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Neo-Pentecostal Churches in Guatemala with Special Reference to Their Presence and Social Role, 1976-2006’

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Neo-Pentecostal Churches in Guatemala with Special Reference to Their Presence and Social Role, 1976-2006’ ‘Neo-Pentecostal Churches in Guatemala With special reference to their presence and social role, 1976-2006’ Abstract Israel Ortiz PhD, OCMS This thesis analyzes the presence and social role of Neo-Pentecostal churches in Guatemala. It focuses on the laity with a view to understanding how they are thinking and what they are doing about social issues in the light of the fact that they as well as their participation in society have not always been taken into account. Previous studies have been mainly concerned with the opinions of pastors or with the role of some politicians who have emerged from these churches. Indeed, some analysts take it for granted that what the laity thinks is nothing more than a reflection of the opinion of their pastors. Hence this study seeks to open the way towards an understanding of the manner in which lay people see themselves and their role in society. For the purposes of this study the researcher carried out field work in order to observe, discover, grasp, understand and systematize the ideas and experiences of the laity, examining how they perceive their role in society and how they live it out. The main sources of information were interviews, some documents written by pastors, observations from field work and the use of interviews to gather the opinions of the laity about their role and presence in society. The study argues that social change can be seen in the sphere of culture, which is the context in which the lay people live. It is here that lay people face their personal challenges and take their part in the development of the Guatemala‟s socio- economic processes. This analysis is essentially qualitative in character though it makes partial use of the quantitative method. The interviews were done among a cross section of the Neo- Pentecostals in six churches in the capital city of Guatemala. A questionnaire was also used among a larger number of people in order to gain a wider perspective of the thought and participation in society of the laity in these churches. In the course of the work the researcher took part in various activities, church services and dialogue with pastors and lay people, in order to gain an overall view of their ideas concerning their role and presence in society. This study shows that potentially these churches have a laity which, with the support of other Evangelical churches, could form a critical driving force for social change in the long term. Social capital is a key factor for the strengthening of democracy and of the social and economic development of society. This thesis is a contribution towards understanding the social role of the laity in Neo-Pentecostal churches which aims to stimulate the growth of a wider consciousness and commitment to Guatemala‟s social transformation. ‘Neo-Pentecostal Churches in Guatemala: With special reference to their presence and social role 1976-2006’ By Israel Ortiz B.A. and MA Theology (Central American Theological Seminary) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Wales October 2007 Oxford Centre for Mission Studies DEDICATION To God, the Father from whom comes every good and perfect gift, for his eternal love and goodness. To Jesus Christ, the Alpha and Omega, the Lamb of God, personal Saviour, Lord of history and the King of kings who is to come, and to the Holy Spirit, the true Comforter, the Giver of life, knowledge and power to the church for the accomplishment of its mission. To my wife Lily, for her love and companionship in the mission to which the Lord by his grace called us to serve his people in Latin America. She has been at my side at all times to encourage and support me in my studies in spite of the cost she has faced on account of my absences from home and the pressures she has borne in being available for our children at all times. To my children, Emily, Israel and Alex, for their love and understanding throughout my years of work and study. They have spurred me to persevere with the challenge of serving others. They have been very courageous in carrying on during my absences from home and have given me joy and encouragement as I strived to reach the goal of my studies. To my mother for her love and prayers on behalf of the researcher and his studies. Her dedication to work and her sense of creativity have inspired my life, studies and ministry. To my father who is with his beloved Lord and who always supported me and rejoiced over every achievement of mine in life and mission. To my mother-in-law who has loved us and been close to us as a family in all times and circumstances. To my sisters and brother and their families because they have always upheld me in prayer and encouraged me with the promises of the Word of God. To my sisters and brothers-in- law who were always quick to encourage me to press ahead in the struggle of pursuing my studies. To my dear friends, brothers and sisters and companions in mission in the much loved family of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students. The journey and service alongside them has always given me joy and inspiration and the stimulus of reflection on the relevance of the gospel in the context of the swarthy peoples and lands of Latin America. To my brothers and sisters of the Evangelical Community Faith and Mission for their support and encouragement to think about the importance of holistic mission in the life of the local church. They have been very patient with the researcher during his long absences from the pastoral team. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to acknowledge my deep thankfulness to God for his presence, faithfulness and provision in helping me to complete these studies. Without Him, nothing would have been possible. It was all accomplished only through His grace and mercy shown to his servant. My special thanks go to my supervisors Dr David Martin, Dr Paul Freston and Dr Virginia Garrard-Burnett who guided me, encouraged me and offered me their friendship through the whole research process. I am thankful for their knowledge, experience and excellent support during the writing of my thesis. Their deep analysis of Protestantism and its pertinence to the reality of Latin America has enriched my perspective and academic training. I am grateful for the spiritual and financial support of International Fellowship of Evangelical Students, Tearfund, the Latin American Theological Fraternity, World Vision and the Mustard Seed Foundation. I particularly want to thank Lindsay Brown, Gordon Davies, Dr Manfred Grellert and Dr Tito Paredes, for their support in my studies and for their fellowship in the missionary journey. I am thankful to Dr Chris Sugden, Dr Vinay and Colleen Samuel for giving us the opportunity to be part of the Oxford Centre for Mission Studies family. I particularly want to thank Ms Hilary Guest for her ongoing friendship and support. My thanks go also to Dr Ben Knighton for his understanding and encouragement in helping me to finish the thesis and to the OCMS faculty and staff members for their support. I am grateful to the Church pastors who contributed to my research, for allowing me into their churches and sharing with me their ideas and faith experiences. I particularly want to thank pastors James Jankoviak and Harold Caballeros. I am greatly thankful to the lay people who shared with me their vision, ideas and experiences making it possible for me to write this thesis. To Headington Baptist Church for their friendship and spiritual support during my studies in Oxford, especially I want to thank to Cecily and John Delderfield, John and Sheila Coyle, Margaret Stranks and Pastor James Bloice-Smith and his family. Equally, I am thankful for the support and prayers of Comunidad Evangelica Fe y Mision my local church in Guatemala. Especially, I give thanks to Eckard Shumann and the pastoral team. To members of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students staff in Oxford and the Latin American Regional Team for their fellowship and special support, particularly to Ziel Machado, Felicity Bentley Taylor, Dr Jorge Atiencia and the general secretaries of Mexico and Central America. I am very grateful for the friendship, fellowship and work of those who have translated the thesis: the Bullon family, and Dorothy in particular who translated most of the thesis, Joan Meger, Lindsey Capper, Felicity Bentley Taylor and Anja Rajaobelina who helped me with translating the final pieces. I want to thank my family who have supported, understood and endured my long absences during this time of study. I especially want to thank my wife, Lily Escobar for her unconditional support in accompanying me in my studies and for her help in the process of undertaking field studies. I am grateful to my mother, mother-in-law and all my extended family for their spiritual support during this long period of study. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABBREVIATIONS ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1 A. NEW SOCIAL ACTORS 1 B. WORK HYPOTHESIS 3 C. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 5 D. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE THESIS 7 E. KEY TERMS 9 F. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC 11 1. Socio-religious importance 11 2. Political importance 15 3. Academic importance 16 G. NEO-PENTECOSTALISM IN GUATEMALA 18 1. Evangelicals in general 18 Table 1.1 Percentages of the population of the country according to the assistance to different Evangelical congregations 21 2. Pentecostals 21 3. Neo-Pentecostalism 23 H.
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