Knight Capital Group, Inc. Annual Report
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High-Frequency Trading and the Flash Crash: Structural Weaknesses in the Securities Markets and Proposed Regulatory Responses Ian Poirier
Hastings Business Law Journal Volume 8 Article 5 Number 2 Summer 2012 Summer 1-1-2012 High-Frequency Trading and the Flash Crash: Structural Weaknesses in the Securities Markets and Proposed Regulatory Responses Ian Poirier Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_business_law_journal Part of the Business Organizations Law Commons Recommended Citation Ian Poirier, High-Frequency Trading and the Flash Crash: Structural Weaknesses in the Securities Markets and Proposed Regulatory Responses, 8 Hastings Bus. L.J. 445 (2012). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_business_law_journal/vol8/iss2/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Business Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. High-Frequency Trading and the Flash Crash: Structural Weaknesses in the Securities Markets and Proposed Regulatory Responses Ian Poirier* I. INTRODUCTION On May 6th, 2010, a single trader in Kansas City was either lazy or sloppy in executing a large trade on the E-Mini futures market.1 Twenty minutes later, the broad U.S. securities markets were down almost a trillion dollars, losing at their lowest point more than nine percent of their value.2 Certain stocks lost nearly all of their value from just minutes before.3 Faced with the blistering pace of the decline, many market participants opted to cease trading entirely, including both human traders and High Frequency Trading (“HFT”) programs.4 This withdrawal of liquidity5 accelerated the crash, as fewer buyers were able to absorb the rapid-fire selling pressure of the HFT programs.6 Within two hours, prices were back * J.D. -
Why Are Ipos in the ICU?
Why are IPOs in the ICU? By David Weild and Edward Kim Why are IPOs in the ICU? 1 Contents Page Introduction 2 History of the IPO market 3 Decline of the IPO market 7 Effect on capital markets 12 Conclusion 15 The Perfect Storm 16 About the authors 19 About Grant Thornton LLP 20 Grant Thornton offices 21 © Grant Thornton LLP. All rights reserved. Why are IPOs in the ICU? 2 Introduction Over the last several years, the IPO market in the United States has practically disappeared. While conventional wisdom may say the U.S. IPO market is going through a cyclical downturn, exacerbated by the recent credit crisis, many are beginning to share a view of a new and much darker reality: The market for underwritten IPOs, given its current structure, is closed to most (80 percent) of the companies that need it. In this white paper, Grant Thornton LLP explores the history of the IPO market, what led us to this crisis, and our ideas for a new, opt-in stock market capable of reinvigorating the U.S. IPO market. © Grant Thornton LLP. All rights reserved. Why are IPOs in the ICU? 3 History of the IPO market Let’s take a look at the IPO market that preceded the Dot Com Bubble of 1996 (see Exhibit 1). The “By killing the IPO goose Pre-Bubble period traded about the same number of IPOs as the Dot Com Bubble period.1 Yet, the that laid the golden egg of U.S. economic growth, Pre-Bubble period had over three times more IPOs than the Post-Bubble period. -
Knight Capital Destroyed by Software
the Availability Digest www.availabilitydigest.com Knight Capital Crippled by Software Bug August 2012 On Wednesday morning, August 1, 2012, Knight Capital, the number one market maker for the NYSE and NASDAQ stock exchanges, was virtually wiped out in just a few minutes by a software bug. The story of how that happened rings a wakeup bell for the modern techniques of high-frequency trading, which lets brokerage firms place and delete quotes and make trades in microseconds. Knight Capital The Knight Capital Group (NYSE: KCG) is an American global brokerage firm engaging in market making, trading, and institutional financial services. Established in 1995 and headquartered in Jersey City, N.J., Knight was the number one market maker for the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) and for the NASD (National Association of Securities Dealers, which runs the NASDAQ – NASD Automated Quotations – trading system). It is the responsibility of a market maker to provide liquidity to equity markets by stepping in to buy or to sell stocks using its own capital to ensure orderly activity. Without market makers, investors may not be able to find another side for their trades. Employing almost 1,500 people, Knight’s largest business was market-making in U.S. securities. Knight was the market maker for 690 securities listed on the NYSE, and it traded in over 19,000 U.S. securities. In the second quarter of 2012, Knight traded over 350 million shares per day at an average value of $21 billion. Using its high-frequency trading algorithms, Knight represented about 17% of all trading activity on both the NYSE and NASD stock exchanges. -
NYSE Changing Hands: Antitrust and Attempted Acquisitions of an Erstwhile Monopoly
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Jeitschko, Thomas D. Working Paper NYSE changing hands: Antitrust and attempted acquisitions of an erstwhile monopoly DICE Discussion Paper, No. 105 Provided in Cooperation with: Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE) Suggested Citation: Jeitschko, Thomas D. (2013) : NYSE changing hands: Antitrust and attempted acquisitions of an erstwhile monopoly, DICE Discussion Paper, No. 105, ISBN 978-386-30410-4-5, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Düsseldorf This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80726 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu No 105 NYSE Changing Hands: Antitrust and Attempted Acquisitions of an Erstwhile Monopoly Thomas D. -
Understanding the Market for U.S. Equity Market Data
Understanding the Market for U.S. Equity Market Data Charles M. Jones1 August 31, 2018 1 Robert W. Lear Professor of Finance and Economics, Columbia Business School. I am solely responsible for the contents of this paper. I thank Larry Glosten, Frank Hatheway, Terry Hendershott, Stewart Mayhew, Jonathan Sokobin, and Chester Spatt for helpful discussions on these topics. I currently serve on FINRA’s Economic Advisory Committee and on Nasdaq’s Quality of Markets Committee, and I served as Visiting Economist at the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) in 2002–2003. The NYSE provided financial support for this research. I. Executive Summary A stock exchange facilitates share trading, in large part by developing computer systems, rules, and processes that allow buyers and sellers to submit orders, trade with each other, and determine a market price for shares listed on those exchanges. In the current market environment, this results in a vast amount of data, which market participants of all types rely on to make investment and trading decisions. Exchanges provide some of this market data to market participants at prices that vary depending on the type of data as well as how the data is used. This paper provides an analysis of the market for equity market data in the United States. Unlike other data sources, U.S. equity market data is highly regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), and recently the SEC has been lobbied by entities arguing that exchanges charge too much. These entities have written comment letters and filed a number of proceedings with the SEC in an effort to reduce the prices of equity market data. -
Business Wire Catalog
Online & Database Services Business Wire posts full-text news releases to major Internet portals, search engines, web sites, financial services and database systems. Business Wire news is also carried by major syndicators and is posted to industry, newspaper and other targeted websites providing comprehensive direct reach to consumers, investors, media and other target audiences. Online & Database Individual Investors Nigeria.com Romwell.com Services Broker Dealer Financial Services North American Securities News RSPArch.com Online & Database Corp. North American Treasury News RW Baird Services Collections & Credit Risk Northern Trust Sct.com Newspapers Cyburg.com NorthernStars.net Seaport Securities Corporation De Telegraaf Dagda Mor Media Online NorthPine.com Searle & Company Destin Log DailyTechNews.com Now-See-Hear.com Securities Research Electronique International Deutsche Banc Alex. Brown OCOnline.com Security First Technologies Financial Times Correspondent Services Oil-Link SIVirtual.com Het Financieele Dagblad Energy Magazine Olde Discount Corporation Smart Devices.com International Business Times European Medical Device Omnexus.com Somalitalk.com MurrayLedger.com Manufacturer Oppenheimer SouthTrust.com OC Post FactSet Data OptionsXpress Ssctech.com News Services FindArticles.com Orchestrate.com Staffing.com AFX News First Capital Brokerage Services OurWest.com Standard & Poor's Market ANSA FoodSupplier.com PaineWebber Global Prime Insight Associated Press Forest2Market.com Brokerage State Discount Brokers Bloomberg FourbNetworks.com -
Supreme Court of the United States ———— BATS GLOBAL MARKETS, INC., ET AL., Petitioners, V
No. 18-____ IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ———— BATS GLOBAL MARKETS, INC., ET AL., Petitioners, v. CITY OF PROVIDENCE, ET AL., Respondents. ———— On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ———— PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI ———— DOUGLAS W. HENKIN AARON M. STREETT BAKER BOTTS L.L.P. Counsel of Record 30 Rockefeller Plaza J. MARK LITTLE New York, NY 10012 BAKER BOTTS L.L.P. (212) 408-2500 910 Louisiana Street Houston, TX 77002 (713) 229-1234 [email protected] VINCENT M. WAGNER BAKER BOTTS L.L.P. 2001 Ross Avenue Dallas, TX 75201 (214) 953-6500 Counsel for Petitioners New York Stock Exchange LLC, NYSE Arca, Inc., and Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc. (additional counsel listed on inside cover) WILSON-EPES PRINTING CO., INC. – (202) 789-0096 – WASHINGTON, D.C. 20002 PAUL E. GREENWALT III DOUGLAS R. COX SCHIFF HARDIN LLP AMIR C. TAYRANI 233 South Wacker Drive ALEX GESCH Suite 6600 RAJIV MOHAN Chicago, IL 60606 GIBSON, DUNN & CRUTCHER (312) 258-5500 LLP 1050 Connecticut Avenue, Counsel for Petitioners N.W. Bats Global Markets, Washington, DC 20036 Inc., n/k/a Cboe Bats, (202) 955-8500 LLC and Direct Edge ECN, LLC Counsel for Petitioners NASDAQ OMX BX, Inc., n/k/a Nasdaq BX, Inc. and The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC i QUESTIONS PRESENTED In Central Bank of Denver, N.A. v. First Interstate Bank of Denver, N.A., 511 U.S. 164 (1994), this Court held that the Securities Exchange Act does not authorize private litigants to bring claims for aiding and abetting securities fraud. -
High-Frequency Trading: Background, Concerns, and Regulatory Developments
High-Frequency Trading: Background, Concerns, and Regulatory Developments Gary Shorter Specialist in Financial Economics Rena S. Miller Specialist in Financial Economics June 19, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43608 High-Frequency Trading: Background, Concerns, and Regulatory Developments Summary High-frequency trading (HFT) is a broad term without a precise legal or regulatory definition. It is used to describe what many characterize as a subset of algorithmic trading that involves very rapid placement of orders, in the realm of tiny fractions of a second. Regulators have been scrutinizing HFT practices for years, but public concern about this form of trading intensified following the April 2014 publication of a book by author Michael Lewis. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Department of Justice (DOJ), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the Office of the New York Attorney General, and the Massachusetts Secretary of Commerce have begun HFT-related probes. Critics of HFT have raised several concerns about its impact. One criticism relates to its generation of so-called phantom liquidity, in which market liquidity that appears to be provided by HFT may be fleeting and transient due to the posting of and then the almost immediate cancellation of trading orders. Another concern some have is that HFT firms may engage in manipulative strategies that involve the use of quote cancellations. In addition, some observers allege that HFT firms are often involved in front-running whereby the firms trade ahead of a large order to buy or sell stocks based on non-public market information about an imminent trade. -
Implementing High Frequency Trading Regulation: a Critical Analysis of Current Reforms
Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review Volume 6 Issue 2 2017 Implementing High Frequency Trading Regulation: A Critical Analysis of Current Reforms Michael Morelli United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mbelr Part of the Science and Technology Law Commons, and the Securities Law Commons Recommended Citation Michael Morelli, Implementing High Frequency Trading Regulation: A Critical Analysis of Current Reforms, 6 MICH. BUS. & ENTREPRENEURIAL L. REV. 201 (2017). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mbelr/vol6/iss2/2 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPLEMENTING HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING REGULATION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CURRENT REFORMS Michael Morelli* Technological developments in securities markets, most notably high frequency trading, have fundamentally changed the structure and nature of trading over the past fifty years. Policymakers, both domestically and abroad, now face many new challenges influencing the secondary market’s effectiveness as a generator of economic growth and stability. Faced with these rapid structural changes, many are quick to denounce high frequency trading as opportunistic and parasitic. This article, however, instead argues that while high frequency trading presents certain general risks to secon- dary market efficiency, liquidity, stability, and integrity, the practice en- compasses a wide variety of strategies, many of which can enhance, not inhibit, the secondary trading market’s core goals. -
High-Frequency Trading: a Regulatory Strategy
KORSMO 482 AC (DO NOT DELETE) 12/16/2013 6:13 PM HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING: A REGULATORY STRATEGY Charles R. Korsmo * INTRODUCTION The events of May 6, 2010 took high-frequency trading from the edges of public consciousness to being front page news. Amer- ican stock markets had opened that morning to unsettling rum- blings from Europe. The previous day had seen violent protests in Greece against proposed austerity measures designed to avert a default on Greek government debt.1 The ongoing riots seemed likely to scupper a proposed European Union bailout of Greece, potentially touching off a chain-reaction debt crisis with disas- trous consequences for the entire euro zone.2 Given these inauspi- cious augurs, it is hardly surprising that investor sentiment was somewhat jumpy and decidedly gloomy for much of the day.3 Over the course of the morning, prices slid in increasingly volatile trad- ing. By 1:00 p.m.,4 the Standard & Poor’s 500 (“S&P 500”), a well- known index of stock prices for 500 top American companies, had * Assistant Professor, Case Western Reserve University School of Law. J.D., Yale Law School. I am grateful to Dean Lawrence Mitchell for research support. All errors are my own. 1. See STAFFS OF THE CFTC & SEC, FINDINGS REGARDING THE MARKET EVENTS OF MAY 6, 2010, at 1, 9 (2010), available at http://www.sec.gov/news/studies/2010/marketeve nts-report.pdf [hereinafter SEPTEMBER CFTC-SEC STAFF REPORT]; Dina Kyriakidou, Analysis: Greek Riots to Weaken Resolve for Measures, Reuters (May 6, 2010), http:// www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/06/us-greece-violence-analysis-top-idustre6443ga201005 06. -
The Failed NYSE Euronext-Deutsche Borse Group Merger: Foreshadowing Future Consolidation of the Global Stock Exchange Market, 16 N.C
NORTH CAROLINA BANKING INSTITUTE Volume 16 | Issue 1 Article 14 2012 The aiF led NYSE Euronext-Deutsche Borse Group Merger: Foreshadowing Future Consolidation of the Global Stock Exchange Market Christina D. Cress Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncbi Part of the Banking and Finance Law Commons Recommended Citation Christina D. Cress, The Failed NYSE Euronext-Deutsche Borse Group Merger: Foreshadowing Future Consolidation of the Global Stock Exchange Market, 16 N.C. Banking Inst. 375 (2012). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncbi/vol16/iss1/14 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Banking Institute by an authorized administrator of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Failed NYSE Euronext-Deutsche Birse Group Merger: Foreshadowing Future Consolidation of the Global Stock Exchange Market? I. INTRODUCTION International stock exchange mergers are part of the increasing trend toward globalization in financial markets.' The proposed merger between NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Bbrse Group is representative of this trend, illustrating "a response to structural changes in the industry that is increasingly becoming global." 2 The recent announcement that Japan's two largest exchanges plan to merge is another example of similar consolidation in the industry.3 Whether an international stock exchange merger is effectuated depends heavily on the approval of various global antitrust regulators.4 Notwithstanding this fact, global exchanges are pursuing mergers not only for the competitive advantage but also to maintain market share in the global financial market. -
To View the Complete White Paper, Please Click Here
US Equities Managing Market Structure Risk: Flash Back Sayena Mostowfi | V13:044 | October 2015 | www.tabbgroup.com US Equity Market Structure Risk: Flash Back | October 2015 Vision It has been five years since the Flash Crash. The industry has implemented a number of market structure changes, but there is still more to do. While industry regulators and participants have put in place some effective safeguards, there remain a number of gaps. Many of these gaps can be addressed through uniformity across safeguard rules (e.g., reference price calculations) and exchange functionalities (e.g., risk monitoring/detection, kill switches, etc.), while other gaps would benefit from consolidation and integration of existing tools (e.g., DTCC consolidated limit monitor and exchange kill switches). In order for the aforementioned uniformity and consolidation to be feasible, however, there needs to be further reconciliation and mapping of market participant IDs and trade and clearing files across all venues. None of these measures, though, would be optimized without regular industry-wide testing and established communication protocols enabling market participants to strengthen operational muscle memory of disaster recovery procedures across asset classes. In this paper, we will review the regulatory changes and areas for improvement summarized below. Exhibit 1 Summary of Potential Areas for Improvement Topics Areas for Improvement Page 1 Market-wide (1) Review S&P 500 Index calculations (utilizes primary prints only) at the open 14 Circuit Breakers and its impact on potential market-wide circuit breakers. 2 Limit Up/Limit (2) Review and harmonize “reference price” calculations between Clearly 16 Down (LULD) Erroneous Rule and LULD.