers to the west at than someone who comes right out of the edu- brought his policing and management skills Yorkdale Shopping Centre. cation system. Blair and Fantino are excellent to Burnaby’s Lougheed Town Centre and Police and security will continue to examples. quickly became a leader in his new posi- work well together because the young men At the other end, many police officers re- tion. There are few better ways to start and and women who are looking for a police tire after a successful career in policing and finish one’s career. career often work as security officers to gain move into the security field. Claude Lalande Jim Clark is a principle with Monad Security Audit life skills after leaving school. They can of- is an excellent example of a police officer who Systems and a former Deputy Chief of Police with fer more to the police service in most cases saw duty both in Canada and abroad. He the Toronto Police Service.

Blue Line Magazine 36 OCTOBER 2005 I congratulate Joel Johnson for an excellent ar- *** or not release” information when a member is ticle (What to do after using Re: Media strategy employed depends on charged. This has always been a “gut” feeling force, Aug/Sept 2005). I those involved. I am compelled to comment within executive decisions and now, as a PAO, fully agree with his state- on the outstanding contributions Capt. Giles this removes much of the guess work and places ment: has made on behalf of the PM corp and, in- it into the realm of a calculated risk. Now the ...an involved officer deed, Public Affairs for the Canadian Forces. executive can take advice, based on a calcula- should provide ONLY a cur- Recently I had the pleasure of reading his tion, and make their decision. Please pass on sory preliminary report af- article on the strategic grading of release of in- my thanks to Capt Giles. His work and dedica- ter a deadly force out- formation regarding members being charged tion is well-recognised within the police envi- come—that is, ‘I was on within the police or CF service. As an experi- ronment and I look forward to reading more of duty, attended a call and ‘X” was the outcome’ enced (retired) media relations officer with the his articles in Blue Line. — period. , and now as a full- Mike Lagace, MBA However, there should be recognition of time serving Senior Public Affairs Officer Major Director, the fact that the person who gets that report is within the Army, I have never come across a Army Public Affairs naturally going to question the officer, and that strategic way of identifying whether to “release 7 (DAPA 7) - Res Capability that person is almost certainly going to be the involved officer’s superior. It is going to be difficult to remain silent — but every involved officer should be aware that he has the right, under Canada’s laws, to remain SILENT — to answer NO questions. An involved officer should remain silent, and should have legal counsel before making any more elaborate statement. He should also provide his legal counsel with a complete writ- ten narrative, detailing absolutely everything that happened, in sequence. At each point in the nar- rative where the involved officer had to make a decision, the reasons for that decision and the decision itself should be stated in detail. Once the written narrative has been com- pleted, the involved officer should work, ONLY with an agent of his legal counsel (to ensure that the contents of the narrative remain privi- leged until and unless the legal counsel decides to release it), to re-enact and time the actions. Such a narrative is very useful. It tells the whole story in a clear and coherent manner, and it is very useful for the legal counsel to review it before questioning anyone, and for the involved officer to review it before taking the stand. It prevents memories from fading, clarity being lost, and confusion from entering the process. The legal counsel’s questions will be im- proved, and the involved officer’s testimony will be improved by freshened knowledge of exactly what happened, and why, and what the timing was, immediately before the matters come up on the witness stand. That is valuable. David A Tomlinson - National President National Firearms Association Suspects cast out

BRANDON, MANITOBA — Two suspected mem- bers of the Indian posse street gang have been ordered out of the city of Brandon. A judge gave them 24 hours to leave and told them they were not permitted to come within 160km of the city. The two were convicted of a violent robbery in May, however, the charges were later dropped due to the victim refusing to testify, fearing for his safety. A peace bond was negotiated for one year in order to protect the victim and to restrain the two men’s access to certain areas within the city. Jeff Gindin, past president of the Manitoba Defense Lawyers Assoc., stated that the condition which the defense is considering could be over- turned on appeal, thus setting a future precedent.

Blue Line Magazine 37 OCTOBER 2005 Listening to ‘others’ crucial for police the cult, do you? Teachers often feel the same selves in the same light as the rest of the com- by Dr. Dorothy Cotton way – that no one else can possibly have any- munity – which makes it tough for the thing useful to say about schools or teaching. citizenry to see police as part of their com- I have been watching with some amuse- You see a lot of this in alcohol and substance munity. This even though one of the funda- ment the ongoing debate in Blue Line about abuse programs as well – the belief that only a mentals of community/contemporary policing geographical profiling. person who has gone through it can help some- is collaboration and consultation with the On the one side, there are some airy fairy, one with a similar problem. community. academic psychologists whose experiments It would be almost impossible to believe Maybe you’re thinking ‘but you don’t re- and research suggest that elaborate, computer- this and be a psychologist. Can only schizo- ally understand what it’s like.’ That is true, as ized geographical profiling programs and train- phrenics work well with people who have men- far as it goes – I don’t have the vaguest idea ing regimes may not work any better than sim- tal illness? Do university professors have to be what it’s like to be a police officer – but that ple and straight forward training about basic the same age as their students? I’ll bet none of doesn’t mean I can’t offer useful information, principles. They are countered by the ‘Voice the people involved in developing the space taking the tools of my trade and applying them of Authority,’ the REAL cops who have been shuttle were astronauts. The people who built to your trade. That might even be helpful. in the trenches, walked the walk, done the leg- the highways were not truck drivers. ‘Outsider’ opinions can be more than just use- work, developed these programs and, presum- More than some other occupations, polic- ful; they can be constructive and encourage ably, market and sell them. Needless to say, ing has a tradition of ‘us and them’ – with them us all to think the issue through, even if, at they take exception to the psychologists’ con- being everyone from bad guys to psychologists. the end of it, we reach the same conclusion. tention that simpler is just as good. The nature of the profession and the work itself Traditional policing was a closed system and I will be the first to admit that I know zip breeds a sense of isolation and cynicism; this is problems resulted from that. Surely it’s bet- about geographical profiling or how you should not necessarily a good thing, for several reasons. ter to remain open to input and feedback from go about doing it, but I did take note of one At a personal level, it disrupts personal re- a variety of sources. phrase used early and referred to often in the lationships such as marriages, friendships and It is always dangerous to only listen to peo- Rossmo and Filer rebuttal (Aug/Sept 2005 Blue parent-child relations and leads to a tendency ple who are like you. This is a cardinal error of Line). Referring to the psychologist’s research, not to get help when needed because you think many senior managers – they surround them- they state that “none of these authors have ex- no on else can possibly understand. selves with people who think the same way they perience as police officers, investigators or At a professional level, it can actually in- do. Let’s face it – if you and I see things the geographic profilers. The advice they offer is hibit the ability to do the job, believe it or not. same way, then one of us is not needed. therefore of questionable operational value.” One of the limiting factors in the evolution of So should you listen to non-police about Oh really? Is that so? community-policing for example, has been the police procedures? You betcha. Being a police I wonder about that. You have to be one of difficulty police sometimes have seeing them- officer makes you inherently biased about po- lice stuff – just as being a teacher makes you Canadian diamonds could become the mob’s best friend biased about schools and being a truck driver makes you see roads differently. You see it only OTTAWA (CP) — Authorities fear that Canadian dia- tario and Quebec. from one perspective and make a lot of assump- monds could become the mob’s best friend. Canada now is ranked third by value among 23 dia- tions that may not be warranted. You ignore The potential for criminal exploitation of the dia- mond-producing nations, but the report said Canada is evidence that’s not consistent with your own mond industry could attract both foreign and domestic expected to move up the list as more mines open. point of view and close off your mind to new organized crime, Criminal Intelligence Service Canada The report warned that theft and distortion of the warned in its annual report released Friday. valuations of both imported and exported diamonds is possibilities. The outsider is less likely to have “Gone are the days when organized crime figures possible through jewelry stores and diamond companies. an agenda or be influenced by tradition and were recognized by the fedoras and the trench coats,” Criminals could also smuggle African conflict dia- social pressure, and more open to data and said Ottawa Police Chief Vince Bevan. monds into the country and insert them into streams of logic. They will also have few preconceived “They are in business suits . . . they are in T-shirts. diamonds labelled as Canadian, it said. notions and unspoken beliefs. And organized crime is no longer just involved in drugs Criminal operations will also try to infiltrate mining What do I think about the geographical and gambling and prostitution. They’ve expanded their areas as they expand. profiling issue? Beats me, it’s not an area I ability to make money - in any kind of situation.” “Organized crime groups are likely to be drawn to know much about, but I would not dismiss Whether it be vehicle parts smuggling, waste dump- the mine sites and their neighbouring communities as psychological research just because it wasn’t ing or human trafficking, organized crime will find a way, their populations swell with well-paid workers with few the agency said. outlays for their money,” the report said. done by police. If I were going to spend a lot “Wherever they can find an opportunity, they are “In the past, organized crime has supplied similar of money and time trying to find the bad guys, exploiting that opportunity to the fullest,” said the group’s resource extraction-based communities with illicit drugs, I’d listen pretty carefully to a wide range of vice-chair, RCMP deputy commissioner Peter Martin. contraband tobacco and alcohol, illegal gaming and as- opinions, and especially hard to the people tell- The federal agency - a network of criminal intel- sociated loan-sharking and prostitution.” ing me things I don’t want to hear – because ligence experts from police and government - said It also says organized crime is using high tech to inevitably, I’ll learn the most from them. it’s monitoring the diamond industry for possible crimi- increase profits. Meanwhile, I am going to go back and nal infiltration. “Organized crime is more than a big-city issue in read the Rossmo and Filer article again. I just “Possible threats posed by organized crime’s po- Canada,” declared Cape Breton Police Chief Edgar might be over-reacting because, after all, I tential infiltration of the diamond industry are through Macleod. co-opted or wholly owned mining, exploration, and cut- “Anybody with a computer or a telephone can be a am a psychologist and the authors they were ting-and-polishing firms,” said the 51-page report. victim, as can anybody with a home to protect or a family attacking are psychologists. Maybe I am also “Co-option of a firm or a specialized service within member who is vulnerable.” guilty of listening too hard to people of my could occur if organized crime groups were to place own profession. individuals in jobs that could gain access to important Maybe yes, maybe no. industry information or to acquire a supply of rough stones illicitly.” You can reach Dr. Dorothy Cotton, Blue Line’s psychology In addition to functioning mines in Nunavut and the columnist at [email protected], by fax at (613) 530- Northwest Territories, diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes 3141 or mail at: Dorothy Cotton RTC(O) PO Box 22 have been discovered in Alberta, Saskatchewan, On- Kingston Ontario K7L 4V7.

Blue Line Magazine 38 OCTOBER 2005 A man has pleaded guilty to public mis- back to Baraniecki. *** chief for faking his own abduction. He now faces a charge of transferring a fire- NDP leadership candidate Allison Brewer Guelph police were called to a movie thea- arm without authority. says she can’t believe the police would arrest tre parking lot by patrons who heard a man Baraniecki says he is in disbelief that the gun her instead of tracking down the criminals who crying for help from the trunk of a car. is still registered in his name, despite passing raided her property. When police arrived to free the man, he through several hands during the past 14 years. Brewer says she was arrested for $16 worth told police he had been robbed at knife point *** of unpaid parking tickets after she called in nearby Milton, Ont., the previous day. No immunity for Winnipeg’s mayor, who Fredericton police following a theft at a rental He claimed he was carjacked on the high- put on a brave face for the media when he property she owns. She says the officer even way and said the culprit had taken off with his discovered a parking ticket on his 2000 called for back-up during her arrest when she watch and wallet after placing him in the trunk. Porsche Boxster. suggested driving herself to the police station Further police investigation revealed there Mayor Sam Katz had stopped at the load- to pay the $100 fine. had been no robbery and that the man had been ing zone for a media interview, when he dis- Pleading innocence, she says it may be time reported missing by his fiancee. covered the ticket, without complaint. He left for New Brunswick to pass legislation giving The tall-tales of Christopher Stewart, 31 his vehicle about 45 minutes too long in a City citizens and the police more options when it of Brampton, Ont., got him a fine of $400, in Hall loading zone. comes to such minor offences. lieu of locking himself in the trunk of his car “I’m just like you,” he told reporters and a Brewer is one of three people running to and claiming he was robbed and abducted. TV camera crew that happened to be nearby lead the provincial party. and taped the exchange. “I’ll take care of it.” *** Katz said it’s the first time he’s been Trading a .357-magnum revolver for some ticketed for parking illegally at City Hall since *** skis seemed like a good deal at the time for winning the mayor’s office little more than a A man being sentenced for dealing drugs Matt Baraniecki, president of the Canadian year ago. apparently has a taste for federal penitentiaries. Union of Public Employees, which represents He pointed out he was penalized while “try- Martin Massicotte asked Quebec court some City of Saskatoon workers. ing to satisfy the media.” Judge Gilles Bergeron to be sent to a federal Baraniecki, however, is now on a slippery While writing up a citation for a $70 fine, prison, a request that was granted. After plead- slope, facing the reality of an improper trans- commissionaire Woody Eckert said, “The load- ing guilty, Massicotte was sentenced to two fer of a firearm. ing zone is for 15 minutes...“I don’t care who years. In 2004, police shot Andrew Moore after it is.” When Bergeron asked why he wanted to a short struggle at a Saskatoon confectionery Katz will get off with a $35 fine if he paid go to a federal penitentiary, Massicotte replied: and found a revolver on him that was traced within 15 days. “We eat better there.”

Blue Line Magazine 39 OCTOBER 2005 Mounties work on Manitoba police shortage by Ryan Siegmund when they return.” Williamson says recently retired members A critical shortage of officers in would be a big help because they’re already Manitoba has forced the RCMP trained and experienced, can re-qualify for fire- to take a hard look at how it arms and would be paid on a per hour basis, can best use its limited re- filling gaps when things get busy. sources in the province. Chief Supt. Bill Robinson spearheaded ‘D’ The internal examina- Direction and initiated what the RCMP de- tion, dubbed ‘D’ Direction, scribes as a new era of partnership between Justice Critic, Vic Toews. Long hours make mis- addresses a wide array of issues arising from and the Mounties. Aborigi- takes more likely, he says, especially in a high the shortage and provides a framework for ‘D’ nal, government and community stakeholders pressure and demanding job like policing. He Division to satisfy current and future policing all played a role in the process. also worries about lone officers doing routine needs. Strategies to ensure that there is money patrol checks in the early morning hours. to pay for current and future staff are also in- The restructuring plan will create a new Municipal issues cluded in the five year plan. Staffing shortages have been so severe some 50 member strong traffic unit — a noted soft After reviewing the Provincial Police Serv- municipalities have hired private bylaw offic- spot in Manitoba. Members will work in teams ices Agreement (PPSA), the RCMP realized it ers to enforce the Highway Traffic Act. The and the redesigned Traffic Services Program needed to do something about detachments 1,000 tickets issued by one service were later will focus on meeting the new national Road experiencing very high criminal case loads per declared invalid and thrown out. The initiative Safety Vision (RSV) 2010. member. The numbers were through the roof, also got a black-eye because of a Taser incident. “Gone are the days of the lonely highway ‘D’ Direction project manager Sgt. Allen Despite those setbacks, private bylaw of- traffic patrol guy going out on his own,” says Williamson acknowledges; Manitoba’s provin- ficers are again expected to roam the highways Williamson. “We can no longer utilize our re- cial average is about 118 cases per member and as soon as their roles are clearly defined. sources that way. The resources will be targeted it’s more than 250 in some areas, compared to Policing issues are different in just about and strategically deployed.” the national average of about 42. every community, says Ron Bell, president of ‘D’ Direction’s objectives will be worked “At the time we initiated the study, there the Association of Manitoba Municipalities on incrementally over the next year and were no new positions available to us — we (AMM). He says some feel they don’t have Williamson hints it’s going to take a long time were static,” says Williamson. “In fact, we were enough officers while others feel the police they to fill vacancies, hence the five year plan. Un- fighting to maintain funding to keep the whole do have are focusing on the wrong problems. til it’s firmly in place, the RCMP will use avail- contract funded from the province of Manitoba.” The RCMP and government officials have been able resources where it deems them to be Before ‘D’ Direction was finalized this working together in an effort to move avail- needed the most. past July, the province announced it would pay able resources into area hot spots and reduce As a short term measure, the force is look- for 28 more officers. Some will help estab- policing costs. ing at bringing in retired officers to fill the holes lish the Sex Offender Registry and High Risk Under the PPSA, municipalities with more left by members going on paternity leave or Offender Unit; others will beef up staffing in than 5,000 people are required to pay 70 per off recovering from injuries — these members rural detachments or be used in other strate- cent of the cost of contract policing but some are currently not being replaced, municipali- gies developed by the project. The new money feel they have no control over these costs. The ties complain. will have a huge impact on officer well-be- per capita cost of policing in 2002 in The Pas, “We don’t back (fill) for those vacancies ing, according to RCMP Assistant Commis- for example, was $219.55, yet it received just because, first of all, we don’t have a pool of sioner Darrell Madilland. $131.82 per person. However, some detach- resources that we can backfill from,” says Officers are concerned about the amount ments will receive additional funding under the Williamson. “Secondly, those members have a of hours they’re expected to work, sometimes PPSA, which won’t impact municipal budgets. right to expect their job is going to be there without claiming overtime, says Conservative Dealing with a difficult situation No detachments will be closed under the Training Alberta under one roof ‘D’ Direction and the 28 new positions are just a start; the RCMP calculates it will need an EDMONTON — A new training academy for the province tens of millions of dollars. Cenaiko’s ministry is ex- additional 51 new members in Manitoba over of Alberta will house all police recruits from across the pected to issue a request for communities and cor- province and serve all local police services. porations to bid for the opportunity. The government the next six years. Solicitor General Harvey Cenaiko says the is also considering making this a public-private part- “Policing here is the same as policing any- province is trying to ensure recruits receive the nership, letting private businesses help fund and build where — we are all getting hit by the same same quality of instruction no matter where they the facility. double whammy,” Williamson says. “We are serve in the province. Cenaiko also plans to work with police chiefs to getting a heavy dose of attrition, coupled with “We’re going to compile the highest standards develop a standardized curriculum for two-year pro- growth. The attrition alone is enough but we’re of policing I believe in Canada,” he said. “It’s going grams at the 17 Alberta colleges which offer law en- also trying to get caught up with the ones go- to make it more difficult for those recruits, but we’re forcement. These programs will serve as a vital pre- ing off on pension... Every municipality is try- going to receive a much better candidate that will cursor to the academy sessions, he says. ing to hire more police officers and it’s creat- definitely understand their role serving the public.” The proposal for a central training centre in Al- The academy will be the training centre for all berta came in part from a 2002 government report ing vacancy problems for everybody.” peace officers, from prison guards and special con- on policing. All provinces except Manitoba and On- Priority areas will be designated as new stables to conservation and wildlife officers. RCMP tario have central training centres. resources become available, he says. Also high recruits will continue to train in Regina. on the list is realigning consolidated detach- The site will likely be able to prepare up to 400 ment boundaries and dealing with infrastruc- police recruits and 1,000 peace officers annually, as ture issues in some municipalities. well as provide professional development for expe- “We are into a new partnership and new rienced members. focus on providing front line service to the de- Many communities are interested in hosting the tachments. We are working to get out of the facility, which is expected to cost the government critical stage and we have made a first step.”

Blue Line Magazine 40 OCTOBER 2005 Policing costs up in Alberta by Ryan Siegmund 2003 Statistics Canada data, Hawkesworth ing through the RCMP then if it’s through a says, adding that although this years provin- local service.” An increasing crime rate and escalating cial budget allocated more for policing, that The RCMP announced in August it planned policing costs are taking a chunk out of mu- doesn’t translate into more money for all mu- to hire 121 more officers to police the prov- nicipal budgets, leading the Alberta Urban nicipal governments. ince. The provincial funding boost will focus Municipal Association (AUMA) to lobby the “Some communities got police funding on organized crime and send more officers to province for help. completely removed from their books if they rural detachments and specialized units. The province picks up the tab for about 19 were 5,000 in population or smaller, while oth- per cent of policing costs in the province but ers saw a per capita contribution go up – so it Province takes over the rest is paid for by the municipalities, ac- is quite uneven across the province in how each cording to AUMA president Bob municipality was dealt with.” courtroom security Hawkesworth. Escalating policing costs are a big issue for “I think a lot of this has to do with reduc- municipalities also, notes Hawkesworth. EDMONTON — Solicitor General Harvey tions in levels of service that occurred in the “Part of our situation in Alberta as local Cenaiko has announced the Alberta government mid 90’s to deal with budget issues. They governments is we are not directly tied to staff- will be taking over courtroom security. slashed municipal budgets dramatically in the ing. We give ‘global’ amounts and the com- By moving RCMP resources outside court mid 90’s and police funding was on the hit list missions decide how many staff will be hired security, the province will be freeing up 130 of- – and we have never fully recovered from that.” with the money that is provided. We only have ficers, says department spokesman Andy Weiler. Hawkesworth says his association gets an indirect influence over the number of staff Edmonton, Calgary, Red Deer, continual reports about inadequate policing and and the costs per sworn officer.” and Medicine Hat removed RCMP security from officers unable to do the job that is expected of AUMA is working with the province to their courtrooms in 1988 and in 1995, as well. Fifty-five smaller communi- them. The problem is compounded, he says, come up with a better way of paying for polic- by the number of positions that are funded but ties in Alberta continue the service with RCMP. ing costs, Hawkesworth says. Weiler says the armed provincial protection not filled. “Some regions of the province have spe- “I heard those statements being made by officers will receive four weeks training, includ- cial or high policing needs and some of that ing firearms training, and earn about $42,000 police officers and from municipal politicians should be reflected in the grants that they re- annually. He also said for the most part, judges from around the province who talk about ceived… some have their own police services, have been pleased with the level of security pro- RCMP services in their communities. Certainly others contract with the RCMP… vincial protection officers have provided since the lack of staff to fill positions seems to be a “With the RCMP, it’s not necessarily a taking over in the bigger centres. theme from many conversations.” funding formula issue but it’s a point of con- Initiatives will start immediately but will not Alberta pays a smaller share of policing tention as far as filling vacancies. I guess there be complete until fall, 2006. costs than any other province, according to is less sense of municipal control if it is com-

Blue Line Magazine 41 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line advertisers at the 2005 trade show for the International Association of Chiefs of Police

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Blue Line Magazine 42 OCTOBER 2005 OTTAWA — Despite a Excited delirium, a medical condition not have never been intended solely as an alterna- lack of definitive research, universally recognized, may explain why so tive for lethal force, and it says their use in most a study by the Canadian many deaths have been linked to the devices, non-lethal incidents has been appropriate. Police Research Cen- the report says, noting drug use and psychiat- tre says the advan- ric illness are often attributed to the condition. *** tages of police using Multiple use of CED’s and their impact on TORONTO — Organized criminals, includ- Tasers far outweigh respiration and other physical effects could also ing street gang members, are ordering fire arms the risks. play a role in the deaths, says the report. and gun parts over the Internet and shipping The study, presented at “Police officers should recognize that them undetected into Canada, says an annual the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police acutely agitated persons are suffering from a intelligence report released by the Canadian conference, says no definitive evidence exists medical emergency and that emergency medi- Intelligence Service of Canada. that indicates the devices are to blame for re- cal services involvement is warranted as early The report, says in some cases, gun com- ported deaths. Tasers, and or conducted energy as possible in the restraint process.” ponents are bought and shipped separately and devices (CEDs), are “effective law enforcement The report suggests police services develop assembled into a weapon later. tools that are safe in the vast majority of cases,” incident reporting procedures and databases “They use all the tricks in the book.” says it says. tailored specifically to the devices. Sgt. Guy Champagne, a firearms co-ordinator The study goes on to say, “It has become “It would be unwise and counter-produc- and aid to the Criminal Intelligence Service, evident that the emergence of CEDs as a use- tive for any police service or government body an organization comprised of intelligence of- of-force option for police services has been a to develop policies and procedures that explic- ficers from 120 police services nationally. substantial benefit, ... Proper training and use itly specify in what kinds of circumstances a “A firearm can be taken apart and sent in of CEDs have reduced the risk of harm to both CED may or may not be used,” it says. pieces and reassembled once it’s in Canada, police officers and suspects. There is no ques- Continued research into incidences of re- which is not an easy task to find such a piece, tion that the use of CEDs can and have saved straint that resulted in death was advised. whether it’s in a car, or by mail . . . it’s impos- many lives.” There are adverse effects of multiple, con- sible,” says Champagne. The study acknowledges that there are secutive cycles of CEDs on a suspect and of In some cases, a single part can change a “no known, scientifically tested, independ- firing one at someone’s head, neck or genita- semi-automatic to a fully automatic rifle, the ently verified and globally accepted CED lia, the report warns. It also warns fugitives report says. safety parameters.” should not be shot with one of the devices if The report indicates the illegal drug trade “Definitive research or evidence does not there is a risk that they may fall from a height; “is a major instigator in creating market de- exist that implicates a causal relationship be- if they have flammable material on their cloth- mand for illicit firearms, given that the large tween the use of CEDs and death,” it says. ing; or if they’re near flammable or explosive profits generated are the source of competition “Existing studies indicate that the risk of car- materials. and tension between crime groups, as well as diac harm to subjects from a CED is very low.” The report emphasizes that the devices between members of the same crime group.”

Blue Line Magazine 43 OCTOBER 2005 Low-profile lightbar Affordable rifle scope Winter flotation suits

Blue Max introduces Tomar’s The Blade low- profile lightbar. Engineered with the latest LED technology, The Blade is only 2 inches high with up to 9 high-performance modules to the Leupold Mark 4 1.5-5x20mm PR Scope de- Protexion features their easy to wear NFS2000 front and rear modules with integrated Traffic signed for budget-conscious law enforcement Elite Flotation Suit, with moisture wicking fab- Director, adjustable beam angle LED takedown agencies, features a new Special Purpose reticle ric, waterproof construction, low profile PVC and alley lights, integrated traffic direction and with the versatility to effectively engage targets foam design, fleece lined collar and chest pock- multiple user-programmable flash patterns. at close quarters as well as longer ranges. It is ets and an ergonomic fleece lined hood that Available in 44", 49" and 54" lengths. backed by Leupold’s Full Lifetime Guarantee. stows in the collar.

Gyro stabilized Wireless CPIC Road side drug testing binoculars

CanRep distributes Fraser-Volpe’s Stedi-Eye Navigator, an active image stabilization bin- x-wave features OnPatrol, a portable wireless Securetec introduces DrugWipe Detection ocular that reduces image motion from hand solution that gives timely and secure access to tests that can detect both trafficking and abuse tremor and platform vibration by 98%. Weigh- CPIC through BlackBerry Handheld devices. from sweat and oral fluids. The non-invasive ing 4.5 lbs and measuring 7.5" x 3.5", Stedi- OnPatrol allows an officer to query CPIC, ve- DrugWipe, in 2-5 minutes, can aid in the de- Eye Navigator is also buoyant and submers- hicle registration (PARIS), local RMS and in- tection of: Cannabis, Amphetamines, ible and operates for 12 hours continuously on teract with dispatch systems on top of the stand- Methamphetamines, Ecstasy, Cocaine, Opiates 2 AA batteries. ard BlackBerry functions. and Benzodiazepines.

Personal transportation Hard drive destruction Undercover LED

Whelen introduces Inner-Edge, an undercover Primex distributes American Chariot, an effi- Paystation features the Model 22 HDD, pro- lightbar, with eight or ten TIR3 Super-LEDs cient personal transportation option built to with- viding for secure disposal of obsolete hard including two modules to cover 45 degree an- stand on-going daily use. Capable of transport- drives. The self-contained system shreds drives gles and two MR8 halogen take-down lights ing up to 450 pounds of rider and cargo, Ameri- into unreconstructible fragments at a rate of 20/ for scene lighting. Mounts snuggly against front can Chariot is powered by a 2.5 HP magnetic hour. Also ideal for hand haled electronic de- windshields of late model Crown Victorias, motor and two rechargeable 40 amp batteries. vices and other multimedia. Impalas, Suburbans and Tahoes.

Blue Line Magazine 44 OCTOBER 2005 TORONTO — Ontario’s sex offender regis- the Ontario to work co-operatively,” said try will not be amalgamated with the federal Nichols. “We’re trying to do everything we can October 3 – 7, 2005 initiative, a move that was anticipated when to ensure that we are in compliance with the fed- Conference on Sex Crimes Investigations the federal registry was being established. eral legislation to have offenders who are on the Toronto, ON th Community Safety Minister Monte Ontario registry go onto the national registry.” The 12 annual international conference is hosted by the Toronto Police Service Sex Crimes Unit. An opportunity Kwinter says Ontario will maintain its own reg- *** to learn about the issues that matter to today’s leading istry for the foreseeable future because the fed- sexual assault investigators from an international panel eral one requires court orders in order to add CALGARY — A Calgary Police officer says of dynamic speakers. Contact Nadine Lyle at 416-808- offenders to the list. Offenders are automati- the seizure of 59 stun guns at the Alberta - U.S. 7474 or www.torontopolice.on.ca/sexcrimes/seminar . cally added to the provincial registry after con- border indicates a criminal demand within Al- October 12 - 14, 2005 1st Annual Marine Unit Seminar viction of certain crimes. berta for the devices. Radisson Admiral - Toronto Harbourfront “We have made some changes in ours to CPS spokesman Brad Swidzinski says he Hosted by the Toronto Police Service Marine Unit, the make it more compliant with theirs,” Kwinter has heard of only one case of a civilian pos- variety of topics will include underwater death, accident was quoted as saying. “But there are still some sessing a Taser and suggests those trying to reconstruction, and aircraft recovery. Various vendors/ displays will be demonstrated. Contact: 416-808-5800 operational issues and investigative issues smuggle the weapons into the province are try- or [email protected] where we feel ours is more suitable for what ing to sell them for profit. or [email protected] . we’re doing in Ontario.” “Obviously, Tasers are prohibited weap- November 1 - 2 , 2005 Critics say there is no need for separate sex ons,’’ Swidzinski said. “Be it for self-protec- Conference on Understanding Wrongful Convictions. offender registries, and question Kwinter’s tion or protection of their illicit gains. They Saint John, NB comments of a year ago when he said the two could be looking for something that flies un- The Saint John Police Force and the Office of the Attor- ney General of New Brunswick host this conference would be combined. der the radar a little bit more than a firearm.” which will explore the areas of eyewitness identifica- Kwinter says all 8,100 names currently on Florida native Michael John Deason, 22, tion, tunnel vision, jail house informants, confessions, the Ontario registry also appear on the national faces several smuggling and weapons charges and the latest in scientific technology. These topics have registry. Kwinter says unlike Ontario, other stemming from the seizure that garnered 81 been identified as critical in the prevention of wrongful convictions. The conference will bring together judges, provinces didn’t want to devote the resources weapons in total. He is charged with three smug- law enforcement personnel, defense attorneys, crown to their own sex offenders registry. He says while gling charges under the Canada Customs Act prosecutors and others for a review of current practices there is no reason to have two separate regis- and two criminal charges pertaining to illegally and issues surrounding wrongful convictions. For in- tries, the federal one differs from Ontario’s. importing or exporting prohibited weapons. formation and registration visit www.uwcsaintjohn.ca . Both registries target those convicted of The bust was the largest seizure of stun December 5 – 9, 2005 Fraud Conference sexual interference or exploitation, incest, guns in recent memory, says Canadian Border Toronto Marriott Eaton Centre bestiality, child pornography, exposure or Services Agency spokeswoman Lisa White. Hosted by the Toronto Police Service Fraud Squad. Pro- sexual assault. “He presented himself at the border in vided will be a mixture of lectures and case studies dis- Officers have the ability and are actively Coutts... and during a secondary examination cussing a wide variety of fraud issues and practices. Cost $350.00 per person. For further information/con- checking both registries for information when of the vehicle, our border officers found 59 stun tacts go to www.torontopolice.on.ca under Seminars and investigating sex crimes, says Det. Terry guns and 22 switchblade knives hidden behind Conferences, or contact Allister Field at 416.808.7332 Nichols, the Ontario Provincial Police officer the body panels of the vehicle,” White said. [email protected] or James Farrell at in charge of the provincial registry. Since April 2004, officers have seized more 416.808.7238 [email protected]. “The intent is certainly for the national and than 900 weapons at Alberta ports of entry.

Blue Line Magazine 45 OCTOBER 2005 The origins of modern policing Can you recite Peel’s nine principles? by David A. Tomlinson Peel put his new force of young men into a service to the law dark uniform and they soon became known 6. Police use physical force to the extent nec- After the Romans withdrew from Britain, as ‘Peelers’ or ‘Bobbies’. essary to secure observance national law descended into scrappy local rules. In spite of great resistance to what was, at of the law or to restore or- If a criminal was detected ‘in the act,’ the per- first, seen as a breach of civil rights, Peel’s der only when the exer- son who noticed him would ‘raise the hue and bobbies soon became a common and respected cise of persuasion, advice cry’ and he would be chased by yelling private sight in London. They paved the way for this and warning is found to citizens until they caught him or he got away. popular form – policing by consent – through- be insufficient It wasn’t a good way to police a nation. out Great Britain and it spread throughout the 7. Police, at all times, It stayed that way until the industrial revo- emerging ‘civilized’ world. should maintain a lution began in the late 18th century. The sud- It is a fact that all western democracies now relationship with den increase in mills and factories created op- have police forces based upon Robert Peel’s the public that portunities and induced many country families ‘Metropolitan Police Force,’ which was cre- gives reality to the to move into urban areas. Towns and cities be- ated in 1829. historic tradition came overcrowded and life was cheap. These Sir Robert was a wise man who paid atten- that the police are the new industrial districts were chaotic; crime and tion to details. He realized that the police would public and the public vandalism became endemic. Something des- have to work with the public, or his force would are the police; the po- perate was called for to prevent revolution as not – could not – be effective. Here is the basis lice being only mem- the people became angry about the conditions he came up with to explain to his new police bers of the public who and tired of being victimized by criminals. officers how to do their job: are paid to give full- Robert Peel, (1788- Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles time attention to duties 1850) was the Member 1. The basic mission for which the police exist which are incumbent on of Parliament for is to prevent crime and disorder every citizen in the inter- Tamworth in Stafford- 2. The ability of the police to perform their du- ests of community welfare shire for eighteen years ties is dependent upon public approval of po- and existence - during which time, as lice actions 8. Police should always direct Home Secretary, he be- 3. Police must secure the willing co-operation their action strictly towards their came famous as the in- of the public in voluntary observance of the functions and never appear to usurp the pow- ventor of the modern law to be able to secure and maintain the ers of the judiciary police service. As home respect of the public. 9. The test of police efficiency is the absence secretary he reorgan- 4. The degree of co-operation of the public that of crime and disorder, not the visible evi- ized London’s weak police force (known as can be secured diminishes proportionately dence of police action in dealing with it the Bow Street Runners). These men were to the necessity of the use of physical force Sir Robert Peel also established the rule that thief-takers and they supplemented the activi- 5. Police seek and preserve public favour not every police officer should be issued a badge ties of night watchmen – old men who were by catering to public opinion but by con- number, to assure accountability for his actions. no practical deterrent to aggressive criminals. stantly demonstrating absolute impartial David A. Tomlinson is president of the National Firearms Association.

Artcal Graphics 12 Laerdal 2 Athabasca University 7 Matte Industries 22 Atlantic Police & Security 31 MD Charlton 4 Blue Line Trade Show 45 Medtronic of Canada 33 Blue Max Lighting 43 Mega Tech 19 BMW 39 Opus 21 CPKN 11 Pacific Safety Products 13 Dalhousie University 23 Panasonic 48 Edmonton Police Service 18 Pelican Products 5 FATS Inc. 29 Royal Roads University 41 FCPO 42 Second Chance Body Armor 17 Federal Signal 27 Seneca College 8 First Choice Armor 35 Toronto Police Gift Shop 32 GM Fleet 24, 25 Triform 30 Gordon Contract 20 Underwater Kinetics 21 Henry’s 32 Wolverine Supplies 14 Lac Seul Police Service 35 Zoll Canada 37

Blue Line Magazine 46 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 47 OCTOBER 2005 Blue Line Magazine 48 OCTOBER 2005