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UNDERSTANDING HEAD and NECK CANCERS SEP 2021 CAN1161 Understanding Head and Neck Cancers a Guide for People with Cancer, Their Families and Friends

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UNDERSTANDING HEAD and NECK CANCERS SEP 2021 CAN1161 Understanding Head and Neck Cancers a Guide for People with Cancer, Their Families and Friends UNDERSTANDING HEAD AND NECK CANCERS HEAD AND NECK UNDERSTANDING CANCER TYPE Understanding Head and Neck Cancers A guide for people with cancer, their families and friends SEP 2021 CAN1161 For information & support, call 13 11 20 Understanding Head and Neck Cancers A guide for people with cancer, their families and friends First published July 2008. This edition September 2021. © Cancer Council Australia 2021. ISBN 978 0 6489506 1 5 Understanding Head and Neck Cancers is reviewed approximately every two years. Check the publication date above to ensure this copy is up to date. Editor: Jenni Bruce. Designer: Eleonora Pelosi. Printer: SOS Print + Media Group. Acknowledgements This edition has been developed by Cancer Council NSW on behalf of all other state and territory Cancer Councils as part of a National Cancer Information Subcommittee initiative. We thank the reviewers of this booklet: A/Prof Richard Gallagher, Head and Neck Surgeon, Director of Cancer Services and Head and Neck Cancer Services, St Vincent’s Health Network, NSW; Dr Sophie Beaumont, Head of Dental Oncology, Dental Practitioner, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, VIC; Dr Bena Brown, Speech Pathologist, Princess Alexandra Hospital, and Senior Research Fellow, Menzies School of Health Research, QLD; Dr Teresa Brown, Assistant Director, Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, QLD; Lisa Castle-Burns, Head and Neck Cancer Specialist Nurse, Canberra Region Cancer Centre, The Canberra Hospital, ACT; A/Prof Ben Chua, Radiation Oncologist, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, GenesisCare Rockhampton and Brisbane, QLD; Elaine Cook, 13 11 20 Consultant, Cancer Council Victoria; Dr Andrew Foreman, Specialist Ear, Nose and Throat Surgeon, Royal Adelaide Hospital, SA; Tony Houey, Consumer; Dr Annette Lim, Medical Oncologist and Clinician Researcher – Head and Neck and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The University of Melbourne, VIC; Paula Macleod, Head, Neck and Thyroid Cancer Nurse Coordinator, Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW; Dr Aoife McGarvey, Physiotherapist and Accredited Lymphoedema Practitioner, Physio Living, Newcastle, NSW; Rick Pointon, Consumer; Teresa Simpson, Senior Clinician, Psycho-Oncology Social Work Service, Cancer Therapy Centre, Liverpool Hospital, NSW. We also thank the health professionals, consumers and editorial teams who worked on previous editions of this title. Note to reader Always consult your doctor about matters that affect your health. This booklet is intended as a general introduction to the topic and should not be seen as a substitute for medical, legal or financial advice. You should obtain independent advice relevant to your specific situation from appropriate professionals, and you may wish to discuss issues raised in this book with them. All care is taken to ensure that the information in this booklet is accurate at the time of publication. Please note that information on cancer, including the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer, is constantly being updated and revised by medical professionals and the research community. Cancer Council Australia and its members exclude all liability for any injury, loss or damage incurred by use of or reliance on the information provided in this booklet. Cancer Council Cancer Council is Australia’s peak non-government cancer control organisation. Through the eight state and territory Cancer Councils, we provide a broad range of programs and services to help improve the quality of life of people living with cancer, their families and friends. Cancer Councils also invest heavily in research and prevention. To make a donation and help us beat cancer, visit cancer.org.au or call your local Cancer Council. Cancer Council acknowledges Traditional Custodians of Country throughout Australia and recognises the continuing connection to lands, waters and communities. We pay our respects to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and to Elders past, present and emerging. Cancer Council Australia Level 14, 477 Pitt Street, Sydney NSW 2000 ABN 91 130 793 725 Telephone 02 8256 4100 Email [email protected] Website cancer.org.au About this booklet This booklet has been prepared to help you understand more about head and neck cancers, a general term for a range of cancers in the mouth, nose, throat and neck areas. Specific head and neck cancers are named after the area where they start and include lip or oral cavity (mouth), oropharyngeal (area of the throat behind the mouth), pharyngeal (throat), laryngeal (voice box), nasopharyngeal (area of the throat behind the nose), nasal cavity or sinus (nose), and salivary gland cancers. As the experience for every person with a head and neck cancer is different, you need to discuss your treatment options with your doctors. However, the information in this booklet may answer some of your questions and help you think about what to ask your treatment team (see page 78 for a question checklist). This booklet does not need to be read from cover to cover – just read the parts that are useful to you. Some medical terms that may be unfamiliar are explained in the glossary (see page 79). You may also like to pass this booklet to your family and friends for their information. How this booklet was developed – This information was developed with help from a range of health professionals and people affected by a head and neck cancer. It is based on international and Australian clinical practice guidelines for head and neck cancers.1–3 If you or your family have any questions or concerns, call Cancer Council 13 11 20. We can send you more information and connect you with support services in your area. You can also visit your local Cancer Council website (see back cover). Contents What is cancer? 4 The head and neck 6 What are head and neck cancers? 8 Mouth (lip and oral cavity) cancers 9 Throat (pharyngeal) cancers 10 Voice box (laryngeal) cancers 11 Nose (nasal cavity and sinus) cancers 12 Salivary gland cancers 13 Key questions 14 How common are head and neck cancers? 14 What are the risk factors? 14 What are the symptoms? 16 Which health professionals will I see? 18 Diagnosis 20 Physical examination 20 Endoscopy 20 Microlaryngoscopy 21 Biopsy 21 Imaging tests 22 Staging head and neck cancers 24 Prognosis 25 Making treatment decisions 27 Treatment 29 Preparing for treatment 30 Surgery 31 Radiation therapy 40 Chemotherapy 44 Other drug therapies 45 Key to icons Palliative treatment 46 Icons are used throughout this Managing side effects 48 booklet to indicate: Fatigue 49 Mouth problems 50 More information Taste, smell and appetite changes 52 Swallowing difficulties 54 Alert Malnutrition and weight loss 58 Changes to speech 59 Personal story Breathing changes 60 Pain, numbness and stiffness 63 Tips Changes to appearance 64 Impact on sexuality and intimacy 66 Vision changes 67 Hearing loss 67 Lymphoedema 68 Looking after yourself 70 Life after treatment 72 Follow-up appointments 73 What if the cancer returns? 73 Seeking support 74 Support from Cancer Council 75 Useful websites 76 Caring for someone with cancer 77 Question checklist 78 Glossary 79 What is cancer? Cancer is a disease of the cells. Cells are the body’s basic building blocks – they make up tissues and organs. The body constantly makes new cells to help us grow, replace worn-out tissue and heal injuries. Normally, cells multiply and die in an orderly way, so that each new cell replaces one lost. Sometimes, however, cells become abnormal and keep growing. These abnormal cells may turn into cancer. In solid cancers, such as head and neck cancers, the abnormal cells form a mass or lump called a tumour. In some cancers, such as leukaemia, the abnormal cells build up in the blood. How cancer starts Normal cells Abnormal cells Abnormal cells multiply 4 Understanding Head and Neck Cancers Not all tumours are cancer. Benign tumours tend to grow slowly and usually don’t move into other parts of the body or turn into cancer. Cancerous tumours, also known as malignant tumours, have the potential to spread. They may invade nearby tissue, destroying normal cells. The cancer cells can break away and travel through the bloodstream or lymph vessels to other parts of the body. The cancer that first develops in a tissue or organ is called the primary cancer. It is considered localised cancer if it has not spread to other parts of the body. If the primary cancer cells grow and form another tumour at a new site, it is called a secondary cancer or metastasis. A metastasis keeps the name of the original cancer. For example, oral cancer that has spread to the lungs is called metastatic oral cancer, even though the main symptoms may be coming from the lungs. How cancer starts How cancer spreads Malignant cancer Cancer cells break away Cancer cells travel to lymph nodes and other parts of the body (metastasis) Grows own Invades blood vessels surrounding (angiogenesis) tissue Lymph vessel Blood vessel What is cancer? 5 The head and neck In cancer medicine, the term “head and neck” has a particular meaning. The head and neck region includes the: • mouth – made up of the lips and the structures inside the oral cavity such as the tongue, palate and gums • throat – known as the pharynx • voice box – known as the larynx • nose – made up of the nasal cavity (the area behind the nose) and the sinuses • salivary glands – in the floor of the mouth and near the lower jaw • skin of the head and neck. Other structures found in our head and neck are not considered part of the “head and neck” in cancer medicine (although they can be affected by nearby head and neck cancers and their treatment, and can also have their own types of cancer). These include the: • brain • eyes • thyroid – a hormone-producing gland found at the front of the neck and just below the voice box • oesophagus – the food pipe • trachea – the windpipe • bones and muscles of the head and neck.
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