NATIONAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES TO CONTROL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION FROM MARINAS AND RECREATIONAL BOATING
Draft June 2000
Prepared for
Edwin F. Drabkowski Nonpoint Source Control Branch Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
by
Tetra Tech, Inc. Fairfax, Virginia Acknowledgments
Edwin F. Drabkowski, of the Nonpoint Source Control Branch, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, was the primary author of this guidance document.
Sam Pett, from Tetra Tech, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia, and Neil Ross, of Neil Ross Consultants, Kingston, Rhode Island, assisted with the document’s development. TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
The Purpose and Scope of This Guidance...... 1-1 National Water Quality Inventory ...... 1-3 What is Nonpoint Source Pollution?...... 1-5 Watershed Approach to Nonpoint Source Pollution Control...... 1-5 Programs to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution...... 1-7 National Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program ...... 1-7 Storm Water Permit Program...... 1-8 Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program...... 1-9 Clean Vessel Act Pumpout Grant Program...... 1-9 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) ...... 1-9 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Regulations...... 1-10 Sources of Further Information ...... 1-11
SECTION 2: SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION FROM MARINAS AND RECREATIONAL BOATING
Pollutant Types and Impacts ...... 2-2 Pollutants in the Water Column...... 2-2 Pollutants in Aquatic Organisms ...... 2-4 Pollutants in Sediments ...... 2-5 Pathogens ...... 2-5 Debris and Litter...... 2-6 Sediment and Habitat Alterations...... 2-6 Shoaling and Shoreline Alterations...... 2-7
SECTION 3: MANAGEMENT MEASURES AND PRACTICES
Understanding Management Measures and Practices ...... 3-1 How Management Practices Work to Prevent Nonpoint Source Pollution...... 3-2 Management Practice Systems...... 3-4 Site-Specific Design of Management Practices...... 3-5 Important Characteristics of Marina Environments from a Pollution Perspective...... 3-5 General Factors Common to All Waterbodies...... 3-5 Lakes and Reservoirs...... 3-6 Rivers...... 3-7 Estuaries...... 3-7 Coastal Environments ...... 3-7 Boating on Inland Waters...... 3-8 Boating Access ...... 3-9
SECTION 4: MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Management Measures ...... 4-1 4.1. Marina Flushing...... 4-7 4.2. Water Quality Assessment...... 4-13 4.3. Habitat Assessment ...... 4-19
i Table of Contents
4.4. Shoreline Stabilization ...... 4-26 4.5. Storm Water Runoff...... 4-31 4.6. Fueling Station Design...... 4-46 4.7. Petroleum Control ...... 4-54 4.8. Liquid Material Management...... 4-60 4.9. Solid Waste Management...... 4-68 4.10.Fish Waste Management ...... 4-75 4.11. Sewage Facility Management ...... 4-70 4.12. Maintenance of Sewage Facilities ...... 4-90 4.13.Boat Cleaning ...... 4-94 4.14.Boat Operation...... 4-99 4.15.Public Education ...... 4-103
Note: A BMP Summary Table follows each Management Measure discussion.
SECTION 5: DETERMINING POLLUTANT LOADS
Example Models for Marina Flushing Assessment...... 5-2 Selection criteria...... 5-2 Models selected...... 5-3 Simple Model ...... 5-3 Mid-Range Models ...... 5-5 Tidal prism model...... 5-5 NCDEM DO model...... 5-6 Complex Models...... 5-6 WASP4...... 5-6 EFDC Hydrodynamic ...... 5-7 Water Quality Monitoring in Marinas (for modeling applications)...... 5-8 Sampling guidelines for existing marinas...... 5-8 Spatial coverage ...... 5-8 Constituents sampled...... 5-9 Sampling locations ...... 5-10 Sampling time and frequency...... 5-11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLOSSARY
APPENDICES
A. Best Management Practices Checklist for Marinas and Recreational Boating
B. Example Oil Spill Response Plan
C. Tables of Cost/Benefits of Marina Best Management Practices
D.Federal Laws Related to Marinas and Recreational Boating
E.Web Sites With Information Related to Marinas and Recreational Boating
Table of Contents ii SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
Section 1 Contents
The Purpose and Scope of This Guidance ...... 1-1 National Water Quality Inventory ...... 1-3 What is Nonpoint Source Pollution? ...... 1-4 Watershed Approach to Nonpoint Source Pollution Control ...... 1-5 Programs to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution ...... 1-7 National Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program ...... 1-7 Storm Water Permit Program ...... 1-8 Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program ...... 1-8 Clean Vessel Act Pumpout Grant Program ...... 1-9 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) . 1-9 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Regulations ...... 1-10 Sources of Further Information ...... 1-11
The Purpose and Scope of This Guidance pollution of surface waters from marinas and recreational boating. The guidance provides This document provides guidance to States, background information about nonpoint source Territories, authorized Tribes, and the public pollution from marinas and recreational regarding management measures that may be used boating—including where it comes from and how to reduce nonpoint source pollution from marinas it enters the nation’s waters—and technical and recreational boating activities. This document information about how to reduce nonpoint source refers to statutory and regulatory provisions which pollution from marinas and recreational boating. contain legally binding requirements. This This guidance also discusses the relationship of document does not substitute for those provisions marinas within watersheds. or regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it does not impose legally-binding requirements The guidance can assist marina owners and on EPA, States, Territories, authorized Tribes, or managers in identifying potential sources of the public and may not apply to a particular nonpoint source pollution and offers potential situation based upon the circumstances. EPA, solutions. Finding a solution to nonpoint source State, Territory, and authorized Tribe decision pollution problems at a marina requires taking makers retain the discretion to adopt approaches into account site-specific factors that together on a case-by-case basis that differ from this comprise the setting of a marina. The best guidance where appropriate. EPA may change management practices (BMPs) presented in this guidance in the future.. section 4 of this guidance are recommended based on their successful application at many marinas This National Management Measures Guidance nationwide. Their applicability to any particular for Marinas and Recreational Boating is intended marina or situation, however, must be determined to provide technical assistance to state program based on site-specific factors. Marina managers managers and others on nonregulatory best should make informed decisions, based on the practicable means of reducing nonpoint source circumstances at their particular location, as to
National Management Measures Guidance 1-1 SECTION 1: Introduction
• Appendices provide additional, related Management Measures for Marinas and Recreational Boating information.
Flushing Management measures are the 15 measures Water quality assessment established by EPA for implementation within the Habitat assessment state coastal (or CZARA section 6217) Shoreline stabilization management areas (see page 1-8). The Storm water runoff management measures are listed in the box above. Fueling station design From discussions with marina owners and Petroleum control Liquid material management operators at facilities on fresh waters nationwide, Solid waste management these 15 management measures and associated Fish waste management practices were found to be just as applicable to Sewage facilities fresh water marinas as to coastal water marinas. Maintenance of sewage facilities Boat cleaning Best management practices are individual Boat operation activities or structures that can be used alone or in Public education combination to achieve the management measures. See Section 4 for a thorough discussion of the 15 management measures for whether these BMPs or others would be most marinas and recreational boating and some BMPs effective for controlling nonpoint source that can be used to achieve them. pollution. Which BMP or set of BMPs that is used is not the critical point. Preventing water The scope of this National Management Measures pollution is. Guidance is broad, covering diverse nonpoint source pollutants from marinas and recreational The guidance is organized in six parts: boating. Because it includes all types of waterbodies, it cannot provide all practices and • Section 1: Introduction techniques suitable to all regional or local marina or waterbody conditions. Also, BMPs are • Section 2 discusses the sources of nonpoint continuously being modified and developed as a source pollution and the specific pollutants of result of experience gained from their concern associated with marinas and implementation and the innovation of marina recreational boating. owners and operators across the country. • Section 3 discusses management measures and site-specific BMPs generally, the use of Readers should note that this guidance is entirely combinations of BMPs (BMP systems), and consistent with the Guidance Specifying the characteristics of surface waters where Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint marinas are located. Pollution in Coastal Waters (USEPA, 1993) published under section 6217 of the Coastal Zone • Section 4 describes the 15 management Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990 measures for marinas and recreational boating and describes BMPs that can be used to Management measures are measures for the achieve the management measures. control of the addition of pollutants from nonpoint sources of pollution. Management • Section 5 describes some models used to measures are achievable through the estimate pollutant loads and discusses water application of BMPs, technologies, processes, quality monitoring. siting criteria, operating methods, or other alternatives.
1-2 National Management Measures Guidance Introduction
(CZARA). This guidance, however, does not quality of the nation’s waters in the National supplant or replace the 1993 coastal management Water Quality Inventory. States, territories, and measures guidance for the purpose of tribes survey the water quality in a sample of the implementing programs under section 6217. rivers and streams; lakes, ponds, and reservoirs; estuaries; ocean shorelines; and/or Great Lakes Under CZARA, states that participate in the shorelines in their jurisdictions and report the Coastal Zone Management Program under the findings to EPA for the Inventory. Since each Coastal Zone Management Act are required to state, territory, and tribe surveys its jurisdictional develop coastal nonpoint pollution control waters according to individual priorities, the programs that ensure the implementation of survey results cannot be generalized as the quality EPA’s management measures in their coastal of the nation’s waters overall, but the results do management area. The 1993 guidance continues provide a snapshot of nationwide water quality to apply to that program. and water quality trends.
This document modifies and expands upon The most recent National Water Quality supplementary technical information contained in Inventory, published by EPA in June 2000, the Coastal Management Measures Guidance both summarizes the 1998 water quality assessment to reflect circumstances relevant to differing reports submitted by states, territories, and tribes. inland conditions and to provide current technical Table 1-1 lists the overall percentages of each information. It does not set new or additional waterbody type surveyed and the water quality of standards for either section 6217 or section 319 those waters in terms of designated use support. programs. It does, however, provide information that can be used by government agencies, private Waters are designated by states, territories, and sector groups, and individuals to understand and tribes as suitable for particular uses, depending on apply measures and practices to address nonpoint location, surrounding land use, and other factors. source pollution from marinas and recreational For instance, a river passing near an urban area boating. might be designated to be used for noncontact recreation (such as fishing or boating) while a National Water Quality Inventory stream in a state park might be designated for The nation’s aquatic resources are among its most aquatic life support. Water quality criteria are set valuable assets. Although environmental for each waterbody accordingly. protection programs in the United States like those implemented under the Clean Water Act The types of pollutants that degrade these waters have brought great improvements to water quality are: during the past 25 years, many challenges remain. & Nutrients (excess nitrogen and phosphorus). Significant progress has been made in reducing pollution to the nation’s waters from industrial & Sediment (from soil and shoreline erosion). and municipal (sewer system) sources, however the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) & Disease-causing bacteria (from animal waste reported in its 1998 National Water Quality Inventory that over 35 percent of inland waters and estuaries are still too polluted to support their Designated uses are set by states as water designated uses (based on survey information quality goals for individual waterbodies. submitted by states, territories, and tribes). The Designated use goals include drinking water health of these waters is primarily degraded by supply, primary contact recreation (such as swimming), and aquatic life support. Each nonpoint source pollution, which is described designated use has a unique set of water more fully on page 1-5. quality requirements or criteria that must be met for the use to be realized. Every two years, EPA reports to Congress on the
National Management Measures Guidance 1-3 SECTION 1: Introduction
Table 1-1. Percentages of surveyed waters supporting designated uses.
Fully Threatened for Impaired Quantity of Percent Supporting One or More for One or Waterbody Waterbody Type Surveyed All Usesa Usesa More Usesa Type in US
Rivers & 3.7 million 23 65 10 35 Streams (miles) miles
Lakes, Ponds, & 41.6 million Reservoirs 42 55 9 45 acres (acres)
Estuaries 90,465 32 56 9 44 (square miles) square miles
Ocean 66,645 Shoreline 5888 12 miles (miles)
Great Lakes 5,521 Shoreline 90 4 2 96 miles (miles) a Percent of units of waterbody type surveyed in this category. For example, 9% of the 32% of estuaries surveyed were threatened for one or more uses at the time of the survey. Source: USEPA, 2000 (1998 Report to Congress)
washed into surface waters and inadequately agriculture, municipal point sources, industrial treated sewage). discharges, nonpoint sources (in general), urban runoff/storm sewers, atmospheric deposition, • Toxic metals (from mining runoff, stormwater hydrologic modification (dams and shoreline runoff from urban and industrial areas, and modification), habitat modification, and mining. industrial processes). Although they are not one of the major sources of • Toxic organic chemicals (such as dioxins and pollution to our nation’s rivers, lakes, or estuaries, polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs). marinas are centers of recreation, and poor or inadequate pollution prevention practices in them • Oxygen-depleting materials (organic materials can result in human health problems and local like leaf litter that consume oxygen as they water quality degradation. Examples of potential break down in the water). nonpoint source pollution problems at marinas include poor water circulation and flushing within • Pesticides (including insecticides and the marina, petroleum spills from storage tanks herbicides). and boat fueling, bilge oil discharges, and runoff from boat hull maintenance and engine repair • Petroleum compounds (such as fuel, oil, and areas. Nonpoint source pollution at marinas can grease). also result from poor housekeeping practices (such as in-water boat washing with polluting • Noxious or invasive aquatic plants (such as detergents), a lack of containers for recycling Eurasian watermilfoil and water hyacinth). solid and liquid waste materials, and inadequate sanitary facilities. The leading sources of these pollutants are
1-4 National Management Measures Guidance Introduction
What Is Nonpoint Source Pollution? described above is treated as a point source discharge. Point sources typically enter receiving Nonpoint source pollution results from rainwater water bodies at some identifiable site, such as the and snow (or snowmelt) carrying pollutants end of a pipe, and they are usually the result of a picked up from the atmosphere or the ground to discharge from some industrial process or surface water and ground water. It is also construction activity, not rain or snowfall. The associated with land runoff from irrigation or distinction between point and nonpoint sources of lawn watering, ground water drainage from mines pollution is an important one because point source and landfills, seepage from broken or leaking discharges such as municipal and industrial pipes, and hydrologic modification. Hydrologic wastewaters and storm sewer outfalls from modification is anything that alters natural water urbanized areas are regulated and permitted under currents, such as dams and levees or changes to the Clean Water Act, whereas nonpoint sources natural shorelines with hard structures or are not subject to federal permit requirements. excavation, such as riprap or cement. These are considered nonpoint sources of pollution because Watershed Approach to Nonpoint Source of the harm that can occur to the biological and Pollution Control physical integrity of surface and ground waters as a result of them. Nonpoint source pollutants that Marinas, by nature of their business, are cause the greatest harm to surface waters are positioned within a watershed where the activities nutrients, sediments, organic matter, pathogens, of others within the watershed have an effect on and toxic compounds (including petroleum water quality in the marina basin. Water quality compounds and toxic metals). at any specific point along a river is influenced by all upstream and upgradient locations within the watershed. Marinas located on rivers and Surface waters include ponds, lakes, streams, reservoirs are potential recipients of the runoff rivers, estuaries, bays, and oceans. Ground from sources located upstream and along water is the water in soils and aquifers. upstream tributaries, and from all upgradient land- based activities within the watershed. Lakes are the natural sinks for runoff from activities within Technically, the term nonpoint source is defined their basins, and the water quality in marinas on to mean any source of water pollution that does lakes is potentially influenced by all of the not meet the legal definition of point source in activities within the watershed and activities that section 502(14) of the Clean Water Act of 1987: occur on the lake. The water quality of marinas located in estuaries and coastal areas is similarly The term “point source” means any influenced by the numerous activities that discernible, confined and discrete contribute runoff and pollutants to the water conveyance, including but not limited to flowing into the marina basin. The runoff from any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, marinas located in urban settings is often mixed well, discrete fissure, container, rolling with runoff from nearby urban areas, since runoff stock, concentrated animal feeding is directed toward the surface waters where operation, or vessel or other floating marinas are located. The same is true for marinas craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include agricultural storm water discharges and Watersheds are areas of land that drain to a single stream, lake, or other water return flows from irrigated agriculture. resource. Watersheds are defined solely by drainage areas and not by land ownership Although diffuse runoff is generally treated as or political boundaries. nonpoint source pollution, runoff that enters and is discharged from conveyances like those
National Management Measures Guidance 1-5 SECTION 1: Introduction located in watersheds where the upland use is nongovernmental organizations with interests in primarily agricultural. the watershed are formed. This ensures that environmental objectives are well integrated Marinas can benefit from cooperative with those for economic stability and other environmental protection efforts that involve and social/cultural goals of the area. The approach educate those who potentially contribute also builds support for action among those pollutants to the surface waters in the watershed individuals who are economically dependent on where the marina is located, and seek responsible, the natural resources of the area. shared solutions to water quality problems. Watershed projects typically involve state Since 1991, EPA has promoted the watershed environmental, public health, agricultural, and protection approach as a comprehensive natural resources agencies; local and/or regional framework for addressing complex pollution boards, commissions, and agencies; EPA water problems, such as those from nonpoint sources and air programs; other federal agencies; private within a defined geographic area. The watershed wildlife and conservation organizations; protection approach is not a new centralized industry sector representatives; and the government program. It is a flexible framework academic community. for focusing and integrating current environmental • Geographic focus: Resource management protection efforts and for exploring innovative activities are coordinated and directed within methods to achieve maximum efficiency in using resources and obtaining positive environmental effects. The framework for the watershed protection approach developed from experience Program and the Clean Lakes Program.
The watershed protection approach is a comprehensive planning process that considers all natural resources in a watershed, as well as social, cultural, and economic factors (Figure 1.1). The process tailors workable solutions to ecosystem needs through participation and leadership of stakeholders.
Although watershed approaches might vary in terms of specific objectives, priorities, elements, timing, and resources, all should be based on the following guiding principles:
• Partnerships: People affected by management decisions are involved Figure 1.1. Schematic of a watershed. Sources of pollutants throughout and help shape key from throughout the watershed are carried downstream in decisions. Cooperative partnerships surface water runoff and ground water flow. The watershed approach involves examining all pollution problems in the among federal, state, and local watershed, setting priorities, and taking an integrated approach agencies; Indian tribes; and to addressing pollution problems.
1-6 National Management Measures Guidance Introduction
specific geographic areas, usually defined by - Implementation, evaluation, and revision of watershed boundaries, areas overlying or plans as needed. All appropriate authorities recharging ground water, or a combination of and techniques are employed to achieve the both. Watershed projects encompass all or most goals and objectives set forth in the action of the landscape in a well-defined watershed or plans. Normally, existing programs of local, other ecological, physiographic, or hydrologic state, and federal agencies; private unit, such as an embayment, an aquifer, or a environmental and civic groups; and lake and its drainage area. industries and corporations form the basis of the framework for implementation of the • Sound management techniques based on strong action plans. These separate efforts are science and data: Collectively, watershed merely coordinated and redirected to work stakeholders employ sound scientific data, tools, together more efficiently to achieve common and techniques in an iterative decision-making goals. Cost savings are often realized by the process. Typically, this process includes: participants due to this coordination of efforts. - Assessment and characterization of the natural resources in the watershed and the • Getting Organized: Working as a task force, people who depend on them. stakeholders reach consensus on goals and approaches for addressing a watershed’s - Goal setting and identification of problems, the specific actions to be taken, and environmental objectives based on the how those actions will be coordinated and condition or vulnerability of resources and the evaluated. Coordinated action can be taken in needs of the aquatic ecosystem and the areas such as voluntary pollution prevention people. Well-defined goals and objectives are (BMP installation) and source reduction (waste established for the watershed, including minimization). objectives for chemical water quality (e.g., reduced toxicity), physical water quality (e.g., Programs to Control Nonpoint Source temperature, flow, circulation), habitat quality Pollution (e.g., channel morphology, health of biotic communities), and biodiversity (e.g., species Several federal laws and programs are in effect number, range, replacement of exotic species that address nonpoint source pollution in one form with native species). or another. The most important ones are discussed below. - Identification of priority problems. Watershed projects identify the most National Nonpoint Source Pollution Control significant threats to water quality, based on Program a comparative risk analysis of the potential human health, ecological, and economic During the first 15 years of the federal water impacts. The resources of the participants in pollution control program to abate and control a watershed project are then targeted in a water pollution (1972–1987), EPA and the states coordinated fashion toward the high-risk focused most of their water pollution control problems. activities on industrial and municipal wastewater point source discharges. They regulated point - Development of specific management options sources through the National Pollutant Discharge and action plans. Based on the priorities that Elimination System (NPDES) permit program have been set, integrated action plans that will established by section 402 of the 1972 Federal achieve the goals and objectives of the Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act). watershed protection project are devised. Discharges of dredged and fill materials into wetlands were also regulated by EPA and the U.S.
National Management Measures Guidance 1-7 SECTION 1: Introduction
Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the in section 319 grants to help states, territories, and Clean Water Act. tribes implement their nonpoint source programs.
As a result of the above activities, by the mid- Storm Water Permit Program 1980s pollutant loads from point source discharges had been greatly reduced and The Clean Water Act (CWA) prohibits the considerable progress had been made in restoring discharge of any pollutant to waters of the United and maintaining water quality. However, the States from a point source unless the discharge is gains made in controlling point sources had not under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination achieved the desired level of water quality. System (NPDES) permit. The NPDES permitting Recent studies and surveys by EPA and by state program is designed to track classes of point water quality agencies indicate that most of the source discharges, monitor the discharge of remaining water quality impairments in rivers, pollutants from specific sources to surface waters, streams, lakes, estuaries, coastal waters, and and require the implementation of the controls wetlands result from nonpoint source pollution necessary to minimize the discharge of pollutants. and other nontraditional sources, such as urban As pollution control measures for industrial and storm water discharges and combined sewer municipal wastewater sources were implemented overflows. and refined, studies showed that storm water runoff draining large surface areas, such as In view of the growing national awareness of the agricultural and urban land, were also significant now dominant influence of nonpoint source causes of water quality impairment. pollution on water quality, Congress amended the Clean Water Act in 1987 to focus pollution In 1987, the CWA was amended by Congress to control efforts on nonpoint sources. The amended require implementation of a comprehensive Clean Water Act added a fundamental principle to national program for addressing problematic section 101, “Declaration of Goals and Policy”: non-agricultural sources of storm water discharges. As required by the amended CWA, It is the national policy that programs for the NPDES Storm Water Program is implemented the control of nonpoint sources of in two phases: pollution be developed and implemented in an expeditious manner so as to enable Phase I requires permits for separate storm water the goals of this Act to be met through the systems serving large- and medium-sized control of both point and nonpoint communities (those with over 100,000 sources of pollution. inhabitants), and for storm water discharges associated with industrial and construction Supporting the section 101 Declaration, Congress activity involving at least five acres (see 40 CFR enacted section 319 in the 1987 Act, which Part 122). established a national program to control nonpoint Phase II addresses urban areas with populations of sources of water pollution. Under section 319, less than 100,000; construction sites of 1 to 5 states, territories, and Indian tribes address acres; and retail, commercial, and residential nonpoint source pollution by assessing the activities. problems and causes of nonpoint source pollution within the state, territory, or tribal land and Further information is available on the NPDES implementing management programs to control Storm Water Program EPA web page them. Section 319 authorizes EPA to issue grants (www.epa.gov/owm/npdes.htm). to states and tribes to assist them in implementing management programs or the portions of Information on the applicability of the Storm management programs that have been approved by Water Permit Program to marinas is provided in EPA. In 1990-2000, EPA awarded over $1 billion Section 4.5.
1-8 National Management Measures Guidance Introduction
Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program Clean Vessel Act Pumpout Grant Program
In November 1990, Congress enacted the Coastal The Clean Vessel Act (CVA) Pumpout Grant Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments Program makes matching grants available, (CZARA). Those amendments were intended to through a competitive process, to all states and address the impacts of nonpoint source pollution territories for construction and education efforts, on coastal water quality. Section 6217, and to coastal states (excluding Alaska) to “Protecting Coastal Waters” (codified as 16 conduct surveys and develop plans for the U.S.C. section 1455b), provides that each state installation of pumpouts for onboard sewage with an approved Coastal Zone Management holding tanks. States match grant funds at a 3:1 Program must develop and submit a Coastal (federal-to-state) ratio. The program benefits Nonpoint Pollution Control Program to EPA and boaters, who will have more numerous and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric convenient pumpout facilities to use as a result of Administration (NOAA) for approval. Section the program, and the public and environment as a 6217 required NOAA to determine the geographic whole through reductions of disease-carrying area in each coastal state within which land and microorganisms contained in sewage discharges water uses have a significant effect on coastal and improvements in dissolved oxygen water quality, and states were to implement concentrations. control measures within this 6217 management area, or coastal management area. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs were not intended to supplant existing coastal The International Convention for the Prevention zone management programs and nonpoint source of Pollution from Ships, known as MARPOL management programs. Rather, they are intended 73/78 (for Marine Pollution) is an internationally to serve as an update and expansion of existing accepted treaty that, together with U.S. laws and nonpoint source management programs in the regulations, sets out operational waste discharge 6217 management area and are to be coordinated requirements for ships. MARPOL 73/78 contains closely with the coastal zone management five annexes designed to reduce marine pollution programs that states and territories are already by controlling or prohibiting discharges of implementing. The legislative history indicates harmful substances from ships (see listing below). that the central purpose of section 6217 is to It covers intentional and accidental discharges of strengthen the links between federal and state wastes of all kinds from vessels and applies to coastal zone management and water quality ports, terminals, and marinas as well. The United programs and to enhance state and local efforts to States is signatory to MARPOL 73/78 and manage land use activities that degrade coastal waters and habitats. MARPOL 73/78 ANNEXES
Section 6217(g) of CZARA required EPA to Annex I: Oil publish, in consultation with NOAA, the U.S. Fish Annex II: Noxious liquid substances in and Wildlife Service, and other federal agencies, bulk “guidance for specifying management measures Annex III: Harmful substances carried in for sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal package form waters.” EPA published Guidance Specifying Annex IV: Sewage Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Annex V: Garbage and all other ordinary Source Pollution in Coastal Waters in 1993. In ship-generated solid and liquid waste not covered by Annexes that document, CZARA management measures I, II, III, and IV and BMPs were defined and described.
National Management Measures Guidance 1-9 SECTION 1: Introduction
Annexes I, II, III, and V. Annex IV is not MARPOL 73/78 Annex V ocean disposal currently in force internationally. regulations (Figure 1.2).
In the United States, MARPOL 73/78 is Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Regulations implemented through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships of 1980, as amended. The U.S. Coast The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) is a comprehensive Guard is responsible for promulgating regulations prevention, response, liability, and compensation and enforcing the treaty. Regulations for ships are regime for dealing with vessel- and facility- included in 33 CFR 151; those for port reception generated discharges of oil or hazardous facilities are included in 33 CFR 158. substances. Under the OPA, any hazardous waste spill from a vessel must be reported by the owner MARPOL 73/78 Annex V is implemented in the of the vessel and vessel owners are responsible for United States by the Marine Plastic Pollution any costs of a resulting environmental cleanup and Research and Control Act (MPPRCA) of 1987, any damage claims that might result from the Title II of Public Law 100-220. Annex V spill. Marinas are responsible for any oil prohibits disposal of plastics at sea and restricts contamination resulting from their facilities, at-sea disposal of other vessel-generated trash. It including dumping or spilling of oil or oil-based also requires shore reception facilities for the paint and the use of chemically treated agents. plastics and other trash brought to shore for disposal. Recreational boating facilities, along The OPA also requires Area Committees to with other ports and terminals, are required to prepare an Area Contingency Plan for approval by have a trash reception facility that is capable of EPA and the Coast Guard. An Area Contingency receiving trash form those vessels that do business Plan provides details of how to respond to a spill with them (33 CFR 158). Vessels 26 feet or within a specific geographic area. Marinas are longer must display a placard that explains subject to a broader range of claims and liability
Figure 1.2. MARPOL placard.
1-10 National Management Measures Guidance Introduction than vessel owners, and marina owners should information for any watershed in the nation by consult their Area Contingency Plan for proper clicking on maps at http://www.epa.gov/surf. remedial actions. USEPA. 1991. The Watershed Protection There are other laws that relate directly and Approach. EPA/503/9-92/002. U.S. indirectly to marinas and recreational boating. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of The major tenets of these laws are presented in Water, Washington, DC. December. Appendix D. USEPA. 1995. Watershed Protection: A Project Sources of Further Information Focus. EPA841-R-95-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, Other information about nonpoint source pollution DC. August. and its control can be accessed at the Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds page of the USEPA. 1997. Top 10 Watershed Lessons U.S. EPA web site,
Managing Waste at Recreational Boating Facilities. 1994. U.S. Coast Guard, Marine Environmental Protection Division, Environmental Coordination Branch, Washington, DC. April.
Watershed Resources
EPA’s Surf Your Watershed web site offers a web-based source of information about watersheds throughout the United States. The site contains information about watershed size, pollutants, stressors, and condition. Access
National Management Measures Guidance 1-11 SECTION 2: SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION FROM MARINAS AND RECREATIONAL BOATING
Section 2 Contents
Pollutant Types and Impacts ...... 2-2 Pollutants in the Water Column ...... 2-2 Pollutants in Aquatic Organisms ...... 2-4 Pollutants in Sediments ...... 2-5 Pathogens ...... 2-5 Debris and Litter ...... 2-6 Sediment and Habitat Alterations ...... 2-6 Shoaling and Shoreline Alterations ...... 2-7
Compared with the overall contribution of limited natural circulation or water exchange. nonpoint pollutants to the Nation’s waters by Over time, reduced circulation and increased sources such as agriculture and urban areas, pollutant generation can increase pollutant marinas represent a minor source. Because of their concentrations in the water column, sediments, and position at the water’s edge, and because there aquatic organisms. might be numerous sources of point and nonpoint pollutants in the watershed that contribute The pollutants that might be generated at a marina pollutants that end up in marina waters, water and enter a marina basin include nutrients and quality in a marina is often not a reflection solely pathogens (from pet waste and overboard sewage of nonpoint source pollutants generated at the discharge), sediments (from parking lot runoff and marina. Marina basin water quality can reflect the shoreline erosion), fish waste (from dockside fish cumulative load of pollutants from several sources cleaning), petroleum hydrocarbons (from fuel and occurring upland in the watershed. Nevertheless, oil drippings and spills, and solvents), toxic metals it is important that marina managers become aware (from antifoulants and hull and boat maintenance of the potential pollution sources at marinas and debris), and liquid and solid wastes (from engine use management measures and site-specific BMPs and hull maintenance and general marina to control (1) the generation of pollutants from activities). The effects of these pollutants on activities that potentially occur at the marina and waterways and aquatic plants and animals are (2) the delivery of those pollutants to marina basin discussed in this section. Marina construction and waters. reconstruction, in-water modifications at marinas, and propeller wash and boat wakes can also disturb The construction of a marina can create a condition aquatic habitats, plants, and animals. of reduced water circulation. Installing structures such as bulkheads and jetties, which are necessary Although nonpoint source pollution is a serious to ensure the safety of vessels, docks, and problem nationally, more is always being learned shoreside structures, can create water circulation in about effective ways to prevent and reduce it. The the basin below what it was at the site prior to the purpose of this section is to describe the general marina’s construction. In an area already protected causes of nonpoint source pollution, the specific from wave action, such as a cove or inlet, marinas pollutants and problems of concern, and the can potentially introduce pollutants to an area with general approaches to reducing the impact of
National Management Measures Guidance 2-1 SECTION 2: Sources of Pollution
Figure 2.1. Effects of pollutants in aquatic systems. pollutants and other problems on aquatic resources area. as these relate to marinas and recreational boating. Figure 2.1 illustrates the general types of problems The fact that a marina is present does not mean that various pollutants can cause in aquatic that water quality is poor. Many marinas have systems. good to excellent water quality. Despite this, their aquatic habitats might not be healthy enough to Pollutant Types and Impacts support a natural diversity of aquatic organisms, and they might still have sediments contaminated Marina construction can alter habitats at a site. by pollutants from storm water runoff or by Shoreline vegetation might be reduced at some antifoulants that have leached from ship hulls or locations. Bottom sediments might be stirred up piers. more frequently with boating activitiy and dredging to maintain channel and basin depth. Pollutants in the Water Column These kinds of alterations can have both negative and positive effects. For example, installation of Pollutants from marinas can cause pollution marina pilings and bulkheads introduces a hard- problems in the water column. These problems surfaced habitat into a marina that previously usually take the form of decreased levels of might have been dominated by a soft-bottomed dissolved oxygen and increased levels of metals habitat of mud and silt. Organisms that prefer and petroleum hydrocarbons. Pollutants that rocks and other hard surfaces (fouling organisms) cause these problems get into the water through will colonize this new habitat and in turn might storm water runoff, discharges from boats, and attract other invertebrates and juvenile fish to the spills of fuel or bilge water.
2-2 National Management Measures Guidance Sources of Pollution
Low Dissolved Oxygen linings and pavement material, and cadmium is found in batteries and brake linings. These and The organic matter in materials such as sewage other metals (aluminum, iron, and chromium) are discharged from recreational boats, trash tossed used in various components used at marinas or by into surface waters or on the ground, pet waste recreational boaters and can wash from parking carried to waterbodies in storm water runoff, and lots, service roads, and launch ramps into surface fish waste disposed of into surface waters waters with rainfall. High levels of zinc, consumes dissolved oxygen as it decomposes. The chromium, and lead have been detected in the amount of dissolved oxygen required to waters of some marinas. decompose sewage and other organic matter is measured as the “biological oxygen demand” Many of the antifoulants used for barnacle control (BOD) of a waterbody. Consumption of oxygen in marine waters are used in fresh waters as well. by decomposing organic matter leaves less oxygen Copper is the most common metal found at toxic for fish, crabs, clams, and other aquatic organisms. concentrations in marina waters2 . Dissolved Very low levels of dissolved oxygen can result copper has been detected at toxic concentrations at when water temperatures are high (because hotter several marinas within the Chesapeake Bay3 . water holds less oxygen), which is often the case Copper is leached to surface waters and sediments during the peak summer boating season. from bottom paints and scrapings. Tin in the form Decreases in dissolved oxygen in several of butyltin, an extremely potent and non-specific northwestern marinas have been noted in the late biocide, has been detected at toxic levels in marina summer and early fall, the peak times of marina waters nationwide4 . The use of butyltins in bottom use. An intensive study in several North Carolina paint is now restricted to paints with release rates marinas showed large differences in dissolved of 4.0 micrograms per square centimeter or less oxygen concentrations in the marinas compared to and on vessels larger than 25 meters (82 feet) in the concentrations in the adjacent waterbodies, length, or on aluminum-hulled vessels regardless with concentrations in the marinas being much of size. While no longer used on most boats, the lower1 . These low concentrations of dissolved years of use of butyltins in antifoulants has left oxygen were thought to be due to high biological areas of low to high concentrations of these oxygen demand within the marina basins (due to compounds in sediments. Disturbance of the unknown causes) and poor flushing. sediments can reintroduce the toxic compounds into the water column, where they can be ingested Metals by fish or other aquatic organisms and in turn by people. Metals and metal-containing compounds have many functions in boat operation, maintenance, Petroleum Hydrocarbons and repair. Arsenic is used in paint pigments, pesticides, and wood preservatives. Zinc anodes Sources of hydrocarbons at a marina include are used to deter corrosion of metal hulls and fueling stations; operation, maintenance, and repair engine parts, and zinc is often a constituent of of boat engines; and storm water runoff from the motor oil and tires. Copper is used as a biocide in marina property and off-site upland areas. antifoulant paints. Chromated copper arsenate Petroleum hydrocarbons are contained in fuel, oil, (CCA) is used in wood as a preservative. Mercury grease, lubricants, finishes, and cleansers. is contained in many float switches for bilge Petroleum can be spilled directly into surface pumps and shower water storage tank pumps and waters when fuel drips from fueling nozzles or a in air conditioning/heating thermostats. These 2 NCDEM, 1990, 1991; METRO, 1992 switches can contain as much mercury as 100 fluorescent lamps. Nickel is a component of brake 3 Hall et al., 1987 4 Grovhoug et al., 1986; Maguire, 1986; 1 NCDEM, 1990 Stephenson et al., 1986; Stallard et al., 1987
National Management Measures Guidance 2-3 SECTION 2: Sources of Pollution fuel tank is overfilled at a dock. Old technology, Acids 2-stroke marine engines discharge unburnt fuel and oil directly to the atmosphere and surface waters Batteries contain battery acid, which is very while they are operating. Oil, fuel, paint, corrosive and toxic and often contains high levels antifreeze, or other liquids dripped from engines or of toxic metals like lead. Cleaning compounds and paint brushes or spilled while draining oil or fuel detergents often contain strong acids or lye. These from engines enter surface waters indirectly with materials can be washed into the marina basin with storm water runoff or in flows of ground water the next rain along with the petroleum after the substances have seeped into the ground. hydrocarbons, solvents, paint chips, and any other Rain water washes anything dripped, spilled, material spilled on the ground. Many hazardous deposited, or disposed from building roofs, parking waste collection stations accept used batteries. areas, boat ramps, and maintenance areas on the marina property and nearby properties to the Surfactants nearest downstream surface water, which is often the marina basin. Surfactants are compounds in detergents and other cleaning agents that reduce surface tension. Some Solvents are known to be very deadly to aquatic organisms. Surfactants can also accumulate at the water Solvents like methylene chloride, tetrachloro- surface and create a barrier against the transfer of ethane, trichloroethene, and trichlorethylene are dissolved oxygen across the air-water interface, contained in degreasing agents, varnishes, paint resulting in lowered dissolved oxygen removers, and lacquers. They are used at marinas concentrations in the water. For these reasons, for engine maintenance and repair activities and surfactants are best not used on boats that are in vessel painting and cleaning. If not properly the water or on upland areas where runoff washes contained, solvents can potentially enter marina into surface waters. waters through surface water runoff or through ground water transport from hull maintenance Pollutants in Aquatic Organisms areas. Solvents are stable compounds and are insoluble in water, which makes them very mobile Many aquatic organisms feed by sifting through in ground water. They are usually heavy, long- sediments or eating organisms that filter food chain organic compounds, so they sink to an particles out of the water. The aquatic organisms impermeable bottom layer in the ground (like thus ingest any pollutants attached to or mixed in bedrock) and accumulate. Many solvents are with the sediments or suspended particles. The known cancer-causing compounds (carcinogens). pollutants they ingest accumulate in their tissues rather than being excreted. When many smaller Antifreeze organisms, each of which has accumulated some pollutants in its tissues, are eaten by an organism Antifreeze is used at marinas in dry storage of higher on the food chain (for instance, a fish), that boats and engine maintenance. It contains either organism then accumulates in its tissues all of the ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. Propylene pollutants accumulated by the lower organisms. glycol antifreeze is reported to be much less toxic This process is called bioaccumulation and is the to aquatic organisms than ethylene glycol and is reason that very small quantities of pollutants in therefore preferred for use in boats. Both types of the water column can result in dangerous antifreeze, however, are considered to be toxic and concentrations of pollutants in fish, oysters, and should be poured, stored, and drained carefully to other aquatic organisms. Numerous studies avoid spillage. It is preferable to take used conducted from the late 1970s through early 1990s antifreeze to a hazardous waste collection center have demonstrated this effect and, in particular, the and recycle it if possible. effect in marinas when proper pollution prevention
2-4 National Management Measures Guidance Sources of Pollution is not practiced5 . Copper and zinc have been suspended particles, metals are often associated found at higher concentrations in oysters from with small particles, so they settle out of the water marinas than in oysters from sites outside marinas; column slowly and are mixed upward easily. higher-than-normal concentrations of copper, Within marinas, higher levels of some metals (such cadmium, chromium, lead, tin, zinc, and PCBs as copper and lead) have been found near have been found in mussels from marina waters; maintenance area drains and fuel docks than at after 3 months, concentrations of lead, zinc, and other locations, suggesting that maintenance areas copper were two to three times higher in oysters and fueling stations are sources of metals to the transplanted to marinas than from oysters left water and good targets for pollution prevention outside marinas; and concentrations of copper in a practices7 . green algae and fouling organisms (barnacles, etc.) were much higher in a marina area than in adjacent Petroleum Hydrocarbons areas. Petroleum hydrocarbons, particularly polynuclear Pollutants in Sediments aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), tend to attach to suspended particles and sediments. Since they can Many contaminants generated from boat stay in sediments for years, they can be ingested by maintenance and general marina use (e.g., oil and mussels, oysters, or other bottom-dwelling grease drippings from cars) do not dissolve well in organisms long after they are spilled or washed water and accumulate to higher concentrations in into the water. Studies have found high sediments than in the overlying water. concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in Contaminated sediments might, in turn, act as a marinas, though the studies have also found that source from which these contaminants can be concentrations of these compounds are much lower released into overlying waters. Benthic in the sediments of well-flushed marinas8 . Such organisms—those organisms that live on the findings support the supposition that sufficient bottom or in the sediment—are exposed to flushing within a marina basin is important to pollutants that accumulate in sediments. Pollutants prevent a buildup of pollutants in marina ingested by these organisms become increasingly sediments. concentrated in animal tissue as the pollutants are passed up the food chain, and can reach levels Pathogens dangerous for human consumption. Many fish advisories are issued for this reason. Studies that have attempted to determine whether there is a correlation between boating density and Metals pathogen (fecal coliform) concentrations in lakes and reservoirs are divided in their conclusions. Copper is the major contaminant of concern Pathogens are added to surface waters by wildlife, because many common antifouling paint dogs and cats, seeping septic tanks, and combined preparations contain cuprous oxide as the active sewer outfall overflows, and these sources could biocide component6 . In most cases metals tend to have a larger impact than boaters on pathogen sink and accumulate in sediments and not stay in concentrations. Some violations of health the water column, though they will attach to small standards for fecal coliform have been related to suspended particles and be distributed in the water periods of high-intensity recreational use, such as column with these particles. When attached to holiday weekends, and this could be due to either boater discharges or the activities that stir up 5 CARWQCB, 1989; Marcus and Stokes, 1985; McMahon, 1989; NCDEM, 1991;7 McMahon, 1989; NCDEM, 1991; Nixon et al., 1973; SCDHEC, 1987; Wendt et Soule et al., 1991 al., 1990; Young et al., 1979 8 Marcus et al., 1988; McMahon, 1989; 6 METRO, 1992 NCDEM, 1990; Voudrias and Smith, 1986
National Management Measures Guidance 2-5 SECTION 2: Sources of Pollution sediments when pathogens might be concentrated, estuarine waters. A no-discharge policy is also in or both. effect on all Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs.
Studies conducted in Puget Sound, Long Island Debris and Litter Sound, Narragansett Bay, North Carolina, and Chesapeake Bay have shown that boats can be a The numerous activities that occur at source of fecal coliform bacteria (the bacteria marinas—vessel and engine repair and found in human and animal wastes) in areas with maintenance, recreation on and off boats, fueling, high boat densities and poor flushing9 . Human dock maintenance, and buildings and grounds health problems can result, especially if nearby maintenance—are sources of a variety of debris waters are used for swimming, surfing, wind and litter. Paper towels and cups, plastic bags, surfing, water skiing, or other recreational plastic and glass bottles, fish netting, fishing line, activities that involve a lot of water contact. discarded oil filters and engine parts, discarded rags, debris from sanding or pressure washing, pet Bacterial and viral contamination of waters can droppings, aluminum cans, and other forms of result from improper use of marine sanitation trash all find their way into surface waters if not devices (MSDs). If a vessel has an installed toilet, disposed of properly. Coastal cleanups result in the law requires it to be equipped with a MSD. the collection of millions of pounds of trash and Incorrect configuration of the toilet and MSD can debris from U.S. coasts annually. The most lead to direct discharge of waste to surface waters. common items found along the nation’s coasts Discharge of the contents of portable toilets to include cigarette butts, plastic pieces, foamed surface waters also results in contamination. Boats plastic pieces, plastic food bags/wrappers, plastic with portable toilets are not required to have caps/lids, paper pieces, glass pieces, plastic straws, MSDs, and their contents should be disposed of at metal beverage cans, glass beverage bottles, plastic a sanitation facility. beverage bottles, and foamed plastic cups. These wastes are dangers to marine animals, which can Currently a number of states have all, or nearly all die from becoming entangled in items like fishing of their surface waters designated as no discharge nets and lines and from ingesting small pieces of zones (NDZs). These states include Michigan, debris that are mistaken for food. The trash and Missouri, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Rhode debris are dangerous to people visiting the coasts, Island, and Wisconsin. Boats on fresh waters in who might accidentally step on discarded items, New Hampshire, Missouri, and New Mexico must injure themselves, and risk infection. They are be configured such that wastes cannot be also unnatural, unsightly additions to the coastal discharged directly into the water (i.e., Y-valves landscape. must be disabled), and boats can be inspected to see that this requirement is met. In addition, other Sediment and Habitat Alterations states have segments of their surface waters designated as NDZs. These states include Dredging can disturb aquatic habitats; resuspend California, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts, bottom sediments (and recirculate toxic metals, Minnesota, New Jersey, Nevada, New York, South hydrocarbons, pathogens, and nutrients that are Carolina, Texas, and Vermont. NDZs are found in sediments into the water column); and approximately evenly divided (in number of areas increase turbidity, which reduces sunlight available designated) between fresh waters and marine or to algae and aquatic vegetation. Increased turbidity lowers the rate of photosynthesis and decreases the rate at which dissolved oxygen is 9 Fisher et al., 1987; Gaines and added to the water. Because dredging usually Solow, 1990; Milliken and Lee, 1990; NCDEM, occurs over a short time period and then ceases, 1990; Sawyer and Golding, 1990; Seabloom et impacts that result from it, such as turbidity and al., 1989 dissolved oxygen reductions, are usually temporary
2-6 National Management Measures Guidance Sources of Pollution and do not have long-term negative effects. Other and invasion by other species. Submerged aquatic consequences of dredging, such as habitat vegetation is an important resource for many disruption and deterioration, can have lasting aquatic organisms since it provides food and impacts. shelter, and it protects shorelines from erosion.
Boat operation can cause these same problems in Larval and juvenile fish can be killed directly by the water column and for aquatic organisms by boat propellers and propeller wash. Spawning or disrupting shallow habitats and communities and nesting fish can be disturbed, and propeller wash mixing nearshore sediments into the water can be powerful enough to destroy fish eggs. Fish column10 . Propeller-driven boats operated too fast populations can be lowered if survival of young-of- near the shoreline can cause bank erosion11 . the-year fish is diminished and reproductive Shallow waterways can be affected by propellers success is lowered. Manatees and other aquatic cutting off or uprooting aquatic plants from the animals that swim near the water surface also bottom and propwash mixing sediments into the suffer from propeller strikes. Many manatees in water12 . The latter not only reduces Florida bear the scars of propeller cuts. photosynthesis, but also can interfere with fish and other sight-feeding animals, clog fish gills, and Shoaling and Shoreline Alterations smother plants and animals. Shoaling and shoreline erosion result from the The effect that boat traffic and motor operation can physical transport of sediment due to waves and have on water quality and biological communities currents. These waves and currents can be natural in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and estuaries varies and (wind-induced, rainfall runoff, etc.) or human- depends on the characteristics of the waterbody induced due to boat wakes or in-water structures and the type of watercraft being operated on it13 . that change currents or reflect waves. The effects are most acute in soft-bottomed lakes and reservoirs, quiet side channels of rivers and When waves caused by passing vessels or reflected streams where fine sediment accumulates due to from breakwaters reach the shallow margins of a the lack of strong currents, and waterbodies that waterway, they can erode banks and nearby bottom have sediments rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. sediments. This effect tends to wash away plants loosely rooted in sediments near the shore and the The impact of boats on rooted plants depends on associated animal life. A substantial volume of the the depth of the plants below the surface. Where sediment that causes shoaling is eroded from submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) occurs in banks, and removing this material by dredging is a shallow areas, boats passing through the area can costly recurrent expense. Frequent dredging can create troughs where the vegetation is eliminated be necessary where boat traffic causes extensive or severely reduced. Most direct effects of bank erosion. No wake zones and travel lanes motorboats on submerged aquatic vegetation take located away from shorelines can reduce and help place in water less than 5 feet deep, and prevent bank erosion and shoaling. There is a motorboats can effectively remove all rooted direct relationship between factors such as the vegetation in water less than 3 feet deep, especially distance of a boat from shore, boat speed, slopes of in areas with sandy sediments. Recovery of the sides of a bank, type of sediment, and depth of submerged aquatic vegetation beds can take years, the waterway and the amount of erosion and and loss of vegetation can lead to increased erosion subsequent shoaling that results. The location of
10 travel lanes should be determined for each specific Chmura and Ross, 1978 case with these factors in mind. 11 British Waterways Board, 1983 The amount of shoreline erosion caused by boat 12 USEPA, 1974 wakes in lakes and reservoirs depends on the same 13 USFWS, 1982 factors as in coastal environments—design features
National Management Measures Guidance 2-7 SECTION 2: Sources of Pollution of the boat (size, hull shape, and draft), distance of the boat from the shoreline, water depth, channel width (if the boat is passing through a channel), shoreline soil condition, slope of the shoreline bank, and amount of shoreline vegetative cover. In contrast to coastal environments, in lakes and reservoirs vegetation often grows up to the shoreline, currents are minimal, and there are no tides. Therefore, although boat wakes might be a primary source of erosive energy in lakes with a large amount of boating activity, vegetated shorelines reduce the potential for erosion in lakes. Boat wakes will be most likely to cause lake shoreline erosion where the shoreline has been altered and not stabilized and is therefore already susceptible to erosion.
2-8 National Management Measures Guidance SECTION 3: NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL AND WATERBODY CHARACTERISTICS
Section 3 Contents
Understanding Management Measures and Practices...... 3-1 How Management Practices Work to Prevent Nonpoint Source Pollution...... 3-2 Management Practice Systems...... 3-4 Site-Specific Design of Management Practices...... 3-5 Important Characteristics of Marina Environments from a Pollution Perspective..3-5 General Factors Common to All Waterbodies...... 3-5 Lakes and Reservoirs...... 3-6 Rivers...... 3-7 Estuaries...... 3-7 Coastal Environments...... 3-7 Boating on Inland Waters...... 3-8 Boating Access...... 3-9
Understanding Management Measures and application of the best available nonpoint Practices source control practices, technologies, processes, siting criteria, operating Management measures and practices are methods, and other alternatives. implemented at marinas primarily to control nonpoint source pollution, which in turn protects Marinas and recreational boating management water resources and terrestrial and aquatic habitat, measures contain general management guidelines enhances the aesthetic appeal of the marina, and to prevent or minimize nonpoint source pollution. protects the marina and the people at it from toxic The states and territories in the coastal zone and harmful substances. The focus of this management program are required to implement guidance is on management measures and these management measures through enforceable practices that mitigate the generation of pollutants policies and mechanisms. The management (using pollution prevention practices) and delivery measures and practices in this guidance are of runoff, or nonpoint source pollutants (using voluntary approaches in states not located within source reduction practices) to our nation’s coastal coastal zone boundaries. and fresh waters. Individual management practices are not included Management measures are defined under section as part of the statement of the management 6217 of CZARA as measures, and states have considerable flexibility in determining how they will achieve the economically achievable measures for the management measures. control of the addition of pollutants from existing and new categories and classes of Best management practices, or BMPs, are used to nonpoint sources of pollution, which fulfill management measures. There are two basic reflect the greatest degree of pollutant types of management practices—pollution reduction achievable through the prevention and source reduction. Pollution
National Management Measures Guidance 3-1 SECTION 3: Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics prevention are those practices that are management practice is used to control a type of implemented to prevent the creation or release of pollutant from individual or multiple sources, the pollution into the environment. An example is a individual practices will work as a system more vacuum sander that gathers sanding dust before it effectively if the design standards and even has a chance to fall to the ground. Using a specifications of the individual practices are non-toxic cleanser in place of a toxic one is compatible. Additional effectiveness may be another example of pollution prevention. Source achieved if BMPs for a site are selected within the reduction controls are practices that are context of an overall watershed protection implemented to gather pollutants that have been program. released, but before they reach the water. They include practices that filter, screen, trap, contain, EPA’s management measures for marinas and absorb, chemically neutralize, or divert pollutants recreational boating are described in Section 4. before they reach a waterbody or ground water. An oil/water separator in a storm drain is an How Management Measures and Practices example. A tarp under a boat during hull Work to Prevent Nonpoint Source maintenance, with follow-up disposal of all Pollution collected debris in a trash receptacle, is another example of source reduction. Nonpoint source pollution control management measures and practices are devised to prevent and Management measures and practices can also be reduce the introduction of pollutants generated by either structural (e.g., used oil collection marina-related activities to the marina basin. containers, multiple openings to a marina basin) Controlling the entry of pollutants into the marina or managerial (e.g., pollution control agreements basin helps protect water quality, control aquatic in slip leases, marina policies regarding where weeds, reduce odors that result from decaying boat hull maintenance can be done on the marina matter, ensure a more attractive and healthier property and who is allowed to do it). Individual shoreline, maintain water clarity, and allow for the management practices are not usually sufficient natural ecological processes of the marina basin for solving water quality problems, but are used in and surrounding waters to maintain the basin combination to control the diverse sources of without the need for expensive chemical or potential pollution at marinas. For example, mechanical treatments. placement of absorbent pads in bilges is a good means to control the release of petroleum-based Management measures are recommended to pollutants, but without storm water runoff controls control the delivery of nonpoint source pollutants in parking lots and air/fuel separators to control to receiving waters by spillage during refueling, petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the marina basin will be likely. • Minimizing pollutants released to the environment during an activity (pollution Management practices are best selected, designed, prevention). implemented, and maintained in accordance with site-specific considerations to ensure that the • Preventing the transport and delivery of practices function together properly to achieve pollutants by reducing runoff and thus the overall pollution management goals. For amount of pollutant transported (source example, a grassed drainage swale designed to reduction). handle only the quantity of water expected to fall on a parking lot during a design storm will not • Treating runoff pollution before it is released effectively control pollution if the grassed into surface or ground waters (source drainage swale receives runoff from non-marina reduction). upland areas as well. When more than one
3-2 National Management Measures Guidance Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics
Management practices are used to control macrophytes that could hinder boat passage and pollutants generated by specific activities. For entangle propellers and pipelines. As these plants example, pumpouts, dump stations, and/or die, their decomposition in the marina basin restrooms are installed to discourage dumping consumes dissolved oxygen and degrades water sewage into waterways and thus to reduce the quality. In extreme cases, anaerobic, foul- release of organic materials and pathogens into smelling water might result. the water. For these reasons, controlling the entry of Implementing management measures and nutrients into the marina basin makes good practices also provides secondary benefits. For managerial sense. The marina will be example, use of a vacuum-based (often referred to aesthetically more appealing and operationally as “dustless”) sanding system prevents paint, more functional, and maintenance costs will be wood, and fiberglass dust from being blown about kept down by not having to harvest overgrowths and potentially ending up in marina basin waters. of aquatic plants. It also improves working conditions for and the health of employees and reduces post-sanding Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus at a marina clean-up work so workers can be more productive. include detergents that contain phosphorus, Another example of a management practice that sewage from boat heads or on-site septic systems, provides environmental benefits beyond those fertilizers used on marina grounds, and waste linked to water quality is a grassed drainage swale from fish cleaning. surrounding a marina basin. As a runoff pollution control practice, it reduces nutrient and sediment The introduction of pathogens into a marina basin delivery to the basin. It also provides an aesthetic due to inadequate sanitation practices is a buffer along the water’s edge and natural habitat legitimate cause for concern by marina managers. for aquatic plants and animals. If the water in a marina basin has an elevated concentration of levels of fecal coliform or is Nitrogen and phosphorus, in both dissolved contaminated with viruses, marina patrons could organic and inorganic forms, are the two principal be in danger of contracting illness. Insistence that nutrients that promote plant and algal growth. In marina patrons use pumpout stations or have a general, nitrogen is the limiting nutrient for plant properly operating Type I or II marine sanitation growth (i.e., the nutrient whose abundance device (MSD) on their vessel can protect marina determines rates of plant growth) in marine patrons from the dangers of poor sanitation and ecosystems, and phosphorus is the limiting the marina owner from law suits that could result nutrient in freshwater ecosystems. Both nitrogen from such incidents. The types of MSDs are and phosphorus can limit plant growth in some described in Figure 3.1. Recreational boats with estuarine systems, where freshwater and marine MSDs are required to have their Y-valves shut to ecosystems converge, and both are necessary for control direct discharge of sewage into surface the production of phytoplankton, free-floating waters surrounding the marina. Y-valves should microscopic algae, and macrophytes—larger also be shut on vessels operated within 3 miles of floating and rooted plants. When the limiting the U.S. coast. nutrient is overabundant, phytoplankton, algae, and macrophytes can grow excessively, causing a Untreated sewage, pet waste, discarded fish parts, decrease in water clarity, production of surface and all forms of litter can add polluting organic scum, and clogged waterways. All of these matter and debris to a marina basin’s water, conditions are detrimental to marina operations creating an aesthetically and biologically for aesthetic reasons, such as reduced water undesirable environment. Excessive organic clarity and unsightly surface scum, and matter in a marina basin leads to lowered operational reasons, such as excessive dissolved oxygen levels. It also makes water
National Management Measures Guidance 3-3 SECTION 3: Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics
MSD TYPES
Type I A flow-through type MSD where sewage is filtered though an on-board (Vessel size = <65 ft) treatment system and then directly discharged. Required to produce an effluent with a fecal coliform bacteria count 1,000/100 ml and no visible floating solids. Rely on maceration and disinfection for treatment of sanitary waste.
Type II A flow-through type device larger than a Type I MSD. Required to produce (Vessel size = >65 ft) an effluent with a fecal coliform bacteria count 200/100 ml and suspended solids 150 mg/L. A Type II MSD provides more advanced treatment than a Type I MSD.
Type III Designed to prevent overboard discharge of treated or untreated sewage. (All vessel sizes) Commonly called holding tanks because the sewage flushed from the marine head is deposited into a tank containing deodorizers and other non-treatment chemicals. Contents of the holding tank are stored until properly disposed of at a shoreside pumpout facility. Can be equipped with a discharge option, called a Y-valve, that allows the boater to direct the discharge from the head either into the holding tank or directly overboard. Overboard discharge is illegal in U.S. navigable waters.
Figure 3.1. Marine sanitation device descriptions. murky. Water clarity is reduced further from a violation of federal law and is punishable by the other activities that stir sediment and particles of imposition of substantial fines and penalties. decomposing organic debris up from the bottom. These compounds foul boats, docks, and anything Litter like paper and styrofoam cups, plastic bags else that comes into contact with them. Fish gills and soda can holders, fishing lines or nets, and and the feathers of waterfowl are fouled by these discarded materials from boat maintenance substances, jeopardizing the animal’s health, and activities creates an unsightly marina basin. It is plant leaves can become coated, preventing or also a threat to fish, waterfowl, and shorebirds, reducing their ability to photosynthesize. which can become entangled in plastics or might eat debris that is mistaken for food and die as a All of these potential sources of pollution to result. marina basins and the undesirable conditions that they cause for marina patrons and owners point out the importance of establishing controls on Harmful or toxic compounds in a marina basin how wastes are disposed of, the use of pumpouts, create conditions that not only are dangerous to where storm water drains to, and where boat the health of people and animals, but also can be maintenance is allowed to occur. Properly aesthetically unpleasant and expensive to correct. controlled, there is no reason why marina basin Petroleum compounds can be toxic to aquatic waters shouldn’t be as healthy an environment for habitat and a nuisance for marina patrons. Oil, people, fish, aquatic plants, other aquatic gasoline, and materials that contain these organisms as any other part of a waterbody. compounds (such as discarded oily rags, bilge pads, and dirty bilge water) are pollutants that Management Practice Systems detract from the beauty of the marina setting with the unsightly surface sheen they leave. In Water quality problems can’t usually be solved addition, the discharge of any petroleum product with one management practice because single in a sufficient quantity to cause a surface sheen is practices can’t provide the full range and extent of
3-4 National Management Measures Guidance Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics control needed to limit the entry of pollutants Important Characteristics of Marina from numerous sources. Multiple management Environments from a Pollution Perspective measures or practices can be combined to build management practice systems that address Marinas are located on nearly every type of pollutant control needs associated with pollutant surface water—lakes, rivers, inland waterways, generation from more than one source. For reservoirs, embayments, bays, coastal channels, example, controlling petroleum hydrocarbon etc. Each of these waterbody types has different pollution is an objective of four marina characteristics that affects how pollutants behave management measures (storm water runoff, in them, that is, whether they are diluted quickly fueling station design, liquid material, and or not, accumulate in sediments or remain in the petroleum control). A single management water column, or concentrate in specific areas or practice cannot adequately control petroleum disperse. While marina operators cannot affect hydrocarbon pollution because one management the qualities of or processes that occur in practice can usually address pollution from only a waterbodies, knowledge of the qualities and single source. Separate management practices are processes particular to the type of waterbody necessary to control pollution from other sources. where a marina is located is useful when devising For instance, a grassed drainage swale can control a pollution control strategy and in general for petroleum hydrocarbon pollution from surface helping understand the larger watershed context runoff, air/fuel separators can control it from boat within which every marina is located. fuel tanks, berms are helpful (and might be required) at liquid material storage areas, and General Factors Common to All Waterbodies bilge pads are effective in boat bilges. If any one of these sources is overlooked or inadequately Sediment has the potential to be a concern at any addressed, the overall goal of controlling marina because of the turbid waters it can create, petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the marina the dredging that might become necessary if too basin might not be attained. much sediment accumulates in the marina basin, and the pollutants it can carry with it. Sediment Site-Specific Design of Management can enter a marina from upland flow (storm water Practices runoff) and from surrounding waters. The amount of sediment contained in either of these sources is There is no single, ideal management practice for very site-specific and needs to be assessed controlling a pollutant or class of pollutants in all individually at each marina. situations. Rather, management practices should be chosen and designed based on the types of Along with the sediment are nutrients and toxic pollutants causing problems, sources of the substances attached to sediment particles. The pollutants, causes of pollution at the marina, types and quantities of these pollutants are other climate, type of waterbody, existing water quality, factors that are best assessed on a site-specific habitats in and around the marina basin, pollution basis. Many chemicals (including nutrients and reduction goals, experience of the system chemical pollutants) have different forms with designers, and willingness and ability of the different tendencies to attach to particles, marina owner to implement and maintain the biodegrade, and volatilize. Each chemical form practices. The relative importance of these and might have a different toxicity to aquatic life. The other factors varies depending on other chemical form can change when the compound considerations such as whether the moves from one environment to another, for implementation is voluntary or mandatory (e.g., instance from ground water to surface water or required under a storm water permit). from freshwater to saltwater. Heavy metals are naturally particle reactive and sorb onto suspended particulates. This process is
National Management Measures Guidance 3-5 SECTION 3: Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics particularly accentuated in estuaries, where the Depth is one of the characteristics that determines mixing of fresh and salt water creates turbulent the effect of marinas and recreational boating in a and turbid conditions. Most metals that are lake or reservoir. Lakes and deeper reservoirs are transported down rivers to estuaries are removed usually thermally divided during the summer into to bottom sediments in the estuary. distinct upper (epilimnion) and lower (hypolimnion) portions. Because the density of Pollutant resuspension is another potential water depends on its temperature, the temperature concern in marinas, and it is affected by currents, difference between the upper and lower portions boat traffic, and dredging. Toxic metals and creates a difference in density as well. Wind hydrocarbons are often mentioned in the context circulation alone is not enough to overcome the of pollutant resuspension, but bacteria and density difference between the upper and lower viruses, nutrients, organic matter, and any other portions, so there is little exchange of dissolved pollutants concentrated in sediments are also oxygen between the upper portion and the lower resuspended by water turbulence and can cause portion while a lake or reservoir is divided in this water quality problems. manner.
The type of waterbody on which a marina is The epilimnion usually has a depth of from located plays a role in processes in the marina approximately 10 feet in shallow lakes to 40 feet basin, like sedimentation; pollutant delivery, in deep lakes. A narrow region where water settling, and resuspension; and circulation. The temperature changes rapidly with depth (usually subsections that follow discuss the general types about 1.5(F per 3 feet of depth), the thermocline, of environments where marinas are located and rests between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion. factors of concern in each of them. The hypolimnion is more or less uniform in temperature and extends from the base of the Lakes and Reservoirs thermocline to the bottom of the lake or reservoir.
Lakes and reservoirs are strongly affected by the Stratified lakes and reservoirs have two periods of characteristics of the watersheds in which they are overturn or mixing each year, one in the autumn located, more so than coastal waters because lakes and another in the spring. The change of season and reservoirs are not flushed and mixed with a from a warm summer to a cold winter destratifies larger body of water. Water that enters lakes and lakes and reservoirs and induces mixing; the reservoirs carries with it nutrients, sediment, reverse process of warming with the change from oxygen, decomposing organic matter, fertilizers winter to summer induces another mixing period. and pesticides used on farms and lawns, and Since there is limited exchange of dissolved weathered minerals. In addition, pollutants from oxygen between the epilimnion and the onsite waste disposal systems (septic tanks) that hypolimnion while a lake or reservoir is stratified, leak into ground water, industrial and municipal the oxygen depleted in the hypolimnion during the point sources that discharge into rivers and summer is not replenished until the autumn streams that then feed into the lake or reservoir, overturn. During the overturn, when a lake or street runoff, and pollutants from the atmosphere reservoir is unstratified, dissolved oxygen is all enter lakes and reservoirs and affect their usually uniformly distributed from the surface to ecology. the bottom.
The water quality and biological effects of Stratification and mixing of lakes and reservoirs pollutants discharged into the waters of lakes and influence the effect of pollutants on them. When reservoirs depend on a combination of lake and a lake or reservoir is stratified, the upper reservoir characteristics. (epilimnetic) volume of the lake or reservoir determines the volume of water available for
3-6 National Management Measures Guidance Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics dilution of fuel, oil, and other wastes that are not Estuaries mixed into or do not sink into the hypolimnion while the waterbody is stratified. The total Estuaries are similar to coastal embayments with volume of the lake or reservoir determines the the special characteristic of receiving freshwater volume of water available to dilute pollutants over from upland areas via rivers and streams. This time. characteristic creates special circumstances and properties. Where freshwater meets saltwater, Another important characteristic of lakes and there is a change in salinity and alkalinity, a reservoirs is the hydraulic residence time (HRT). change in water density (since saltwater is more The HRT of a lake or reservoir is the time it dense than freshwater), a loss of water velocity, would theoretically take for all of the water in the and turbulence due to the meeting of fast-moving lake or reservoir to be replaced by new water river water and quiescent estuarine water. These entering it naturally. For example, if a lake has a factors affect the behavior of sediment and the volume of 5 million gallons and natural flow into pollutants attached to it. the lake from streams averages 10,000 gallons per day, the HRT of the lake would be 500 days (i.e., Sedimentation is greater in the upper portions of 5,000,000/10,000). In a lake with an HRT of 10 estuaries where rivers enter because of the water’s years, therefore, even if pollution input were loss of velocity. Sedimentation also occurs where completely stopped, existing lake water would the freshwater and saltwater meet because the predominate for many years while new water change in salinity causes suspended particles to slowly replaced the polluted water. There would join together into larger particles and settle. The be a long lag time (perhaps 2 to 3 years) before changes in salinity and pH affect many pollutants, improvements in lake water quality would be such as nutrients and toxic metals, in the incoming seen. freshwater as well. The form of a pollutant might change because of these changes in the water, Rivers making it less or more toxic or causing it to attach to or detach from sediment particles. As in Water quality at any point along a river is strongly coastal embayments, the force of tides influences influenced by upstream water and land uses. If estuarine environments as well. the conditions that affect upstream water quality change, downstream water quality will be Coastal Environments affected. Examples of upstream changes in conditions might be land near the river cleared for Coastal environments are areas of high energy, construction or forest harvesting, which might with tides moving in and out, coastal storms, increase sediment loading, or a land use change waves constantly washing against the shore, and from forest to agriculture, which could increase currents moving along the coast. Since marinas sediment, nutrient, and chemical pollution. Water cannot afford to be subject to all of this energy quality changes at downstream locations can because of the need to offer protection for boats occur in pulses if inputs of pollutants from and on-land structures, they are usually located on upstream dredging or pesticide and fertilizer quieter embayments along the coast or are applications, for instance, are shortlived. The protected from coastal energies by artificial means duration of changes in water quality depend on the like breakwaters. However, the energetic type of upstream change. A change in land use processes of the coast still exert a strong effect on from forest to agriculture over a large area, for the water quality and aquatic environment of instance, could cause long-term changes in water marinas. quality, while an increase in suspended sediment from dredging might last no longer than the Coastal embayments have quieter waters than duration of the dredging work. open coastal areas, and sediments tend to
National Management Measures Guidance 3-7 SECTION 3: Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics accumulate in quiet-water areas due to the lack of motorboats, and yachts) as those used along the water movement that permits the sediment to coast. Marinas on large lakes and reservoirs are settle. Countering this tendency are tides and also very similar to coastal marinas. They can coastal storms that mix sediments from the bottom have as many as 200 slips (some marinas on Lake and transport them to open waters. So, in marinas Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, have 150 to 200 located in coastal embayments, pollutants can slips); they often have fueling stations, pumpout build up if tidal action is not strong or the services, and hull maintenance areas; and boat use embayment is well-protected from storm action. is concentrated on the weekends, with holiday As noted above, metals transported down rivers to weekends being especially busy. Inland marinas estuaries sorb onto particulates and settle to can also be smaller, especially those located on sediments. In general, more than 90 percent of smaller lakes and rivers. A directory of marinas particulate matter transported by rivers settles in in Louisiana lists 51 marinas on freshwater lakes, estuarine and coastal marine areas and does not rivers, and bayous with capacities of as few as 10 escape to offshore waters. boats in slips and/or moorings.
Modification of coastal areas—for example, by Because reservoirs are dendritic (that is, they have excavating coastal land to create a marina or by a branching configuration—see Figure 3.2), the adding breakwaters—can alter coastal currents surface area in their main channels is limited. near marina entrances. The effect in any Marinas or docks extending into the main channel particular area depends on local conditions of a reservoir would impede navigation, and relating to currents and the sizes and types of therefore they are typically located to the side of sediments transported by them. Coastal currents the main channel. Some typical features of lakes carry sediments with them, and these sediments and reservoirs are summarized in Figure 3.2. tend to be transported into channels that lie perpendicular to the current. Artificial structures Boating Access and channels can also alter erosion patterns due to alterations of wave patterns in the immediate In 1984, Congress created the Aquatic Resources vicinity. Thus, marinas in altered coastal Trust Fund, which made two sources of funding environments might have to contend with available for the acquisition, design, and problems of sedimentation and erosion that were construction of recreational boating facilities. not present before the coastal alterations. The Boating Safety Account is administered by the U.S. Coast Guard and primarily provides Boating on Inland Waters grants to states to help finance boating safety programs, one element of which is access. The A picture of marinas and recreational boating on Sport Fish Restoration Account is administered by large inland reservoirs, lakes, and rivers would the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Ten percent look very similar to a picture of coastal marinas of revenues to the account from recreational user and boating. Lakes and reservoirs range in size taxes and a marine fuel tax must be expended by from small (an acre or less) to very large. states for boating access. States can also use Reservoirs operated by the Tennessee Valley funds from the account to operate and maintain Authority range in surface area size from recreational boating facilities. relatively small (10 to 12 miles long by ½ mile wide) to large (180 miles long by 1 mile wide), The States Organization for Boating Access and their depths typically range from 100 to 300 (SOBA) was created in 1987 to promote the feet. The size of a lake or reservoir dictates the acquisition, development, and administration of types of boats that can be used on it, and the boats recreational boating facilities. The organization used on large inland lakes and reservoirs are maintains close ties with the Coast Guard and Fish usually of the same types (keeled sailboats, large and Wildlife Service both to ensure that the
3-8 National Management Measures Guidance Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics
TYPICAL LAKE TYPICAL RESERVOIR
• Smaller watershed area • Larger watershed area • Longer hydraulic residence time • Shorter hydraulic residence time • Simpler shape, shoreline • More complex shape, shoreline • Surface outlet • Surface or subsurface outlet
Figure 3.2. Typical features of and differences between lakes and reservoirs. boating access aspects of the grant programs administered by these agencies receive the funds and attention that Congress intended and to provide input from states on program requirements.
Construction of boat ramps is an aspect of boating access that can affect shorelines and water quality in inland waters. Where appropriate, measures that can help protect the environment and ensure attractive and safe boating access points are highlighted throughout this document and are based on the concepts developed by SOBA. A thorough treatment of the topic can be found in SOBA’s book, Design Handbook for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities (1996), available from SOBA at 919-781-0239.
National Management Measures Guidance 3-9 SECTION 4: MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Section 4 Contents
Management Measures...... 4-1 4.1.Marina Flushing...... 4-7 4.2.Water Quality Assessment...... 4-13 4.3.Habitat Assessment...... 4-19 4.4.Shoreline Stabilization...... 4-26 4.5.Storm Water Runoff...... 4-31 4.6.Fueling Station Design...... 4-46 4.7.Petroleum Control...... 4-54 4.8.Liquid Material Management...... 4-60 4.9.Solid Waste Management...... 4-68 4.10.Fish Waste Management...... 4-75 4.11.Sewage Facility Management...... 4-79 4.12.Maintenance of Sewage Facilities...... 4-90 4.13.Boat Cleaning...... 4-94 4.14.Boat Operation...... 4-99 4.15.Public Education ...... 4-103
Management measures are the 15 measures their implementation and the innovation of marina established by EPA for implementation within the owners and operators across the country. state coastal (or CZARA section 6217) management areas. From discussions with marina The guidance can assist marina owners and owners and operators at facilities on fresh waters managers in identifying potential sources of nationwide, these 15 management measures and nonpoint source pollution and offer potential associated practices were found to be just as solutions. Finding the best solution to any applicable to fresh water marinas as to coastal nonpoint source pollution problem at a marina water marinas. requires taking into account the many site-specific factors that together comprise the setting of a Best management practices (BMPs) are individual marina. The applicability of BMPs to any particu- activities or structures that can be used alone or in lar marina or situation can be determined based on combination to achieve the management site-specific factors unique to the marina site. measures. This section discusses the 15 management measures for marinas and Considering management measures and BMPs recreational boating and BMPs that can be used to during marina design will help to ensure that the achieve them. site has good flushing and water circulation characteristics; avoid encroachment on vital The scope of this guidance is broad, covering aquatic habitats; improve habitat quality in and diverse nonpoint source pollutants from marinas around the marina basin; and reduce the potential and recreational boating. Because it includes all for water quality problems within the marina basin. types of waterbodies, it cannot provide all Considering pollution prevention possibilities practices and techniques suitable to all regional or when planning a marina can help ensure that the local marina or waterbody conditions. Also, design of the marina and activities at the marina BMPs are continually being modified and do not lead to degraded water quality in the basin developed as a result of experience gained from
National Management Measures Guidance 4-1 SECTION 4: Management Measures once the marina is operational. Incorporating prevention—will probably have better water pollution prevention and source reduction quality and fewer water-pollution-related measures into an existing marina can help problems during its life of operation, and improve and protect water quality at the marina. economic benefits may result from making such Good water quality can help any marina reduce improvements.1 This applies whether the operational costs and improve customer management measures are applied while the satisfaction. marina is being designed or incorporated into the marina after it is operational. Marina siting and design play important roles in determining how good water quality within a Subsections 4.1 through 4.15 of this Section marina basin will be. Marina location discuss each of the management measures. It is (open—sited directly on a river, lake, bay, or best to plan to apply management measures barrier island, or semi-enclosed—sited on an comprehensively by first evaluating pollution embayment, cove, or other protected area) affects problems throughout the marina and incorporating circulation in a marina basin, and, therefore, how those elements of different management measures well it flushes. The depth of a marina basin that will most efficiently and effectively address affects circulation of deep water in the basin and the pollution issues at the marina, given site- how often it needs maintenance dredging, if at all. specific circumstances. With a comprehensive Dredging stirs contaminants from the bottom and approach to management measure application, any can disturb bottom habitats. Marina design, marina can achieve or maintain good water especially the configuration of the basin and its quality, and maintain healthy shorelines and orientation to prevailing winds, waves, tides, and aquatic habitats. currents, affects the retention of pollutants in a In addition to the management measures, BMPs marina basin and the movement of pollutants out are also described. The BMPs described in this of a basin. Some marinas might be affected by guidance have been found by EPA to be storm water runoff from upland areas in the representative of the types of BMPs that can be watershed. applied successfully to achieve the management measures. Site-specific or regional circumstances, Existing marinas can improve water and habitat however, should be considered in the selection of quality in the marina basin through application of BMPs for a particular marina. Circumstances these management measures. Circulation and such as type of adjacent waterbody, climate, and flushing might be improved in a marina basin by type of work performed at the marina affect the creating an additional opening in a breakwater. design constraints and pollution control Shoreline stabilization might reduce the effectiveness of BMPs. The list of practices for sedimentation rate and sediment levels in a marina each management measure is not all-inclusive, basin, provide an area for patron activities, and and marina operators are encouraged to use other make shoreline habitats more suitable for a variety BMPs where they would be as or more effective of aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals. than those discussed in this guidance. Improvements to storm water runoff patterns, fueling stations, sewage facilities, hull The management measures for marinas and maintenance areas, or other areas or aspects of a recreational boating are applicable to the facilities marina where pollutants are generated can reduce and their associated shore-based services that pollutant inputs to the marina basin from these support recreational boats and boats for hire. sources and improve water quality. Generally, the types of operations and facilities A marina designed with the important points of the management measures in mind—including 1 See USEPA, 1996: Clean Marinas— Clear physical location, flushing and circulation, aquatic Value: Environmental and Business Success habitat, shoreline stability, and pollution Stories.
4-2 National Management Measures Guidance Management Measures listed below would be expected to benefit by use that follows here, Key to BMP Tables, describes of the management measures and BMPs in this the type of content in each column in the tables. guidance. The tables (beginning with BMP Summary Table 1, p. 4-11) are organized as follows: • Any facility that contains 10 or more slips, piers where 10 or more boats may tie up, or & The first column, Best Management Practice any facility where a boat for hire is docked. Examples & Type, lists the BMPs mentioned in this guidance that can be used to achieve • Boat maintenance or repair yards that are the management measure. Where appropriate, adjacent to the water. BMPs are divided by category, either pollution prevention or source reduction, as • Any federal, state, or local facility where described in the Key to BMP Tables. recreational boat maintenance or repair is done on or near the water. & The second column, Marina Location & Usage, identifies where in the marina the • Public or commercial boat ramps. BMP would usually be located and the • Any residential or planned community marina purpose for its use. The applicability of each with 10 or more slips. BMP is categorized as universal, general, or recommended, as described in the Key to • Any mooring field where 10 or more boats are BMP Tables. moored. & The third column, Benefits to Marina, Facilities with fewer than 10 slips, where fewer describes the benefits that marina owners and than 10 boats are moored, or where piers have a operators, and boat owners at the marina capacity of fewer than 10 boats might also benefit could expect from using the BMP. The from the management measures and BMPs magnitude of the benefits are categorized as described in this guidance, and operators of such high, moderate, or low, as described in the facilities are encouraged to review the information Key to BMP Tables. presented here and consider its possible & application to their situations. The fourth column, Projected Environmental Benefits, describes the environmental benefits Some of the management measures (e.g., marina that can be expected from using the BMP. flushing) are more applicable to the siting and These are also categorized as high, moderate, design phase of marina construction or expansion, or low, as described in the Key to BMP while others (e.g., maintenance of sewage Tables. facilities) concern marina operation and & maintenance and are more applicable to The fifth column, Initial Cost Estimate, is an operational marinas. Still others (e.g., storm estimate of the cost of initially installing the water runoff) are applicable to all marinas, BMP (e.g., a structural BMP) or establishing whether in the design phase, already operational, the practice (e.g., a recycling program) at the or in the process of expanding. marina. A cost range, as described in the Key to BMP Tables, is provided for each BMP. Following the discussion of each management & measure and its associated BMPs is a table that The sixth column, Annual Operation & restates the management measure and summarizes Maintenance Cost Estimate, is an estimate of the environmental concerns that the management the ongoing cost, if any, of using and/or measure addresses, the BMPs applicable to the maintaining the BMP at a marina. The cost of management measure, and information pertinent annual operation and maintenance is to the implementation of each BMP. The table estimated as for the initial cost estimate. See the Key to BMP Tables.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-3 SECTION 4: Management Measures OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION: Each has practice of descriptions additional benefits, information, tips, cautions,advice, to comments or and select help technique the use for cleaner andboating marina facilities. could get into the water. the into get could Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes COST ESTIMATE: annual Estimated cost ranges for each operating andpractice maintaining it in condition running for a reasonable Actual use life. costs will vary from to operation operation. Estimate Initial Cost COST ESTIMATE: Estimated cost ranges for the purchase, and construction, installation of each practice. costs will Actual to from site vary site. This does not include cost of for applying construction andpermits legal services. l Benefits Projected Environmenta ECO BENEFITS: good practice A environmental has benefits and improvements to clean boating. Each recommended haspractice one or more ecological for benefit consideration. While impossible exact to predict benefits everywhere, the common most will here found the in selecting aid most cost-effective practice. Use of any mustpractice result predictably andin clear measurable environmental or protection improvement in quality. water Marina Benefits to Benefits USER BENEFITS: this of Use shouldpractice clear provide to thebenefits marina or boat for to adoption Benefits happen. can be economic, use, to of- simple the-shelf availability, easily taught/learned, and effective. The listed benefits and are typical will help understand which to select practice for the site need. specific Usage Marina Location & Location LOCATION: This is a general of wheredescription thein marina the to likely is practice used.be Examples – A pumpout will be easiest where is it for most boats to get suchservice, as on the fuel dock. A dustless sander will be used in the boat maintenance area. No-wake zones exist thein channels to or nearleading basin. marina the ility is & Type Best Management Practice Examples KEY TO BMP Measure TABLES: TitleManagement of MANAGEMENT MEASURE - The the statement U.S. of Protection Agency Environmental measure. management ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: they and how concern, for reason be, could pollutants the what problems, environmental potential the of statement descriptive A EXAMPLES: Each Best Management Practice a recommended(BMP) is listed marinas by usedexample successfully or boaters. Many are of these practices commonsimple sense, and are marina in state-of-the-art considered and operations boating and management. for are appropriate practices Not all each marina to use since each fac site-specific. Managers change may site-specific. to meet site their descriptions actual to as appropriate situations specific benefits. In someachieve comparable could be usedmarinas a practice but is and notjust an cost effective, should be considered. alternative This list should not limit anyone from somethingtrying new it or different if is cost effective, practical and will help promote clean water.
4-4 National Management Measures Guidance Management Measures Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes ANNUAL COST: ANNUAL NONE = $0 under = LOW $1,000 = MODERATE 4,999 to $1,000 to $5,000 = HIGH 9,999 = EXPENSIVE $10,000+ When a range is given, e.g., Low to Moderate, expect cost to lean end lower toward Estimate Initial Cost HIGH = HIGH INITIAL COST: NONE = $0 under = LOW $2,000 = MODERATE 9,999 to $2,000 to $10,000 24,999 = EXPENSIVE $25,000+ When a range is given, e.g., High to Moderate, expect cost to towardlean higher end Benefits Projected Environmental ECO RATING: = HIGH Considerable environmental protection; clear and obvious water quality improvement can be expected. = MODERATE Protects the environment; improvement to could quality water be expected. LOW = Some to theprotection environment; limited water quality improvement expected. Marina (continued) Benefits to Benefits
USER RATING: USER = HIGH Considerable value to user; best cost/benefits when used. = MODERATE Of value to user; good cost/ benefits from use. LOW = Some value; fewer cost/benefits to the user. Usage Marina Location & Location USAGE: might BMPs Some for be appropriate use in all or most marinas and boats, have others while usage. Select limited that are practices andappropriate cost for each effective need. site-specific Every BMP will not work every-where. Some could be in effec-tive broadly while many sites, others are less for wide adaptable use. or effective & Type Best Management Practice Examples KEY TO BMP Measure TABLES: TitleManagement of TYPES: practices PREVENTION POLLUTION occur at the spot where the pollutants are created or used. Pollution prevention are the that many practices can prevent from either being pollution into thecreated or being released environment. They are often the first, and most effective costly, best, least to preventways contaminants from entering ground, the air, or water. of Methods for different types vary sources,problem such as ceasing use of the diluting solvent, amounta toxic non-harmful or less to switching used, product, so things or doing differently no pollution results. Pollution prevention education teaches to people change behaviors to prevent the use of or to adopt methods practices polluting which reduce or amount the type of contamination created.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-5 SECTION 4: Management Measures Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost Projected al Benefits Environment Marina Benefits to Benefits Usage Marina Location & Location UNIVERSALLY RECOMMENDED effective Very for wide practice use; best choice; greatest cost/benefits; can be used marina any in (or on boat) any where applicable. GENERALLY RECOMMENDED for practice Good use; common choice; effective good cost/benefits; can be used most in marinas (or on most boats) where applicable. RECOMMENDED Practice for selected use, workable choice; reasonable cost/benefits; might usedbe some in marinas (or some boats) where better are not practices or available practical. & Type Best Management Practice Examples KEY TO (continued) BMP Measure TABLES: TitleManagement of REDUCTION: SOURCE Practices occur after pollutants have been created and entered the environment. Source reduction are thosepractices used between where andpollutants are released the surface water. They the include many practices that canscreen, capture,trap, filter, neutralize, contain, absorb, chemically any sewer to municipal lines or divert canpollutants before they the get into water or ground-water resource. a form of source is Recycling reduction. Often these are more expensive to do and much less thaneffective prevention are pollution Sourcepractices. reduction education which teaches to adopt practices people reduce the amount of contaminants entering the water.
4-6 National Management Measures Guidance 4.1. MARINA FLUSHING
Management Measure for Marina Flushing:
Site and design marinas such that tides and/or currents will aid in flushing of the site or renew its water regularly.
Management Measure Description activity, lifeless shorelines, and offensive odors—can be the consequence. Water quality within a marina basin depends largely on how well the basin is flushed, which In tidal waters, flushing is primarily driven by the depends in turn on how well water circulates ebb and flow of the tide. A large tidal volume within the marina. Studies have shown that relative to the total volume of a marina basin adequate flushing improves water quality in provides excellent flushing because each tidal marina basins, reduces or eliminates water exchange replaces a large amount of the marina stagnation, and helps maintain biological basin water with "new" water from outside the productivity and aesthetic appeal (see marina basin. This condition is common on Bibliography). Flushing can reduce pollutant coastal waters in northern New England, the concentrations in a marina basin by anywhere Pacific Northwest, and Alaska, where tidal from 70 percent to almost 90 percent over a 24- circulation should adequately flush marinas. hour period.1 In nontidal coastal waters, such as the Great When a single number (e.g., 10 days) is given as Lakes, wind drives circulation in the water the flushing time or residence time of a body of adjacent to a marina. The circulating water water (e.g., marina basin, harbor, or estuary), this outside a marina basin can have a flushing effect number represents an average and doesn’t on water within the marina if the speed, accurately reflect what is happening inside the persistence, and direction of the wind create a marina basin. Actually, flushing time in a marina strong enough current. In many situations wind- basin can range from zero days at the boundary driven currents can provide adequate flushing of with the adjacent waterbody (i.e., at points of marina basins. entry into the marina basin) to as much as several weeks within the marina basin at secluded In river waters, with current flow, water usually locations or where in-water structures prevent moves into and out of the marina basin water from circulating. continuously unless the basin is built into the land or has only one small entrance channel. In a poorly flushed marina, pollutants tend to concentrate in the water and/or sediments. Best Management Practices Pollutants and debris can collect in poorly flushed corners or secluded or protected spots in the same Ensure that the bottom of the marina and way that leaves collect in depressions in the entrance channels are not deeper than adjacent ground where they are protected from wind. navigable channels Stagnant, polluted water—with little biological Flushing rates in marinas can be improved and maximized by proper design of entrance channels and the basin. Areas with minimal or no tides or 1 Cardwell and Koons, 1981; Tetra Tech, 1988.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-7 SECTION 4: Management Measures poor circulation should have basin and channel There are situations where areas deeper than depths designed to gradually increase toward open the rest of the marina basin might be required. water to promote flushing. For example, Cove Haven Marina (Rhode Island) services large 12-meter America’s Cup Even where good flushing does occur, this alone sailboats with deep keels and needs sufficiently does not guarantee that a marina's deepest waters deep water in and adjacent to the boat haul-out will be renewed on a regular basis. As mentioned facility to do so. In this case, the state allows above, deep canals and depressions much deeper the marina to maintain this site dredged deeper than adjacent waters might not be adequately than the rest of the marina (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value). flushed by tidal action or wind-generated forces. Fine sediment and organic debris will collect in them, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations can result. In the warmer months when dissolved Design new marinas with as few enclosed water oxygen concentrations are normally low because sections or separated basins as possible to of higher water temperatures, the even lower promote circulation within the entire basin. dissolved oxygen concentrations in these depressions can deteriorate water quality and Overall flushing in a marina is a function of the hinder biological activity in the water. number of separate basins in the marina. A marina in open water generally flushes better than Consider design alternatives in poorly flushed a one-basin marina, a one-section marina waterbodies to enhance flushing. For example: generally flushes better than a two-section marina, and so forth (Figure 4.1). Curved corners, instead • Open design instead of a semienclosed design. of square corners, can eliminate stagnate corner water and can help produce strong circulation • Wave attenuators instead of fixed within a marina basin. breakwaters. Consider the value of entrance channels in When selecting a marina site and developing a design or when reconfiguring an existing marina, the need for efficient flushing of marina waters should be a prime consideration.
Where a poorly flushed location is the only one available or where a marina is already operational in such a location, special arrangements might be necessary to ensure adequate flushing. Selection of an open marina design might be considered. Open marina designs have no natural barriers to restrict the exchange of water between the larger water body and the marina basin. To accommodate both improved flushing and protection from wave energy, floating wave attenuators can be useful. Wave attenuators do not impede flushing because water exchange is not restricted by an underwater structure, while the marina is protected from moderate wave action. Figure 4.1. Example marina designs.
4-8 National Management Measures Guidance Marina Flushing
promoting flushing when designing or 4.2 ). Buried pipelines have been similarly used reconfiguring a marina. to promote flushing.
The alignment and number of entrance channels Use mechanical aerators to improve flushing affect flushing, along with many other site- and water quality where basin and entrance specific factors. The following points generally channel configuration cannot provide adequate hold true and should be considered when flushing. designing or reconfiguring a marina: Where poor water quality throughout a marina • Entrance channels that follow the natural basin or in secluded spots is a problem due to poor channel alignment and have only gradual bends flushing, limited circulation, or other promote flushing. circumstances, mechanical aerators, such as those used for ice protection, can be helpful. These • Where the tidal range is small, a wider entrance devices can raise the level of dissolved oxygen in will promote flushing. the water and circulate floating debris out of corners into the rest of the basin, where it can be • Where the tidal range is large, a single narrow flushed out naturally. Underwater air bubblers or entrance channel can improve flushing. submerged impeller-type motors are very effective during short-term occurrences that might occur • In tidal and nontidal waters, entrance channels during the summer. Water clarity improvement is aligned parallel to the direction of prevailing often noted during use of artificial aeration. winds and/or water flow enhance flushing.
The orientation and location of a solitary entrance can affect marina flushing rates and should be considered along with other factors that affect flushing. Consider the following points:
• In a square or rectangular marina basin, a single entrance at the center of a marina promotes flushing better than a single corner-located asymmetric entrance.
• In a circular marina basin, an off-center entrance channel promotes better circulation.
Establish two openings at opposite ends of the marina to promote flow-through currents.
Where water-level fluctuations are small (e.g., Figure 4.2. Puerto Del Rey Marina (PR) has an nontidal waters), alternatives in addition to the offshore rubble mound breakwater that protects the ones previously discussed can be considered to southeastern and eastern exposures of the marina. ensure adequate water exchange and to increase Two hundred feet of the southern breakwater was flushing rates. An elongated marina situated removed, creating a new south side breachway parallel to a tidal river might be adequately flushed exit/entrance that is still well protected but now allows for greater circulation in the basin. Water by using two entrances to promote a flow-through clarity improved after the alteration, and as a result current. A small outlet onto an adjacent waterbody new customers (a 3 percent increase for the can be opened solely to enhance flushing (Figure marina) relocated to Puerto Del Rey Marina (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
National Management Measures Guidance 4-9 SECTION 4: Management Measures
Ice suppression systems available for marinas Both compressed air and agitator systems work hinder ice formation by using compressed air in freshwater, saltwater, and brackish water. bubblers or in-water agitators. Bubbler systems They do not work well in ice-covered rivers force air to entrain warmer bottom water into a because river currents destroy bubble or flow rising plume, which reacts with and melts the patterns and because of the lack of heat. underside of the ice sheet. Water agitators work Thermal mixing of river water is a natural on the basis of thermal reserves of basin waters process, and a river that has formed an ice and surface currents to prevent freezing. cover has already dissipated nearly all available heat. BMP Summary Table 1 summarizes the BMPs for Marina Flushing mentioned in this guidance.
4-10 National Management Measures Guidance Marina Flushing A marina's aspect marina's A of length (ratio ratio to width) should be greater than 0.33 and 3.0, than less between preferably Curved 2.0. and 0.5 corners, rather than square, eliminate stagnant corner water and can help produce strong within a circulation basin. marina Areas with minimal with Areas or poor or no tides shouldcirculation have basin and depths channel designed to increase gradually toward open water to promote flushing. ts entering the water. In a water. the entering ts 0% over a 24 hour period. 0% over which can deplete the the biological productivity biological the ss shores and offensive ants tend to concentrate in concentrate to tend ants secluded or protected spots, by driven hing primarily is ss shorelines, and offensive shorelines, ss Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes HIGH EXPENSIVE; depending on of frequency maintenance dredging Estimate Initial Cost HIGH to MODERATE EXPENSIVE to EXPENSIVE HIGH rrents will aid in flushing of the site or renew its water its renew or site the of flushing in aid will rrents Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; flushing HIGH; as overall improves the number of separate basins marina a within decreases HIGH; ensures that even the marina's deepest waters will be renewed on a regular basis Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; enclosed cansections create water stagnant MODERATE; toward sloping marina exit(s) flushing improves Usage Marina Location & Location Marina basin; Marina universally recommended Marina basin; Marina generally recommended to
& Type Best Management Practice Examples Design new marinas with marinas new Design as few enclosed water or separated sections basins as possible promote circulation within promote circulation the basin entire odors—can be the consequence. The flushing rate is the time required to replace the water within a basin. In tidal waters, flus waters, In tidal a basin. within water the replace to required time the is rate flushing The consequence. the be odors—can in lifele result and can activity biological hinders in stagnant water oxygen dissolved Reduced in water. the oxygen of amount pollutants and debris can tend to collect in these locations. Stagnant, polluted water—with little biological activity, lifele activity, biological little water—with Stagnant, polluted locations. in these collect to tend can and debris pollutants Pollut speed. and current circulation driven wind on depends flushing and river inland lake while tide, the of and flow ebb the water, in uncirculated collect can debris and organic sediment and marinas. Fine coves flushed in poorly sediments and/or water in a marina stagnation maintain and helps water for potential the eliminates or reduces marina greatly flushing Adequate odors. regularly ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: amoun and new existing pollutants of and level the basin boat the within circulation water on depends quality marina water Good or corners flushed poorly with In a basin sediments. and/or in water the concentrate to tend marina, pollutants flushed poorly 9 almost 70% to in a marina from basin concentrations pollutant reduce can flushing a marina Good basin. of value and aesthetic MARINA FLUSHING PRACTICES BMP Table Summary 1. MANAGEMENT MEASURE FOR MARINA FLUSHING MANAGEMENT MEASURE - Site and design marinas that such tides and/or cu Ensure that the bottom of the marina and the entrance channel are not deeper than adjacent channelsnavigable
National Management Measures Guidance 4-11 SECTION 4: Management Measures Air bubblers or Air impeller motors are during effective short of low periods oxygen dissolved concentration, e.g., hotduring a very period. Entrance channel and length, width, location strongly flushing. affect natural circulation patterns the in waterbody. Open marina designs natural no have to restrict barriers the exchange of water between the water body larger and the marina basin; wave attenuators improve rates flushing because water exchange not is provides restricted; from protection moderate wave action. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost EstimateCost Notes LOW to MODERATE; depending on and units of number used days EXPENSIVE; depending on degree of wave attenuation EXPENSIVE; depending on degree of wave attenuation Estimate Initial Cost LOW – per unit; – per LOW to MODERATE – HIGH bubbler system EXPENSIVE HIGH to HIGH MODERATE Takes advantage of EXPENSIVE HIGH to Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; can quickly circulation improve and the raise oxygen dissolved concentration; waterimproves clarity MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; entrance channels aligned with natural flow can increase flushing MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; properly designed, entrance channels can increase flushing efficiency MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; practice promotes circulation more than designs that the enclose basin Marina Benefits to HIGH; useful to useful HIGH; debris keep floating from collecting in corners; can also be used control as ice winter in system MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; flow-through promotes circulation good water MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH MODERATE to MODERATE helpful HIGH; where a poorly is location flushed the one only or where available conditions permit its use & Usage Marina Location Marina basin; Marina generally recommended for marinas with poor circulation Entrance channels; recommended only where feasible Entrance channels; universally recommended Marina basin; Marina generally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Practice Use mechanical aerators to and flushing improve basin where quality water and entrance channel cannot configuration flushing adequate provide Establish twoEstablish openings at endsopposite of the marina to promote flow- - currents through Prevention Pollution Consider the value of entrance channels in promoting flushing when designing or reconfiguring a marina - Pollution Prevention BMP Table Summary 1. (cont.) MANAGEMENT MEASURE FOR MARINA FLUSHING Consider design in poorly alternatives flushed to waterbodies e.g. flushing; enhance open design instead of a design,semienclosed wave attenuators of fixed instead breakwaters
4-12 National Management Measures Guidance 4.2. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Management Measure for Water Quality Assessment:
Assess water quality as part of marina siting and design.
Management Measure Description and the atmosphere. A low dissolved oxygen concentration might indicate an unbalanced Water quality assessments are generally done as a ecosystem, with fish mortality, too much decaying part of marina development or significant organic matter in the water, a film of oil or other expansion. The widespread use and proven substance on the surface that is preventing an effectiveness of water quality assessments in exchange of gases with the atmosphere, aquatic determining the suitability of a location for marina plants that are unable to photosynthesize, or an development, the best marina design for ensuring absence of aquatic plants. good water quality, and the causes and sources of water quality problems make this management Pathogenic organisms in the water indicate the measure broadly applicable to marina management. potential for public health problems. Pathogens are contained in human and animal fecal waste, When planning for a new or expanded marina site, and they can cause illness if contaminated water state water quality management agencies can be from the waterbody is swallowed, contaminated contacted for available information. A water shellfish from the waterbody are eaten, or an open quality assessment consists of taking samples of wound is exposed to the water. Tests for these water from a waterbody, testing them for chemical and/or physical characteristics and the presence of pathogenic organisms, and comparing the results to accepted standards of water quality. Historically, state water quality assessments have focused on testing the dissolved oxygen concentration of water and the presence of pathogen indicators, such as fecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli) and enterococci. Other tests, such as measurement of water temperature or Secchi disk depth (Figure 4.3), are used as well.
The dissolved oxygen concentration in water is used as an indicator of the general health of an aquatic ecosystem. A good concentration of dissolved oxygen (typically about 6 milligrams/liter, but “good” can vary from waterbody to waterbody) can indicate that there’s enough oxygen for fish to breathe and aquatic plants to photosynthesize, and there’s a good Figure 4.3. The Secchi disk is a simple and useful tool for exchange of gases between the waterbody monitoring long-term trends in water quality.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-13 SECTION 4: Management Measures water quality criteria can be used to determine as Sea Grant colleges) are potential sources of whether a proposed marina design will result in water quality data. poor water quality. Water from a site proposed for marina development should be of good quality. It will be useful to contact the state agency responsible for water quality data at the outset of Federal, state, and municipal agencies routinely a project to establish water quality objectives and test the water of coastal and estuarine waters, to determine whether water quality data is lakes, and reservoirs, especially if there is a lot of available for the site. Comparing water quality recreational use of the waterbody and protection data from the marina to water quality data of public health is important. Results of the tests collected by a state agency, for instance, would be can be obtained by calling the agency that does best accomplished by using the same sampling the testing (e.g., state department of natural strategy and analytical methods used by the state resources or environmental protection). agency so that a comparison of the two sets of data will be meaningful (Figure 4.4). Best Management Practices Use a water quality modeling methodology to Monitoring can serve many purposes, such as predict postconstruction water quality determining the ambient quality of water, conditions. determining the extent or causes and sources of a water quality problem, analyzing trends in water Not all marinas need to use modeling techniques quality, and measuring the effectiveness of to predict water quality characteristics. Numerical management practices used in the marina. modeling can be useful, however, for studying the Modeling is appropriate for comparing the effects effects of different design alternatives and for of different options, such as predicting the water selecting the design that best avoids or minimizes quality that would result from different marina impacts on water quality. designs before actual construction or the effects of various slip arrangements on water circulation in a marina basin before a planned expansion. In areas of known good water quality, monitoring may not be needed for small marina developments. The BMPs described below are useful for major developments or expansions so that sufficient water quality measurements are made at a site to ensure that existing conditions are not significantly altered.
Use water quality sampling and/or Figure 4.4. Cedar Island Marina scallop monitoring. monitoring to measure water quality After the State of Connecticut declined a permit for conditions. expansion on the grounds that it would result in “destroying valuable marina life and habitat,” the marina Water quality data for the waterbody on which began a program of water quality monitoring to prove the state wrong. The marina monitors temperature, a marina is located might be available. Many salinity, dissolved oxygen, habitat, coastal birds, finfish, states or local agencies collect this information. and scallop growth. The figure above shows marina A state agency of environmental protection, a personnel checking scallop cages suspended below the local or regional water quality authority, a docks. The marina has found better dissolved oxygen parks and recreation department, the U.S. EPA, levels and lower fecal coliform counts than reported for the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Army the town beach, and heavy metals do not accumulate in Corps of Engineers, or a local university (such scallops grown at the marina (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
4-14 National Management Measures Guidance Water Quality Assessment
Modeling techniques can be useful for predicting EPA Region 4 completed an in-depth report on flushing time and pollutant concentrations in the marina water quality. The primary focus of the absence of site-specific data. A distinct advantage study was to provide guidance for selecting and of numerical models over monitoring studies is applying of computer models for analyzing the the ability to perform sensitivity analyses. For potential water quality impacts (both dissolved instance, dissolved oxygen concentrations and oxygen and pathogen indicators) of a marina. flushing times can be predicted for a number of EPA reviewed a number of available methods design options once data for the marina project and classified them into three categories— have been entered into the model. Modeling can simple methods, mid-range models, and complex models. be an expensive undertaking, and this should be weighed against any anticipated benefits.
A professional marina designer would be the best person to consult regarding the feasibility and cost Rapid bioassessment techniques can provide a of using models. Some models applicable to cost-effective assessment of potential sites for marinas are reviewed in Section 5. marina development and to assess water quality in an existing marina basin. This technique is Monitor water quality using indicators. discussed further under the Habitat Assessment management measure. Water sampling, water quality monitoring, and numerical modeling are not necessary in many Establish a volunteer monitoring program. cases to gather information about the health of a marina’s waters. Simple yet effective forms of Marinas can help involve their clientele and local monitoring that provide valuable information community in water quality issues and about the conditions in the water can be done by environmental protection at the marina by someone knowledgeable of the marina and the beginning a volunteer monitoring program. surrounding waterbody. Visual inspections of the Across the country, private citizens are learning abundance and appearance of aquatic plants in about water quality issues and helping protect the and around the marina, use of the marina and Nation's water resources by becoming volunteer surroundings by ducks and geese, the appearance monitors. Volunteers analyze water samples for of bottom sediments, the general clarity of the dissolved oxygen, nutrients, pH, temperature, and water near docks, and the abundance of fish can a host of other water constituents; evaluate the provide all the information necessary to judge the health of stream habitats and aquatic biological health of the water (Figure 4.5). All of these communities; inventory stream-side conditions characteristics are indicators of the health of the and land uses within a watershed that might affect waters. These types of inspections can be done water quality; catalog and collect beach debris, during the course of daily operations by any and restore degraded habitats. member of the marina staff at minimal cost to the marina (see volunteer monitoring BMP below). EPA’s Office of Water encourages citizens to Done every year, these visual inspections lead to learn about their water resources and supports a good knowledge of the “normal” conditions in volunteer monitoring because of its many benefits. the marina and surrounding waterbody, and any Volunteer monitors build awareness of pollution changes will be apparent to the keen observer. problems, become trained it pollution prevention, When changes are noted, some limited water help clean up problem sites, provide data for sampling can be done to determine what might waters that may otherwise be unassessed, and account for them if a local or state environmental increase the amount of water quality information management authority hasn’t already done this. Use rapid bioassessment techniques to available. Among the uses of volunteer data are monitor water quality. delineating and characterizing watersheds,
National Management Measures Guidance 4-15 SECTION 4: Management Measures
Figure 4.5. Biological assemblages used for lake monitoring. screening for water quality problems, and measuring baseline conditions and trends.
For more information, contact EPA’s Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Monitoring Branch, or the monitoring branch of a regional EPA or state environmental protection office. EPA’s volunteer monitoring Web site is located at
BMP Summary Table 2 summarizes the BMPs for Water Quality Assessment mentioned in this guidance.
4-16 National Management Measures Guidance Water Quality Assessment eration, and ds. The ds. nt. Water nt. al health of the of health al Notes ments for or ensuring good characteristics such as such characteristics and clarity oxygen dissolved is necessary that all be might proposed whether determine to a marina; support area can first. data existing gather marinas are reviewed in aremarinas reviewed 5. Section and smell of water, abundance and smell of aquatic of and appearance animals, aquatic plants, use by sediments, of appearance litter; and pollutants visible simple, effective, cost very Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate None general for water the Testing None to applicable models Some Cost Initial Estimate HIGH, depends on of type tests and or number samples MODERA TE to HIGH None to NONE LOW Inspect appearance, for clarity, Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE toMODERATE can helpHIGH; an areadetermine if can sustain good a with quality water marina MODERATE toMODERATE modelsHIGH; can and predict flushing for loads pollutant different many marina designs HIGH; regularHIGH; visual help inspections help changes, track potential identify they before problems large become Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; can MODERATE; determine help whether a proposed negatively will marina quality water affect design suggest and be might alternatives; required LOW to MODERATE; modeling computer less than cost can help can sampling; the best choose suitable for design; circulation predicting damage and wave exposure HIGH to HIGH quicklyMODERATE; information provides the of health the about water and aquatic habitat & Usage Marina Location Marina Proposed marina basin/expansion site; generally recommended Proposed marina recommended basin; new large for projects Marina grounds and Marina grounds universallybasin; recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples BMP Table Summary 2. MANAGEMENT MEASURE FOR WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT sitingMANAGEMENT and marina quality of design. part as water MEASURE: Assess ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: Water quality is assessed during the marina design phase to predict the effect of marina on the development chemical and physic ASSESSMENTWATER QUALITY PRACTICES quality water Use sampling and/or measure to monitoring conditions quality water water and aquatic environment. Marina development can cause changes in flushing and circulation; and boat maintenance,the boat human activities op in and around boats can be sources of solid and liquid wastes, pathogenic organisms, and petroleum compoun results of water quality predictions or sampling are compared to state or federal water quality standards.dissolved oxygen concentration Water quality and pathogenic assess organisms can be used as indicators of the general health of an aquatic environme quality assessments can be useful in determining the suitability of a location for marina development, the best marina design f water quality, and the causes and sources of water quality problems. Use a water quality water a Use modeling methodology post- predict to water construction conditions quality Monitor water quality water Monitor indicators using
National Management Measures Guidance 4-17 SECTION 4: Management Measures Notes effective assessment of assessment effective an and quality water assessment integrated of the biological marina of suitability quality. water dissolved oxygen, dissolved nutrients, pH, temperature, and other quality water and constituents; environmental hull in conditions areas, maintenance on stations, recycling docks, etc. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate LOW a cost- Provides LOW monitor can Volunteers Estimate Initial Cost LOW; might have to in train someone invertebrate aquatic identification. LOW; some basic some LOW; equipment and volunteers training for necessary be will Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; can MODERATE; water indicate problems quality be not might that water a in for tested sampling quality program. MODERATE toMODERATE volunteersHIGH; focus on different environmental issues and develop keen environmental and awareness concern Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH to HIGH MODERATE; provides about information the biological marina of quality waters. HIGH to HIGH MODERATE; provides about information the of aspects all marina; actively involves marina patrons & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina basin; where recommended bioassessment protocols have been established Marina grounds and Marina grounds universallybasin; recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples BMP Table Summary 2. (cont.) MANAGEMENT MEASURE FOR WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT rapidUse bioassessment monitor techniques to quality water Establish a volunteer program monitoring
4-18 National Management Measures Guidance 4.3. HABITAT ASSESSMENT
Management Measure for Habitat Assessment:
Site and design marinas to protect against adverse effects on shellfish resources, wetlands, submerged aquatic vegetation, or other important riparian and aquatic habitat areas as designated by local, state, or federal governments.
Management Measure Description spawning areas, shellfish harvesting areas, designated wetlands, beds of submerged aquatic The construction of a marina in any waterbody vegetation (SAV), or areas where threatened or can disrupt aquatic habitats. This management endangered species are known to occur. If a measure is important because of the value of marina is properly designed and located, aquatic protecting natural habitats so they continue to plants and animals should be able to continue to provide food and recreational opportunities for use the marina waters for the same activities (e.g., people, and food and shelter for plants and reproduction or feeding) that occurred in the animals, and so their roles in the ecological health waters before the marina’s presence. of waterbodies are protected. Past waterfront development has adversely affected many Marinas that have been operating for a while can waterbodies, but our knowledge of ecology has provide sheltered, quiet waters for plants and increased. We now realize the importance of animals that prefer this type of environment, or healthy aquatic habitats to both our health and the for animals that need this type of environment overall health of our waterbodies. Efforts to during specific life stages, such as spawning. decrease introductions of exotic species have Where the surrounding environment has been increased, and minimizing pollution in developed and offers little in the way of natural waterbodies is widely accepted as a sound habitat, such as in an urbanized waterfront district, ecological and economic practice. In many cases, a marina might provide a refuge for many species. Federal and state laws require analyses of the A pollution prevention and control program, based potential impacts on the natural environment on the management measures presented in this before projects begin. This management measure guidance, can help maintain or improve water and focuses on marina siting and design and extends habitat quality for aquatic species. to assessments of how marinas can incorporate natural habitats into their siting and design. The locations of all important aquatic and riparian habitats in a locality or waterbody might not be Well-designed and cared for, marinas can be a known. A visual survey by a biologist is usually valuable habitat for plants and animals that prefer appropriate before any marina construction or quiet, sheltered waters. Regardless of the type of expansion begins, and a specialist in aquatic waterbody on which a marina is to be constructed, habitat restoration can be contacted if marina siting it where its development or operation will management is considering modifying the marina diminish the biological or economic value of the to create good aquatic habitat within the marina surrounding habitats should be very carefully basin. Geographic information systems (GIS) are considered, especially if near locations that have being used increasingly to map biological been given special designations by local, state, or resources in many states, and show promise as a federal governments. Such habitats might be fish method of conveying important habitat and other
National Management Measures Guidance 4-19 SECTION 4: Management Measures siting information to marina developers and Rapid bioassessment techniques, where they have environmental protection agencies. The state been developed, provide cost-effective biological department of environmental protection or natural assessments of potential marina development resources can be contacted for this type of sites. Rapid bioassessment uses biological criteria information. (usually invertebrate and fish populations) as indicators of the condition of a habitat. To apply Best Management Practices rapid bioassessment to a marina development site or an operating marina, select biological Conduct habitat surveys and characterize the communities at the proposed site or the marina site. operational marina are compared to the same biological communities at an undisturbed site in The first step in constructing a marina that will be the same waterbody or a similar one. The compatible with the surrounding natural biological health of the proposed site or marina environment or expanding or modifying an basin is rated based on how favorably the existing marina to create a more natural invertebrate or fish communities there compare environment is to characterize the environment of with those of the undisturbed site. Scores from the proposed site or operational marina. Prior to rapid bioassessments are useful for determining marina development or expansion, critical or whether a site is stressed by pollution or other unique habitats, such as beds of submerged factors, such as habitat alteration. Rapid vegetation and shellfish beds should be identified. bioassessment protocols for macroinvertebrates The importance of the area that will be affected by and fish in freshwater streams and rivers are being development to aquatic organisms for spawning, developed by many states, and a document on feeding, or their overall survival should be them is available from EPA at their web address, assessed within the context of the entire
Assess habitat function (e.g., spawning area, nursery area, feeding area) to minimize indirect effects.
An area proposed for marina development or expansion could be used seasonally by fish or other animals. Animals use special areas of many coves, shorelines, beds of submerged vegetation, rivers, streams, and estuaries for short periods of time—from a few nights to weeks—for particular Figure 4.6. Habitat assessment was used at Elliot life functions such as migration, spawning, and Bay Marina (Washington) to design the marina to nursery areas. Marinas can accommodate these work with natural habitat function. Wide openings special, short-term uses if marina designers and between rock groin-type breakwaters, docks, and managers are aware of the need for the areas and beach give easy access to migrating juvenile the marina is built with the needs in mind. salmon leaving Puget Sound, while providing good water circulation and tidal changes inside the marina basin. A man-made 1,500-foot-long sandy Use rapid bioassessment techniques to assess beach has replaced lost habitat, providing a feeding effects on biological resources. ground for young salmon. Schools of young salmon and herring move throughout the marina basin (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
4-20 National Management Measures Guidance Habitat Assessment
Redevelop waterfront sites that have been The Hammond Marina (Indiana) was built on a previously disturbed and expand existing derelict brownfield industrial site with a steel marinas. mill slag shoreline. The area is now a pleasant and protected boating facility with an attractive Waterfront areas that have been previously used public access area, and it is popular as a for industrial or military purposes might make sportfishing site. The local economy has good locations for new marinas because they have benefitted from the redevelopment, and been developed before, usually have all the shorelines, upland habitats, and aquatic habitat necessary infrastructure, and minimize at the site have been tremendously improved (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value). disturbances to aquatic habitats. Many sites suitable for recreational boating facilities might be located within existing urban harbors where shorelines have been modified by bulkheading and would actually be better for the marina or the filling. The adverse environmental consequences environment or both. Analysis of alternative sites of redevelopment are usually minimal, and and designs has been effectively used to reduce redevelopment can improve water quality, expand the effects of development (including effects on upland habitats, beautify and expand shorelines, tidelands, stream courses, shorelines, wetlands, and provide additional public access. and submerged aquatic vegetation) at many proposed marinas, and to find sites with flushing Waterfronts that are converted from water- characteristics better than those at the sites dependent uses, such as marinas and recreational initially proposed. boating, to non-water-dependent uses, such as residences, office space, and shopping areas, Many marinas built on freshwater lakes and rivers reduce the availability of sites for marina over the past two decades are located on what are development. To protect against such conversion known as brownfields, or shoreland that had been in areas that contain important habitat, a state modified and seriously abused by previous might purchase the property or the development industrial facilities. Usually, these areas support rights from existing water-dependent uses. To little to no natural vegetation or habitats when preserve an existing marina, for example, a state they are first converted to marinas. The marinas government could pay the difference between the have turned these areas into recreational sites and market value for other non-water-dependent public access points and have provided sheltered development, such as for condominiums, and the areas with protected shorelines where natural water-dependent value of the marina to the marina vegetation has been able to reestablish itself. owner(s) and receive in return a guarantee that the site would not be converted to a non-water- Create new habitat or expand habitat in the dependent use. States can use this method to marina basin. retain sites suitable for marinas, maintain access for boating uses of the waterways, prevent Almost any surface placed in coastal or inland conversion to other uses, and reduce the base waters, and especially rough surfaces—including value for property taxes. rocks, piles, piers, and floats—quickly becomes home to a host of plants, animals, and bacteria. Consider alternative sites where adverse The submerged parts of breakwaters, piers, and environmental effects will be minimized or floating docks are excellent examples of this kind positive effects will be maximized. of “created” habitat. The plants that colonize these surfaces provide refuge for a variety of An analysis of alternative sites (sites other than invertebrates and are a good source of food for the one proposed) can be used to demonstrate that juvenile fish, which in turn can attract sport fish a chosen site is the most economically and (Figure 4.7). environmentally suitable one, or that another site
National Management Measures Guidance 4-21 SECTION 4: Management Measures
Many processes important to the health of waterbodies occur in vegetated riparian areas, including the following:
• Large quantities of nutrients are absorbed as waters pass through riparian areas.
• Eroded soils and other pollutants are filtered out of the water and absorbed by riparian vegetation.
• Nutrients are modified from forms that can’t be used by aquatic organisms to forms they can readily use.
• The vegetation in riparian areas serves as a refuge for species for nesting, hiding from predators, and foraging.
Beaches and rocky shorelines also provide habitat variety and are important to many aquatic organisms. Because of the importance of all types of riparian areas to the general health of Figure 4.7. Oak Harbor Marina sign. Oak waterbodies, minimizing disturbances to them Harbor Marina (Washington) has used its during marina development can be beneficial. marina waters to raise salmon for release. Creating favorable conditions for the presence of Volunteers built salmon pens and more than riparian or wetland areas within a marina basin 420,000 salmon have been released as a result might be an effective, low-cost means to improve of the program. Deep River Marina water quality in the basin or increase habitat (Connecticut) was the site for a 3-year federal/state stocking program for Atlantic diversity in the basin, depending on site salmon. The Puerto Rico Department of Natural conditions and space limitations. Resources Fisheries Office is located in Puerto del Rey Marina (Puerto Rico) and uses part of Use dry stack storage. the facility's clean waters for an injured sea turtle rescue and recovery program (EPA, 1996: An alternative to building new docks for Clean Marinas—Clear Value). expanding boating access and marina capacity is to build dry stack storage facilities, in which many Minimize disturbance of riparian areas. boats are stored vertically on very little land. Boats stored in dry stack storage do not leak Riparian areas are the narrow areas along the antifoulants to the water and can be more easily banks of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, maintained on land in protected hull maintenance and wetlands. They might be vegetated, or might areas, providing less opportunity for spillage be beaches or rocky areas. Vegetated riparian directly to surface waters. Dry stack storage has areas extract nutrients from runoff from the land minimal environmental effects, and where zoning as it moves toward the waterbody, and from the restrictions permit it, it is an appropriate means to water that constantly circulates along the banks of increase public access to waterways. the waterbody. The nutrients make them very productive habitats, with biodiversity and biomass BMP Summary Table 3 summarizes the BMPs for typically higher than those of adjacent uplands. Habitat Assessment mentioned in this guidance.
4-22 National Management Measures Guidance Habitat Assessment sh ed or major expansion, identify expansion, major or habitats unique or critical biological their assess and importance. for proposed areas of uses development; areas such as coves, shorelines, submerged from used be can vegetation nightsa few to by weeks life vital for animals functions. or to invertebrates related habitat of indicators as fish compares and condition conditions to biological them in a site undisturbed an at not yet waterbody; similar available states in or many areas. marine for Cost EstimateCost Notes & Maintenance Annual Operation NoneNone development to marina Prior habitat seasonal Consider None criteria biological Uses to to to Estimate ODERATE ODERATE ODERATE IGH XPENSIVE XPENSIVE Initial Cost Initial E M H M E M ; ; IGH IGH to H ; ensures to H Benefits Projected Environmental ODERATE ODERATE ODERATE that aquatic organisms aquatic that to use continue can for waters marina special or seasonal uses habitat M M adverseminimizes life to aquatic effects during habitats and and construction expansion M to determine helps a site is stressed whether other pollution or by factors, such as habitat alteration ; can ; ; IGH OW OW to L to L to H ODERATE ODERATE ODERATE M M provide cost-effective quality water need might assessments; outside by done to be contractor M by required be might laws state or federal by required be might laws state or federal Usage Benefits to Marina Marina Location & Marina basin and basin Marina shores for –recommended or marinas new expansions major and basin Marina – shores for recommended or marinas new expansions major Marina basin and basin Marina shores for –recommended or marinas new expansions major & Type Best Management Practice Examples Assess habitat function habitat Assess (e.g., spawning area, nursery area, feeding area) to minimize indirect effects Use rapid bioassessment techniques to assess on biological effects resources spawning areas, shellfish harvesting areas, designated wetlands, beds of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), or the habitats of aquatic vegetation wetlands, beds of submerged areas, designated areas, shellfish harvesting spawning in the waters and locate marinas to help support aquatic plants animals occurring species; design threatened or endangered construction; operate marinas as a valuable habitat for plants and animals that do well in quiet, shelter prior to the marina's waters. HABITAT ASSESSMENT PRACTICES BMP Summary Table 3. HABITAT ASSESSMENT 3. HABITAT MANAGEMENT BMP Summary Table MEASURE - SiteMANAGEMENT and design to protect against marinas adverse effects on shellfish resources, wetlands, riparian and aquatic habitat areas as designated by local, state, or aquatic vegetation, or other important submerged federal governments. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: has the potential to disrupt aquatic habitats; these habitats include fi type waterbody The construction of a new marina in any surveys habitat Conduct and characterize the site marina
National Management Measures Guidance 4-23 SECTION 4: Management Measures Particularly applicable Particularly marina where can development the improve environment, increase public access to waters, the benefit and community economically. potential reasonable All be should sites prior to considered development. marina Riprap, beaches new in basin corners, and shorelines vegetated are examples of this "created" of kind habitat. Riparian areas are the narrow vegetated areas of banks the along lakes, rivers, streams, reservoirs. and ponds, are very They are and productive for habitats important aquatic and land many are animals. They critical landscape elements. IGH IGH IGH OW to H to H to L to H Annual Estimate Notes Operation & ODERATE ODERATE ODERATE ODERATE Maintenance Cost M M M M IGH IGH IGH to H to to H to H Estimate Initial Cost Initial ODERATE ODERATE ODERATE XPENSIVE XPENSIVE E M M M E Benefits Projected ; reduces pressure ; reduces are sites ; alternate habitats ; new ; riparian areas Environmental IGH IGH IGH IGH H H to use undeveloped to use of cleanup shore; pollution; previous water improve might and shore and quality habitats upland H less with those usually environments, sensitive shoreline or aquatic or fauna, and flora flushing better characteristics H increase habitat more for diversity animals and plants and runoff cleanse might cleanse runoff and improves water, basin habitat diversifies and for plants and animals ; ; IGH IGH to H to H ; retaining Marina ; previously Benefits to ODERATE ODERATE ODERATE IGH developed sites usually sites developed have all necessary for infrastructure usage; marina might redevelopment permitting expedite lower have and process land purchase/lease costs wetland or riparian areas within a marina an be can basin low-costeffective, to improve means and quality water construction reduce costs M analysis can help find and appropriate more suitable economically potential locations; on savings term long environmental protection M "created" habitat can and sportfish attract from fishing improve dock; or shoreline marina improves appearance M H & Usage Marina Location Marina basin and basin Marina – generally shores new for recommended marinas – basin Marina generally recommended and basin Marina – universally shores new for recommended major or marinas expansions Marina basin and basin Marina – universally shores new for recommended in urban marinas areas & Type Best Management Practice Examples Consider alternative sites alternative Consider adversewhere environmental effects or minimized be will be will effects positive maximized or habitat new Create in the habitat expand basin marina of disturbance Minimize riparian areas Redevelop waterfront Redevelop been have that sites and disturbed previously marinas existing expand BMP Summary Table 3. HABITAT Table (cont.) ASSESSMENTBMP MANAGEMENT Summary
4-24 National Management Measures Guidance Habitat Assessment expand boating access and capacity; marina land; little very uses in-water hullminimizes engine and maintenance; reduces to spillage direct during waters surface maintenance. boat Annual Estimate Notes Operation & Maintenance Cost Estimate Initial Cost Initial HIGH MODERATE to way cost-effective A Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; reduces habitat reduces HIGH; in the disturbance basin marina Marina Benefits to HIGH; canHIGH; reduce all marina-related of types marina pollution in the basin & Usage Marina Location docks; recommended docks; spacewherever and allow ordinances local & Type Best Management Practice Examples Use dry stackUse dry storage Marina land and BMP Summary Table 3. HABITAT Table (cont.) ASSESSMENTBMP MANAGEMENT Summary
National Management Measures Guidance 4-25 4.4. SHORELINE AND STREAMBANK STABILIZATION
Management Measure for Shoreline and Streambank Stabilization:
Where shoreline or streambank erosion is a nonpoint source pollution problem, shorelines and streambanks should be stabilized. Vegetative methods are strongly preferred unless structural methods are more cost-effective, considering the severity of wave and wind erosion, offshore bathymetry, and the potential adverse impact on other shorelines, streambanks, and offshore areas.
Protect shorelines and streambanks from erosion due to uses of either the shorelands or adjacent surface waters.
Management Measure Description significant erosion because the manner in which energy is transmitted through a waterbody is Streambank erosion is used in this guidance to affected. In the latter case, erosion sometimes refer to erosion along nontidal streams and rivers. occurs far from the location of the alteration.
Shoreline erosion is used here to refer to erosion In a marina, structural elements are often in tidal portions of coastal bays and estuaries. necessary to protect boats and the marina perimeter from waves or water current energy. Erosion is a natural process that results from Hence, the marina basin is often a fairly calm, water acting on streambanks and shorelines. nonerosive environment. Erosion can still occur Beaches are constantly and naturally eroded and along the perimeter, however, and wave energy resupplied with sediment from other areas of a reflected off a structure, such as a breakwater, or coast, and erosion along a river or stream deposits from boat wakes might be a contributing factor. sediment along the channel and provides instream Bank erosion might result where it is desirable to habitat for fish and invertebrates. Where natural hold a given slope. Scour along the bottom of a erosion is occurring, streambank and shoreline structure such as a breakwater or at the abrupt stabilization might be needed only where junction of two unlike materials, such as river buildings or other important resources are bottom sediments and a cement boat ramp, can threatened by the process, such as a marina’s boat also be a problem. Bank erosion and scour can storage facility or a boat ramp. result in sediment filling in a marina basin (and the need for maintenance dredging) or erosion at Unnatural erosion often occurs where soil, the edges of a boat ramp. Minimizing shoreline streambanks, or shorelines have been disturbed. erosion benefits marinas because it reduces the Elimination of vegetation from any streambank or need for maintenance dredging. shoreline exposes soil to the erosive energy of waves and currents. Altering a watercourse, such A vegetated shoreline can minimize the as placing a breakwater in a coastal bay or a dam transmission of wave energy to other locations. on a river, or artificially affecting the course of Vegetation is also a relatively low-cost means to water, perhaps by channelizing a river, can cause stabilize a shoreline, and it can add a natural,
4-26 National Management Measures Guidance Shoreline Stabilization attractive element to an otherwise engineered practical. Because rivers are hydrographically environment. Used by itself, vegetation is most complex and many factors need to be taken into effective where waves or currents are low in account when determining how to correct erosive energy and the soil is stable enough for plant problems, shoreline stabilization might not be growth. Where wave or current energy is too sufficient to eliminate an erosion problem. strong for vegetation to gain a foothold, temporary Streambank and river restoration projects, of structures are called for to protect vegetation until which erosion is usually only a small part, can it can establish itself. encompass anywhere from a small section of a river or stream to the entire watershed. Permanent streambank or shoreline protection structures might be needed where wave or current Some specialized locations along the banks of energy is too great for the establishment and rivers, reservoirs, and lakes, however, might be maintenance of vegetation. Some structural ideal candidates for shoreline stabilization. Such methods to stabilize shorelines and navigation locations might be severely eroded soils around a channels are gabions, riprap, sloping revetments, storm sewer discharge point, disturbed soils where bulkheads, jetties, and breakwaters. The first a boat ramp has been installed or is in need of three dissipate incoming wave energy more maintenance, or overused shoreline areas in or effectively than the rest and usually result in less next to established recreational areas. scouring than the last three. Bulkheads are appropriate in some circumstances, but where Examples of vegetative and structural methods are alternatives to them are appropriate, they should presented below. Before selecting any of them for be used first. Vegetation can often be added at the a particular erosion problem, it is important to edges of these structural elements to control identify the cause of the erosion, which, especially erosion from storm water runoff and to serve as a in rivers and coastal environments, can be landscaping element. extremely complex. Selecting the appropriate technique to remedy any erosion problem might The type of perimeter stabilization might be require analysis by a professional. dictated in both inland and coastal marinas by local variations in water level, due to dam Best Management Practices drawdown in a reservoir, natural fluctuation in a lake, or tides along the coast. In some of these Use vegetative plantings, wetlands, beaches, instances, shoreline stabilization might not be and natural shorelines where space allows.
Vegetative plantings, wetland enhancements, Herrington Harbour Marina South (Maryland) beaches, and preservation of natural shorelines, retained and enhanced much of the natural shoreline during a recent rebuilding, where feasible, can be the most effective means of modernization, and expansion program. An shoreline stabilization. Plantings can be in the old, failing bulkheading was removed, and rock form of a grassed buffer strip that serves the triple riprap and filter cloth were placed on the purpose of shoreline stabilization, establishing a regraded shoreline. Native shore species were visually aesthetic area, and controlling polluted planted along the shore, and nearby wetlands runoff. If natural wetlands are found or were were cleaned and restored to native marsh found within the boundaries of a marina before its grasses. Over a few years, the shoreline development, their preservation or re-creation can vegetation filled in and created a very attractive protect shorelines, dissipate wave energy, provide and effective buffer that helps control erosion and storm water runoff. Wildlife diversity also wildlife habitat, and filter pollutants out of the increased in the surrounding shoreline area, water and storm water runoff. A sloping beach is including several blue herons that have taken the best surface for attenuating wave action, up year-round residence.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-27 SECTION 4: Management Measures though such beaches can occupy more space than Near boat ramps, shorelines can be damaged other perimeter stabilization methods. during ramp construction, and shorelines are susceptible to erosion from runoff that is Where shorelines need structural stabilization channeled alongside the side of the ramp and where space and use allow, riprap (especially if the site has been sloped for the revetment is preferable to a solid vertical ramp), boat wakes, waves, and currents after bulkhead. initial installation. During boat ramp construction, therefore, retention, to the extent In some cases, primarily because of either space possible, of natural shoreline features will limitations or elevation differences between the generally save maintenance or corrective costs land and water surface, steep slopes are necessary later. Natural appearing shorelines are also more within marinas. Riprap is a common and aesthetically appealing, and they can minimize the economical revetment that can withstand likelihood of invasion by unwanted or exotic plant substantial wave energy. Its irregular surface also species later. reduces wave energy transmission better than a solid vertical bulkhead does. Natural rock is the BMP Summary Table 4 summarizes the BMPs for best material. Concrete rubble can be used, Shoreline Stabilization mentioned in this though its many flat surfaces transmit more wave guidance. energy than do irregular natural rocks. Gabions (rock in heavy-duty wire mesh baskets) can be used where a steep slope is needed. The irregular surface of riprap revetment also provides excellent habitat for shore and nearshore plants and animals.
Where reflected waves will not endanger shorelines or habitats and where space is limited, protect shorelines with vertical bulkheads.
Vertical bulkheads reflect waves and are not a good choice for shoreline stabilization where waves or surge occur in the marina basin. They are usually more costly to install than other forms of shoreline protection but might be necessary where boats are hauled and launched or where valuable real estate needs protection. They can be constructed of concrete, treated timbers, steel, aluminum, or vinyl. Vertical bulkheads can be combined with riprap by placing the former at the upper portion of a bank and riprap along the lower edge.
At boat ramps, retain natural shoreline features to the extent possible and protect disturbed areas from erosion.
4-28 National Management Measures Guidance Shoreline Stabilization na s and tices wetland enhancements, beaches, and preservation of natural canshorelines be the meansmost effective of shoreline stabilization. filtercloth is best; concrete rubble can be used, though it transmits more wave gabions (rock energy; wire duty heavy in mesh baskets) can be used for steep slopes. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes MODERATE plantings, Vegetative Estimate Initial Cost MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH EXPENSIVE MODERATE to LOW over set rock Natural Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; effective shoreline stabilization filter that also pollutants from runoff and wildlife provide habitat HIGH; the irregular surface provides habitat for excellent aquatic plants and animals Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE to MODERATE reduce HIGH; of frequency maintenance dredging; provide areas for recreational customers; attractive; eliminate wave refraction HIGH; revetments withstand substantial wave and energy reduce wave energy transmission; lowered rate reduceserosion maintenance for need dredging & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina shores and banks generally - recommended Marina shores and banks generally - recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples estuaries. Eroding shorelines and streambanks do not streambanks and protectestuaries. structures Eroding shorelines and storm the land erosion events. Such during contributes to nonpoint for erosion and source shoreline for mitigating to shown Vegetation structural effective and been be pollution methods have channels. and basins problems, turbidity, shoaling, protection as source practices control are shoreline listed prac and stormwater and overland All runoff. from pollutants increasesfiltering the need for maintenance dredging in mari occurring. from act to they because sedimentation and prevent erosion BMP Table Summary 4. SHORELINE AND STREAMBANK STABILIZATION MANAGEMENT a nonpoint is pollution problem, erosion source streambank MANAGEMENT or MEASURE shoreline - Where methods structural unless preferred strongly are Vegetative methods be stabilized. should and streambanks shorelines and the adverse bathymetry, potential offshore wave and wind erosion, of the severity considering cost-effective, more are areas. and offshore streambanks, shorelines, on other impact ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: Erosion in any waterbody is a natural portions process erode coastal of intertidal bay along shorelines streams; and rivers lakes, erode Banks nontidal along shorelines. and resulting when moving water and waves undermine, collapse and wash out banks SHORELINE AND STREAMBANK STABILIZATION PRACTICES plantings, Use vegetative wetlands, beaches, and natural shorelines where space allows Where shorelines need and structural stabilization where space and use allow, revetment preferable riprap is bulkhead vertical to a solid
National Management Measures Guidance 4-29 SECTION 4: Management Measures concrete, treated steel, timbers, vinyl; or aluminum, can be combined with the placing by riprap at the upperwall portion of a bank and along theriprap lower edge. launch ramp design ramp launch published by booklet the States for Organization Boating Access [SOBA]. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes LOW to MODERATELOW Refer to the boat Estimate Initial Cost EXPENSIVE None to LOW of constructed be Can MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH Benefits Projected Environmental LOW to vertical MODERATE; waves;surfaces reflect can increase bottom scour base along wall MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; reduce damage from boat wakes and waves, and currents; shoreline; stabilize for habitat retain plants and animals Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH to HIGH to easy MODERATE; install; occupy little horizontal space MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; can save on or maintenance costs; retain corrective the natural appearance of the shoreline & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina shoreline, areas of in particularly deep water and boat lift/haulout wells - generally recommended Boat ramp shores and banks generally - recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Where reflected wavesWhere will reflected not endanger shorelines or habitats and where space is limited, protect shorelines bulkheads with vertical At boat ramp, natural retain At shoreline features to the extent and protect disturbed possible areas from erosion BMP Table Summary 4. (cont.) SHORELINE AND STREAMBANK STABILIZATION MANAGEMENT
4-30 National Management Measures Guidance 4.5. Storm Water Runoff Management
Management Measure for Storm Water Runoff:
Implement effective runoff control strategies that include the use of pollution prevention activities and the proper design of hull maintenance areas.
Reduce the average annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS) in runoff from hull maintenance areas by 80 percent. For the purposes of this measure, an 80 percent reduction of TSS is to be determined on an average annual basis.
Management Measure Description to the Clean Water Act mandated EPA to develop a tiered implementation strategy for the NPDES Any debris that is on the ground and light enough Storm Water Program. In response to the 1987 to be swept away by flowing rainwater or Amendments, EPA developed Phase I of the snowmelt can end up in lakes, reservoirs, ponds, NPDES Storm Water Program in 1990. Phase I rivers, streams, canals, bays, estuaries, or oceans. requires NPDES permits for storm water Sanding dust, paint chips, metal filings, and other discharges from: such solids that might be carelessly or inadvertently allowed to drop to the ground while • "Medium" and "large" municipal separate storm maintaining or repairing a boat can be swept up by sewer systems (MS4s) that serve or are located the runoff of the next rainstorm. Oils, grease, in incorporated places or counties with solvents, paint drippings, and fuel spilled or populations of 100,000 or more people; and dripped onto the ground can also be carried away in the runoff. Unless the runoff is controlled or • Eleven categories of industrial activity, one of treated in some manner, all of these pollutants will which is construction activity that disturbs five end up in the marina basin, where they will create acres or greater of land. unsightly surface films or float until they adhere to surfaces like boat hulls or docks. Some of The eleven categories of industrial activities for these pollutants flow dissolved in runoff or which storm water discharge permits are required attached to soil carried by the runoff. When they are defined at 40 CFR 122.26(b)(14). A permit is reach the marina basin, they sink with the soil to required for Standard Industrial Classification the bottom, are eaten by bottom-feeding fish or by (SIC) code 4493 (marinas) and SIC 3732 filter-feeding shellfish, or settle onto the leaves of (boatyards and boat builders that repair, clean, aquatic vegetation and clog their pores. Storm and/or fuel boats). Note that the North American water that is treated in some way to remove these Industry Classification System (NAICS) is pollutants before they can reach the marina basin replacing the U.S. Standard Industrial will not result in these problems. Classification (SIC) system, and is scheduled to be completed by 2002 (Table 4-1). NAICS was The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination developed jointly by the United States, Canada, System (NPDES) was created to control pollutant and Mexico to provide new comparability in discharges to the nation’s waters, including those statistics about business activity across North from storm water runoff. The 1987 amendments America. NAICS numbers corresponding to the previous SIC numbers are provided in Table 4-1.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-31 SECTION 4: Management Measures
The second phase, known as Storm Water Phase hull and engine maintenance areas only, the runoff II, was signed by EPA in October 1999 and from which often contains higher levels of toxic published in the Federal Register on December 8, pollutants than runoff from other parts of a marina 1999. The Phase II Rule will bring municipal property. Pollutants in runoff from the remaining separate storm sewer systems serving fewer than marina property should be considered when 100,000 people, census districts within counties designing an effective runoff pollution prevention with population densities greater than 1,000 per system. If sufficient land area is not available square mile, and small construction sites of onsite to install runoff systems, management between one and five acres into the NPDES practices that increase vegetative cover, reduce permitting program by March 2003. Construction impervious services, and include infiltration sites where more than one acre is disturbed will devices are practical solutions. need to obtain a permit and implement management practices (BMPs) to mnimize erosion The principal pollutants in runoff from marina and pollutant runoff. The rule exempts form parking areas and hull maintenance areas are regulation facilities that have industrial materials suspended solids (paint chips, sanding dust, etc.) or activities that are not exposed to rain or snow. and organics (predominately oil and grease). The Storm Water Rule and further information on Toxic metals (in antifoulant paints) from boat hull Phases I and II of the Storm Water Program can scraping and sanding tend to attach themselves to be obtained from the EPA web site at suspended soil particles, and are carried to the http://www.epa.gov/owm/ marina basin with the particles. npdes.htm. Designing and operating a hull maintenance work Removal of TSS at the 80-percent level is area with a focus on pollution prevention is an practicable, and the management practices excellent way of preventing dangerous pollutants mentioned here, or combinations of them, can from reaching the marina basin. Particularly achieve this degree of pollutant removal if they effective practices are designating a specified area are designed properly and the site is suitable for that has an impervious surface (cement, for their installation and use. The 80-percent level example) for hull maintenance work; doing all also provides a high degree of protection for hull maintenance work under a roof to prevent the surface waters. Used properly, source controls area from getting wet; and channeling and can also reduce final TSS concentrations in runoff draining runoff from other areas of the marina very effectively. Table 4-2 reviews the pollutant property away from hull maintenance areas so it removal efficiencies of many storm water control won’t pick up the pollutants associated with hull practices. maintenance. Devices with controls that collect pollutants as they are produced, such as vacuum- The 80 percent removal of TSS is applicable to based (or dustless)
Table 4-1. Conversion of SIC to NAICS.
SIC NAICS
3732 Boat Building and Repairing
Boat Repair 81149 Other Personal and Household Goods Repair and Maintenance (part)
Boat Building 336612 Boat Building
4493 Marinas 71393 Marinas
4-32 National Management Measures Guidance Storm Water Runoff
Table 4-2. Storm Water Management Practice Summary Information.
Removal Use with Pretreatment of Practice - Pollutants Efficiencies Other Retrofit Runoff Characteristics Controlled (%) Practices Cost Suitability References Recommended
Sand Filter TSS 60-90 Yes $1 - 11 per ft3 Medium City of Austin, Yes TP 0-80 of runoff 1990; TN 20-40 Schueler et al., Fecal Col 40 1991; Metals 40-80 Tull 1990
Infiltration TSS 50-99 Yes Of capital Medium Schueler, 1987, Yes Basin/Trench TP 50-100 costs: 1991 TN 50-100 Basins = BOD 70-90 3-13 Bacteria 75-98 Trenches = Metals 50-100 5-15
Porous TSS 60-90 No Incremental Low Schueler, 1987; Pavement TP 60-90 cost: SWRPC, 1991; TN 60-90 $40,051- Cahill Associates, COD 60-90 78,288 1991 Pb 60-90 per acre Zn 60-90
Vegetated TSS 40-90 Combine Seed: High Schueler et al., No Filter Strip TP 30-80 with $200-1000 1992 TN 20-60 practices per acre; COD 0-80 for Seed & mulch: Metals 20-80 MM $800-3500 per acre; Sod: $4500-48,000 per acre
Grassed Swale TSS 20-40 Combine Seed: High SWRPC, 1991; No TP 20-40 with $4.50-8.50 per Schueler, 1987; TN 10-30 practices linear ft; Schueler et al., Pb 10-20 for Sod: 1991; Zn 10-20 MM $8-50 per Horner, 1988; Cu 50-60 linear ft Wanielistra and Cd 50 Yousef, 1986
Swirl TSS Yes High WPCF, 1989; No Concentrator BOD Pisano, 1989; USEPA, 1982
Catch Basins TSS 60-97 Yes $1100-3000 High WPCF, 1989; No COD 10-56 Richards et al., 1981; SWRPC, 1991
National Management Measures Guidance 4-33 SECTION 4: Management Measures
Table 4-2. (cont.)
Removal Use with Pretreatment of Practice - Pollutants Efficiencies Other Retrofit Runoff Characteristics Controlled (%) Practices Cost Suitability References Recommended
Catch Basin with TSS 70-90 High $10,000 Shaver, 1991 No Sand Filter TN 30-40 per COD 40-70 drainage Pb 70-90 acre Zn 50-80
Swirl TSS Yes High WPCF, 1989; No Concentrator BOD Pisano, 1989; USEPA, 1982
Catch Basins TSS 60-97 Yes $1100- High WPCF, 1989; No COD 10-56 3000 Richards et al., 1981; SWRPC, 1991
Catch Basin with TSS 70-90 High $10,000 Shaver, 1991 No Sand Filter TN 30-40 per COD 40-70 drainage Pb 70-90 acre Zn 50-80
Adsorbents in Oil High Yes $85-93 Silverman and No Drain Inlets for 10 Stenstrom, 1989; pillows Industrial Pro- ducts and Lab Safety, 1991
Holding Tank All 100 for Yes WPCF, 1989 No first flush
Boat All Minimizes area Yes Low High IEP, 1992 No Maintenance of pollutant Area Design dispersal
Oil-grit TSS 10-25 No High Romano, 1990; No Separators Schueler, 1987; WPCF, 1989 sanders, are also effective for preventing buffers effectively filter runoff water before it pollutants from entering runoff. reaches surface waters, and they are attractive landscape elements. Pollutants can also be trapped, collected, or filtered after they are on the ground but before it Covering areas that are not used for boat rains. This can be accomplished by using street maintenance with a porous surface allows sweepers and vacuums that collect debris from the rainwater to filter into the ground and reduces the ground, placing tarps under boats while they are amount of runoff created on the marina property. being sanded or painted, and planting grass Crushed gravel or concrete and low grassy areas buffers around hull maintenance areas, parking interspersed around and within otherwise lots, sidewalks, and other impervious surfaces impervious areas (parking lots, for example) are where pollutants tend to accumulate. Grass surfaces that allow rainwater to infiltrate into the
4-34 National Management Measures Guidance Storm Water Runoff ground. Directing storm water to a grassed area and sanding dust, that would be swept away in instead of to drains, pipes, or cement channels is runoff during storms that occur over a 1-year an effective way to prevent the pollutants in period and that are less than or equal to the 2- runoff from reaching the marina basin, whether year/24-hour storm for the area. Solids carried the runoff originates from parking lots, hull away in snowmelt runoff should also be maintenance areas, rooftops, or any other included. impervious surface. • Multiply this quantity by 80 percent (0.80) to Some marinas may need to pretreat storm water obtain the target minimum quantity of solid runoff before it is discharged to a local sewer pollutants to be removed from storm water system. Pretreating wastewater from hull cleaning runoff and prevented from reaching the marina (pressure washing) might also be needed. The basin or storm drain. state or local environmental agency should be contacted to determine any specific legal This calculation can be complicated, primarily requirements for treatment before discharge. because of the difficulty in measuring the quantity of pollutants produced at a marina. The state or The goal of 80 percent reduction in the load of local environmental agency can be contacted for total suspended solids (TSS) in storm water runoff additional storm water guidance and for recommended in this management measure is information pertaining to storm water regulation. achieved by eliminating (by pollution prevention or source reduction) 80 percent of the total annual Best Management Practices load of suspended materials produced in an Pollution Prevention Practices average year of work. Most marinas use some management practices, and are already collecting Perform as much boat repair and maintenance some or all of this 80 percent. Note that 80 work as possible inside work buildings. percent of the TSS load cannot usually be eliminated during each storm, since the efficiency Sandblasting is best performed in a place where of any means chosen to remove pollutants from the debris produced is prevented from drifting to storm water fluctuates above and below 80 surrounding areas and being swept away in storm percent for individual storms. The goal of the water runoff. One of the simplest and most management measure is to control an average of effective ways to prevent pollutants from boat 80 percent of the amount of TSS produced at a repairs from entering storm water runoff is to marina during any given year. Since no two perform as much work as possible under roofs. marinas are the same, the storm water control Performing maintenance work in a fully enclosed management practices used to achieve this goal building protects the work area from wind and have to be chosen site-specifically for each contains the dust and debris produced during the marina. work, so it is much easier to clean up afterward.
The annual TSS load baseline can be calculated as Where an inside work space is not available, follows: perform abrasive blasting and sanding within spray booths or tarp enclosures. • Assume that marina operations are being conducted as usual, except that no management The inside of a building provides the most practices are used to collect pollutants from hull protected space, but if a large enough interior maintenance areas. All of the sanding dust, space is not available, a suitably sized area can be paint chips, etc. produced fall to the ground. protected with tarps. Tarps will help prevent residue from drifting to nonwork areas of the • Given this scenario, add together the total marina and into surface waters. Scheduling work amount of solid pollutants, such as paint chips on calm days will help ensure that wind won’t
National Management Measures Guidance 4-35 SECTION 4: Management Measures carry debris and pollutants to other areas of the storm water runoff. marina property and the marina basin. Use vacuum sanders both to remove paint from Where buildings or enclosed areas are not hulls and to collect paint dust. available, provide clearly designated land areas for boat repair and maintenance. Vacuum sanders have proven very effective at capturing paint dust during boat hull and bottom If a facility is large enough, one section of the sanding. Immediate capture prevents paint dust yard, well away from the shore, can be designated from entering the marina basin, makes cleaning up for boat repairs and maintenance (Figure 4.8). the work area easier, and increases the speed at Mark the area well with signs, post a list of boat which a boat bottom can be completely sanded. owner responsibilities, indicate the rules for use of the work area, and do not permit work outside of Such sanders capture over 98 percent of the dust the designated areas. This should help the marina generated. Workers do not have to wear full suits property stay relatively clean. Where possible, an with respirators. They use fewer disk pads and inland area, away from surface waters, can be have less clean-up in surrounding areas. Vacuum- used for boat repair work. based sanders are increasingly being used in boatyards and marinas, and might be available for Design hull maintenance areas to minimize renting by boat owners who want to sand their contaminated runoff. own hulls. Many marinas have converted exclusively to dustless sanders and require that Hull maintenance areas can be designed so that all they be used by customers and outside activities that produce a large amount of polluting contractors. In addition to preventing pollution, debris can be accomplished over a dry, impervious using vacuum sanders can dramatically increase surface like a cement pad. Such a surface makes the efficiency of sanding operations. it easy to collect and properly dispose of debris, residues, solvents, and spills before they enter The results of a BMP demonstration project at five Rhode Island marinas showed that several techniques can make the use of vacuum sanders more effective. First, the availability of the machinery needs to be publicized with flyers or signs in hull maintenance areas. Second, staff should be well trained and ready to inform customers that a professional vacuum sander is available for use, and how to use it properly. Users need to be given operating instructions and clearly understand them before using the machine. Finally, use of the sanders should be monitored (how often they are used and the percentage of hull maintenance work done with vacuum Figure 4.8. Conanicut Marine Service (Rhode sanders) and the information provided to the Island) found that purchasing land almost a mile regulatory agency, or used for making decisions from the shore and using a hydraulic boat trailer about future use of the sanders at the marina. was significantly less expensive than purchasing waterfront property, and doing so allowed Restrict the types and/or amount of do-it- expansion of its service work to an inland boatyard. yourself work done at the marina. No coastal permits were needed for the inland yard, and the risk of water pollution from runoff Largely for environmental liability reasons, an from the yard was significantly reduced (EPA, increasing number of marinas owners are 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
4-36 National Management Measures Guidance Storm Water Runoff restricting do-it-yourself boat repair work of the Sweep and/or vacuum around hull maintenance “dirty” kind, such as exterior sanding and areas, roads, and driveways frequently. painting. A small but increasing percent of marinas are prohibiting such repairs on site unless Frequent vacuuming impervious areas can done by a professional who is trained in, effectively prevent pollutants from reaching the understands, and follows state-approved marina basin and non-maintenance areas of the environmental management practices. marina property. Scheduling vacuuming (e.g., once a day or every other day during the boating Source Reduction Practices season) and adhering to the schedule helps make this a particularly effective management practice. Clean hull maintenance areas immediately after The practice is most effective in hull maintenance any maintenance to remove debris, and dispose areas if the surface under any boat being worked of collected material properly. on is swept at the end of each work day.
Cleaning hull maintenance areas immediately Sweep parking lots regularly. after maintenance or repair work is done removes trash, visible paint chips, and other debris before Cars, trucks, commercial vehicles, and foot traffic they can be blown or washed into the marina carry a lot of sand, grit, and dirt to parking lots. basin. Spent sandblasting grit, boat repair debris, Gum wrappers, paper and styrofoam cups, and solid waste should be stored under cover and cigarette butts, and cellophane wrappings tend to in a manner that minimizes contact with process end up on parking lot pavement as well. Storm or storm water. Vacuuming or sweeping is an water carries these pollutants to the marina basin excellent method of collecting these wastes, or to drain inlets, catch basins, and oil/grit especially over paved surfaces. Hosing a separators. Regular parking lot sweeping will maintenance area for cleanup can result in the help reduce the amount of sand, grit, and trash same pollution that storm water would cause. that reached the marina basin and storm water controls. Since catch basins and oil/grit separators Capture and filter pollutants out of runoff water require periodic cleaning for efficient operation, with permeable tarps, screens, and filter cloths. sweeping the parking lot will extend the time between cleanings. Tarpaulins can be placed on the ground, before a boat is placed in a cradle or stand for sanding and Plant grass between impervious areas and the painting. The common plastic tarpaulins collect marina basin. paint chips, sanding dust, and paint drippings, which then can be collected and disposed of into Grass retains and filters pollutants from runoff. A dumpsters with other solid trash, as permitted by well-maintained lawn located between impervious local or state ordinances. Impermeable plastic surfaces (e.g., parking lots) and the marina basin tarps, however, have their drawbacks. Wind and to which runoff from the impervious surface easily blows dust and chips off the tarps, and is directed increases rainwater infiltration and rainwater washes debris from the tarps. creates an attractive marina environment Semipermeable filter cloths can be more effective (Figure 4.9). than solid cloth or plastic tarps for collecting debris where wind is a problem, where tarps are The technical term for a channel or ditch planted not always cleaned each day after work is with grass and used for storm water treatment is completed, or where work is continued during “grassed swale.” Grassed swales are low-gradient light rains. The filter cloths hold onto debris channels that can be used in place of buried storm better and allow water to pass through while drain pipes (Figure 4.10). To effectively remove retaining debris for later disposal. pollutants, grassed swales need to have only a slight slope and should be long enough to allow
National Management Measures Guidance 4-37 SECTION 4: Management Measures
works best. The vegetation filters out pollutants and absorbs nutrients from the storm water, and runoff infiltrates into the ground as it is slowed by the grass in the swale. Grassed swales are best used in conjunction with other practices listed under this management measure.
Construct new or restore former wetlands where feasible and practical.
If space and economy permit, consider restoring wetland vegetation that might have formerly existed at the edge of the marina basin or altering a portion of the basin perimeter to support wetland vegetation. Wetlands are extremely efficient at removing pollutants from water.
Use porous pavement where feasible.
Porous pavement has a coarse, permeable top layer covering an additional layer of gravel (Figure 4.11). Runoff infiltrates through the porous layer and into the ground. As storm water passes through the pavement, the gravel, and perhaps through a perforated underground pipe system and then into the underlying soil, pollutants are naturally filtered out. Porous Figure 4.9. Stormwater runoff is controlled at Deep River Marina (Connecticut) by 50-foot- pavement helps recharge ground water and wide grass buffers and a parking lot that is provides excellent pollutant removal (up to 80 covered with crushed rock and has sediment percent of sediment, trace metals, and organic traps in the storm drains. Picnic tables and matter). flowers in the lawn areas make the marina visually attractive and useful to families. Install oil/grit separators to capture petroleum Summerfield Boat Works (Florida) added an spills and coarse sediment. unpaved parking lot across the street from the main marina property and basin and Oil/grit separators are useful where petroleum is landscaped its perimeter to blend in with the spilled or could be spilled (Figure 4.12). Oil/grit neighborhood. Harbour Towne Marina separators can be used to treat water from small (Florida) reduced runoff contamination by areas where other measures are infeasible. They planting a grass buffer around the perimeter of are particularly applicable where the work the facility. The facility's parking is largely paved and drains to the buffer strip, and the performed contributes large loads of grease, oil, grass adds a cooling and visually pleasing mud, or sand to runoff. The chambers in oil/grit element to the marina property (EPA, 1996: separators should be cleaned out periodically or Clean Marinas—Clear Value). their efficiency decreases. Inspection and maintenance twice a year is usually sufficient. all of the pollutants in storm water to be filtered With proper maintenance, oil/grit separators can out. Because storm water is directed to them and last 50 years. storms are occasionally very strong, erosion- Use catch basins where storm water flows to the resistant vegetation such as deep-rooted grasses marina basin in large pulses.
4-38 National Management Measures Guidance Storm Water Runoff
removed periodically and replaced with fresh, clean sand.
Add filters to storm drains that are located near work areas.
Some storm drain designs will permit a filter to be inserted in them to screen solid materials out of runoff. If oil is typically contained in runoff, an oil absorption pad can be inserted into the water pool or trap beneath the filter as well.
Place absorbents in drain inlets.
Figure 4.10. Grassed filter strip surrounding an infiltration trench Oil and grease are not ordinarily (adapted from Schueler, 1987).. captured by catch basins. An absorbent material placed in a drain where it will intercept storm water can remove Catch basins with flow restrictions are used to much of the oil and grease contained in runoff. prevent large pulses of storm water from entering Absorbent material products can remove 10 to 25 the marina basin at one time. Particulates and soil times their weight in oil. settle to the bottom of a catch basin, in which the bottom of the basin is typically 2 to 4 feet below Use chemical and filtration treatment systems the outlet pipe (the pipe through which the only where necessary. trapped water is allowed to escape). The traps in a catch basin require periodic cleaning and maintenance, but if properly maintained, a catch basin should have a life span similar to that of oil/grit separators (50 years).
Catch basins can have a separate chamber filled with sand. With this design, runoff first enters an open chamber where coarse particles that could clog the sand filter out. The runoff then flows into a second chamber where other pollutants are filtered out by infiltrating through the sand. Catch basins with sand filters are effective in highly impervious areas, where other practices have limited usefulness. They need to be inspected at least annually, and the top layer of sand should be Figure 4.11. Lockwood Boat Works (New Jersey) regraded and surfaced its combined parking and boat maintenance yard with 6 inches of crushed Harbour Towne Marina (Florida) modified its concrete to successfully control runoff. Using yard storm drains to hold an ordinary air recycled concrete crushed into stone-sized pieces, conditioner filter, which effectively stops the cost was $18,000 per acre installed, whereas suspended solids from passing through (EPA, crushed rock would have cost $27,000 per acre 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value). and asphalt paving would have cost $54,000 per acre (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
National Management Measures Guidance 4-39 SECTION 4: Management Measures
Figure 4.12. Underground trench with oil/grit chamber (adapted from Schueler, 1987).
Wastewater can be chemically treated by the addition of certain chemicals that cause small solid particles to adhere together to form larger particles, which are then filtered from the water. This type of treatment system can remove more than 90 percent of the suspended solids and 80 percent of most toxic metals associated with hull pressure-washing wastewater. The degree of treatment is determined by how much of the chemical is added and the porosity of the filter used, and can be altered to meet municipal standards. Since the chemicals used for this type of treatment require disposal themselves, this method of pollutant removal is suggested to be used only where other methods prove ineffective.
BMP Summary Table 5 summarizes the BMPs for Storm Water Runoff control mentioned in this guidance.
4-40 National Management Measures Guidance Storm Water Runoff all the ttle to the buildings can be relatively inexpensive; sheet plastic cover will need replacing few years every days to help ensure help to thatdays anddebris pollutants are to othernot areas carried of the and marina property the marina basin Area should be well Area marked with signs; post a of boat owner list responsibilities and work performarea rules; work to preventon days calm drift. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes MODERATE Temporary plastic MODERATE ace, like a boat hull. Some of these of Some a boat hull. ace, like Estimate Initial Cost LOW if building to EXPENSIVEexists for new building MODERATE MODERATE calm on work Schedule LOW to MODERATE LOW to Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE to MODERATE and simple HIGH; to way effective prevent pollutants from entering storm water runoff MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH HIGH; keeping the work from away the anwater effective is to protect waterway quality ilms or float until they adhere to a surf ace f Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; protects the work area from wind and rain; contains dust and for easier debris cleanup MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; protects the work area from wind and rain; contains for easier debris cleanup MODERATE; keeping all work in one area helps control pollutants & Usage Marina Location Location Marina Boat maintenance area – universally recommended Boat maintenance area – universally recommended Hull maintenance in designated upland areas –generally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES PREVENTION POLLUTION Perform as much boat andrepair maintenance inside work as possible work buildings Where an work inside not available, space is blasting perform abrasive and sanding within spray booths or tarp enclosures Where buildings or Where buildings enclosed areas are not clearly provide available, areas for designated land andboat repair maintenance be swept into the water by the next rainstorm'sground runoff. will also Oils, be carried grease, away solvents, in the runoff. paint Unless drippings,marina runoff basin, is treated and where fuel spilled they or in some will create dripped manner, unsightly on all of these surf pollutants will end up in BMP Table Summary 5. STORM WATER RUNOFF MANAGEMENT thatMANAGEMENT strategies control include the pollution MEASURE useprevention of runoff effective - Implement solids suspended total of loadings annual average the Reduce areas. maintenance hull of design proper and the activities of reduction an 80 percent measure, this of purposes the For by 80 percent. areas maintenance hull from in runoff (TSS) basis. annual on an average determined to be is TSS ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: Sanding dust, paint chips, metal filings, and other such solids that drop on the ground during boat repair and maintenance can onto the leaves of aquatic vegetation and clog their pores. their clog onto vegetation aquatic and of the leaves pollutants can sink with the the bottom soil, where they can be eaten by bottom-feeding fish or filter-feeding shellfish, or se shellfish, or filter-feeding fish bottom-feeding eaten by be the can the bottom with they where sink soil, can pollutants
National Management Measures Guidance 4-41 SECTION 4: Management Measures method of collecting wastes; sweeping works but not as well; hose of use minimize water for cleaning runoff since ground can enter the water the same as rain. maintenance areas with an impervious cement;surface like mark the boundaries of maintenance areas visible with clear signs. cost; capital defray can require that all customers and outside contractors use them. unpopular with customers used to do- work; it-yourself encourages use of trained professionally work Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes MODERATE hull Construct LOW per unit Rental fee income can Estimate Initial Cost LOW LOW MODERATE best the is Vacuuming MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH MODERATE to LOW unit per LOW None be may first At body Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; reduces MODERATE; of amount maintenance debris blowing and litter and marina around theinto water; sweeping keeps litter and sand out of storm drains with runoff with HIGH; decreases possibility that maintenance debris will enter water 98%HIGH; effective at keeping sanding dust out of environment reduces MODERATE; the amount of work a performed by persons unfamiliar with environmental management practices Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; daily MODERATE; cleaning of work areas reduces accidents, workimproves andquality, increases customer satisfaction MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; debris and cleanupcollection when easier is controls appropriate are in place HIGH; perhaps the andmost efficient easy practice; effective to use; saves cost of cleanup, improves andquality speed of hull work to MODERATE the controls HIGH; number of and types pollutants and sourcespollution & Usage Marina Location Marina Boat maintenance Boat area – universally recommended Hull maintenance –universally areas recommended – Marina policy wide generally recommended Hull maintenance areas – universally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Use vacuum sanders both to both sanders vacuum Use remove paint from hulls and paint dust to collect and/or theRestrict types work amount of do-it-yourself done at the marina PRACTICES SOURCE REDUCTION Clean hull maintenance areas after any immediately maintenance to remove and of debris, dispose properly material collected Design hull maintenance hull Design areas to minimize contaminated runoff BMP Table Summary 5. (cont.) STORM WATER RUNOFF MANAGEMENT
4-42 National Management Measures Guidance Storm Water Runoff the benefits from having a having from benefits the clean marina are high; clean grounds encourage boaters to keep thehelp marina and waters clean. grass and used for storm water treatment a "grassed swale," is runoffserves as a low-gradient channel and settlement trap. water and land is limited; canplantings be hard to butestablish; once thriving, for decades withcan little last maintenance. no or are subject to wind blowing and rain runoff; semipermeable tarps are better. cloth filter clean grounds encourage boaters to keep the marina and waters clean. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes MODERATE but labor, in Most the of is cost HIGH to LOW where Not suitable amount of MODERATE Most of the cost is in labor; Estimate Initial Cost LOW; HIGH if sweeper mobile purchased MODERATE MODERATE with planted ditch shallow A HIGH to HIGH EXPENSIVE LOW LOW cleaning and Tarps need daily LOW; HIGH if sweeper mobile purchased Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE to HIGH; to MODERATE regular sweeping keeps and sand litter out of storm drains and the water a is grass lawn HIGH; buffer; effective very retains and filters pollutants from runoff; absorbs nutrients from storm water; stabilizes the shore MODERATE to HIGH; to MODERATE wetlands are extremely at removing efficient pollutants from the water; act as natural buffers; reduce erosion MODERATE to HIGH to MODERATE filter for semipermeable cloths; LOW for plastic impermeable tarps MODERATE to HIGH; to MODERATE regular sweeping keeps sand, and grit, debris out of surface waters Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH to MODERATE; to HIGH sweeping the parking lot will extend the time between cleanings of catch basins and oil/grit separators; keeps marina attractive HIGH; creates an buffer, whichattractive add good appearance; if enoughwide can serve area for as recreation boaters MODERATE to HIGH; to MODERATE wetlands are attractive shoreline habitat; attract customers MODERATE; is debris collected more easily and into disposed dumpsters with other trash, as permitted solid or state local by ordinances; inexpensive, reusable materials HIGH to MODERATE; to HIGH sweeping reduces the need to clean the basin; keeps marina attractive & Usage Marina Location Marina Between marina work and parking areas and shoreline – generally recommended Marina lots parking and roads – universally recommended Shore and water edge – recommended where space allows Upland and indoor maintenance areas – generally recommended Marina upland areas – areas upland Marina universally recommended ng lots ng & Type Best Management Practice Examples Plant grass between areas andimpervious the basin marina regularly Construct new or restore or new Construct former wetlands where and practical feasible BMP Table Summary 5. (cont.) STORM WATER RUNOFF MANAGEMENT Capture and filter pollutants out of runoff water with tarps, permeable screens, cloths and filter Sweep and/or vacuum maintenance hull around areas, roads, and driveways frequently Sweep parki
National Management Measures Guidance 4-43 SECTION 4: Management Measures conditioner filters can require used; be maintenance;periodic filters last many be to need months; just in place held thebelow drain cover. require periodic cleaning and maintenance. regularly; work regularly; inspected if efficiently and maintained at can a year; twice least be used to treat water areas from small where other measures or are not feasible cost-effective. concrete is less thanexpensive crushed stone, much cheaper than asphalt; not recommended near drinking water aquifers or wells. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes MODERATE to LOW crushed Recycled Estimate Initial Cost LOW LOW air Ordinary HIGH LOW Traps of catch basins MODERATE per unit LOW Must be cleaned HIGH to HIGH EXPENSIVE Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; screen larger out of materials solid water; not as effective small for very particles HIGH; catch basins are with sand filters in highly effective areas, impervious where other practices have limited usefulness MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; efficient wherepractice the work performed contributes loads large mud,of grease, oil, to trash or sand, runoff HIGH; recharges ground water and excellent provides pollutant filtration ground the through Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE to MODERATE low-cost; very HIGH; to get and easy effectively replace; filter out most large from runoff;materials simple and reliable MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; with proper maintenance, catch 50 shouldbasins last years MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; oil/grit separators should last 50 with proper years minimal maintenance; cost oncelabor installed HIGH to HIGH MODERATE; porous pavement can be cheaper than asphalt paving; reduced need for other runoff elaborate/costly control measures & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina storm drains in work areas – generally recommended Marina storm drains – recommended Boat maintenance Boat areas – generally recommended Marina lots parking and maintenance areas – generally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Add filters to storm drains filters Add nearthat work are located areas Use catch basins where storm water to the flows marina basin in large pulses Install oil/grit separators to capture petroleum spills and coarse sediment BMP Table Summary 5. (cont.) STORM WATER RUNOFF MANAGEMENT Use porous pavement where feasible
4-44 National Management Measures Guidance Storm Water Runoff Notes Require extensive Require use of chemicals; increased spill and hazardhealth/safety unlessrisk; legally required, considered unnecessary because of low quantities of presenttoxics in most marina runoff; degree of treatment can to be altered meet municipal standards. need to be inspected and regularly changed in tie periodically; so that do place they not enter or pipes best systems; clog used where water such as in collects, traps. Cost Estimate Cost & Maintenance Annual Operation EXPENSIVE to EXPENSIVE HIGH Estimate Initial Cost EXPENSIVE to EXPENSIVE HIGH LOW LOW materials Absorbent Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; these systems can remove in excess of 90% of suspended and 80%solids of metals toxic most from hull pressure- washing wastewater HIGH; remove much andof the grease oil from runoff; can 25 times 10 to remove their weight in oil from water Marina NOFF MANAGEMENT Benefits to LOW; very effective very LOW; expensive but very practice MODERATE; oil MODERATE; pads and pillows absorb most petroleum products effectively; cost andlow readily easy available; inspection and replacement & Usage Marina Location Boatyard work andBoatyard hull cleaning areas – recommended Marina storm drains and catch basins – generally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Practice Use and chemical filtration wheretreatment only systems necessary BMP Summary Table 5. (cont.) STORM WATER RU WATER STORM (cont.) 5. Table Summary BMP absorbentsPlace in drain inlets
National Management Measures Guidance 4-45 4.6. FUELING STATION DESIGN
Management Measure for Fueling Station Design:
Design fueling stations to allow for ease in cleanup of spills.
Management Measure Description and storage tanks, and address each one in the facility's Spill Prevention, Control, and The possibility of spills during fueling operations Countermeasures (or SPCC) Plan. Not all always exists, and spills of gasoline and diesel marinas are required to prepare and submit an fuel during boat fueling are a common source of SPCC plan, but if fuel is stored or transferred at a pollution in marina waters. Most fuel dock spills marina, even if only from a portable gasoline are small and result from overfilling boat fuel container filled at a distant gas station, being tanks, so that fuel splashes back at the nozzle onto prepared to handle a spill is good environmental the deck, squirts out of the boat's air vent line, or practice. drips from the nozzle as it is removed from the boat and returned to the fuel dock. Therefore, “Oil” is defined to include gasoline, diesel fuel, installation of equipment that can minimize the crude and refined oils, and petroleum-derived occurrence of spills and taking precautions to products like turpentine. Among the marine contain, absorb, and minimize the spread of transportation-related facilities considered to have petroleum products spilled during fueling the potential to cause “substantial harm” to the operations in navigable waters are prudent environment are “onshore facilities capable of environmental practices at all marinas. transferring oil to or from a vessel with a capacity of 250 barrels or more and deepwater ports.” A A form of fuel loss that occurs rarely but that is barrel of petroleum contains 42 gallons, so 250 particularly damaging is when fuel leaks from fuel barrels translates to 10,500 gallons. pipes and hoses between the fuel storage tank and the pump. This can result from dock damage Rules for underground storage tanks (USTs) and caused by a major storm or a collision involving UST systems (40 CFR 280) apply to all owners a large boat. Since boat fuels are lighter than and operators of UST systems except as noted in water, they float on the water's surface and are the rule. Marinas with one or more stationary fuel easy to capture if spill containment and absorption storage tanks, above or below ground, with a equipment is readily available and used quickly. combined storage capacity of 1,100 gallons or more of petroleum products are subject to federal The most effective way to minimize fuel spills and state bulk storage regulations for registration, and petroleum hydrocarbon pollution at a marina testing, monitoring, replacement, reconditioning, is to locate, design, build, and operate a boat fuel closure, and/or removal. Underground tanks with dock or station so that most spills are prevented a capacity of 110 gallons or more are subject to and those that do occur are quickly contained and federal underground storage tank (UST) cleaned up. An essential step in spill prevention regulations. UST regulations can be viewed on for both new and existing fuel docks is to identify the EPA web site at
4-46 National Management Measures Guidance Fueling Station Design
Best Management Practices storage and delivery system, and it is often less costly than cleanup costs and fines levied for Pollution Prevention Practices spills. Many marinas are changing from underground storage tanks (UST) to aboveground, Use automatic shutoffs on fuel lines and at hose lined tanks. For free EPA publications about nozzles to reduce fuel loss. USTs, call EPA's RCRA/Superfund Hotline at 1- 800-424-9346 or visit the EPA web site at A commercial fuel line shutoff can be located
Similarly, automatic shutoff fuel nozzles guard When possible, have at least one key staff member against overfilling boat fuel tanks by fully trained and certified in spill management, automatically stopping the flow of fuel from the and designate this person to be responsible for pump. They are an excellent way to guard against inspection, training, and control for any spill. All spillage where marina patrons fill their own tanks. staff members should know the location of Fume return lines can also be used on automatic absorbent materials and how to use them to shutoff nozzles. remove the fuel immediately from the water or
Remove old style fuel nozzle triggers that are used to hold the nozzle open without being held.
Old fuel nozzle triggers that hold the line open are illegal in some states because they can result in overfilling of fuel tanks and fuel loss out of air vents. Most new fuel nozzles automatically shut off when the tank fills.
Install personal watercraft (PWC) floats at fuel docks to help drivers refuel without spilling.
Special docking facilities for PWCs can be installed to stabilized them while they are at a fuel dock (Figure 4.13). Docking PWCs while fueling reduces fuel loss caused by the craft rocking on Figure 4.13. Two PWC floating docks were the water while fueling. These docks have proven installed at Winter Yacht Basin, Inc. (New Jersey). popular with PWC operators and do reduce The floats are 4 feet by 10.5 feet and are connected to PVC pipes to allow them to ride up and down spillage. with the tide. Operators of PWCs can drive up onto the platform, step off, and fill the tank from the Regularly inspect, maintain, and replace fuel dock. The platform is stable enough to limit spilling hoses, pipes, and tanks. during fueling. This practice has also decreased conflict between PWCs and larger boats at the fuel Regularly scheduled preventive maintenance is dock and has increased fuel sales at the marina the best source control for fuel loss from the fuel (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
National Management Measures Guidance 4-47 SECTION 4: Management Measures ground. Regular practice drills ensure that staff that can be set back from the water should be so are familiar with the proper use of these materials. placed, and spill prevention equipment located at all likely places where spills could occur (such as Install easy-to-read signs on the fuel dock that at pipe junctions). Many marinas are switching explain proper fueling, spill prevention, and from underground fuel storage tanks to spill reporting procedures. aboveground tanks because they make spill detection and control easier and the capital costs Signs with easy-to-follow instructions, perhaps are lower. using pictures, located on or near fuel pumps and fuel delivery locations can help expedite a clean When a spill occurs at the boat fueling station, up if a spill occurs. It is helpful to have signs that there are three basic steps to take, which need to state the following information: be considered when planning or rebuilding a fuel dock: • Step-by-step way to fuel a boat • Requirements of the law and spill reporting • Report the spill to the proper authorities (U.S. numbers Coast Guard, EPA, or the appropriate state • Procedures to follow in the event of a spill agency). Any spill can be reported by calling • Locations of absorbent materials the U.S. Coast Guard’s National Spill Response • Proper use and disposal of fuel absorbent Hotline, 1-800-424-8802. Any petroleum spill materials onto the navigable waters of the United States • Warnings against the use of detergents or sufficient to cause a slick or sheen on the water emulsifiers. is a violation of section 311 of the Clean Water Act and must be reported to the hotline. Spills should be immediately reported to either the U.S. Coast Guard or EPA. The U.S. Coast Guard • Contain the petroleum spill to prevent it from is the lead response agency for spills in coastal spreading. Put a boom around and confine waters and deepwater ports, and EPA is the lead diesel and other nonvolatile oils. The U.S. response agency for spills that occur in inland Coast Guard recognizes that gasoline spills pose waters. Oil spills can be reported 24 hours a day an extreme explosion and fire threat and at 1-800-424-8802. On navigable waters, any oily recommends that small gasoline spills might be slick or sheen must be reported. More allowed to evaporate as quickly as possible information on laws and regulations related to without a boom placed around them. spills can be obtained at the U.S. Coast Guard web site:
4-48 National Management Measures Guidance Fueling Station Design
• Place materials on the water within the staff should be established. contained spill area to absorb the petroleum. If the spill is large, a commercial spill clean-up • Where: Show where the spill control material is contractor might be needed. located in the facility. Make sure storage lockers are clearly marked and easy to access. Write and implement a fuel spill recovery plan. Identify sources where additional spill response equipment can be obtained quickly if necessary. A Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures Sources may include commercial spill response (SPCC) plan is a first line of defense against companies, fire departments, or neighboring petroleum pollution and should be developed by marinas that have fuel spill response equipment. all marinas, whether required by regulations or If a commercial fuel spill response firm is going not. An example plan is appended to the to be used, establish a prearranged agreement Petroleum Control Management Measure. An and cost estimates with them. SPCC plan should be written to apply to all locations in the marina where fuel or oil is stored • How: Explain how the spill control equipment or transferred, and it should clearly explain spill should be used and disposed of. To be sure that emergency procedures, including health and the crew understands the response plan, safety, notification, and spill containment and regularly conduct drills that simulate a fuel control measures. Marina personnel should be spill. Evaluate the drill and share observations trained in spill containment and control practices. with all employees. The plan should address the following: State and local regulations might have broader • Who: Clearly identify who is responsible for applicability than federal regulations and might taking what action. Action items will include even require an SPCC plan of any facility where deploying the equipment and contacting the fuel is stored or transferred. Contact the emergency agencies and additional clean-up appropriate state and local authorities to services. The plan should contain a list, updated determine if the facility needs to have one and for periodically, of emergency phone numbers to be assistance in preparing one. used if a spill occurs. One person on the marina staff should be designated the official An example of an oil spill response plan is spokesperson for the facility. contained in the Appendices. In order that it is clear what type of information is to be entered for • What: Define what actions should be taken if a the plan, the example is filled out with fuel spill occurs and, based on likely threats, explanations of the information to be filled in or what equipment should be deployed. Include as if it were for an actual marina. Information information on the type of spill equipment specific to this fictitious marina is printed in Arial available on site and its characteristics and font. Where this font occurs, the entries should capabilities. List emergency phone numbers to be replaced with information specific to the be called, including the U.S. Coast Guard and marina for which the plan is being written, and the local fire department, when a spill is discovered. plan should be updated as changes in procedure, Make sure dispersants are not used on any spill. regulations, or the marina occur.
• When: Clearly state when additional resources, Have spill containment equipment storage, such such as spill control services, should be called as a locker attached to the fuel dock, easily for assistance. Plan when the marina's spill accessible and clearly marked. control equipment will be inspected and replaced, if necessary. A maintenance schedule Store appropriate fuel spill containment and for the equipment and a training schedule for control materials in a clearly marked cabinet or
National Management Measures Guidance 4-49 SECTION 4: Management Measures locker that is easily and quickly accessible at the fuel dock. Place absorbent pads and booms, a copy of the SPCC plan, and other important petroleum spill equipment in the locker. Effective fuel spill containment equipment is readily available from commercial suppliers. Booms can absorb up to 25 times their weight in petroleum products and float even when they are saturated. It’s best to have enough length of boom to encircle the dock and the largest boat serviced, or a length of boom about three times as long as the longest boat serviced.
The following are examples of fuel/oil spill control products currently available:
Booms: Usually 10-foot floating sections that interconnect to encircle the spill.
Pads: Flat absorbent sheets that float; also called diapers. Pillows: Short booms often used in bilge of larger boats. Bilge sock: Small pillow for most boat bilges. Filter: Separates fuel from water. Bilge switch: Replaces float switch and shuts off when floating fuel layer is reached.
BMP Summary Table 6 summarizes the BMPs for Fueling Station Design mentioned in this guidance.
4-50 National Management Measures Guidance Fueling Station Design at shutoff, which shutoff, stops automatically fuel movement when the senses system unusual an of passage and/or high volume of throughfuel the line, betweencan be located the storage tank fuel and fuel the dockside pump; fume return can be usedlines also on automatic shut-off nozzles. prop to anything use the trigger; nozzle nozzles old replacing easy. is Estimate Notes Maintenance Cost Maintenance Annual Operation & Estimate Initial Cost accumulate to problem. accumulate create pollution a larger LOW None to LOW commercial A fuel line LOW None boat owners Tell not to Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; greatly reduces HIGH; greatly volume of fuel spills from overfilling fuel tanks HIGH; greatly reduces HIGH; greatly possibility of fuel spills during filling; most fuel is spilled during tank filling, nearly practice so this eliminates this environmental impact ility of this product. The most effective way to minimize fuel spills and Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; automatic shutoffs prevent most as tank back-splashing fills; keeps fuel dock neater; reduces fire hazard HIGH; old style nozzle style HIGH; old triggers are illegal in some states ecause of theecause of flammab & Usage Marina Location Marina Fuel hose - nozzles Fuel universally recommended Fuel hose - nozzles Fuel universally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES Use automatic shutoffs on and at hose lines fuel to reducenozzles fuel loss Remove old style fuel Remove style old that are triggers nozzle used the to hold nozzle open without being held petroleum hydrocarbon pollution at a marina is to locate, design, build, and operate a boat fuel dock or station in a manner th operate and dock to or a manner a boat build, station is fuel locate, in design, at a marina pollution hydrocarbon petroleum most spills are prevented and those that do occur are quickly contained and cleaned up. The hydrocarbons in oil harm juvenile fish, upset fish reproduction, and interfere with growth reproduction with and bottom of reproduction, interfere and upset fish fish, juvenile harm oil in hydrocarbons The dwelling organisms. Oil and gas that is ingested by onepetroleum animal can be will passed also deteriorate to the next animal the that whitespills eats Styrofoam are it. also In a in a floats safety marina, problem and docks, b and discolor boat hulls, woodwork and paint. Gasoline BMP Table Summary 6. FUELING STATION DESIGN MANAGEMENT spills. of in cleanup ease for to stations allow MANAGEMENT MEASURE -fueling Design ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: Spills of gasoline and diesel oil during boat fuelingsmall is a spills common which source occur from of pollution overfilling boat in marina fuel waters. tanks. These Usually these small spills may are very
National Management Measures Guidance 4-51 SECTION 4: Management Measures Notes environmental “checkup” at a marina; can be done in other with conjunction routine inspections. side where boats side larger cannot up; floating tie docks are for manufactured PWC storage on the water. how (2) to fuel, reporting requirements; (3) what to do after a spill, (4) where to find (5)cleanup materials, how to use and dispose of absorbent materials, (6) detergents and should notemulsifiers be used. should some receive spill training; regular practice drills assure familiarity with proper response protocol; with training coupled preventionfire and response. Cost Estimate & Maintenance Annual Operation LOW to MODERATE An essential part of an Estimate Initial Cost MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH LOW None to LOW should(1) Signs state: MODERATE LOW off to placed Usually LOW LOW members staff All Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; reduces chance that persistent small become a leaks large pollution problem MODERATE; signs MODERATE; increase chance of proper spill response and can ensure spills of (e.g., different types and fuel) are oil cleaned responsed to properly HIGH; reduces fuel causedloss by rocking on the water, so less danger to the enviroment from fuel spills to MODERATE HIGH Benefits to Marina Benefits HIGH; inexpensive and to educate way effective customers and remind staff; customers want and for guidancelook on how to fuel boat HIGH; done annually or annually done HIGH; more often, can reduce andfire environmental hazards; response staff trained andmust be fully spill in certified management HIGH; regularly scheduled preventative maintenance the is best to prevent from way leaks the fuel storage and delivery system; usually that cleanup costly less costs and resulting fines HIGH; these drive-on PWCs out of the lift floats water, stops vessel tipping, reduce spills, and to increase fuel sales PWC users; popular with PWC operators & Usage Marina Location Marina Fuel storage area and Fuel universally fuel dock - recommended Fuel dock - generally dock - Fuel recommended Fuel dock on or at Fuel pumps universally - recommended Marina for staff wide at fuel dock - universally recommended Type Best Management Practice Examples & Regularly inspect, maintain, and fuel replace andhoses, pipes tanks signs easy-to-read Install on the fuel dock that proper fueling, explain spill prevention, and spill proceduresreporting Install personal watercraft Install (PWC) on floats fuel docks to help drivers refuel without spilling POLLUTION PREVENTION EDUCATION PRACTICES Train fuel dock staff in spill prevention, containment, and cleanup procedures BMP Table Summary 6. (cont.) FUELING STATION DESIGN MANAGEMENT
4-52 National Management Measures Guidance Fueling Station Design Place absorbent pads and of booms, a copy the fuel spill recovery plan, and other important petroleum spill equipment in the locker; only lock it if boats andstaff fuel have keys. Spill plan and staff are thetraining first and efficient step in rapid spill containment and cleanup; staff required; training written clearly provide instructions for customers self-serve if fueling. ease of spill response when designing or locating a fueling dock can reduce spills, increase convenience for customers, and reduce spent time on cleanup. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes depending on frequency of spills if annual staff training staff annual if is included LOW to MODERATE Forethought about Estimate Initial Cost MODERATE LOW, to MODERATE LOW to MODERATE to LOW MODERATE to LOW MODERATE to MODERATE EXPENSIVE Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; ensures MODERATE; to response quick spills; reduces of harmpotential to environment MODERATE; increases chance that a spill will be quickly and efficiently contained, reducing environmental impact MODERATE; fast MODERATE; cleanup reduces environmental harm Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; keeping all clean-up necessary in a locker material ensures that the equipment easily is reached and used after a spill quickly HIGH; required by helps state regulations; reduce liability in case of a fuel spill when annual with coupled staff training and good records HIGH; makes spill containment and easier faster; reduces liability and cleanup costs and fines & Usage Marina Location Marina Fuel dock - universally dock - Fuel recommended All marinaAll locations is where or oil fuel stored or transferred - universally recommended Boat fueling dock - universally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Have spill containment equipment storage, such as attached to thea locker accessible fuel dock, easily marked and clearly Write and implementWrite a fuel spill recovery plan POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES Locate and design boat fueling stations so that spills can be contained, such as with a floating boom, and cleaned up easily BMP Table Summary 6. (cont.) FUELING STATION DESIGN MANAGEMENT
National Management Measures Guidance 4-53 4.7. PETROLEUM CONTROL
Management Measure for Petroleum Control:
Reduce the amount of fuel and oil from boat bilges and fuel tank air vents entering marina and surface waters.
Management Measure Description woodwork, and paint, and deterioration of white styrofoam in floats and docks, since petroleum Fuel is easily spilled into surface waters from the dissolves this material. fuel tank air vent while fueling a boat, and oil is easily discharged during bilge pumping. A small The practices discussed here are used in many fuel sheen on the water surface near docked boats marinas, and their use can minimize the entry of is not an uncommon sight and can be caused by a petroleum from fueling and bilge pumping into spill of only a few drops or a slow leak from a gas surface waters. Technologies such as air/fuel tank. Because of the properties of oil, a cup of oil separators, oil-absorbing pads, and bioremedial can spread as a very thin oil sheen over more than pads and socks have been developed in response an acre of calm water. Small amounts of oil to a growing recognition of the ecological and spilled from numerous boats can accumulate to cumulative damage that can be done by even create large oil sheens. Gasoline spills are also a small spills of petroleum products into surface safety problem because of gasoline’s waters. These small spills escape the attention of flammability. many people, and marina owners and operators can play an important role in bringing the Hydrocarbons are dangerous to aquatic plants and importance of controlling this form of pollution to animals both at and below the water surface. Less the attention of their patrons. than half of spilled oil stays in the water (the rest evaporates). Spread over the surface, oil creates Some issues relevant to the Petroleum Control a barrier to oxygen movement across the water management measure are discussed below. surface and to animals (for instance, insect larvae) that must breathe at the surface. At and below the Engine Comparison surface, oil attaches to plant leaves, decreasing their respiration, and bottom sediments. It can The wastes produced by 2- and 4-stroke engines also be ingested by animals directly, or indirectly are similar in quality, but not in quantity. Two- by feeding on other organisms such as filter stroke engines cause no visible environmental feeders (mussels, sponges) that have ingested the damage, but they are a significant source of toxic oil. The hydrocarbons in oil harm juvenile fish, pollution discharged into U.S. waterways. upset fish reproduction, and interfere with the Approximately 25 percent of fuel and lubricating growth and reproduction of bottom-dwelling oil used by a 2-stroke engine is discharged organisms. Some oil remains as sediment unburned directly into the air and water. In contamination. comparison, 4-stroke engines consume fuel more efficiently and pollute much less. Newly designed Petroleum spills can also cause structural damage 4-stroke outboard engines have reduced smoke, at marinas, such as discoloration on boat hulls,
4-54 National Management Measures Guidance Petroleum Control fumes, and noise output, and their fuel economy is PWCs, however, are causing concerns. The 2- better than that of 2-stroke outboards. stroke engines in most PWCs discharge up to one- third of their oil/gasoline fuel mixture unburned New 2-stroke outboards incorporate technology into the water in the same way that 2-stroke such as direct fuel injection to improve outboard engines do (although new generation performance and decrease polluting emissions. PWCs are equipped with more efficient 4-stroke These new engines are approximately 75 percent engines or vastly improved 2-stroke engines). The cleaner than older 2-stroke engines. However, 4- Personal Watercraft Industry Association is aware stroke engines are 10 times cleaner than direct of the potential environmental problems fuel-injection engines and 40 times cleaner than associated with use of PWCs and recommends conventional 2-stroke engines. Because of their that users follow simple guidelines to reduce the design, 4-stroke engines do not burn any oil and, impacts of PWC use. Many of the recommended therefore, release only approximately 20 percent guidelines are similar to EPA-recommended of the exhaust emissions that 2-stroke engines management practices: emit. Four-stroke outboard engines that meet the EPA emissions criteria will take effect in the year • Refuel on land to reduce the chance of fuel 2006 are currently available to the public. spills into the water. • Do not overfill fuel tanks. EPA has issued an Advance Notice of Proposed • Perform all engine maintenance away from Rulemaking for emissions from new diesel marine surface water. engines at or above 50 horsepower. According to the rule, the pollution emitted by these engines Best Management Practices must be reduced by 50 percent by the year 2020 and by 75 percent by the year 2025. Flexibility is Pollution Prevention Practices built into compliance in that manufacturers will be able to comply with the new regulations by Promote the installation and use of fuel/air meeting an average pollution emission level for a separators on air vents or tank stems of inboard class of products rather than meeting the specific fuel tanks to reduce the amount of fuel spilled criteria for each applicable product. The into surface waters during fueling. manufacturers are also free to choose how they will meet the new regulation levels. They can Often during fueling operations fuel overflows convert 2-stroke engines to 4-stroke engines or from the air vent from the built-in fuel tank on a typical 2-stroke engines to direct-injection 2- boat. Attachments for vent lines on fuel tanks, stroke engines, add catalytic converters, or invent which act as fuel/air separators, are available new designs. Further information on emissions commercially and are easily installed on most and EPA rules regarding them can be found at boats. These devices release air and vapor but
National Management Measures Guidance 4-55 SECTION 4: Management Measures and filling can be stopped at this time. This leaves a small amount of space in the tank to Keep engines properly maintained for efficient allow for expansion of the fuel with temperature fuel consumption, clean exhaust, and fuel changes. Without this space, fuel in a completely economy. Follow the manufacturer’s filled tank can spill out when the fuel expands. specifications. Automatic shutoff nozzles might not stop fuel flow prior to some fuel spillage through the air Well-tuned and maintained engines burn fuel vent, and listening for the sound of the almost-full more efficiently, improve mileage, and lower tank is the best way to know when to stop filling. exhaust emissions. Mixing fuel for 2-cycle Having an oil absorbent pad ready to wipe up any outboard engines according to the manufacturer’s drops is also a good fueling practice. specifications (usually 50:1 fuel to oil) can help prevent inefficient burning. Provide doughnuts or small petroleum absorption pads to patrons to use while fueling Routinely check for engine fuel leaks and use a to catch splashback and the last drops when the drip pan under engines. nozzle is transferred back from the boat to the fuel dock. The best way to keep fuel and oil out of bilge water is to check for and fix small leaks, including Although few of us might be concerned about making sure fuel lines are secure and inspecting drops of fuel spilled onto the ground while we fill them for wear. our car at the gas station, at the marina those drops can go directly into surface waters. There Avoid pumping any bilge water that is oily or is no oil/water separator or catch basin to prevent has a sheen. Promote the use of materials that drops at the marina fuel dock from entering the either capture or digest oil in bilges. Examine water, so taking a little extra caution, and these materials frequently and replace as precautions to prevent spills, is good practice at necessary. the fueling dock. A doughnut placed over the fuel nozzle or a small absorbent pad in hand to catch Marina operators can advertise the availability of any backsplash when the fuel tank is full and any oil-absorbing materials or can include the cost of drops that fall while the handle is replaced to the installation of such material in yearly dock fees. pump is an excellent and easy way to prevent the A clause can be inserted in leasing agreements small spills that can add up to big problems. that requires boaters to use oil-absorbing materials in their bilges. Bioremediation pads and biosocks A small absorbent pad temporarily attached to the with natural oil-eating bacteria are available. hull below the fuel tank air vent during fueling provides an added precaution against fuel spilling Extract used oil from absorption pads if directly into surface waters. Pads that attach on possible, or dispose of it in accordance with vertical or horizontal surfaces with suction cups petroleum disposal guidelines. are commercially available. If a container for recycling oil is available, place extracted oil into it. Recycled oil should be At Battery Park Marina on Lake Erie, staff cut handled by a commercial waste oil hauler. If absorption pads into squares, then cut an X- recycling is not an option, boat owners can place shaped hole in the center for the fuel nozzle to used pads in a sealed plastic bag and dispose of pass through. Any splashes while fueling are them with other oily wastes. All fuel- or oil- absorbed by the pad (EPA, 1996: Clean soaked materials should be stored together and Marinas—Clear Value). removed by a certified waste hauler. Nonabsorbing booms can be cleaned and reused.
4-56 National Management Measures Guidance Petroleum Control
Some materials can be either recycled or burned as a heat source. If a marina doesn’t have a used oil collection receptacle or program, a local department of environmental protection can be contacted for the location of the nearest used oil recycling station or collection point.
Source Reduction Practices
Prohibit the use of detergents and emulsifiers on fuel spills.
Soaps, detergents, and emulsifying products will hide a spill and seemingly make it disappear, but they actually cause petroleum products to sink into the water where the combination of fuel and detergent can harm aquatic life and make the pollutants difficult to collect. Use of detergent bilge cleaners is illegal and subject to a high fine from the U.S. Coast Guard. Many bilge cleaners are actually detergents and their use should be discouraged as well, since environmentally friendly alternatives exist.
BMP Summary Table 7 summarizes the BMPs for Petroleum Control mentioned in this guidance
National Management Measures Guidance 4-57 SECTION 4: Management Measures om moving om in oil harm of the hat is ingested am in floats and floats in am purchased from marina or manufacturer store the and warms, temperature in a boat fuel tank might be higher than that storage fuel in from if tank, especially very underground; wheneffective coupled with installation of fuel separator in fuel/air vent line. do notgasoline, store pad in an enclosed space have fumes until dispersed. more than an acre an than more Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost LOW LOWNone Products LOW can to be None it as expands Fuel LOW LOW fuel absorbed is If Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; eliminates small but common mini spills from ventsair this HIGH; as a practice will reduce small spills ventfrom air when boats as fuelreturn to slips warms up and expands HIGH; significantly reduces amount of small fuel spills in marina and petroleum sheensvisible Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE to benefit boater; saves fuel and keeps hull cleaner HIGH; marina policy for staff and fuel dock customers will reduce small spills, saving clean up costs and slicks oil visible HIGH; absorption pads are inexpensive and easily cut into smaller boaters; for usesizes by and technology low to use easy Usage Marina Location & Location universally recommended dock - Fuel universally recommended Boat - generally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples of calm water. Small amounts of oil spilled from numerous boats can accumulate to create large oil shine, which block oxygen fr through the surface of the water and be harmful to animals and larvae that must break the surface to breathe.juvenile fish, The upset hydrocarbons fish reproduction, and interfere with growth and reproduction of bottom organisms. dwelling Oil and gas t by animal one can be passed to the next animal that eats it. In a marina, petroleum spills also will dissolve the white Styrofo docks, and discolor boat hulls, woodwork and paint. Gasoline spills, which evaporate quickly, are also a safety problem becauseflammability of this fumes. Avoid overfilling fuel tanks Fuel dock - petroleum Provide small absorption pads to patrons to use fueling to catchwhile splashback and thedrops when last the nozzle transferred back fromis the boat to the fuel dock BMP Table Summary 7. PETROLEUM CONTROL MANAGEMENT MEASURE ventsMANAGEMENT entering tank air boat and MEASUREbilges fuel - Reduce from and the oil fuel amount of marina and surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: moreWhile than half of the oil that spills into the water evaporates, less than a cup of oil can create a very thin over sheen POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES Promote and the use installation of separators on ventsfuel/air air or tank stems tanks fuel of inboard to reduce the amount of fuel spilled surfaceinto waters during fueling
4-58 National Management Measures Guidance Petroleum Control option, boat owners should of dispose used pads in a bag plastic sealed for landfill disposal. the bilge pump,the bilge to theinspect bilge ensure or that no oil fuel is in the bilge have water; replacement pads at the for sale marina. engines rarely leak engines rarely fuel or oil. are actually detergents; since better alternatives useexist, of detergent bilge cleaners should be discouraged. with slow leaks can with leaks slow contaminate groundwater. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost LOW LOW not an is recycling If LOW LOW to turning Prior on LOW LOW Well-maintained None None cleaners Many bilge Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; recycling and reusing reduces useraw material MODERATE to MODERATE an HIGH; andeconomical approach effective to preventing release of oil in bilge water surfaceinto waters HIGH; well-tuned HIGH; and maintained engines produce fewer and emissions to the less leak water HIGH; soaps, detergents, and cause emulsifiers petroleum products water into to sink and make it to impossible remove Marina Benefits to Benefits recycling and recycling reusing (where makes possible) good economic sense MODERATE MODERATE LOW LOW boats Unattended MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; can sell oil- absorbing materials to customers; require that customers use oil- absorbing/ digesting their in materials bilges at all times while in marina HIGH for boater; well tuned and maintained engines burn more fuel fewer efficiently; fumes exhaust using MODERATE; detergents is illegal and can be fined by the U.S. Coast Guard Usage Marina Location & Location Marina MODERATE; Boat storage area - recommended Boats with inboard engines Marina area for marina; LOW - basin Marina universally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Recycle used possible, absorption pads if Recycle of themor dispose in accordance with guidelines petroleum disposal Routinely checkRoutinely for engine and fuel leaks engines under pan drip a use Avoid pumping any bilge water pumping that is bilge any Avoid sheen. or has Promote a visible theoily thatuse capture either of materials or digest oil in bilges. Examine these frequently and as materials replace necessary Keep engines properly maintained engines for Keep properly consumption, fuel efficient exhaust, clean the and economy. fuel Follow manufacturer’s specifications SOURCE REDUCTION PRACTICES Prohibit the use of detergents and emulsifiers on fuel spills BMP Table Summary 7. (cont.) PETROLEUM CONTROL MANAGEMENT MEASURE
National Management Measures Guidance 4-59 4.8. LIQUID MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
Management Measure for Liquid Material Management:
Provide and maintain appropriate storage, transfer, containment, and disposal facilities for liquid material, such as oil, harmful solvents, antifreeze, and paints, and encourage recycling of these materials.
Management Measure Description marina waters is not only environmentally damaging, but also destroys the overall clean, Marinas store a variety of liquid materials for boat healthy environment that a marina can provide to and facility operation and generate a variety of its patrons. Dirty marinas affect boater liquid wastes through the activities that occur on satisfaction and present a poor image to marina property. Adequate storage and disposal prospective patrons. A clean marina reinforces facilities are important if these materials are to be the public image that boating is clean and that kept out of the environment. Proper storage is marinas are beneficial for the environment. also important to ensure that liquid materials do not become contaminated while in storage and Regulations also play a role in proper liquid have to be prematurely disposed of. Marina material and waste management. Approved spill patrons and employees are more likely to properly protection materials and methods might be dispose of liquid wastes if adequate and safe required by the local fire department and are disposal facilities are provided. Many states have necessary for marine environmental and liability mandatory or voluntary programs that address this insurance coverage. Regardless of whether a management measure. liquid waste material is eventually recycled or disposed of, careful documentation of how much Proper storage and disposal of potentially harmful material is collected, how it is removed from the liquid materials can eliminate their entering facility, and where it is ultimately going is marina waters and harming the aquatic extremely important. These records are invaluable environment, aquatic organisms, and marina or if there is ever any question from state or federal customer property. Liquid materials for sale or authorities about the marina’s hazardous waste use at the marina, such as fuels, oils, solvents, and collection and disposal practices. paints, should be stored in a manner that minimizes the chance of a spill and contains a Marina staff and boaters should be informed about spill should one occur. Liquid wastes, such as safe storage and disposal of liquid wastes. If a waste fuel, used oil, spent solvents, and spent marina collects waste oil for recycling or disposal, antifreeze, should be similarly stored until they precautions need to be taken to prevent can be recycled or disposed of properly. contamination of one waste type with an incompatible type. Contaminated or mixed liquid Small quantities of many liquid wastes, including wastes are very expensive to dispose of because antifreeze, waste oil, pesticides, cleaners, commercial removal companies charge their solvents, and paints, can be harmful or deadly to highest rates for unknown mixtures. Some people, wildlife, pets, fish, and other aquatic marinas have received costly fines by not organisms. Discharge of these materials into controlling what is dumped into waste oil
4-60 National Management Measures Guidance Liquid Material Management containers, or who dumps materials into them. Elliot Bay Marina (Washington) has its staff pick Holding tanks for liquid wastes should be kept up almost any hazardous waste directly from locked, and a staff person should be responsible the boat owner. This saves the poten-tial high for moving waste from a collection site to the cost for disposing of hazardous ma-terials that storage facility. have been accidentally mixed by customers, thrown into dumpsters, or left on the dock Best Management Practices where they could fall or leak into the water. This practice has worked well and has resulted Pollution Prevention Practices in lower disposal costs, a spill-free marina, and happier customers who do not have to handle Build curbs, berms, or other barriers around the waste pro-duct (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value). areas used for liquid material storage to contain spills.
To contain spills, curbs or berms should be Store minimal quantities of hazardous installed around areas where liquid material is materials. stored. A general guide is to build berms or curbs to be capable of containing 10 percent of the total A good idea is to conduct a regular review of the volume of liquid material stored or 110 percent of facility's hazardous materials inventory to identify the volume of the largest container in storage, any materials that can be stored in smaller whichever is greater. Drains in the floor would amounts, or that are no longer needed or that have defeat the purpose of the curbs or berms, so any expired on the shelf. Buying only as much drains present should be permanently closed. material as will be used within a year, or on a project basis, can save money and reduce waste. Store liquid materials under cover on a surface that is impervious to the type of material stored. Provide clearly labeled, separate containers for the disposal of waste oils, fuels, and other liquid Containers of hazardous liquid materials are best wastes. stored in a protected place where rain will not lead to the containers’ rusting and rupturing. It is Waste oils include waste engine oil, transmission equally important that the surface on which the fluid, hydraulic fluid, and gear oil. Waste fuels containers are stored and of which the berms or include gasoline, diesel, gasolines/oil blends, and curbs are made be impervious to the contents of water contaminated by these fuels. Other liquid the containers. If they aren’t, a spill could quickly materials of concern include used destroy the spill containment material and spread. antifreeze/coolant, solvents, acetone, paints, and, if a restaurant is present, edible cooking oils and Storage and disposal areas for liquid materials fats. Each of these liquids needs a separate should be located in or near repair and container that is clearly marked to prevent mixing maintenance areas, undercover, protected from with other liquids and to assist in its identification runoff with berms or secondary containment, for proper disposal. The containers should be and away from flood areas and fire hazards. covered in a manner that prevents rainwater from entering them. Used oil filters are best drained before disposal by placing the filter in a funnel
Deep River Marina (Connecticut), Conanicut Marine Services (Rhode Island), and many other marinas use portable oil-changing units that use a vacuum tank to suction oil out of an engine through the dip-stick tube. The unit is rented to boaters for do-it-yourself oil changing (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
National Management Measures Guidance 4-61 SECTION 4: Management Measures over the appropriate waste collection container. organic compound (VOC) content are available, Waste should be removed from the marina site by as are long-lasting and nontoxic antifouling someone permitted to handle such waste, such as paints. a hazardous material contractor, and receipts and records of all materials disposed of and hauled Follow manufacturer’s directions and use away should be retained for inspection. nontoxic or low-toxicity pesticides.
Paint cans with unused paint should be opened in At both marinas and boat launch sites, all well ventilated areas and left to dry until solid, pesticides (herbicide or insecticide) should be then disposed of with normal trash. For applied according to the directions provided on information on how to handle particular types of the container, and should be applied by someone hazardous wastes and which wastes are hazardous trained in pesticides application. All precautions and which are not, contact a local extension should be taken to avoid allowing any pesticide to service, waste hauler, or fire department. enter surface waters. Herbicides that are not toxic to aquatic life are safest to use. A local extension Recycle liquid materials where possible. service is a good source of information on the relative safety of pesticides and where and when The decision to recycle is usually based on the they can be safely applied. Use of mulches in type of waste and the availability of recycling gardens and under shrubs can be as effective a facilities. Where a recycling program is available, method for controlling weeds and is more consider participating and encouraging the environmentally friendly than herbicides. participation of all marina patrons. Burn used oil used as a heating fuel. Change engine oil using nonspill vacuum-type systems for spill-proof oil changes, or to suction EPA permits burning used oil as a heating fuel oily water from bilges. (though some states might not permit it) if special high-temperature furnaces are used. This Use antifreeze and coolants that are less toxic eliminates disposing of the used oil as a hazardous to the environment. waste (Figure 4.14). Normally, the only oil that can be used as a fuel for high-temperature Care should be taken to avoid combining different furnaces is that collected as part of normal types of antifreeze/coolants. Propylene-glycol- maintenance and boat service work, but check based antifreeze (with a PINK color) should be with the local environmental authority or the used because it is less toxic to the environment. furnace manufacturer. Ethylene-glycol-based antifreeze (identifiable by its BLUE-GREEN color) is very toxic to animals Source Reduction Practices and should be recycled when it is used. Prepare a hazardous materials spill recovery Use alternative liquid materials where plan and update it as necessary. practical. If large amounts of hazardous materials and/or When possible, use low-toxicity or nontoxic wastes are stored even for short periods of time on materials, such as water-based paints and solvents marina property, a spill prevention and recovery and propylene-glycol antifreeze, in place of more plan should be adopted. The plan should list the toxic products. The use of nontoxic, high- types and volumes of materials that could bonding, easily cleaned coatings can be potentially be spilled. This information is encouraged among marina patrons. Solvents with important because spill response action is low volatility and coatings with low volatile dependent on the type of material spilled. A spill
4-62 National Management Measures Guidance Liquid Material Management
Equipment that is suitable for the variety of materials stored and can contain spilled material and prevent it from entering surface waters should be readily available near where spills are likely. Many hazardous materials do not remain on the water surface if they do enter surface waters, so absorbent materials should be used as soon as possible after a spill to contain them. These materials should then be disposed of properly.
BMP Summary Table 8 summarizes the BMPs for Liquid Material management mentioned in this Figure 4.14. West Access Marina (Illinois) installed guidance. a high-temperature furnace in 1993, which extended the marina’s boat maintenance activities into and through the winter. The marina's engine maintenance service collects between 1,000 and 2,000 gallons of waste oil a year. It is collected in small containers and stored in a 1,000-gallon drum. The furnace burns very cleanly at 3,000 (F. The furnace saves the marina thousands of dollars each year in waste oil removal costs (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value). response plan for hazardous material can be integrated into an oil spill response plan and should include the same components:
• Who: Clearly identify who is responsible for taking what action.
• What: Explain what action should be taken during a spill event and, based on multiple scenarios, what equipment should be deployed.
• When: Specify when additional resources should be called for assistance.
• Where: Tell where the material is located in the facility.
• How: Explain how the equipment should be used and disposed of.
Keep adequate spill response equipment where liquid materials are stored.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-63 SECTION 4: Management Measures other e ater deadly should of be capable of 10% containing the volume of total material liquid of 110% or stored, the volume of the containerlargest in storage, whichever greater; make sureis there are no drains thein floor. containers must be and clearly properly marked. andLiquid material waste storage area must be properly marked. and clearly Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes LOW Berms or curbs LOW material Liquid LOW to MODERATE Estimate Initial Cost MODERATE to MODERATE EXPENSIVE LOW to MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH Benefits eaching or Projected Environmental HIGH; provides extra HIGH; provides ensuring by protection that if spills or leaks do occur, the hazardous liquids will be contained and not enter the water HIGH; impervious surface protects against the spreading of harmful liquids into the ground if a spill does occur keeping MODERATE; from storage area away zones flood and fire hazards reduces of risk spills, l explosion Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; reduces MODERATE; loss of spilled liquids; containment makes for expensive less easy clean up HIGH; properly protected containers should not rust or rupture; saves on clean costs up more MODERATE; the have to convenient storage area liquids near and repair located maintenance Usage Marina Location & Location Designated work universally area - recommended Designated work universally area - recommended Designated work universally area - recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Store liquid materials under materials cover onStore liquid a surface to the impervious that type is stored of material areas for liquid Storage and disposal in or near should be located materials andrepair maintenance areas, undercover, protected from runoff with berms containment, or secondary and areas and from away flood fire hazards POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES curbs,Build berms, or other secondary containment around barriers areas storage to used materials for liquid contain spills to wildlife, pets, and humans, and are toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms when they enter a waterbody. This is true enter for is a waterbody. they This when other and are organisms toxic toaquatic and pets, fish humans, and to wildlife, wast include Waste oils used antifreeze. and spent battery solvents, acid, used oil, wastes as waste such fuel, liquid of types w and blends, gasoline/oil diesel, gasoline, include Waste fuels gear oil. and fluid, hydraulic fluid, transmission oil, engine these fuels. by contaminated BMP Table Summary 8. LIQUID MATERIAL MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT containment, MEASURE and transfer, facilities and maintain storage, - disposal appropriate Provide and solvents, paints, antifreeze, these liquidsuch of as oil, material, materials. harmful andfor recycling encourage ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: or harmful are potentially antifreeze acetone, and pesticides, paints, solvents, cleaners oils, as fuels, such material Liquid
4-64 National Management Measures Guidance Liquid Material Management jobs to estimate jobs volume of liquids needed to keep in storage. Requires signs clear proper indicating contents and use. The to decision generally is recycle based on of the type waste and availability of recycling facilities. from marine distributors. taken not to mix of different types antifreeze/coolants; both need separate clearly labeled containers. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes MODERATE MODERATE Estimate Initial Cost LOW LOW Use records of past MODERATE to LOW LOW LOW to LOW LOW available System None LOW Care should be Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; reduces for potential environmental damage due to leaks, spills, or explosions HIGH; ensures that of wasteeach type will be properly and handled of disposed MODERATE; the beyond benefits marina HIGH; spill-proof container keeps oil out to of water; easy to recycling carry container MODERATE; less MODERATE; propylene- toxic based glycol (with antifreeze PINK color) is much to toxic less animals Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; reduces inventory and spill potential HIGH; expensive for waste haulers to unknown an remove mixture of substances, cheaper substancesif are known MODERATE to MODERATE some in HIGH; recycling locations cheaper thanis disposal MODERATE; can MODERATE; sourcebe a profit to for marinas; easy use off-the-shelf equipment MODERATE; toxicity lower products protect the andmarina property customer health Usage Marina Location & Location Designated work universally area - recommended Designated work universally area - recommended area - universally area - recommended Marina docks and work areas – dry generally recommended Designated work universally areas - recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Store minimal quantitiesStore minimal of hazardous materials Provide clearly labeled, separate labeled, Provide clearly containers of waste oils, for the disposal fuels, and other wastes liquid Recycle liquid materials where materials possible liquid Recycle Designated work Change engine oil using nonspill vacuum- type systems for spill-proof oil changes, or to suction oily water from bilges Use antifreeze and coolants that are less to thetoxic environment BMP Table Summary 8. (cont.) LIQUID MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
National Management Measures Guidance 4-65 SECTION 4: Management Measures water-based paints, water-based propylene-glycol solvents antifreeze, with low volatility, and coatings with organic volatile low compounds, and or longer-lasting non-toxic antifouling paints can be used and promoted . Extension Service Extension can provide information on pesticide safety and use. special high- special temperature furnaces. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost LOW LOW Liquids such as LOW LOW Cooperative MODERATE LOW in EPA by Allowed Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; reduces use of toxic substances and possibility that toxins will enter the water MODERATE; to reduces toxicity life aquatic HIGH; reuse any of reduces theoil use fuels of fossil Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; less MODERATE; to toxicity environment and human health, generally work just as more as well productstoxic MODERATE; to reduces risk human health, pets, chilcren HIGH; cost-saving measure, as it cost of eliminates removal waste oil and extends maintenance activities through the winter Usage Marina Location & Location Designated work universally areas - recommended Designated work universally areas - recommended areas - universally areas - recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Use alternative liquid materials where materials liquid Use alternative practical Follow manufacturer's and directions useFollow pesticides toxicity or low non-toxic Burn as a heating used fuel oil Designated work BMP Table Summary 8. (cont.) LIQUID MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
4-66 National Management Measures Guidance Liquid Material Management into an oil spill response plan and should include the same components. Many hazardous do not materials remain on the water, so absorbent should be materials used to contain them. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes LOW to MODERATE Estimate Initial Cost LOW LOW be integrated May LOW to MODERATE Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; and planning training will reduce chance and volumes of spills MODERATE; equipment must be suitable for the of materials variety stored xposure xposure Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; ensures more up clean in efficient the event of a spill; reduce helps liability e MODERATE; equipment having available will control spills faster; reduce helps liability e Usage Marina Location & Location Designated work universally areas - recommended Designated work universally areas - recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples SOURCE REDUCTION PRACTICES Prepare a hazardous spill materials plan and updaterecovery as necessary it Keep adequate spill response equipment are stored where materials liquid BMP Table Summary 8. (cont.) LIQUID MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
National Management Measures Guidance 4-67 4.9. Solid Waste Management
Management Measure for Solid Waste:
Properly dispose of solid wastes produced by the operation, cleaning, maintenance, and repair of boats to limit entry of solid wastes to surface waters.
Management Measure Description dock their boat or when it comes time to sign a new slip rental lease. Cleanliness at a marina can This management measure is focused on also lead to public recognition and to fewer controlling the solid waste that can collect at complaints about flat tires or floating trash in marinas and boat ramp sites if waste receptacles slips. Substantial clean-up costs can be replaced are not provided and conveniently located, or by small initial investments in trash collection and sufficient attention is not given to controlling preventive practices (Figure 4.15). The waste produced during boat cleaning, investment in some clean marina practices can be maintenance, and repair activities. Many of the recovered by renting equipment such as dustless management practices that are useful for reducing sanders, or selling items such as filter cloth to solid waste production during boat maintenance boat owners. activities are discussed under the Storm Water Runoff management measure, since much of the solid waste produced during boat maintenance activities could potentially be carried to surface waters in storm water runoff. Please refer to the discussions of those management practices under the Storm Water Runoff management measure.
The purpose of the management measure is to prevent solid waste from polluting surface waters. Solid waste from boat cleaning, maintenance, and repair might contain harmful substances such as antifoulant paint chips or solvents used to clean or Figure 4.15. Filter cloths to capture debris. Port polish metal or wood parts. Solid waste from Annapolis Marina (Maryland) uses geotextile general activities and marina use, such as plastic screening cloths to capture the normal sanding and bags, cups, cigarette butts, and food containers scraping debris, as well as screws, nails, and other also pollutes surface waters and degrades the solid materials. This reduces cleanup time and improves appearance (EPA, 1996: Clean habitats of aquatic animals and plants. The simple Marinas—Clear Value). act of picking up and properly disposing of trash goes a long way toward preventing this form of nonpoint source pollution. Providing sufficient waste receptacles, separating wastes into classes of recyclables, and preventing Marinas that appear clean because litter is not a litter are all accepted practices today, and are part visual problem are also more attractive to of customer service and environmentally friendly customers when they are shopping for a place to management at any public establishment. Marinas
4-68 National Management Measures Guidance Solid Waste Management generate solid waste through boat maintenance, maintenance to tasks that do not produce solid parties and small social gatherings on boats, debris, such as propeller work and hull inspection. restaurants, and commercial activity at the marina, Dustless sanders can be used for topside work in and the day-to-day operation of the facility slips, and tarps can be laid out between a boat and (Figure 4.16). If adequate trash and solid waste the dock to catch any debris. disposal facilities are not available, solid waste is more likely to end up in surface waters or It can be very difficult to do any hull maintenance scattered on the marina grounds, from which it while the boat is in the water without some debris might be blown or washed into surface waters. falling into the water, and some marina managers Marina patrons and employees are more likely to require that all work be done on land. If feasible, properly dispose of solid wastes if given adequate limit in-the-water hull maintenance to boat opportunity and disposal facilities, and under cleaning, and even then, use environmentally federal law, marinas and port facilities must friendly cleaners. (See the Boat Cleaning supply adequate and convenient waste disposal management measure). facilities for their customers. Place trash receptacles in convenient locations for marina patrons. Covered dumpsters and trash cans are ideal.
Many people don’t want to put their trash anywhere except in a trash receptacle. For these people, and to encourage those who might otherwise consider dropping trash on the ground to use trash receptacles, waste disposal facilities should be conveniently located near repair and maintenance areas, in parking lots, on docks, and in heavy-use areas, such as near grassy areas Figure 4.16. Vacuum sanders. Employees at The where people picnic and in parking lots. Covered Lodge of Four Seasons Marina (Missouri) use trash receptacles do not fill up with water when it vacuum or “dustless” sanders for preparing hulls for painting, reducing waste in the environment and rains, do not lose their contents to strong winds, cleanup time (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas— Clear and are less likely to be invaded by scavenging Value). mammals and birds. A loose cover also acts as an indicator when a receptacle is full. The best overfill prevention is frequent emptying by marina Best Management Practices staff.
Pollution Prevention Practices Provide trash receptacles at boat launch sites.
Encourage marina patrons to avoid doing any Trash disposal can be a big problem at boat debris-producing hull maintenance while their launch ramps. Boat launch sites are often the boats are in the water. When maintenance is most convenient access point to waterbodies, and done with the boat in the water (for small people from nearby areas, the non-boating public, projects and where necessary), prevent debris or those not using the launch ramp for boat from falling into the water. launching (e.g., those who use the site for picnicking, swimming, or shore fishing) deposit The quantity of debris discarded into the marina their trash in the receptacles provided for boaters basin from boat maintenance activities can be at the site. If trash receptacles are provided at the minimized by limiting in-the-water boat launch site, this use may be expected, and a pick-
National Management Measures Guidance 4-69 SECTION 4: Management Measures up schedule arranged accordingly. Some states bulletin board up for notices from patrons about (e.g., Maine and Minnesota) have experimented extra supplies that are available or might provide with removing trash receptacles from boat launch some sort of materials exchange program. sites, because overflowing trash receptacles and litter strewn on the ground can result from The All Seasons Marina (New Jersey) cut its providing trash receptacles that are insufficient to trash bill in half by taking advantage of the accommodate the trash from all users. Some local solid waste recycling program. The Cap people will leave their trash atop an overflowing Sante Boat Haven (Washington) partic-ipates trash receptacle or beside one rather than take it in a municipal recycling program and saves with them, thinking it will be picked up by 10 to 20 percent on its annual trash removal someone whose job is to do so. Maine and bill. The marina rents 28 recycling bins from Minnesota have found that, when this is the case, the town and places them at dock heads for the boating public generally does not complain and complies by taking their trash with them. Litter can actually cease to be a problem after Provide boaters with trash bags. trash receptacles are removed in these instances. If it is decided not to provide trash receptacles, Boaters can be encouraged to bring all of the trash posting signs that ask people to “Pack it out!” can they generate while boating back to an onshore reduce the quantity of trash left at the site. trash receptacle by providing them with a plastic bag or other suitable trash container. Imprinted Provide facilities for collecting recyclable with a marina’s logo, the bag will carry the clear materials. message that the marina cares about the environment. Recycling of nonhazardous solid waste such as scrap metal, aluminum, glass, wood pallets, Use a reusable blasting medium. batteries, paper, and cardboard is recommended wherever feasible. Used lead-acid batteries New technologies are available that make use of should be stored on an impervious surface, under a plastic blast medium that can be reused several cover, and sent to or picked up by an approved times until it wears out. The plastic blast medium recyclable materials handler. Often a recycling is used to remove antifoulant paint and is rebate, perhaps $5, is paid to the marina for each vacuumed into a hopper with the debris for battery. recovery, cleaning, and reclaiming (Figure 4.17). Where recycling is available through the The much smaller volume of debris is collected municipality, it can be a cost-effective way to and sent to a landfill. decrease trash disposal costs. Public education is necessary if a recycling program is to be effective, Source Reduction Practices though today many people recycle at their homes and already have a “recycle” consciousness. Require patrons to clean up pet wastes and provide a specific dog walking area at the Although recycling is a preferred disposal method marina. for reusable materials, not all municipalities provide the service free of charge. Recycling can Where floating piers extend far from the grassy be performed in-house, but private service areas of a marina, dog waste can become a providers are often costly. In such a case, the problem, leading to many complaints from staff quantity of waste produced can be lessened by and boat owners. In many cities, dog owners are reusing materials and sharing leftover cleaning required to clean up after their pets when they and maintenance supplies (e.g., excess varnish and walk them on public streets and parks. A similar paint) among customers. A marina can place a policy can take care of this problem at marinas.
4-70 National Management Measures Guidance Solid Waste Management
Figure 4.17. Associated Marine Technologies (Florida) took pollution prevention of hull sand- blasting debris a step further by switching from a silica wet/dry sandblasting medium to a closed system that employs a reusable plastic material. The facility uses a high-capacity plastic-medium- blasting dry stripper and a media reclaimer that recovers the plastic material and separates it from the paint dust. This process significantly reduces the cost of cleanup and disposal, gives a higher- quality surface, and is much less ag-gressive on the new gelcoats of fiberglass hulls (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
BMP Summary Table 9 summarizes the BMPs for Solid Waste Management mentioned in this guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-71 SECTION 4: Management Measures is , s, a illage; om especially around boat especially bow; in not effective rain. or wind rainwater out and protect contents from winds; strong containers on docks or near the water should be secured to avoid sp accidental post signs to indicate what should and should in not be placed trash cans. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost LOW to MODERATE to LOW MODERATE to LOW practice Awkward LOW per unit LOW to MODERATE covers keep Receptacle Benefits Projected Environmental LOW to MODERATE; to LOW maintenanceany work on a boat in a slip is more likely to pollute and harder to control; reasonable attempts at will cleaner practices reduce going pollution theinto water HIGH; covers control andanimal access bird and prevent wind from blown litter entering the water Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; less MODERATE; debris will end up in basin, marina the appearanceimproving HIGH; convenient trash contains will be nearused placed if access to docks; encourages staff and customers keep to help grounds clean & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina dock area - recommended Marina wide - wide Marina universally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES Encourage marina patrons debris- doing any to avoid producing hull maintenance while their theboats are in water. When maintenance is done with the the boat in projects water (for small and where necessary), prevent debris from falling theinto water Place trashPlace in receptacles convenient for locations marina patrons. Covered dumpsters and trash cans are ideal scrap metal, fiberglass pieces, sweepings, battery lead and acid. Other solid waste such as bottles, plastic bags, aluminum can waste aluminum bags, as bottles, Other such acid. solid plastic and battery lead sweepings, pieces, fiberglass scrap metal, fr come can line bottles, fishing paper, and glass cigarette wrapping diapers, filters, disposable rings, cups, six-pack coffee general boating activities and marina use. attractive more to is customers. present potential enters Living and Reducing after it the water. marina litter-free debris of A type organisms and the habitats of aquatic costs. disposal animals wastes reduces also overall solid andmarina's plants will be harmed by th BMP Table Summary 9. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT produced by wastes the solid MANAGEMENT disposeoperation, of cleaning, maintenance, MEASURE - and Properly waters. to surface wastes solid of entry to boats limit of repair ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: chips paint antifoulant debris, as sanding such waste of a range materials, result in may repair and painting Boat maintenance,
4-72 National Management Measures Guidance Solid Waste Management ramps may become may ramps household dump for residents in rural areas, whicha problem has many states discouraging use of trash receptacles. where provided the through can be municipality; where recycling costly commonly not is mark clearly available; each for receptacle of different type boaters will recyclable; be more likely to use they bins if recycling and to find are easy use. litter, but for those litter, who do, this can encourage them to more become environmentally at no cost to friendly, the patron. cost effective for high cost effective volume boatyards which of hull do a lot blasting. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost LOW per unit LOW to MODERATE launch public Isolated LOW LOW best done is Recycling LOW LOW Most patrons won’t MODERATE MODERATE and More practical Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; use of use MODERATE; trash containers reduces volume of entering water litter MODERATE; has recycling environmental benefits by marina the beyond reducing volume going to landfills, and as resource for manufacturers HIGH; all trash HIGH; all does not go collected theinto water or blow around the marina as litter significantly reduces significantly volume of waste for disposal Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; a litter free HIGH; a litter more is site launch to boaters; attractive encourages them to clean keep it MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; recycling decreases trash costs; popular disposal with the good public; for business image; havescrap metals highest cost recovery value HIGH; encourages their boaters to collect trash and it not discard overboard, in the marina or at sea; reduces spent time on cleanup at marina HIGH; cost savings can result by outseparating dust from reusing blasting material; & Usage Marina Location Marina Boat launch sites - sites launch Boat universally recommended Marina wide - wide Marina universally recommended Marina work area - generally recommended Marina work area - generally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Provide trash receptacles sites launch boat at Provide facilities for recyclable collecting materials Provide boaters with trash bags Use a reusable blasting medium BMP Table Summary 9. (cont.) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
National Management Measures Guidance 4-73 SECTION 4: Management Measures mark the dog walking as area as well encourage patrons to upclean after their pets; providing scoop bags disposable will encourage this andpractice saves staff dog clean up time. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost LOW LOW Signs should clearly Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; pet waste harmful contains water lowers bacteria, and quality, contaminates shellfish; reducing the possibility that it will enter the water keeps waters clean Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; pet waste on docks, and walks beaches a serious is complaint by marina customers; signs and use of pest waste bags work and disposal reduces complaints from other boaters; when dogs have a to go, theplace docks and are cleaner; walks cost to saves staff time cleanup & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina wide - wide Marina universally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples SOURCE REDUCTION PRACTICES Require patrons to clean up pet wastes and provide dog walking a specific area at the marina BMP Table Summary 9. (cont.) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
4-74 National Management Measures Guidance 4.10. FISH WASTE MANAGEMENT
Management Measure for Fish Waste Management:
Promote sound fish waste management through a combination of fish-cleaning restrictions, public education, and proper disposal of fish waste.
Management Measure Description or dock, and non-fishing marina patrons are likely to appreciate not having fish waste on docks or Fish waste can create water quality problems at floating near their boats. marinas where a lot of fish are landed. This might be the case where long piers or breakwaters Some states prohibit fish waste from being provide access to deep water or accommodation discarded in nearshore waters and require that for many fishers, where fishing tournaments are marinas prohibit the practice. Without a held, or at any marina during the local high designated place to clean fish, docks, piers, and fishing season. The waste from fish cleaning bulkheads can become dirty quickly. shouldn’t be disposed of into a marina basin because of the chance of overwhelming the Best Management Practices natural ability of the waterbody to assimilate and decompose it. The dissolved oxygen consumed Pollution Prevention Practices by the decomposing fish parts can cause anaerobic, foul-smelling conditions. Unconsumed Clean fish offshore where the fish are caught or floating fish parts are also an unattractive and discard of the fish waste at sea (if allowed addition to the marina property. Fish waste is by the state). better disposed of in offshore waters (if the state allows) where the fish are caught, or treated as Fish waste can be disposed of in the offshore waste like any other and deposited in trash ecosystems from which the fish are caught. The containers. quantity of fish waste produced from recreational fishing generally should not cause any water Proper disposal of fish waste by marina patrons quality problems in open waters. Some states helps keep marinas clean and free of waste. (such as Florida) require that all game fish be Although only a few marinas deal with large brought ashore intact for measurement by amounts of fish waste or fishing within the basin, fisheries officials, and this management practice sport fishers can be found at most marinas, and it does not apply. is a good idea for marinas to promote proper fish waste disposal. Fish cleaning stations provide Install fish cleaning stations at the marina, and convenient places for marina patrons to clean fish at boat launch sites. and dispose of their waste material, and help to keep the rest of the marina clean. Marina A fish cleaning station is a particular area set managers often find that once a good fish cleaning aside for cleaning fish that have been caught. station is available to fishing patrons, the patrons They typically have a cutting table large enough gladly use it because gutting a fish at a fish to accommodate a few to many people, a fresh cleaning station avoids the mess created on a boat water hose or other form of running water, and
National Management Measures Guidance 4-75 CHAPTER 4: Management Measures receptacles for the waste. Boaters and fishers can into an excellent compost suitable for gardens. be informed of the presence of the station and The study found that even with this quantity of encouraged to use it. To keep the stations waste, if composting was done properly, the attractive and sanitary, they should be cleaned problems of odor, rodents, and insects were frequently, even as often as after each use. minimal and the process was effective. Another Making the station convenient to use and clean method of fish waste composting, described by will encourage people to keep it clean themselves. the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, is Fish waste is placed in covered containers, and the suitable for amounts of compost ranging from a collected waste is disposed of with other solid bucketful to the quantities produced by a fish- waste or by some other environmentally friendly processing plant. A local extension service can be means (refer to the next management practice). If contacted for information on locally applicable nutrient enrichment is not a problem in regional composting procedures and equipment and where waters, fish cleaning stations can use garbage supplies can be purchased. disposal units to grind the waste, and then send the ground waste to a municipal sewer line for Freeze fish parts and reuse them as bait or waste disposal. chum on the next fishing trip.
Where extensive fishing is done from a boat Fishers might consider recycling their own fish launch site, fish cleaning stations can be helpful. waste into bait for their next fishing trip. The fish Fish waste disposal is a problem at boat launch parts from one fishing trip can be placed in a sites because boaters return from fishing and plastic bag, frozen, and then used on the next usually want to clean their catch before they excursion as either bait or offshore chum to attract leave. Fish cleaning stations provide the ideal game fish. facility where fishers can gather to discuss their catch and clean it before heading home. As with a marina fish cleaning station, fish waste can be Encourage catch and release fishing, which collected in covered containers and disposed of does not kill the fish and produces no fish like regular trash or ground and emptied into a waste. local sewage disposal system (where local regulations permit). An alternative approach The increasingly popular practice of "catch and would be to install an onsite disposal system with release" by recreational and competitive a holding tank, though this is not recommended fishermen is reducing the fish waste problem at where waterbodies have nutrient enrichment many marinas. problems. BMP Summary Table 10 summarizes the BMPs Compost fish waste where appropriate. for Fish Waste Management mentioned in this guidance. A law passed in 1989 in New York forbids discarding fish waste, with exceptions, into freshwater or within 100 feet of shore. Contaminants in some fish leave few alternatives for disposing of fish waste, so Cornell University and the New York Sea Grant Extension Program conducted a fish composting project to deal with the more than 2 million pounds of fish waste generated by the salmonid fishery each year. In the demonstration project, fish parts were mixed with peat moss and the mixture quickly turned
4-76 National Management Measures Guidance Fish Waste Management service for information service on how to compost fish waste mix properly; with peat moss or wood fast compostingchips; and odor free process if turned frequently. disposal of fish waste is disposal encourageallowed; this wherepractice permitted. and water, running table, with waste receptacle needscover; station waste cleaning; frequent can of like be disposed regular trash or ground and into local emptied sewage (where system regulations permit). local culation. Too much fish much Too culation. e also an unsightly addition to addition an unsightly also e Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes MODERATE to LOW cutting Include a large cleaning restrictions, public education, public restrictions, cleaning Estimate Initial Cost LOW to EXPENSIVE LOW LOW extension Contact a local None None Check offshore to see if Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; waste keeps fish out of the water if does utilized; properly not attract sea birds boats, foul can which docks and the water MODERATE; composted fish waste effective makes a very which additive also soil organically fertilizes landscaping marina HIGH; dispersed of fish waste disposal in open water causes no problems; ecological fish parts become food andfor seabirds other animals Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; cleaning fish are popular; stations theavoids mess created from cleaning fish on boat or dock; can reduce complaints from other marina customers about waste HIGH; excellent to natural way convert waste into soil and mulch useful for marina additive landscape use; reduces waste costs disposal HIGH; a marina free more wasteof fish is pleasant to current and potential customers & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina near docks - recommendedgenerally Marina near fish cleaning - station recommendedgenerally Boats offshore - recommendedgenerally & Type Best Management Practice Examples Install fish cleaning stations Install at the marina, and at boat sites launch Compost waste fish where appropriate POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES Clean offshore fish where the fish are caught and of discard the waste fish at sea (if the state) by allowed marina waters. and proper disposal fish of waste. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: cir in poor marinas with problems quality water create can which waste produces cleaning fish but popular, very is Sportfishing ar parts fish Floating kills. and fish odor foul to leads which in water, the levels oxygen lower can area in a confined waste BMP Table Summary 10. FISH WASTE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT fish MEASURE waste sound - Promote management a through combination fish- of
National Management Measures Guidance 4-77 CHAPTER 4: Management Measures encourage this a practical practice; butidea, might not have occurred to all fishers. who people involve don’t interested fish in fishing in an environmentally friendly way. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost None NoneNone to boaters Educate None to way a be Can Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; produces no waste the in marina HIGH; produces no waste; returns fish to their habitat alive Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; when HIGH; reusing fish practical, keeps parts for bait waste out of marina HIGH; keeps fish waste out of marina Usage Marina Location & Location Fish cleaning station Fish - generally recommended Boats offshore - universally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Encourage catch and release fishing, which does not kill the fish and produces no fish waste Freeze fish parts and reuseFreeze them as or chumbait on the next fishing trip BMP Table Summary 10. (cont.) FISH WASTE MANAGEMENT
4-78 National Management Measures Guidance 4.11. Sewage Facility Management
Management Measure for Sewage Facilities:
Install pumpout, dump station, and restroom facilities where needed at new and expanding marinas to reduce the release of sewage to surface waters. Design these facilities to allow ease of access and post signage to promote use by the boating public.
Management Measure Description existing marinas. Most states encourage the installation and use of pumpouts through the Boat sewage can be a problem when discharged federal Clean Vessel Act (CVA) Grant Program into surface waters without pretreatment. It is and boater education. similar to situations when discharges of municipal sewage close beaches when heavy rainstorms Boaters and marinas are usually not considered to overburden sewer systems and rainwater mixed be primary sources of pathogen contamination in with raw sewage is discharged directly to surface surface waters. Measurements of fecal coliform waters through combined sewer overflows. (or “E. coli”) bacteria are used as an indicator of Sewage from boats is more concentrated than that sewage contamination in surface waters. It is from either combined sewer overflows or sewage often hard to attribute high coliform levels treatment plants because marine heads use little directly to any particular source, and within an water for flushing and the sewage in marine heads area numerous potential sources are often present. is not diluted by water from bathing, dishwashing, Background coliform levels from runoff polluted or rain. Boat sewage contains nutrients that can with pet waste and droppings of waterfowl can be stimulate aquatic plant growth (algae and large high, septic systems in an area might be poorly aquatic plants) and pathogens (fecal coliform maintained or operating improperly, municipal bacteria and viruses) that can cause human health sewage systems might have leaks, and boaters in problems either directly through contact in the marinas might be discharging untreated or water or indirectly through the consumption of insufficiently treated waste into surface waters. contaminated seafood. This management measure addresses all potential sources of sewage pollution to our surface waters. Progress has been made toward eliminating Boaters and marinas, in particular, have a vested discharges of sanitary waste from boats with the interest in clean waters, since the livelihood of designation of no discharge zones, installation of marinas and the recreational benefits boaters pumpouts nationwide, and growing number of derive from use of the waters are clearly linked to boater education programs. Efforts to reduce clean water. sewage discharges and to educate boaters about the damage they cause needs to continue, and Type I and II marine sanitation devices (MSDs) are marinas can play a direct and important role in used to pretreat boat sewage before being these matters. discharged overboard (except in a no discharge zone) if not prohibited by local ordinances. In an Pumpout facilities and restrooms should be area designated as a no discharge zone, MSDs of installed at new marinas and, where feasible, at all types must be configured to prevent discharge
National Management Measures Guidance 4-79 SECTION 4: Management Measures to surface waters and all sewage must be pumped web site at
4-80 National Management Measures Guidance Sewage Facility Management
instead pumps directly from the boat through a pump hose, into a hose fitting in each slip that is connected to a below- dock, gravity-drained sewer pipe system.
Because boaters do not have to move their boats to a special location to use the systems and marinas do not have to install extensive dockside piping and pumping systems to provide pumpout service, portable pumpout facilities might be the most feasible, convenient, accessible, regularly used, and affordable way to ensure proper disposal of boat sewage.
Mobile systems have to be moved about a marina, and Figure 4.19. Examples of pumpout systems. this factor should be considered when determining the correct type of system for (removable) toilets, a satisfactory disposal facility a marina. One type of portable/mobile type of is a dump station, which are also fundable with a pumpout unit that is popular in the Great Salt CVA grant. Pond in Block Island, Rhode Island, is the radio- dispatched pumpout boat. The pumpout boat goes • Portable systems to a vessel in response to a radio-transmitted request, pumps the holding tank, and moves on to Portable/mobile systems are similar to fixed-point the next vessel requesting a pumpout. This systems and in some situations can be used in approach eliminates the inconvenience of lines, their place at a fueling dock. A portable unit docking, and maneuvering vessels in high-traffic includes a pump and a small storage tank. The areas. Pumpout boats and mobile systems are also unit is moved to a boat where it is docked. The fundable with a CVA grant. unit is connected to the deck fitting on the vessel, and wastewater is pumped from the vessel's • Dedicated slipside systems holding tank to the pumping unit's storage tank. When the storage tank is full, the portable unit is Dedicated slipside systems provide continuous taken to a location where its contents can be wastewater collection at select slips in a marina. discharged into a municipal sewage system or a Slipside pumpouts are particularly suited to holding tank for removal by a septic tank pumpout liveaboard vessels, and dedicated slipside service. pumpout points could be provided to slips designated for liveaboards, while the remainder of Some marinas use a smaller mobile pumpout unit the marina could still be served by either a fixed that does not have a holding tank attached, but point or mobile pumpout system.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-81 SECTION 4: Management Measures
In a dedicated system, direct connections are made between the boat and a below-dock gravity- drained sewer pipe system (Figure 4.20). This requires use of a vacuum-type pumpout system, which evacuates the entire line and the boat holding tank. The landside vacuum pumpout, which has its own holding tank, can discharge directly into a large inground holding tank or to a municipal sewer system.
Provide pumpout service at convenient times and at a reasonable cost.
Use of pumpout stations increases if they are made available at times of day when customers want to use them. Pumpout availability during regular marina hours or when the fuel dock is also open (if the pumpout station is located next to the fuel station) has been found to work well. Pumpout stations should be available to all boats that are able to access them and cannot be restricted to marina members. Fees of up to $5 are federally allowed under the CVA grant program, and high fees often decrease pumpout use. Figure 4.20. Pumpout system at Hall of Fame Marina, California. Accommodating dozens of Keep pumpout stations clean and easily yachts over 100 feet LOA, the marina’s pumpout accessible, and consider having marina staff do system includes below-dock sewer pipes and pumpouts. connectors at each slip (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value). Free pumpouts are certainly an attraction for customers, but cleanliness and ease of use are popular features as well. Customers are more States are under 26 feet in length, and over half likely to use pumpouts if they are kept clean and are under 18 feet in length. Of those boats that neat, and directions for their use are clearly have toilets onboard, most use portable units posted. Having a marina employee do pumpouts designed to be carried ashore for dumping into for patrons, is a real service that patrons toilets. Boaters on these boats can be encouraged appreciate, especially if the staff person is skilled to dispose of their waste properly by providing in use of the pumpout and is knowledgeable of the portable toilet dump stations. The stations can be rules pertaining to marine sanitation devices placed on docks or land where they are convenient (Figure 4.21). The ability of a pumpout station to to use and can be kept clean. Marinas should attract new customers is magnified when consider making at least one dump station pumpouts are free and done by marina staff! available, even if the marina caters primarily to large boats. Public launch ramps should offer Provide portable toilet dump stations near dump stations where feasible. small slips and launch ramps. Provide restrooms at all marinas and boat The vast majority of boats used in the United ramps.
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This is a NO DISCHARGE marina. Please use our clean restrooms. Pumpout service is free to customers. Do your part to keep our water clean. Figure 4.22. An example of a sign declaring a “no discharge” marina.
attorney can add the appropriate language. Marina-specific no discharge policies will work if Figure 4.21. Management at Battery Park Marina conditions similar to those necessary to make (Ohio) found that most customers are willing to federal or state designated NDZs effective: pump fuel but not their sewage. Dock staff at the marina, therefore, pump out the boats. Customers • Provision of adequate restroom facilities for also often prefer to make a single stop for both fuel marina patrons. and a pumpout, and marinas that have made it convenient for boaters to do this (such as Battery • Convenient and low-cost or free pumpout Park Marina and Kean's Detroit Yacht Harbor in service at the marina. Michigan) have found that the arrangement leads to • Adequate boater education. an increase in the volume of fuel sales as well as • Signs that declare the marina policy of no customer satisfaction (EPA, 1996: Clean discharge. Marinas—Clear Value). • Contract language that is legally sufficient and easy to understand. • Visible enforcement. Clean, dry, brightly lit restrooms in marinas will generally be used in preference to boat toilets, Establish practices and post signs to control pet especially if easy to get to. Restrooms are the best waste problems. way to reduce boat toilet use and thus decrease the potential for overboard discharge of untreated Many boats have dogs aboard and the animals sewage. Where feasible, restrooms should be need an area to relieve themselves. The best way provided for those who use boat launch ramps. to control pet sewage is to provide a special area Restrooms are an amenity that can increase user away from the shore for dogs to be taken and ask satisfaction and decrease direct sewage discharges owners to clean up after their pets (Figure 4.23). to waterbodies. A grassy area that is away from where people walk or children play is ideal. Consider declaring marina waters to be a “no discharge” area. Avoid feeding of wild birds in the marina.
Federal law prohibits discharge of any untreated The popular practice of feeding wild ducks, geese, sewage into all territorial waters, including coastal swans, and seagulls around the docks attracts waters to the 3-mile territorial limit, and inland more birds and encourages all of them to become waters of the Nation, but does allow use of Coast long-term residents at the marina. Such Guard-approved marine sanitation devices (MSD residential flocks can contaminate water, foul Types I and II). A private marina that is not in a docks, and create a mess on boats. The best way federal or state designated no discharge zone may to reduce this water pollution source is to prohibit prohibit sewage discharges within the marina people from feeding the birds. basin, if desired, with the addition of a clause to the slip rental contract stating that sewage The largest marina in the world, Marina Del Rey discharge is not permitted (Figure 4.22). An (California), is owned and operated by the County
National Management Measures Guidance 4-83 SECTION 4: Management Measures
geography, and those that can be designated by EPA and states. Waterbodies of the first type include freshwater lakes and reservoirs, and other freshwater impoundments whose entrance and exit points do not support traffic by the regulated vessels, i.e., by vessels with installed toilets. Rivers that do not support interstate vessel traffic are also NDZs by this rule. Waterbodies of the second type (i.e., that can be designated as NDZs by EPA or states) include coastal waters and estuaries, the Great Lakes and their interconnected waterways, and other flowing interstate waters that are navigable by vessels with installed toilets. Since 1975, when EPA approved the first state application for a no discharge zone, many states have established NDZs. Some states, including Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, and Rhode Island, have designated all their waters as no discharge zones (Table 4-3). All of Lake Michigan and most of Lake Superior have been declared to be NDZs. Figure 4.23. Elliott Bay Marina (Washington) solved the problem of dog droppings on its docks by providing free disposable plastic bags for owners to A no discharge designation is particularly use to clean up after their pets. This inexpensive applicable to inland lakes and reservoirs where solution freed staff from having to clean the flushing might be limited, primary contact grounds of dog droppings period-ically and virtually recreational activities (e.g., swimming, eliminated complaints from other boaters (EPA, windsurfing) are popular, and surrounding homes 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value). might use septic systems for sewage treatment. The Clean Vessel Act provides grants to coastal of Los Angeles. The county was forced to close and inland states for pumpout stations and waste one of its popular family bathing beaches for over reception facilities to dispose of recreational a year due to high fecal contamination in the boater sewage. A listing of existing no discharge water. Extensive tests proved that the source of zones is presented in at the end of this the pollution problem was seagulls overnighting management measure discussion. on the beach, not from boat sewage. Within days of stringing monofilament lines over the beach to For a no discharge designation to be successful, discourage bird visits, water quality improved three key elements are necessary: dramatically and the beach was eventually reopened. • Pumpout services in the area declared to be an NDZ should be reasonably available when Establish no discharge zones to prevent any customers need them and adequate for the sewage from entering boating waters. number of boaters in the area.
Every state has some no discharge boating waters • Boaters should be educated about the purpose that prohibit release of any treated or untreated and importance of the NDZ designation, how to sewage from all boats and vessels. EPA properly comply with the designation, and the regulations define two types of no discharge zones locations of pumpout services. (NDZs)—those that are NDZs by nature of their
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Table 4-3. EPA-designated no-discharge zones in the United States (as of 1999). Waters in which flushing of vessel sewage, treated or untreated, is prohibited
Boundary Waters Canoe Area: Border of 100 miles of Minnesota and Canada California: 11 coastal harbors - Avalon Bay Harbor, Channel Islands Harbor at Oxnard, Dana Point Harbor, Huntington Harbor, Mission Bay, Newport Bay, Oceanside Harbor, Richardson Bay, San Diego Bay, Santa Catalina Island, Sunset Bay Florida: Destin Harbor Rhode Island: Great Salt Pond, Block Island, and all Rhode Island Coastal Waters up to 3 miles out Lake Champlain: New York, Vermont Lake George: New York Hudson River: New York, 65 miles from Roseton (above Newburgh) to southern tip of Houghtaling Island (at Coeymans) and from the Troy-Waterford Bridge to Lock #2. Vermont: Lake Menphremagog Lake Tahoe: Both California and Nevada sides of the lake Michigan: All waters Minneapolis-St. Paul: Confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers Missouri: All waters except the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and western portion of Bull Shoals Lake Massachusetts: Nantucket Harbor, Wareham Harbor, Waquoit Harbor, Westport Harbor, Chatham-Stage Harbor Complex (Pending: town of Harwich) New Hampshire: All waters except tidal waters New Jersey: Manasquan River and Shark River New Mexico: All waters Texas: 24 man-made lakes Wisconsin: All waters except the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers and Wisconsin portion of Lake Superior Georgia/South Carolina: Lake Hartwell
•NOTES: Under federal law, completely enclosed freshwater lakes are by definition "no discharge" zones. If they carry interstate traffic or allow access by canals, or locks, they are not. •"No discharge" refers to vessel sewage, treated or untreated, and does not apply to gray water, i.e., galley or shower water. •Source: Boat Owners Association of the United States,
• The NDZ designation should be strictly Federal law prohibits the discharge of any enforced to ensure compliance. Enforcement untreated sewage within the continental waters of can include boat inspection to ensure that the nation, including all rivers and lakes as well as through-hull valves from boat toilets or holding coastal waters out to 3 nautical miles into the tanks are sealed shut, and that Y-valves direct ocean. These policies typically require that these toilet waste into holding tanks. NDZ vessels be configured so that the direct discharge designations usually are not effective without of sewage, treated or untreated, to a waterbody is vigorous enforcement. not possible. Only those relatively few boats that do travel out beyond the 3-mile limit may use a Y- Establish equipment requirement policies that valve to discharge overboard. Yet the reality is prohibit the use of Y-valves on boats on inland that many boats that never enter the ocean have Y- waters. valves, seacocks, and thru-hulls installed. Most of these are boats built before there were sufficient The U.S. Coast Guard has established equipment numbers of pumpouts available. Y-valves (also requirements for vessels with onboard toilets. called “cheater valves”) have no purpose other
National Management Measures Guidance 4-85 SECTION 4: Management Measures than to bypass the holding tank to avoid using a pumpout. This is clearly illegal and not good for water quality.
As with no-discharge policies, in order for laws that require specific equipment or configurations on boats to work, sufficient and suitable facilities for disposing of any waste (pumpout services or dump stations) should be available.
Dramatic improvements in water quality have been recorded where pumpouts have been installed and their use enforced. Water testing in Avalon Harbor (California) and Block Island (Rhode Island) following implementation of no discharge designa-tions revealed significant decreases in fecal coliform bacteria concentrations during the boating season. In Rhode Island, the de-crease permitted the opening of a major shellfish bed on Block Island after 13 years of summer closure.
Another essential factor that promotes boater compliance is enforcement of regulations. On Lake Winnepeasaukee (New Hampshire), every boat is inspected for having a holding tank and no Y-valve or thru-hull discharge fitting. When a thru-hull fitting is discovered, it must be plugged solid before being allowed to be used on the lake. This enforcement has been done successfully for over 30 years by state inspectors at all public launch ramps and by staff in private marinas around the lake.
BMP Summary Table 11 summarizes the BMPs for Sewage Facility Management mentioned in this guidance.
4-86 National Management Measures Guidance Sewage Facility Management s not h in worst can fecal coliform point system, portable/mobile dumpsystem, station, slipside or dedicated EPAsystem; recommends one pumpout per 300 with marinevessels toilets. made available during made available or hours marina normal when the fuel dock is openalso during the season.boating Annual Estimate Notes Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Maintenance Estimate Initial Cost MODERATE to HIGH to MODERATE MODERATE to LOW fixed systems: of Types MODERATE to LOW to MODERATE MODERATE to LOW be should Pumpouts MODERATE to LOW to MODERATE MODERATE to LOW training. staff Requires Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; reduces the chances that untreated sewage will enter the water; results in cleaner and quality water uncontaminated shellfish HIGH; providing convenient pumpouts encourages use and therefore reduces direct discharge of sewage nearshoreinto waters HIGH; pumpouts reduce discharge direct of sewage into nearshore waters Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; matching grant money is available Vessel Clean through grant programAct for of pumpoutinstallation facility; free pumpouts at a marina can attract new customers MODERATE; low fees low MODERATE; (up to $5) or free andservice pumpouts marinadone staff by attracts customers MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; pumpout at a marina can service attract new customers, when especially customers do not have to pump own their boats & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina docks and piers universally - recommended Marina basin - basin Marina universally recommended Marina pumpout universally - station recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES pumpoutInstall facilities where needed. Use a system with the compatible needs marina's Provide pumpout at convenientservice andtimes at a reasonable cost Keep pumpoutKeep stations clean and easily and consider accessible, do staff marina having pumpouts as massive as a typical sewage treatment plant outfall, boat sewage is very concentrated and can add to the overall problemloading to of the water body. Boat sewage also adds extra nutrients that use dissolved oxygen and can stimulate algae growth,cases whic can grow so fast that it uses by oxygen fish needed and other organisms to eat. When untreated sewage goes overboard,contaminate it shellfish, leading to potentially serious human health problems. BMP Table Summary 11. SEWAGE FACILITY MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT needed pumpout, MEASURE where at - new facilities and Install dump station, and restroom expanding waters. Design sewage to these of to surface access and marinas the facilities reduce ease of to release allow boating public. by the use to promote signage post ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: Boat sewage can be a problem dumped when overboard without any treatment. Although the of volume sewage discharged from boats i
National Management Measures Guidance 4-87 SECTION 4: Management Measures be all that a drystack or that a drystack be all small boat marina needs; use signs to proper dumpindicate use;station portable should never be toilets dumped overboard. with dry, clean, convenient restrooms; bright lights and pleasant odor are also important to customers. rental contracts with customers and transient might be visitors required; works best when: (1) restrooms are available, (2) pumpouts are available, (3) boaters are educated, (4) signs are posted, enforced. is (5) policy pet waste is to create a pet waste is area awaydog walking from the shore where cananimals be taken. Annual Estimate Notes Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Maintenance Estimate Initial Cost MODERATE to LOW to MODERATE MODERATE to LOW may station dump One HIGH to MODERATE to HIGH MODERATE to LOW happiest are Customers LOW None Legally binding slip LOW LOW control to way best The Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; providing convenient portable toilet dump stations encourages use and therefore reduces direct discharge of sewage nearshoreinto waters HIGH; good restrooms get used and reduce use, and boat toilet hence overboard discharge HIGH; reduced of risk water bacterial pollution MODERATE; keeps MODERATE; harmful with waste pet from washingbacteria into marina basin Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; makes it makes MODERATE; convenient for boaters their portable to empty and reducestoilet, chances of unsightly and unsanitary spills HIGH; clean bathrooms attract customers; marina showsurveys that a a good restroom is reasonmajor why a marina boaters select HIGH to HIGH a such MODERATE; can attract policy environmentally conscious customers; reduces sewage discharges; increases use of pumpout; good relations for public MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; a marina free of morepet waste is to present attractive and customers potential and will reduce complaints from boat owners & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina docks and generally ramps - recommended Marina dockside - Marina dockside universally recommended Marina wide - wide Marina generally recommended Delivery reduction by boaters for dock and upland areas & Type Best Management Practice Examples Provide portable toilet Provide portable dump near stations small slips and launch ramps Provide restrooms at all marinas and boat ramps Consider declaring a Consider declaring marina to be a private “no discharge” marina Establish practices and practices Establish post signs to control pet waste problems BMP Table Summary 11. (cont.) SEWAGE FACILITY MANAGEMENT
4-88 National Management Measures Guidance Sewage Facility Management bird waste is to not to waste is bird attract them to the marina as an a feeding ground. For no discharge to discharge no For three work effectively, conditions must be met: (1) pumpout services must be adequate; (2) boaters educated to increase awareness; and (3) strict enforcement to ensure full compliance; federal CVA grants are for pumpoutavailable installation. This is required on under waters some law. federal Annual Estimate Notes Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Maintenance for enforcement and education for enforcement and education Estimate Initial Cost LOW None The to control best way HIGH to MODERATE to HIGH MODERATE to HIGH HIGH to MODERATE to HIGH MODERATE to HIGH Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; reduces MODERATE; harmful marina in basin and on docks and boats HIGH; significant improvements in water been have quality shown in enforced no discharge zones; areas to shellfishing closed and swimming can be opened HIGH; decreases onsewage loading the andwaterbody can help overall to improve water quality in inland andlakes reservoirs Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; keeps marina more free of waste and reduces complaints from boat owner; cleaner docks and boats MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; increases pumpout use; creates or not, real perception, that water quality is good HIGH; the simplest andHIGH; the simplest most effective enforcement tool; allowing this equipment to remain on the boat encourages cheating & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina wide - wide Marina universally recommended Any boating waters boating – Any generally recommended Inland boating waters – waters boating Inland universally recommended for inland waters & Type Best Management Practice Examples Prohibit feeding of wild the in marinabirds Establish no discharge no Establish zones to prevent any sewage from entering watersboating Establish equipment Establish policies requirement that use prohibit of Y- onvalves boats on inland waters BMP Table Summary 11. (cont.) SEWAGE FACILITY MANAGEMENT
National Management Measures Guidance 4-89 4.12. MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE FACILITIES
Management Measure for Maintenance of Sewage Facilities:
Ensure that sewage pumpout facilities are maintained in operational condition and encourage their use.
Management Measure Description pumpouts can result, and these can be discouraging and tempt people to discharge Boaters are becoming increasingly aware of the illegally. Finally, if pumpouts are free to those need to protect the environment and of their role with slips at a marina and the pumpout at that in maintaining healthy waters. Boaters today marina is inoperable, patrons will not likely be want to do what is proper for the environment, pleased with having to pay for a pumpout and maintaining sewage facilities in good elsewhere. operating condition at all times so that they are always accessible to boaters helps boaters achieve Best Management Practices their environmental goals. This measure is important because it is the simplest and most Pollution Prevention Practices effective way to prevent the failure of sewage facilities, and to ensure their availability to Maintain a dedicated fund and issue a contract boaters. for pumpout and dump station repair and maintenance (applies to government-operated Sewage collection facilities, including sewage marinas, pumpout stations, and dump stations pumpout stations and portable toilet dump only). stations, help reduce the release of untreated sewage into marina and surface waters. Boaters Government-owned and operated marinas and can only use the facilities, however, when they launch ramps can establish dedicated funds operate properly. Nonfunctioning sewage specifically to maintain pumpouts and dump collection and disposal facilities present a serious stations in continuous operational condition. If a obstacle to boaters whose holding tanks are full, Clean Vessel Act grant was used to purchase and and in such circumstances boaters are left with install the sewage station, the U.S. Fish and few choices for sewage disposal—travel Wildlife Service requires that pumpout equipment elsewhere to find an operable pumpout or dump be maintained in operational condition for boater station, discharge sewage directly overboard, or use. cease using their boat toilets. The first of these options is very inconvenient; the second is illegal Regularly inspect and maintain sewage in no discharge zones, and legal otherwise only facilities. through an approved marine sanitation device in appropriate waters; and the third would mean Sewage disposal facilities can be kept operating “stop using your boat” to many boaters. Also, an properly with regular inspection and maintenance. inoperable pumpout or dump station at one marina Routine maintenance, performed according to can create an excessive demand at stations in the instructions that come with the unit, can be done same area that are operable. Long lines at the by marina staff, with major problems referred to
4-90 National Management Measures Guidance Maintenance of Sewage Facilities qualified service personnel. Routine inspections boaters when selecting a marina is the cleanliness, of marina waste holding tanks and secondary condition, and convenience of its restrooms. containment areas will ensure their integrity. If These surveys show that boaters prefer to use septic tanks and leach fields are used for final restrooms that are: disposal, the tanks will function most efficiently and at least cost if they are pumped out regularly • Clean and dry to prevent overflows and clogging. • Close to docks and accessible at all hours • Well maintained and brightly lit Boatyards and marina facilities capable of • Free of insects servicing and repairing boat toilet and holding • Amply supplied with toilet paper and hand tank systems can promote annual marine towels sanitation device inspections and maintenance by • Equipped with private showers and dressing offering this service to boat owners. During the rooms off season or winter storage months, this service •Safe can generate additional income for a marina, and is one way that marinas can play proactive roles in BMP Summary Table 12 summarizes the BMPs boater education and the promotion of for Sewage Facility Maintenance mentioned in environmental awareness. this guidance.
Disinfect the suction connection of a pumpout station (stationary or portable) by dipping or spraying it with disinfectant.
While not a practice to protect water quality, part of pumpout station maintenance is protecting pumpout operators, whether marina staff or boaters, against infection and illness. Risk of contact with bacteria or viruses while handling the pumpout nozzle can be minimized by providing a pail that contains water and a nontoxic disinfectant, such as common bleach, next to the pumpout station for dipping the nozzle end into immediately following each use. Care should be taken to ensure that the disinfectant solution does not spill into marina waters. The mildest, least harmful disinfectant that will do the job is the best choice for this purpose. Use of the disinfectant solution can be added to instructions provided on how to use the pumpout.
Maintain convenient, clean, dry, and pleasant restroom facilities in the marina.
An effective way to encourage boaters to dispose of their sewage properly and not to discharge it overboard is to have good shoreside restroom facilities available for customers and guests. Surveys have shown that a factor important to
National Management Measures Guidance 4-91 CHAPTER 4: Management Measures es a government operated marinas and pumpout stations. and a regular inspection schedule; keep records of each inspection. that a pail provide contains water and a disinfectant like nextbleach to the pumpout station Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes Estimate Initial Cost LOW MODERATELOW Applies only to MODERATE to LOW training staff Requires LOW LOW to is method simple A ilities, boaters whose holding tanks are full have three Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; reduces sewage discharge that can result when a pumpout out is of service MODERATE; operating properly pumpouts help reduce sewage pollution LOW; be careful to avoid spilling into disinfectant waterbody Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; facilities funded a CVA by grant are required to be properly annual an maintained; contractservice ensures regular maintenance and proper functioning regular HIGH; inspections help detect small maintenance needs before they problems become big and cost more to repair HIGH; protects pumpout operators from infection & Usage Marina Location Marina Government run public facilities – generally recommended sewage Marina collection facilities - universally recommended Marina pumpout universally - station recommended Type Best Management Practice Examples & Regularly inspect and Regularly maintain sewage facilities theDisinfect suction connection of a pumpout or (stationary station or dipping by portable) with disinfectant it spraying POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES fundMaintain a dedicated and issue a contract for pumpout and dump station andrepair maintenance to government(applies facilities only) choices: 1) go elsewhere to find an operable pumpout or dump station which is inconvenient; 2) discharge sewage directly 2) discharge inconvenient; is pumpout station or operable which an dump to 1) gochoices: elsewhere find overboard which is illegal in no discharge zones pumpout boat"; your "stop also, one inoperable to and using mean boat would waters; their some or toilets, which 3) cease using otherwise only through an approved marinemight sanitation overload device another in nearshore one nearby, and tempt fee. higher boaters to discharge illegally, particularly if the other one is not free or charg BMP Table Summary 12. MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE FACILITIES MANAGEMENT MEASURE that maintained - condition pumpout Ensure in sewage are operational facilities and their use. encourage ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: fac disposal and sewage collection nonfunctioning with faced When
4-92 National Management Measures Guidance Maintenance of Sewage Facilities happiest with clean, convenientdry, restrooms; bright andlights pleasant odor are also important to customers. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes LOW to MODERATE to LOW are Customers Estimate Initial Cost HIGH to HIGH MODERATE Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; good restrooms get used and use,reduce boat toilet and hence overboard discharge Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; clean bathrooms attract customers; marina showsurveys that a a good restroom is reasonmajor why a marina boaters select & Usage Marina Location Marina Marina - universally - Marina recommended Type Best Management Practice Examples & Maintain convenient, clean, and pleasant dry, restroom facilities in the marina BMP Table Summary 12. (cont.) MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE FACILITIES
National Management Measures Guidance 4-93 4.13. BOAT CLEANING
Management Measure for Boat Cleaning:
For boats that are in the water, perform cleaning operations to minimize, to the extent practicable, the release to surface waters of (a) harmful cleaners and solvents and (b) paint from in-water hull cleaning.
Management Measure Description and they could eventually bioaccumulate in fish or shellfish that are be eaten by people. Preventing the entry of chemicals from boat cleaners, cleaning solvents, and antifoulant paint Under the Clean Water Act, the NPDES Storm into marina waters is the most direct way to Water Permit Program defines boat wash water as prevent harm to the aquatic environment from "processed water." Discharge of any processed these products. The management practices water by a marina or boatyard is illegal associated with this management measure are nationwide without a formal permit from EPA or easily implemented, practiced by boat owners and a state government. This permit requirement does marinas alike, and they do not interfere with the not apply to boat owners who are cleaning their need to keep boats clean. own boats, but does apply to anyone who professionally cleans boats in a marina. See the Marina employees and boat owners use a variety Storm Water Runoff Management Measure of boat cleaners, such as teak cleaners, fiberglass (Subsection 4.5) for EPA’s web site address. polishers, and detergents, and boats are usually cleaned while in the water or onshore adjacent to If work is done sensibly, chemicals and debris the water. Some of the cleaner used ultimately from washing boat topsides, decks, and wetted ends up in the water. Additionally, when boat hull surfaces while boats are in the water can be bottoms are cleaned aggressively while boats are kept out of the water. Cleaning trailerable boats in the water, antifouling paint can be abraded off and boats cruising between one waterbody and and deposited into marina waters and sediments. another is also important in preventing the spread This management measure is aimed at minimizing of exotic species and is a highly recommended the release of harmful ingredients in cleaners and practice. bottom paints to marina basins. Best Management Practices Many cleaners contain harsh chlorine, ammonia, phosphates, and other caustic chemicals that can Pollution Prevention Practices harm fish and other aquatic life. If a product's label warns about potential harm to people's skin Wash boat hulls above the waterline by hand. or eyes, the product is most likely harmful to Where feasible, remove boats from the water aquatic life. Some chemicals in these cleaners and clean them where debris can be captured bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms (that is, they and properly disposed of. become more concentrated as they are ingested successively by animals higher on the food chain), Washing the boat hull by hand (that is, not by pressure washing) reduces the amount of abrasion
4-94 National Management Measures Guidance Boat Cleaning to the hull, which results in less paint chipped off nontoxic antifouling paints. and less debris lost to the marina basin. Where feasible, remove boats from the water and clean Considerable progress has been made in them where debris can be captured and properly antifouling paint technology in recent years, and disposed of. more improvements are expected that will reduce and effectively eliminate the toxicity of hull Buy and use detergents and cleaning paints, and increase their ability to keep hulls free compounds that will have minimal impact on of fouling growth for longer periods. Silicone- the aquatic environment. based and hard-surfaced, nonablative copper metal-based paints are such recent innovations. In “Nontoxic” and “phosphate-free” cleaners are general, harder paints last longer and some reduce available and friendlier to the environment than the need to repaint boat bottoms to once every 10 products with toxic components. Products that years. More information on antifoulant paints and carry safety warnings about the harm they can specifications is available on the Internet (search cause to people (Figure 4.24) can harm the on “antifoulants”), or can be provided by a marine environment as well. paint supplier.
Although “biodegradable” sounds good, it does Source Reduction Practices not mean that a product is nontoxic. Biodegradable products are those which can be Minimize the impacts of wastewater from broken down by bacteria, other organisms, or pressure washing. natural processes. The degradation of “biodegradable” products in water uses dissolved There are several ways to treat the wastewater oxygen, and therefore these products can lower from pressure washing to remove the paint chips dissolved oxygen levels. Also, some products or particles that might be present: might not biodegrade in aquatic environments—freshwater or marine. • Settling: Trap the water in a container and allow it to sit long enough after washing to Avoid in-the-water hull scraping or any permit any particles to settle out of the water. abrasive process that is done underwater that This method will remove only the particles could remove paint from the boat hull. large enough to settle out of solution.
Any hull cleaning performed in the water will • Filtration: Wastewater can be passed through remove the least amount of paint if done with one or more filters that screen out particles. A something soft. Mechanical underwater scrubbing filter cloth used at the wash site can be effective machines can scrape and chip off antifouling paint for straining out visible particles. Additional and encourage fouling growth on the hull. filtration is achieved by using a series of filters Frequent hand washing of hulls should not cause with smaller and smaller mesh sizes. any paint to abrade or chip off, but can adequately remove scum and fouling organisms. • Treatment: Chemical or biological cleaning technologies can be used to treat the wastewater Switch to long-lasting and low-toxicity or and remove contaminants. Treatment can
WARNING: EYE IRRITANT. Avoid contact with eyes. May cause skin irritation. For sensitive skin or prolonged use wear gloves. Use with adequate ventilation. FIRST AID: EYES—rinse eyes with water for 15 minutes, call a physician. SKIN—rinse with water. IF SWALLOWED—drink a glassful of water. Call a physician. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Figure 4.24. Warning sign that indicates toxicity to both people and the environment.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-95 SECTION 4: Management Measures
• Associated Marine Technologies (Florida) installed a closed-loop pressure washing system for boat bottoms.
• Green Cove Marina (New Jersey) designed its own sump drain system and lift pump under the boat lift. The system pushes dirty water into a filter and recycling system consisting of three 55- gallon filtering drums and a 225-gallon holding tank. The debris is dried and sent to a landfill.
• Harbour Towne Marina (Florida) installed a wastewater filtration system to clean the power wash water to meet the county's gray water standards for discharge into the municipal sewer system. A concrete washing pad slopes down to a central drain, where the washwater is filtered and treated with three different chemicals. The marina hauled and washed 650 boats in the 1994-95 season, at a significant profit.
• Summerfield Boat Works (Florida) installed a water filtration system that includes an ultraviolet light ozone generator to oxidize all dissolved pollutants and erase odor. The wastewater is then recycled within the marina. The boatyard pays for its wastewater treatment program by charging an Environmental Cost Obligation for each boat hauled for pressure washing.
(EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value)
remove oil and grease, metals, or other contaminants. Once wastewater has been treated, it can be discharged into marina waters or a sanitary sewer (check local regulations), or can be reused at the marina for more boat washing or grounds watering.
BMP Summary Table 13 summarizes the BMPs for Boat Cleaning mentioned in this guidance.
4-96 National Management Measures Guidance Boat Cleaning , Types of attachedTypes marine growth to be include collected barnacles, zebra mussels, large seaweeds, sponges and sells environmentally products, friendly many boaters switch useto their as well. encourages hull all and engine maintenance to be done on land, not in the water. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes LOW to MODERATE Estimate Initial Cost MODERATE to MODERATE LOW LOW LOW uses marina When LOW LOW stack storage Dry Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE to MODERATE HIGH; decreases contamination of bottom sediments with debris paint HIGH; reduces chance that harmful chemicals will enter aquatic/marine environment MODERATE; washing hand by reduces abrasion which chips antifouling paint theinto water Marina Benefits to Benefits MODERATE; reduces unattractive appearance of basin bottom around boats; reduces the as “workuse of slips zones” MODERATE to MODERATE theseHIGH; products work well and are often less hazardous to humans MODERATE; handwashing is less thanabrasive other methods; works well frequently done if Usage Marina Location & Location Marina work area - generally recommended Boats in marina in Boats generally basin - recommended Boats in marina in Boats generally basin - recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Avoid in-the-water hull scraping or any Avoid process that doneabrasive is underwater that could remove paint from the boat hull Buy and use detergents and cleaning compounds that will have minimal impact on the aquatic environment POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES Wash boat hulls above the by waterline removehand. boats from Where feasible, the water and clean them where debris can of be captureddisposed and properly decks and hull surfaces can be kept practices. be out boating can surfaces sense the of water common some with hull decks and BMP Table Summary 13. BOAT CLEANING MANAGEMENT to toMANAGEMENT cleaningthe operations minimize, extent boats MEASURE that in the - perform For water, are and and solvents (b) cleaners cleaning. in-water (a) paint hull of harmful waters from to surface practicable, the release ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: other and life. aquatic fish that harm can other phosphates and chemicals ammonia, chlorine, harsh contain boat cleaners Many may and other animals by are ingested as they organisms more concentrated aquatic become these in cleaners in chemicals Some boat topsides washing from debris and people. Chemicals eaten by be may which shellfish and into fish way their find eventually
National Management Measures Guidance 4-97 SECTION 4: Management Measures Boats kept on racks or dry trailers do not need antifouling bottom paint; use of antifouling paint on boats kept in fresh is water discouraged, except wherefor example zebra mussels are a problem. before thetime particles collected and sludge can be to removed; allow before disposal dry in trash. Annual Operation & Operation Maintenance Cost Estimate Notes LOW to MODERATE Estimate Initial Cost LOW to MODERATE MODERATE LOW Settlement requires Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE to MODERATE new HIGH; antifouling paints and are effective or nontoxicless to aquatic animals MODERATE; reduces for potential to of debris release surface waters Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH for boater; harder paints last andlonger can last seasonsseveral before needing repainting MODERATE; removing larger from particles wastewater can reduce treatment needs Usage Marina Location & Location Marina store, work area and boat - generally recommended Marina work area - generally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Switch to long-lasting and low-toxicity or and low-toxicity Switch to long-lasting nontoxic antifouling paints SOURCE REDUCTION PRACTICES theMinimize of wastewater impacts from pressure washing BMP Table Summary 13. (cont.) BOAT CLEANING MANAGEMENT
4-98 National Management Measures Guidance 4.14. BOAT OPERATION
Management Measure for Boat Operation:
Manage boating activities where necessary to decrease turbidity and physical destruction of shallow-water habitat.
Management Measure Description in the sediment. Once in the water column, these chemicals are more likely to be ingested by fish No wake zones, motorized craft restrictions, and and shellfish, and work their way up the food sign and buoy placement are proven, widely used chain, possibly to someone’s dinner table. practices for protecting shallow-water habitats. Important aquatic vegetation be protected from Uprooted submerged aquatic vegetation can no damage due to boat and personal watercraft longer provide habitat for fish and shellfish or propellers, because of its ecological importance food for waterfowl. Instead of recycling nutrients and value in preventing shoreline erosion. This released from matter decomposing in the management measure presents effective, easily waterbody, the vegetation adds more nutrients as implemented practices for protecting aquatic it decomposes. It also cannot reduce wave energy vegetation and shorelines. at shorelines, so the shorelines become more exposed to the erosive forces of storm waves and Boat traffic (including personal watercraft) the boat wakes that contributed to their initial through shallow-water areas and in nearshore loss. Replacing submerged aquatic vegetation areas at wake-producing speeds can resuspend once it has been uprooted or eliminated from an bottom sediment, uproot submerged aquatic area is difficult, and the science of replacing it vegetation, erode shorelines, and harm some once it is lost is not well developed. animals, including manatees. Resuspended sediment and erosion along shorelines increases Many manatee mortalities are human-related, turbidity in the water column. Turbid waters can’t occurring from collisions with watercraft, and support submerged aquatic vegetation to the same restrictions on boating activity in shallow water depths as clear waters, because sunlight can’t habitats favored by the animals could reduce the penetrate to as great a depth, and with number of animals injured by propellers.. West photosynthesis limited to the upper foot or so of Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) are found water, less dissolved oxygen is produced. in shallow, slow-moving rivers, estuaries, saltwater bays, canals, and coastal areas. They are Fish that locate prey primarily by sight have a a migratory species and in the United States they harder time finding prey in turbid waters, plant are concentrated in Florida in the winter, but can leaves can become coated with fine sediment, and be found in summer months as far west as bottom-dwelling organisms are continually Alabama and as far north as Virginia and the covered by resettling sediment. Carolinas. There are approximately 2,600 West Indian manatees left in the United States. Resuspended sediment can also contain harmful chemicals that were discharged at the marina or Manatees States are protected under federal law elsewhere in the watershed and had been trapped by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972,
National Management Measures Guidance 4-99 SECTION 4: Management Measures
Guidelines for Responsible Personal Watercraft Operation
Personal watercraft, include jet skis and waterbikes, are propelled by waterjet drives, have shallow draft designs, and are able to achieve planing speeds (65+ mph). Approximately one-third of all new boat sales in recent years have been personal watercraft. They are defined as Class A inboard boats by the U.S. Coast Guard and are required to follow most boating regulations. The personal watercraft industry encourages users of personal watercraft to adopt the following simple guidelines to preserve natural resources.
• Ride in main channels to avoid stirring bottom sediments; limit riding in shallow water. • In coastal areas, be aware of low tide when seagrass beds, other delicate vegetation, and bottom organisms are more exposed. • Operate away from shore as much as possible to avoid disturbing wildlife with wakes and noise and to avoid interfering with their feeding, nesting, and resting. • Ride at controlled speeds in waters where sea otters, sea lions, manatees, whales, and sea turtles live and swim, so you can avoid hitting and injuring them. • Avoid mangrove communities, kelp forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, since these are delicate ecosystems that are easily damaged. • Avoid high speeds near the shore to minimize or eliminate your contribution to shoreline erosion. • Wash your personal watercraft off after use and before trailering it to other waters to avoid spreading exotic, non-native species to uninfected waters.
(PWIA, 1999) and the Endangered Species Act of 1973, which probably the reason. Seagrass beds usually grow make it illegal to harass, hunt, capture, or kill any in patches, where the center of the patch is marine mammal. They are also protected by the protected from erosive currents by vegetation at Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act of 1978 which the edge of the patch. Trenches cut by boat states: "It is unlawful for any person, at any time, propellers act like roads cut through a forest, intentionally or negligently, to annoy, molest, exposing the center of the patch to currents and harass, or disturb any manatee." Anyone making the entire patch less stable. The sediment convicted of violating Florida's state law faces a in the trench is also newly exposed to currents, possible maximum fine of $1,000 and/or making it difficult for new vegetation to establish imprisonment for up to 60 days. Conviction on itself. Further loss of submerged aquatic the federal level is punishable by a fine of up to vegetation and sediment next to the trenches is $50,000 and/or one year in prison. likely after the initial loss.
Best Management Practices To protect seagrass beds and bottom habitats, shallow-water areas can be established as “off Pollution Prevention Practices limits” to boat traffic of any type, including personal watercraft (PWCs). Signs or buoys in Restrict boater traffic in shallow-water areas. the water around the edges of these areas can help the public comply with shallow habitat protection Where shallow areas that normally have efforts. Distribution of flyers with maps that submerged aquatic vegetation instead are found to show shallow areas and indicate permanent have trenches (usually between 10 to 24 inches landmarks, so boaters can easily determine wide) without vegetation running through them, whether they are near shallow areas, is another boat propellers or personal watercraft are effective tool. Boaters usually try to protect these
4-100 National Management Measures Guidance Boat Operation habitats once they understand their ecological importance and are aware of their presence. Shallow-water habitat destruction is due more to a lack of knowledge than to negligence.
Establish and enforce no wake zones to decrease turbidity, shore erosion, and damage in marinas.
No wake zones are more effective than speed limits in shallow surface waters for reducing turbidity and erosion caused by boat passage. Hull shape strongly influences wake formation, allowing some boats to go fast with little wake while other boats throw a large wake at slow, nonplaning speeds. In shallow areas, larger waves from the wakes of “speed-limited” watercraft are more likely to resuspend bottom sediments and create turbid waters.
Although the prime responsibility for creating, enforcing, and posting signs for no wake zones rests with government, marinas can (and many do!) post NO WAKE signs within their marina waters.
BMP Summary Table 14 summarizes the BMPs for Boat Operation mentioned in this guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-101 SECTION 4: Management Measures om ellers or t also leased from sunlight to ver. and include buoys; sensitive shallow area on restrictions navigation charts; post charts on boards marina bulleting where boaters can see where are. they wake" signs at the entrance waters to their to boaters as a courtesy in slips; consider posting them near shoreline areas thein marina and soliciting the local government to establish no-wake zones where shoreline erosion might be a problem. raffic can also Cost Estimate Notes & Maintenance Annual Operation Estimate Initial Cost MODERATE MODERATE signs with areas Mark LOW LOW Many marinas post "no- Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; shallow water shallow HIGH; habitats are important aquatic many to organisms for feeding, shelter HIGH; reduces shoreline erosion; preserves biologically important nearshore habitats and the flora and fauna in that live them Marina Benefits to Benefits HIGH; wake control wake HIGH; reduces damage to anddocks, floats, shorelines; saves cost maintenance of wavedredging; free more are basins marina pleasant for boaters MODERATE; vegetated bottoms help limit erosion and resuspension of sediments & Usage Marina Location Marina Near-shore areas - universally recommended Shallow-water boating Shallow-water generally areas - recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Establish and enforce no- wake zones to decrease turbidity, shoreline erosion, and damage in marinas POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES in boater traffic Restrict watershallow areas sediments and erode shorelines, all of which can increase turbidity in the water column; turbid waters block the penetration of underwater plants that light need for survival, and reduces visibility for fish rely who on sight to catch their prey; vessel t uproot submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) which is habitat for fish and shellfish and food for waterfowl, recycles nutrientsmatter re decomposing in the waterbody, and reduces wave energy at shorelines thus protects them from erosion; vessel traffic migh churn up harmful chemicals which had been trapped in the sediments and may contaminate fish and shellfish that people eat; prop jet drives in contact when with the bottom dig visible will furrows across the soil and vegetation which can take years to reco BMP Table Summary 14. BOAT OPERATION MANAGEMENT of destruction physical and turbidity to decrease necessary where MANAGEMENT activities MEASUREboating - Manage habitat. shallow-water ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS: Boat and personal watercraft traffic through very shallow water and nearshore areas at wake producing speeds can resuspend bott
4-102 National Management Measures Guidance 4.15. PUBLIC EDUCATION
Management Measure for Public Education:
Public education, outreach, and training programs should be instituted for boaters, as well as marina owners and operators, to prevent improper disposal of polluting material.
Management Measure Description to join the educational campaign with public education programs of their own. A state might Public education is one of the most effective ways target registered boat owners, an organization to reduce pollution in and around marinas and might target its membership, and a marina might from recreational boating. A boating public that focus on its patrons. Numerous examples of understands the causes and effects of pollution is public education materials are available from more likely to want clean waters and healthy national organizations like the National Marine aquatic environments. If the public is told about Manufacturers Association, the National Clean the simple and effective ways that they can reduce Boating Campaign organized by the Marine their impacts on the environment, they will Environmental Education Foundation, Inc. usually be more than happy to do their part. One (www.cleanboating.org), the National Oceanic of the primary factors in the success of any and Atmospheric Administration’s Sea Grant pollution prevention program is widespread program (www.nsgo.seagrant.org), and EPA’s support for the program by an educated public. Office of Water (www.epa.gov/OW). There is no reason to begin from scratch and reinvent the Public education is a low-cost, effective, proven wheel! Instead, time and effort can be saved by method to improve and reinforce environmentally using available materials to create a program that conscious behavior in all segments of the public, focuses on a particular situation. including the boating public. The availability of a variety of public education materials on virtually The EPA web site offers a couple of ways to find all environmental issues and for all segments of out who is involved in environmental activities in the public makes this management measure easy your watershed. One is from the home page of the to implement, and creating an education program Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds with a message that is consistent from the state (OWOW) (www.epa.gov/owow). A listing of level through the local level to the level of the specific groups involved in watershed actions for private or public marina is an excellent way to watersheds throughout the United States can be ensure that the right message is reaching as wide found by following the following route: a public as possible: & At the OWOW home page, Select Features Many states, localities, public and private & Choose Watershed Information Network agencies and organizations, and marina owners & Click on Watershed Information are using public education as a tool for combating & Under “Watershed Information,” select What is pollution. This management measure supports my watershed address? efforts already being made and encourages others
National Management Measures Guidance 4-103 SECTION 4: Management Measures
& Click on Locate your watershed Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Congress & Click on Search by Map passed the National Sea Grant College Program & Select your state from the map Act to create Sea Grant in 1966. Today, 29 Sea & Within the state map, click on the watershed Grant Colleges are focused on making the United that you’re interested in. States the world leader in marine research and the sustainable development of marine resources. Sea The subsequent web page will tell you the name of Grant produces and makes available a wealth of the watershed you’ve chosen and the U.S. information on marine topics - from public school Geological Survey’s cataloging unit number for it. curriculum materials to the most advanced Near the bottom of the page will be a section titled scientific research. Visit the Sea Grant home page People that provides links to groups involved with at www.nsgo.seagrant.org to see what watershed activities in that watershed. publications are available, where the Sea Grant programs are located, and what kinds of research Another way to find out who is involved in and activities they are involved in. activities in your watershed from the EPA’s home page (www.epa.gov) is by clicking on the The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) home page Concerned Citizens option. One of the options at (http://www.uscg.mil) offers a link to the USCG the “Concerned Citizens” page is Acting Locally. Marine Safety and Environmental Protection This will provide links to national organizations page. Links to other programs from the USCG active at the local and watershed level. can be found most easily by clicking on the link to Services We Provide and then choosing what is of If you find that there are no groups listed as interest on the subsequent page. For example, the working in your watershed, then try following the Sea Partners Campaign is an environmental first three steps above, and at the Watershed education and outreach program focused on Information page, under Working in Your communities at large to develop community Watershed, click on either How can I get involved awareness of maritime pollution issues and to in my watershed? or How do I start a watershed improve compliance with marine environmental team? to find out how you can get yourself and protection laws and regulations. A link to listings others involved. of publications of the USCG can also be found at this web page. EPA publishes many documents and fact sheets on topics of interest to boaters. A listing of Searching from an Internet search engine, such as publications related to a specific topic can be Infoseek or Altavista, on clean boating should obtained from the EPA home page (www.epa.gov). produce a number of links to sites with At the home page, select Publications and then information on campaigns and organizations browse and search the National Publications involved with clean boating issues. Some pages Catalog using keywords (for example, “boat,” that are likely to appear as a result of the search “storm water,” or “discharge”) to find what you are include: interested in. Some of the documents are available on the Internet, or they can be ordered online from & California Clean Boating Network (CCBN) the Publications web site. Most are free of charge. home page (http://ceres.ca.gov/coastalcomm/ ccbn/ccbndx.html). The National Sea Grant Program encourages the & Marine Environmental Education Foundation wise stewardship of marine resources through National Clean Boating Campaign research, education, outreach and technology (www.cleanboating.org). transfer. Sea Grant is a partnership between the & California Department of Boating and nation's universities and the National Oceanic and Waterways (www.dbw.ca.gov).
4-104 National Management Measures Guidance Public Education
& Sea Grant Extension (San Diego) Boating advantages of pumpout and dump stations, and Pollution Prevention Section where it is best to locate such stations. Boaters (http://commserv.ucdavis.edu/CESanDiego/ and anglers can call 1-800-ASK-FISH, a toll-free Seagrant/boating.htm). number established by the Sportfishing Promotion & Save Our Shores dockwalkers Council, to find the location of pumpout and (http://www.saveourshores.org/dockwalkers. dump stations near them and to report html). malfunctioning facilities. and many more. Signage is an important element in any public education campaign, both to remind the educated A portion of funding from the Clean Vessel Act to practice what they know and to educate the can be used for educational outreach regarding the unaware of what they can do to reduce their effects of boater sewage and what boaters can do to impact on the environment. Short, simple, avoid improper sewage disposal. Public awareness positive messages should be prominently posted campaigns occur annually and marinas are wherever they will be helpful. encouraged to participate in the National Clean Boating Campaign (Figure 4.25). See the Best Management Practices campaign’s web site at www.cleanboating.org. Major national CVA educational products Pollution Prevention Practices produced by the joint effort included a poster for distribution to more than 22,000 marinas, press Use signs to inform marina patrons of and training packets, and various public service appropriate clean boating practices. announcements for radio, television, and print media. States also held similar events and are Interpretive and instructional signs placed at producing their own educational products. marinas and boat-launching sites are a key method of providing information to the boating public. Boater cooperation can be substantially increased at modest expense by using signs.
In a Rhode Island best management practice demonstration project, the use of signs was ranked by boaters as the best method to inform them about best management practices in the marina. It ranked second in terms of its effectiveness for getting boaters to use best management practices. Signs can be more cost-effective than other methods of education since they need be installed only once, and once in place they are effective for a long time. Inexpensive yet effective signs can be produced by a marina employee with a little artistic talent. Common topics for marina signage include solid Figure 4.25. National Clean Boating waste disposal, liquid waste disposal, pumpout Campaign logo. locations and instructions, and spill response instructions. Figure 4.26 shows an example of These efforts are also geared toward informing wording on a sign in Ponaug Marina (Rhode boaters and marina operators of sewage disposal Island). problems, educating them about the use and
National Management Measures Guidance 4-105 SECTION 4: Management Measures
HARMFUL MATERIALS COLLECTION SITE. To ensure proper disposal, deposit harmful materials below. Liquids such as solvents, fuels, engine oils, and toxic antifreeze should be bottled and capped to prevent spillage. Keep incompatible liquids such as oil and antifreeze separate. Label all containers noting their content and origin. Oil filters and other absorbent materials should be packaged so as to prevent leakage. Thank you for helping to keep our marina and the boating environment clean. Figure 4.26. Warning sign that indicates toxicity to both people and the environment.
Establish bulletin boards for environmental Promote recycling and trash reduction messages and idea sharing. programs.
Bulletin boards are a form of signage, and they A New Jersey marina encouraged recycling by allow marinas to post recent or new information for giving its patrons reusable tote bags with the the benefit of their patrons. They are convenient marina's name printed on the side. The patrons places to post notices about the availability of used the bags to temporarily store recyclable glass, dustless sanders for rent, environmentally friendly cans, and plastics from their boats for proper cleaners and antifouling paints, new practices and disposal later at a recycling collection point, and programs at the marina for reducing pollution, occasionally for grocery shopping. Promoting water quality monitoring results, how to maintain recycling is an effective way to reduce the quantity an engine to keep emission output low, or any of solid and liquid waste placed in marina and other positive clean boating message. Marina surface waters. patrons can be invited to post notices about leftover products (for example, varnish or paint) Hand out pamphlets or flyers, send newsletters, they have for sale, or tips on practices they’ve and add inserts to bill mailings with found to be easy and effective for protecting the information about how recreational boaters boating environment. can protect the environment and have clean boating waters.
The Cap Sante Boat Yard (Washington) The Washington State Parks and Recreation uses a materials exchange sheet in the Commission designed a multifaceted public harbor master's office that encourages education program that encourages the use of sharing leftover varnishes, paints, and marine sanitation devices and pumpout facilities, other boat maintenance products discourages impacts on shellfish areas, and instead of discarding them. People with mater-ials left over after a project list provides information to boaters and marina what they have on a sheet, and anyone operators about environmentally sound boat who needs them can contact the person operation and maintenance. The commission on the sheet (EPA, 1996: Clean prepared written materials, gave talks to boating Marinas— Clear Value). groups, participated in events such as boat shows, and developed signs for placement at marinas and boat launches. Printed materials included maps of pumpout facility locations, booklets explaining Bulletin boards are noticed more often if their how boats pollute, pamphlets on the dangers of contents are moved around or changed often, and plastic debris in the water, and articles on the if the location of the bulletin board can be changed environmental effects of improper boat operation. occasionally as well.
4-106 National Management Measures Guidance Public Education
Marina owners can do the same on a smaller Educate and train marina staff to do their jobs scale. Written materials can be made available at in an environmentally conscious manner and a marina’s office, its supply store, or other places to be good role models for marina patrons. frequently visited by boaters, or included with bills mailed to patrons. Marina staff who are fully educated and trained on all of the environmental management practices Fact sheets ranked second among boaters for used at a marina, from how to use a pumpout informing them about best management practices station, where the recycling bins are located, and in a University of Rhode Island demonstration what can and can’t be recycled, to how storm project. Fact sheets had the highest effectiveness water is treated and where it goes, can set an rating and ranked first in getting boaters to excellent example for patrons. Marina staff are actually use best management practices, but the first people boaters will ask about a marina’s boaters generally didn’t pick up educational flyers environmental practices. An informed staff where they saw them. An important lesson from presents the image of an environmentally this demonstration project was that boaters cannot proactive marina, whereas an uninformed staff be expected to voluntarily take the information: could make patrons think a marina is not brochures should be placed directly into their concerned about environmental matters. hands. Inserting fact sheets and information in newsletters or monthly mailings or handing them Insert language into facility contracts that out with slip lease agreements are effective ways ensures that tenants use certain areas and to do this. clean boating techniques when maintaining their boats. Use an environmental agreement Organize and present fun environmental that ensures that tenants will comply with the education meetings, presentations, and marina’s best management practices. demonstrations. When a marina has established procedures for Presentations at local marinas or other locations keeping the grounds and waters clean, cooperation are a good way to discuss issues with boaters and from patrons is absolutely essential. The time and marina owners and operators. Boater workshops money spent to establish a clean marina can be can also be a useful tool for introducing new negated by patrons who either don’t share an environmental practices at marinas, but this enthusiasm for clean boating or mistakenly don’t method was ranked last among methods for think it is their responsibility to keep the grounds informing boaters about best management and water clean. Language in slip contracts or practices. Conducting successful formal other documents, such as dustless sander rental workshops requires a considerable investment of agreements, make them take notice and realize time and resources. One of the best methods to that the marina is serious about maintaining a inform marina patrons about best management clean marina, and clean boating in general. Some practices is a walking tour of the facility with patrons might elect to dock their boats at other demonstrations of products and procedures, so marinas, but most boaters are glad to cooperate that participants see first-hand the benefits of with a good cause. management practices and gain hands-on experience in using the practices. Incentives for Have a clearly written environmental best participation like door prizes, coupons for free management practices agreement for outside pumpouts, or discounts at the marina store help contractors to sign as a precondition to bolster attendance. working on any boat in the marina.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-107 SECTION 4: Management Measures
A facility is often legally responsible for pollution with pictures of crabs and fish and the words problems created by negligent outside contractors. "DUMP NO WASTE - DRAINS TO BAY/LAKE/RIVER." Because of this significant liability, outside contractors need to be provided with information Fish Waste Management: that clearly explains the facility's pollution prevention policies and best management practices, Establish and educate marina patrons about and clearly states the contractor’s responsibilities rules governing fish-cleaning. to operate in accord with the marina's policies. Marinas can issue rules regarding the cleaning of Participate with an organization that promotes fish at the marina, depending on the type of clean boating practices. services offered by the marina and its clientele. Marinas not equipped to handle fish wastes can Public and private organizations are available to prohibit fish cleaning at the marina; those that assist in developing or providing educational host fishing competitions or that have a large materials. These materials can be tailored to suit fishing clientele can establish fish cleaning areas an individual marina or yacht club, or used as with specific, enforceable rules for their use. public service announcements. Some marina- Signs attract fishers to fish cleaning stations and oriented organizations that might be able to can explain the rules for their use. provide assistance with environmental education efforts are listed in Table 4-4. Educate boaters about good fish cleaning practices.
Public Education Practices Applicable to Some boaters need to be educated about the Specific Management Measures problems created by discarding fish waste into marina waters, proper disposal practices, the Some public education strategies specifically ecological advantages of cleaning fish at sea, and geared toward individual management measures discarding wastes into the water where the fish are suggested below. were caught. Signs posted on docks (especially if fish cleaning has usually been done there) and Solid and Liquid Waste Management: talks with boaters during the course of other marina operations help educate boaters about Provide MARPOL placards. marina rules governing fish cleaning, waste International MARPOL Law requires all boats of disposal, and clean up. 25 feet or more in length to have a visible sign about trash disposal regulations posted where Petroleum Control: garbage is stored. Most boat retail stores and marinas have standard MARPOL signs available Provide information on local waste collection for sale to customers who need to comply with this and recycling programs. legal requirement. Information on used oil recycling and collection Paint signs on storm drains. programs for used products that are contaminated with oil or other petroleum products can be Painted storm drains grab people’s attention at a inserted with monthly newsletters, monthly bills, marina and help control disposal of solid and or provided with slip leasing contracts. A clause liquid wastes in inappropriate places. Cap Sante requiring the use of fuel/air vent spill preventors Boat Haven (Washington) stencils its storm drains and bilge absorption pads on all boats can be added to contracts.
4-108 National Management Measures Guidance Public Education
Table 4-4. Marina-oriented Organizations with Public Education Components.
Organization Focus Contact Information
U.S. Fish and Wildlife The Clean Vessel Act provides a portion of 703-358-2156 (Robert Pacific) Service, Clean Vessel its total funding for educational outreach fa.r9.fws.gov/cva/cva.html Act Pumpout Program regarding the effects of boater sewage and the means by which boaters can avoid improper sewage disposal.
Marine Environmental A national, nonprofit, tax exempt, charitable 312-944-0220 Education Foundation foundation in 1994 to bring together www.meef.org (MEEF) national specialists to develop education programs and research on marine environmental issues.
National Marine Provides technical expertise, standards 312-946-6200 Manufacturers monitoring, government relations www.nmma.org Association (NMMA) advocation, industry statistics and more. Stages the world's largest marine trade show, the International Marine Trades Exhibit & Convention (IMTEC) each autumn. Active internationally with world marine trade organizations to promote and protect the sport of recreational boating.
Marine Retailers National trade association representing 312-944-5080 Association of marine dealers, marina operators, and other www.mraa.com America (MRAA) marine-related businesses.
Boat Owners The largest organization of recreational 800-395-2628 Association of The boaters in the USA—with over 500,000 www.boatus.com United States Members. Publishes boater publications, (BoatU.S.) educates about marine safety and environmental issues, and tests and reports on boating safety equipment and other products.
Clean Water Trust Clean Water Trust is a national nonprofit 800-395-2628 (affiliated with Boat 501(c)(3) organization that promotes www.boatus.com/cleanwater U.S.) environmentally smart recreational boating and angling through public awareness and education. Creates and distributes practical information and serves as a liaison among the recreational boating community, environmental organizations and government agencies.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-109 SECTION 4: Management Measures Hold clinics on safe fueling and bilge marker buoys. Signs and buoys could also be maintenance. used to designate sensitive environmental areas where boaters should exercise particular caution. During either special clinics on environmental practices or general clinics of interest to boaters, BMP Summary Table 15 summarizes the BMPs demonstrate the proper use and disposal of bilge for Public Education mentioned in this guidance. oil pads and other petroleum control devices.
Teach boaters how to fuel boats to minimize fuel spills.
Boaters need to understand that whenever they spill even a few drops of oil or fuel, the environment is harmed. There are simple steps boaters can take to prevent fuel loss: use an oil absorption pad to catch drops when the fueling nozzle is removed from the boat; install a fuel/air separator on the air vent line; and place an oil- absorbing pad in the bilge. Teach boaters that when they top off a fuel tank from an underground storage tank, the cool fuel expands as it heats up, and will overflow through the air vent onto the water if there is not enough expansion space in the fuel tank. Spills of this type are even more dangerous when boats are placed in dry rack storage in buildings, where the fuel is a fire hazard. Antisiphoning valves can be installed on the engines of larger boats on the fuel line near the fuel tank to prevent fuel draining if the fuel line breaks during an accident or fire.
Boat Cleaning:
Stock phosphate-free, nontoxic cleaners and other environmentally friendly products.
Marinas can stock, advertise, and promote the use of phosphate-free, nontoxic cleaners and other environmentally safe products.
Boat Operation:
Place signs in the water and label charts to alert boaters about sensitive habitat areas.
Many harbors establish and mark no wake zones near marinas or in narrow channels using floating
4-110 National Management Measures Guidance Public Education rs ey will ey ound be substantially be increased at modest signs using by expense and short, simple, with messages; positive who, tell signs effective what, when, where, how and a clean why is practice boating helpful. if often more noticed their contents are moved changed or around something and often that colorful and new to forward look boaters locate regularly; is added board bulletin the see will boaters where it and spend they where waiting, time little a such as in a store or reception area; use boards bulletin several to necessary if reach all customers. Cost EstimateCost Notes & Maintenance Annual Operation None to LOWNone can cooperation Boater Estimate Initial Cost Initial MODERATE to MODERATE LOW LOW to LOW None are boards Bulletin dous waste dous Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH to HIGH MODERATE; clean good is boating environmental practice to MODERATE reducesHIGH; producedwaste and limits potentially pollution, air water pollution, solid and hazar quantities Marina Benefits to HIGH; cost-effective HIGH; to promoteway clean practices; boating boaterevery who boats cleaner helps keep the marina cleaner MODERATE; an promotes image environmental thefor marina; to way inexpensive new of boaters inform and policies educational events; materials a posting exchange list for will leftovers sharing and money save reduce waste Usage Marina Location & Marinas and - ramps launch universally recommended Marinas where customers will - read and stop universally recommended Practice Examples & Type Best Management POLLUTION PREVENTION PRACTICES PREVENTION POLLUTION Use signs to inform of patrons marina clean appropriate practices boating Establish bulletin Establish for boards environmental andmessages idea sharing and operators, to prevent improper disposal of polluting material. CONCERNS: ENVIRONMENTAL to reduce pollution in and ar ways effective to do their part. Public education is one of the most than happy be more generally recreational boating. and from marinas BMP Summary Table 15. PUBLIC EDUCATION MANAGEMENT EDUCATION 15. PUBLIC BMP Summary Table MANAGEMENT MEASURE - Public education, outreach, and training programs should be instituted for boaters, as well marina owne aquatic and healthy clean waters to want likely public that understands the causes and effects of pollution is more boating A th on the environment, can reduce their impact that they ways and effective are told about the simple and if they environments,
National Management Measures Guidance 4-111 SECTION 4: Management Measures Notes nboating.org>). tote bags labeled with your with labeled bags tote collecting for name marina's and transporting recyclables to the recycling area. most effective method of method effective most to boaters; message a getting organizations/agencies many have sheets fact available for and photocopying NOAA, e.g., redistribution, boating local EPA, USFWS, etc. organizations, methods to inform marina to inform methods management best about patrons tour of walking is a practices demonstrations with facility the see procedures; and products of Boating Clean National for website Campaign examples ( 4-112 National Management Measures Guidance Public Education people boaters will ask about ask will boaters people a marina's environmental practices. marina that documents other signcustomers must gives them notice of what is them helps and required realize that the is marina a maintaining about serious promoting and marina clean clean boating practices. Annual Operation & Maintenance Cost EstimateCost Notes LOW to MODERATELOW are the Marina first staff Estimate Initial Cost Initial LOW to MODERATE LOW None or contracts in slip Language Benefits Projected Environmental HIGH; preventionHIGH; and will response quick help keep clean water to MODERATE water good HIGH; from results quality many of cooperation boaters Marina Benefits to HIGH; a trained a HIGH; can effectively staff respond and prevent to appropriately environmental trained problems; can teachstaff good to boaters practices positive a give and proactive clean and image, marina can attract new customers HIGH; all boaters all HIGH; marina the using must use the same adopted as practices to marina the by the protect of use environment; language contract and clean boating agreements legally to customer binds share helps comply; up clean for liability costs; gives management an controleffective who boater tool for to not want does comply Usage Marina Location & Marina - universally recommended Marina - universally recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Educate and train marina train and Educate jobs in an to do their staff conscious environmentally good to be and manner marina for role models patrons Insert language into language Insert that contracts facility to use tenants requires certain areas and clean when techniques boating boats. their maintaining Use an environmental agreement that tenants that to comply sign must states that will they marina's the with comply practices management best BMP Summary Table 15. (cont.) PUBLIC EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Table 15. (cont.) PUBLIC Summary BMP National Management Measures Guidance 4-113 SECTION 4: Management Measures nboating.org>. eceives the storm water, environmental agreement/contract lets outside is marina the know contractors in boating clean about serous general; agreement, signature, and compliance is a common tool. management marina either the U.S. Coast Guard or Center Marine for Conservation National Clean Boating Clean National more for Campaign; web their visit information site: 4-114 National Management Measures Guidance Public Education boaters are at the fuel dock. between marina staff andbetween staff marina fish about patrons cleaning station use is all that is necessary. many when hold clinics, boats getting are boaters for theready boating season. when a convenient fish cleaning station is available. available the from local of department protection environmental haulers. waste or Cost EstimateCost Notes & Maintenance Annual Operation Estimate Initial Cost Initial LOW to NoneLOW to None Low do this while can Staff LOW to NoneLOW to None LOW communication Regular to NoneLOW to None LOW to time good a is Spring LOW to NoneLOW to None LOW to follow easy are Rules to NoneLOW to LOW None be should Information Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; lowered MODERATE; incidence of fuel and petroleum other contamination MODERATE; less fish MODERATE; to discarded waste waters basin lowered MODERATE; incidence of fuel and petroleum other contamination MODERATE; less fish MODERATE; to discarded waste waters basin MODERATE; recycling is an waste important strategy reduction HIGH to MODERATE; HIGH of likelihood the reduces and fire, spill and fuel a petroleum of in the contamination water LOW; lower cleanup maintenance and costs costs to MODERATE; HIGH of likelihood the reduces of fire, spill and fuel a contamination petroleum oil and and water, in the spills on marina grease property MODERATE; lead patrons cooperative marina for to less work staff LOW to MODERATE; more be might patrons their to take willing recyclables to a local none if center recycling is available at the marina, reducing at waste the marina Usage Benefits to Marina Marina Location & Marina – generally Marina recommended Marina – generally Marina recommended – generally Marina recommended Marina – generally Marina recommended – generally Marina recommended & Type Best Management Practice Examples Teach boaters how to to minimize boats fuel spills fuel Educate boaters about boaters Educate cleaning fish good practices on safe Hold clinics bilge and fueling maintenance BMP Summary Table 15. (cont.) PUBLIC EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Table 15. (cont.) PUBLIC Summary BMP Fish Waste: educate and Establish about patrons marina rules governing fish cleaning Petroleum Control: on information Provide local collection waste programs recycling and National Management Measures Guidance 4-115 SECTION 4: Management Measures idea of protecting the protecting of idea will and environment using better feel less are that products and to themselves toxic well. as children their large with noticed, colorful and letters designs, are most effective. Annual Operation & Maintenance Cost EstimateCost Notes Estimate Initial Cost Initial LOW to NoneLOW to None LOW the like Patrons will to NoneLOW to LOW None easily are that Signs Benefits Projected Environmental MODERATE; reduces MODERATE; go spills that little the add but that unnoticed lot up to a MODERATE; shallow-water environments are ecologically important Marina Benefits to MODERATE to LOW; products such many are on the and market welcome will patrons for availability their purchase at the marina to HIGH MODERATE; shallow of protection helps habitats water from shorelines protect erosion & Usage Marina store – store Marina generally recommended – Marina waters generally recommended Marina Location & Type Best Management Practice Examples BMP Summary Table 15. (cont.) PUBLIC EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Table 15. (cont.) PUBLIC Summary BMP Boat Cleaning: phosphate-free, Stock and cleaners nontoxic environmentally other produts friendly Boat Operation: Place signs in the water and label charts to alert sensitive about boaters areas habitat 4-116 National Management Measures Guidance SECTION 5: DETERMINING POLLUTANT LOADS Section 5 Contents Example Models for Marina Flushing Assessment ...... 5-2 Selection Criteria...... 5-2 Models Selected ...... 5-3 Simple Model ...... 5-3 Mid-Range Models ...... 5-5 Tidal Prism Model ...... 5-5 NCDEM DO Model ...... 5-6 Complex Models...... 5-6 WASP4 ...... 5-6 EFDC Hydrodynamic Model...... 5-7 Water Quality Monitoring in Marinas (for modeling applications) ...... 5-8 Sampling Guidelines for Existing Marinas...... 5-8 Spatial Coverage...... 5-8 Constituents Sampled ...... 5-9 Sampling Locations ...... 5-10 Sampling Time and Frequency ...... 5-11 This section is included for those interested in environment, and after marina construction to technical information used to determine dynamics determine compliance with water quality criteria of water flow and water quality variations. While and what, if any, changes in design are necessary numerical models provide an effective approach to to meet any water quality criteria that are violated. evaluate design parameters, marina developers can use their own discretion in employing modeling Water quality criteria are based on pollutant techniques. concentrations. Concentrations of water quality constituents (such as dissolved oxygen or The use of an area for a marina may infringe on or petroleum hydrocarbons) can be used to assess preclude other uses of the resources, and it is this instantaneous conditions (water quality when the potential conflict that can be evaluated through the sample is taken) and conditions over time (samples use of water quality modeling. Marina basins can taken daily for a week or a month). Concentrations contain pollutants ranging from sanitary wastes to of pollutants in water can be measured in storm toxic metals leached from hulls and petroleum water runoff before the runoff reaches a waterbody products discharged in engine exhaust. These or in the waterbody of interest. If measured in wastes pose a variety of potential problems for runoff, the timing is important. Pollutant water quality, including microbiological concentrations usually vary widely during a contamination of adjacent shellfish and swimming rainstorm, generally being higher during the first areas, depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water wave or “first flush” of storm water when column or sediments, and toxic effects on estuarine pollutants accumulated since the previous storm biological resources. Water quality monitoring can are washed away and lower later in the storm. be used prior to marina construction or expansion to determine a design (including basin shape and Concentrations also vary from storm to storm. entrance locations and runoff controls) that will be Longer periods between storms allow more the least disturbing to the surrounding aquatic pollutants to accumulate on surfaces, whereas a National Management Measures Guidance 5-1 SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads storm that occurs shortly after a previous storm in their use and familiar with their implementation. might carry very few pollutants in its runoff. Those without a background in modeling can still benefit from reading the discussion to gain a Time of year is also important. A storm that general understanding of what modeling involves occurs during a week of peak boat maintenance and to help decide whether modeling is appropriate activity is likely to carry more pollutants than a for a particular marina and situation. storm that occurs in the spring before the boating season begins. If nothing else, the pollutants Example Models for Marina Flushing carried by the storm runoff will be different. A Assessment storm in spring might carry more sediment and salt from winter road treatments, while one in summer Selection Criteria might have more oil and debris from hull maintenance activities. To understand what is needed to apply a model, it is essential to focus on the physical, chemical, and Pollutant loads in a marina basin can be measured biological processes that move water into and out by collecting samples at various times, depths, and of the marina area, control mixing with adjacent places in the basin. For a simple assessment of waters, regulate chemical reactions in the water water quality, samples of dissolved oxygen, fecal and sediments, and facilitate biological growth and coliform, and perhaps water clarity (using a Secchi decay (die-off). A variable combination of winds, disk) might be performed. If sampling for tides, currents, and density differences is assessment of meeting state water quality responsible for the physical movement of water standards, samples for the constituents required by volumes and pollutants. The geometry of a site the state will have to be taken and the samples can also have a major effect on flushing and might have to be analyzed by a state-approved dispersion and is an important issue in selecting laboratory. the model, collecting the data, and attaining the required water quality standards. Samples can be taken once for an indication of instantaneous water quality or over a period of time Biodegradation of organic material, growth and to assess average water quality conditions or trends decay of bacteria and other organisms, nutrient in water quality (for example, whether water uptake, and chemical transformations of various quality is worse over busy boating weekends or in kinds are typical of the biochemical processes that particular seasons, or just after a storm and for how affect contaminants. Physical, chemical, and long after a storm has occurred). Comparison of biological processes should be combined to form a samples of storm water runoff and samples of conceptual model of the site and its consequent marina basin water quality might be used to contaminant assimilation potential. After the site determine if degraded water quality during and in question has been conceptualized, the next step shortly after storms is due to runoff from the is to choose a model that incorporates the marina property or from surrounding properties. appropriate physical processes and biochemistry to predict water quality. Depending on the level of General water quality monitoring is discussed sophistication at which the assessment is taking under the Water Quality Assessment management place, the model selected may be a simple measure in Section 4. A discussion of models and screening calculation (e.g., Tidal Prism Analysis) monitoring, which supports their use for in-depth or a multidimensional numerical model (e.g., analyses of water quality and water quality changes WASP4, DEM, WQM2D, or EFDC that might occur from changes in marina Hydrodynamic Model). configuration or marina construction, is provided below. The discussion below is somewhat The models discussed here have been selected for technical, since it is anticipated that if these models the following reasons: are applied, they will be applied by persons trained 5-2 National Management Measures Guidance Determining Pollutant Loads • They are in the public domain. In addition to having adequate documentation and user’s support, the selected model should address • They are available at a minimal cost from all marina water quality problems of concern. various public agencies. The following section provides an overview of the • They are supported to a varying extent by best-qualified marina water quality model in each federal and/or state agencies. The form of of the selected categories. These models are listed support is usually telephone contact with a in Table 5-1, which provides information related to staff of engineers and programmers who have the operational features of the models. This experience with the model and who can information is provided to help in evaluating the provide guidance (usually free of charge). estimated cost associated with and the ease of acquiring the model, getting the model running on • They have been used extensively for various the user’s system, calibrating the model, and purposes and are generally accepted within the finally applying the model. Table 5-2 lists the modeling profession. level of effort involved in applying the models. • Together they form a sequence of increasingly Models Selected more technically complex models; that is, each model takes additional phenomena into The most rigorous tools that can be used for account in a more detailed manner than the assessing marina impacts on water quality are preceding model. numerical models. Models range in complexity from simple desktop calculations to full three- Selection from among these models should be dimensional models that simulate physical and made on the basis of the model capabilities needed. chemical processes by solving equations of motion and rate equations for chemical processes. In addition to model capabilities, the two most important factors in the selection of a model are the The complexity of the model used and the quality adequacy of the documentation and the adequacy of the input data determine the degree of resolution of the support available. The documentation in the results. For example, in an early part of a should state the theory and assumptions in study the Tidal Prism Analysis strategy is used to adequate detail, describe the program organization, obtain a general understanding of potential impacts and clearly present the input data requirements and caused by pollutant discharged from a proposed format. A well-organized data scheme is essential. marina. It is likely that the simplified strategy will The support provided should include user access predict substantial impacts on the environment. via telephone to programmers and engineers Therefore, an advanced model is needed to familiar with the model. Special support conduct further detailed analyses. A mid-range (including short courses or informational or model is used in situations where steady-state personnel exchanges) might be available under conditions may be assumed and tidal flushing is existing intra-agency or interagency agreements or the predominant mode of flushing. A complex can be made available to the potential user. The model is used in dynamic environments subject to support agency might also be able to provide the complex circulation patterns and full biochemical potential user with a list of local users who could kinetics, with sources and sinks for all dissolved be contacted for information regarding their past or constituents and for proposed marinas. current experience with the computer program. Table 5-1 presents documentation and user’s Simple Model support available for some of the models discussed in this section. The methods listed here include desktop screening methodologies that calculate seasonal or annual mean pollutant concentrations based on steady- National Management Measures Guidance 5-3 SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads Table 5-1. Ease of application: Sources, support, and documentation. Model Source(s) of Model Nature of Adequacy of Cost Support Documentation Tidal Prism USEPA, Region 4, Atlanta, N/A Excellent documentation Low Analysis GA. 1985. Chapter 4 of with example application Coastal Marinas Assessment Handbook. Flushing Christensen, B.A. 1989. N/A Good illustrations with Low Characteristics Canal and marina flushing numerical example Diagram characteristics. The application Environmental Professional 11:241-255. NCDEM DO North Carolina Dept. of Telephone Good documentation Medium Model Environmental Health and contact with several applications Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Management (919) 733-6510 Tidal Prism Virginia Institute of Marine Telephone Excellent documentation Medium Model Science, Gloucester Point, contact of theory and VA 23062 assumptions; excellent (804) 642-7212 user’s guide with input and output information WASP4 Center for Exposure Software Excellent documentation High Assessment Modeling, U.S. maintenance, of theory and Environmental Protection workshop assumptions; excellent Agency, Athens, GA 30613 technical user’s guide with input (404) 546-3585 assistance and output information through EPA channels EFDC Virginia Institute of Marine Telephone Excellent documentation High Hydrodynamic Science, Gloucester Point, contact of theoretical and Model VA 23062 computational aspects; (804) 642-7212 excellent user’s manual with input and output information; numerous papers written describing capabilities of the model state conditions and simplified flushing time estimates. These models are designed to examine Methods presented in this section, particularly and isolate trouble spots for more detailed some of the mathematical descriptions, are analyses. They should be used to highlight major simplifications of more sophisticated techniques. water quality issues and important data gaps in the These techniques, as presented, can provide early stage of a study. reasonable approximations for screening potential impact problems when site-specific data are not 5-4 National Management Measures Guidance Determining Pollutant Loads Table 5-2. Level of effort for best models. Approximate Complexity Model Water Quality Problem Level of Effort Simple Tidal Prism Analysis DO, fecal coliform 1-2 Days Mid-range Tidal Prism Model DO, BOD, nutrients, 3-7 Days phytoplankton, fecal coliform Mid-range NCDEM DO 1-2 Days DO Complex WASP4 DO, BOD, nutrients, 3-4 Weeks phytoplankton, toxics, fecal coliform Complex EFDC Hydrodynamic DO, BOD, temperature, 4-6 weeks salinity, nutrients, sediment, finfish, phytoplankton, shellfish, toxics, fecal coliform, eutrophication available. The Tidal Prism Analysis was selected The recommended marina mid-range models are as the method of choice in this category. This the Tidal Prism Model and the NCDEM DO method is capable of addressing all marina water Model. Both models are in the public domain, are quality issues of concern (e.g., dissolved oxygen easy to apply, and are supported with good and fecal coliform) and comes with excellent documentation. documentation. The primary strengths and advantages of the screening procedures are as Tidal Prism Model follows: The Tidal Prism Model is a steady-state model • Excellent user documentation and guidance. capable of simulating up to 10 water quality variables, including dissolved oxygen and fecal • No computer is necessary since the procedures coliform. The user’s manual is well written and can be performed on hand calculators. includes input/output examples as well as guidance on how to calibrate and apply the model. Based on • Relatively simple procedures with minimal constituents modeled, the Tidal Prism Model is data requirements that can be satisfied from recommended as the best-qualified marina mid- the user’s manual when site-specific data are range model. The primary strengths and lacking. advantages of the Tidal Prism Model are as follows: The Tidal Prism Analysis procedures can be easily implemented in a computer program. This allows • Excellent user documentation and guidance. the user to test model sensitivity and determine the range of potential water quality impacts from a • Minimal computer storage requirements. proposed marina quickly and efficiently. • Relatively simple procedures with data Mid-Range Models requirements that can be satisfied from existing data when site-specific time series data are lacking. National Management Measures Guidance 5-5 SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads The Tidal Prism Model is applicable only to Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program marinas where tidal forces are predominant with (WASP4) oscillating flow (e.g., an estuary or a tidal river). Therefore, the Tidal Prism Model can’t be applied The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, to marinas located on a sound, an open sea, or a WASP4, is a dynamic compartment modeling lake or reservoir. Since the Tidal Prism Model is system that can be used to analyze a variety of not applicable to the majority of marina situations, water quality problems in one, two, or three the NCDEM DO model is recommended as an dimensions. WASP4 simulates the transport and alternative best-qualified model for mid-range transformation of conventional and toxic pollutants applications where the Tidal Prism Model isn’t in the water column and benthos of ponds, streams, applicable. lakes, reservoirs, rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters. The WASP4 modeling system covers four NCDEM DO Model major subjects—hydrodynamics, conservative mass transport, eutrophication-dissolved oxygen The NCDEM DO model is a steady-state program kinetics, and toxic chemical-sediment dynamics. that is only capable of predicting DO The modeling system also includes a stand-alone concentrations. The NCDEM DO model is hydrodynamic program called DYNHYD4, which applicable to one-, two-, and three-segment simulates the movement of water. DYNHYD4 is marinas. Model theory, assumptions, and input a link-node model that can be driven by either parameters are presented in adequate detail. Model constantly repetitive or variable tides. Unsteady documentation includes input and output examples inflows can be specified, as well as wind that of several applications as well as a listing of the varies in speed and direction. DYNHYD4 model code. The model code is written in BASIC. produces an output file of flows and volumes that can be read by WASP4 during the water quality The NCDEM DO model incrementally mixes the simulation. WASP4 contains two separate kinetic ambient and marina waters as a function of the submodels, EUTRO4 and TOXI4. EUTRO4 is a average lunar tides. The tidal variation is assumed simplified version of the Potomac Eutrophication to follow a sinusoidal distribution. For simplicity, Model (PEM) and is designed to simulate most a 12-hour tidal cycle is used. If this time-variable conventional pollutant problems. EUTRO4 can model is run through a sufficient number of tidal simulate up to eight state variables, including cycles, the average marina basin DO value will dissolved oxygen and fecal coliform. TOXI4 approach a steady-state value. simulates organic chemicals, metals, and sediment in the water column and underlying bed. Complex Models The WASP4 model system is supported by the Complex models consist of two U.S. EPA Center for Exposure Assessment components—hydrodynamics and water quality. Modeling (CEAM) in Athens, Georgia, and has In this model category, hydrodynamics may be been applied to many aquatic environments. The represented by numerical solution of the one- WASP4 model can be obtained over the CEAM dimensional or the full two-dimensional equations electronic bulletin board system, or by mailing the of motion and continuity. Water quality appropriate number of diskettes to CEAM. The conservation-of-mass equations are executed using water quality component is set up for a wide range the hydrodynamic output of water volumes and of pollutants, and the model is the most versatile flows. The water quality component of the models and most widely applicable of all models calculates pollutant dispersion and transformation considered in this study. For these reasons or decay, giving resultant concentrations over time. WASP4 is the model of choice in this category. These models are very complex and require an The primary strengths and advantages of the extensive effort for specific applications. WASP4 model are as follows: 5-6 National Management Measures Guidance Determining Pollutant Loads • Documentation: WASP4 has excellent user temperature transport simulation capabilities, documentation and guidance. Theory and EFDC is capable of simulating cohesive and assumptions are presented in adequate detail; noncohesive sediment transport, near field and far program organization and input data field discharge dilution from multiple sources, requirements and format are clearly presented. eutrophication processes, the transport and fate of toxic contaminants in the water and sediment • Support: User access is available via phases, and the transport and fate of various life telephone to programmers and engineers stages of finfish and shellfish. Special familiar with the model. Occasional enhancements to the hydrodynamic portion of the workshops, sponsored by EPA’s Center for code, including: vegetation resistance, drying and Exposure Assessment Modeling, are available. wetting, hydraulic structure representation, The support agency can provide the potential wave-current boundary layer interaction and wave user with a list of local users who could be induced currents, allowing refined modeling of contacted for information regarding their past wetland marsh systems, controlled flow systems, or current experience with the computer and nearshore wave induced currents and sediment program. transport. The EFDC model has been extensively tested and documented and for more than twenty • Flexibility: Model users can add their own modeling studies. The model is presently being subroutines to model other constituents that used by a number of organizations including might be more important to the specific universities, governmental organizations, and application with minimum or virtually no environmental consulting firms. programming effort required. WASP4 can be operated by the user at various levels of The structure of the EFDC model includes four complexity to simulate some or all of these major modules: (1) a hydrodynamic model, (2) a variables and interactions. water quality model, (3) a sediment transport model, and (4) a toxic model (see Figure 5.1). The The Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling EFDC hydrodynamic model itself, which was used maintains and updates software for WASP4 and for this study, is composed of six transport the associated programs. Continuing model modules including dynamics, dye, temperature, development and testing within the CEAM salinity, near field plume, and drifter. Various community will likely lead to further products of the dynamics module (i.e., water depth, enhancements and developments of the WASP4 velocity, and mixing) are directly coupled to the modeling system. In fact, CEAM is currently water quality, sediment transport, and toxic models supporting the development of a 3-dimensional (3- as shown in the following figures. D) hydrodynamic model that will be linked to the WASP4 model. • Documentation: Extensive documentation of the EFDC model is available. Theoretical and EFDC Hydrodynamic Model computational aspects of the model are described by Hamrick (1992a). An excellent The EFDC model was originally developed at the user's manual (Hamrick, 1996) is available and Virginia Institute of Marine Science for estuarine includes input file templates. A number of and coastal applications and is considered public papers describe model applications and domain software. The environmental fluid capabilities (Hamrick, 1992b; Hamrick, 1994; dynamics code is a general purpose modeling Moustafa and Hamrick, 1994; Hamrick and package for simulating three-dimensional flow, Wu, 1996; and Wu et al., 1996). transport and biogeochemical processes in surface water systems including: rivers, lakes, estuaries, • Support: User support is available via reservoirs, wetlands, and coastal regions. In telephone to programmers and engineers addition to hydrodynamic and salinity and familiar with the model. The support agency National Management Measures Guidance 5-7 SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads EFDC Model Water Sediment Hydrodynamics Toxics Quality Transport Figure 5.1. Structure of and modules associated with the EFDC Model. can provide the potential user with a list of local causing impacts on water quality, Level 2 users who could be contacted for model sampling, which incorporates additional sampling information. of the receiving waters, would commence. If evaluation of Level 2 data also indicates that the • Flexibility: The EFDC model can be marina is affecting water quality, marina design configured to execute all or a portion of a changes may be recommended and eventually model application in reduced spatial implemented. Level 3 sampling would be initiated dimension mode, including 2-D depth or width to evaluate the performance of any implemented averaged and 1-D cross section averaged. The marina design changes. Examples of potential number of layers used in the 3-D mode or 2-D marina design changes include removal of sills, width averaged mode is readily changed by which tend to trap water in the lower depths of a one line of model input. Model grid sections marina, and improvement of flushing by altering specified as 2-D width-averaged are allowed to sharp corners within the marina or by enlarging the have depth-varying widths to provide marina entrance. representations equivalent to those of 2-D width-averaged estuarine and reservoir Spatial Coverage models, such a CE-QUAL-W2. An intensive spatial coverage of the marina and the Water Quality Monitoring in Marinas (for adjacent waterbody for some indicator or surrogate modeling applications) water quality parameter, such as salinity or turbidity, is generally needed to estimate spatial Sampling Guidelines for Existing Marinas variability and to determine the model type and the segmentation required. General guidance is presented to develop the framework for a site-specific water quality Generally, the spatial coverage of the modeled sampling program suitable for an existing marina. marina should extend away from the marina site to A monitoring study at an existing marina may be the extent that normal background levels for DO requested by regulatory agencies if it is suspected are encountered. At this location, model boundary that the marina is causing degradation of water conditions (i.e., surface elevations or current quality standards. An overall monitoring program velocities) can be established. In this manner the can consist of three phases or levels. In Level 1, total effect of the marina can be measured. preliminary screening is conducted to gather baseline information on the marina. If historical The preceding approach is appropriate when using data are available on the marina, this level might complex models. Sampling stations for complex not be needed or the quantity of data needed might models should be spaced throughout the model be reduced. Based on the historical or Level 1 grid system, with the spatial coverage being data, if it is established that the marina may be governed by the gradients in velocities and water 5-8 National Management Measures Guidance Determining Pollutant Loads quality constituents. For existing marinas, adjacent insignificant. A few preliminary measurements waterbodies are divided into a series of reaches for might be useful to define which processes are complex model application, with each reach important. described by a specific set of channel geometry dimensions (cross-sectional dimensions) and flow The minimum sampling requirements for all characteristics (flow rates, tidal range, velocities, dissolved oxygen studies should include dissolved and biochemical processes). The models assume oxygen, temperature, chemical biological oxygen that these conditions are uniform within each demand (CBOD), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen reach. Each reach is in turn divided into a series of (TKN), since these parameters are fundamental to model segments or computational elements to any dissolved oxygen analysis. Biochemical provide spatial variation for the water quality oxygen demand (BOD) is typically measured as 5- analysis. Each segment is represented by a grid day BOD, but a few measurements of long-term point in the model where all water quality variables BOD are also necessary. The Tidal Prism Model are computed. For the WASP4 model, the considers only the CBOD component, and segment length is dependent on the degree of therefore the model should be used only in resolution desired and the natural variability in the situations where the nitrogenous components are system. Enough detail should be provided to known to be unimportant. characterize anticipated spatial variation in water quality. In addition to TKN, ammonia (NH3 ) and nitrate (NO3* ) (or nitrite (NO2* ) plus nitrate) should be The hydrodynamics of the Tidal Prism Model are measured for dissolved oxygen investigations for based on the tidal prism volume at each segment. both the Tidal Prism and WASP4 models. Even if Therefore, the spatial coverage of a marina, using they are not modeled, ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite the Tidal Prism Model, includes the entire data are useful for estimating the nitrogenous BOD estuary/river where the marina is located. The decay rate or ammonia oxidation rate. length of each segment is defined by the tidal excursion, the average distance traveled by a water Concentrations of algal dry weight biomass or particle on the flood tide, since this is the chlorophyll a should be measured because both the maximum length over which complete mixing can complex models and the Tidal Prism Model be assumed. simulate algae growth for dissolved oxygen analysis. Light extinction coefficients (or Secchi A sampling station for each model segment is the depths) will also be needed for the algal growth minimum requirement to calibrate the returning computations in dissolved oxygen analysis if the ratios of the Tidal Prism Model. Sampling stations complex models are used. should generally be located along the length of the estuary and in the main channel. The returning In situ sediment oxygen demand (SOD) should be ratio is defined as the percentage of tidal prism that measured in situations where it is expected to be a was previously flushed from the marina on the significant component of the oxygen budget. This outgoing tide. is most likely to occur in shallow areas where the organic content of the sediments is high or in deep Constituents Sampled marina basins where flushing is minimal. In developing a strategy for SOD measurement, it is The specific constituents that must be sampled, as logical to assume that those factors important in well as the sampling frequency, depend to some establishing model reaches or segments are also extent on the particular modeling framework to be relevant to selecting SOD measurement sites. The used in the analysis. The selected model should more important of these factors are: include all of the processes that are significant in the area under investigation without the • Geometric: depth and width. unnecessary complexity of processes that are National Management Measures Guidance 5-9 SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads • Hydraulic: velocity, slope, flow, and bottom equation, since many of the equations are roughness. applicable only over certain ranges of depth and velocity. • Water quality: location of point sources, nonpoint source runoff, and abrupt changes in Sampling Locations DO/SOD concentrations. Water quality data should be collected at the The most important factor for SOD is likely to be downstream boundary of the study area for model the location of abrupt changes in DO/BOD calibration. Adjacent waters both upstream and concentrations, such as areas surrounding the downstream should also be sampled to determine entrance channels of marinas and in the marina background concentrations of water quality basin proper. The final point to consider is that constituents. Although a single downstream SOD can vary with season. This observation is station is the minimum requirement for short particularly relevant to marinas and adjacent areas channel sections, additional sampling stations are dominated by algal activity and/or oxidation of desirable to provide more spatial data for organic and inorganic nutrients by benthic calibrating the model. Logical locations for microorganisms, both of which can occur additional stations are sharp corners and dead end seasonally. The modeler should thus be aware of segments in the marina basin proper. If the marina this potential concern and structure the SOD is segmented for a complex model application, measurement times accordingly. each segment should be sampled. However, water quality variations might be negligible at stations In addition to sampling for the constituents to be located upstream and downstream immediately simulated, measurements are also necessary to help outside marinas. quantify the various coefficients and parameters included in the model equations. Coefficient In the Tidal Prism Model, water quality is assumed values can be obtained in four ways: (1) direct to be well mixed and uniform over each segment measurement, (2) estimation from field data, (3) of the stream. Therefore, samples taken literature values, and (4) model calibration. Model immediately downstream of the marina would calibration is usually required regardless of the probably not match conditions in the model unless selected approach. However, coefficients that tend they were taken far enough downstream for to be site-specific or that can take on a wide range complete cross-sectional mixing to occur. In of values should either be measured directly or general, increased sampling should be allocated to estimated from field samples. These could include those areas of the marina and the adjacent water the following parameters: that have the most impact (along the shoreline). In general, all of the major water quality parameters • Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) decay rate of interest (DO, CBOD, TKN, NH3 , NO3 , fecal • CBOD settling rate coliform, temperature, etc.) should be measured at • Ammonia oxidation rate (nitrogenous BOD each station in the sampling network. decay rate) • Sediment oxygen demand Rate coefficients and model parameters can be estimated from literature values before site-specific In addition to the above model parameters, which measurements are available. For important are determined primarily from the results of field parameters such as the BOD decay rate, sensitivity sampling surveys, several other rate coefficients analyses can be performed to evaluate the effects can be measured in the field. For example, stream of different coefficient values in formulating DO reaeration rates for the WASP4 model and concentrations. These analyses should provide returning ratios for the Tidal Prism Model can be enough information so that sampling stations can measured using tracer techniques. WASP4 be located in critical areas. provides several options for the reaeration rate 5-10 National Management Measures Guidance Determining Pollutant Loads Sampling Time and Frequency model boundary conditions. Therefore, more frequent data collection should be conducted at the The duration and frequency of water quality model boundary condition. Complex models sampling depend to a large extent on whether the investigate the temporal variations in dissolved Tidal Prism Model or a complex model will be oxygen and fecal coliform bacteria much better used. The Tidal Prism Model computes water than mid-range models. To achieve this resolution, quality conditions only at slack before ebb; thus, intensive surveys should be mixed with long-term sampling at a higher rate is not necessary. The trend monitoring. The significance of the temporal complex models have a user-specified time step, variations depends on the context of the problem. which means that sampling should be more For example, if the daily average dissolved oxygen frequent for shorter time steps. concentration is around 5 mg/L or less, a diurnal variation of less than 1 mg/L could be very Since the Tidal Prism Model assumes that important with respect to meeting water quality conditions remain constant with time, it is standards; if the average dissolved oxygen important to conduct the sampling program during concentration is around 10 mg/L, diurnal variations a period when this assumption is valid. Synoptic are important and the sampling program should surveys (e.g., sampling all stations over 2 to 3 include 2 or 3 days of intensive sampling for days) should be conducted to the extent possible so dissolved oxygen and temperature at all of the key that water quality conditions at different locations stations. As a minimum, these stations would are not affected significantly by changes in the include the stations designated as the model weather or variations in the marina discharge that boundary, as well as the stations surrounding the are not accounted for in the model. However, marina and adjacent waters and stations within the since temperature varies diurnally and temperature marina. These locations satisfy the minimum influences the process rates of most biological and requirements of defining the boundary and loading chemical reactions, some variability will be conditions, plus a few calibration stations in the inevitable in the sampling results. It should be critical areas for DO, SOD, and fecal coliform. noted that the Tidal Prism Model uses the first day of field data as initial and boundary condition input Long-term dynamic simulations of seasonal to the model. Field data from succeeding cycles variations in stream water quality may be are then used to compare the output simulations at impractical. Where seasonal variation is of the same cycle. interest, the typical practice is to run the Tidal Prism Model or a complex model (with short-term Complex models compute continuous changes that simulations) several times for different sets of occur over time due to variations in stream flow, conditions that represent the full spectrum of temperature, nonpoint and point source loadings, conditions expected over the period of interest. meteorology, and processes occurring within a Enough data should be collected to characterize the marina and its adjacent waters. All of the factors seasonal variations and to provide adequate data that are assumed constant for a Tidal Prism for calibrating and applying the model. If possible, analysis are free to vary continuously with time in enough data should be collected to cover the full a complex model. This allows an analysis of range of conditions of the model analysis. As a diurnal variations in temperature and water quality, minimum, these should include conditions during as well as continuous prediction of daily variations the critical season for the water quality variable of or even seasonal variations in water quality. interest. For dissolved oxygen, for example, the critical season occurs during the hot summer Application of a complex model requires a much months (July through September). more detailed sampling program than that required by a mid-range model. Enough data should be Two general types of studies can be collected to define the temporal variations in water defined—those used to identify short-term quality throughout the simulation period at the variations in water quality (intensive surveys) and National Management Measures Guidance 5-11 SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads those used to estimate trends or mean values (trend monitoring). Intensive surveys are intended to identify intertidal variations or variations that occur due to a particular event in order to make short- term forecasts. Intensive surveys should encompass at least four full tidal cycles. These should usually be conducted regardless of the type of modeling study being conducted. Boundary conditions should be measured concurrently with the monitoring of the marina basin and the adjacent water. A record of all point source waste loads located near the marina site, during the week prior to the survey, is recommended. Variables that should be sampled during the intensive surveys include tide, current velocity, salinity, DO, fecal coliform, nitrogen, and phosphorus measured hourly. Trend monitoring is conducted to establish seasonal and long-term trends in water quality. Trend sampling may take place on a biweekly or monthly basis for a year at a time. Stations should be sampled at a consistent phase of the tide and time of day to minimize tidal and diurnal influences on water quality variations. Some stations may be selected for more detailed evaluation during the intensive survey. Long-term trend monitoring should also be considered as a way to track changes in water quality between the intensive surveys. Most states have water quality standards for the 24-hour average concentration and the instantaneous minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen. Therefore, it is important to collect dissolved oxygen data throughout a complete cycle, i.e., from the high value, which normally occurs at mid-afternoon, to the low value, which usually occurs at dawn. This will allow the DO range in the model to be calibrated to specific field conditions. If the waterbody is stratified, samples should be collected at the surface, mid-depth (above and below the thermocline and pycnocline, if possible), and bottom. 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Clean marinas—clear value: Environmental and business success stories. EPA 841-R- 96-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington DC. August. USEPA. 1998. National water quality inventory: 1996 report to Congress. EPA841-R-97-008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC. April. USEPA and USDOC. 1993. Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program. Program Development and Approval Guidance. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC., and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC. January. USFWS. 1982. Mitigation and Enhancement Techniques for the Upper Mississippi River System and Other Large River Systems. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Resource Publication 149. USFWS. 1997. The Clean Vessel Act of 1992 Pumpout Grant Program American success stories. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia. Voudrias, E.A., and C.L. Smith. 1986. Hydrocarbon Pollution from Marinas in Estuarine Sediments. In Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 22, pp. 271-284. Academic Press Inc., London, England. Wagner, K.J. 1990. Assessing impacts of motorized watercraft on lakes: Issues and perceptions. In Proceedings of a National Conference on Enhancing States’ Lake Management Programs, May 17-18, Chicago, Illinois. Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission. Pp. 77-93. Wanielista, M.P., and Y.A. Yousef. 1986. Best Management Practices Overview. In Urban Runoff Quality—Impact and Quality Enhancement Technology, proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, pp. 314-322. Bibliography Bibliography Wendt, P.H., R.F. Van Dolah, M.Y. Bobo, and J.J. Manzi. 1990. The Effects of a Marina on Certain Aspects of the Biology of Oysters and Other Benthic Macrofauna in a South Carolina Estuary. Unpublished draft manuscript. South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, SC. Wilson, K. 1989. Handbook for the location, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of boat launching facilities. Prepared for the States Organization for Boating Access, Washington, DC, by Public Sector Consultants, Inc. March. WPCF. 1989. Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Abatement. Manual of Practice No. FD-17. Water Pollution Control Federation, Alexandria, VA. Wu, T. S., J. M. Hamrick, S. C. McCutechon, and R. B. Ambrose, 1996. Benchmarking the EFDC/HEM3D surface water hydrodynamic and eutrophication models. Computational Methods for Next Generation Environmental Models, G. Delich, Ed., Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, in press. Young, D.R., G.V. Alexander, and D. McDermott-Ehrlich. 1979. Vessel-related Contamination of Southern California Harbors by Copper and other Metals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10:50-56. Yousef, Y.A. 1974. Assessing effects on water quality by boating activity. EPA-670/2-74-072. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Office of Research and Development. October. Bibliography GLOSSARY Bathymetric: Pertaining to the depth of a waterbody. Bed load transport: Sediment transport along the bottom of a waterbody due to currents. Benthic: Associated with the sea bottom. Biocriteria: Biological measures of the health of an environment, such as the incidence of cancer in benthic fish species. BOD: Biochemical oxygen demand; the quantity of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter and oxidizable inorganic matter by aerobic biological action. Circulation cell: See gyre. Conservative pollutant: A pollutant that remains chemically unchanged in the water. Critical habitat: A habitat determined to be important to the survival of a threatened or endangered species, to general environmental quality, or for other reasons as designated by the State or Federal government. CWA: Clean Water Act. Popular name for the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 - 1376), amended in 1972 by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (P.L. 92-500). CZARA: Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990. Amended the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1451-1464, Chapter 33; Public Law 92-583). DO: Dissolved oxygen; the concentration of free molecular oxygen in the water column. Drogue-release study: A study of currents and circulation patterns using objects, or drogues, placed in the water at the surface or at specified depths. Dye-release study: A study of dispersion using nontoxic dyes. EPA: The United States Environmental Protection Agency, the federal agency charged with ensuring that federal laws protecting human health and the environment are enforced fairly and effectively. Exchange boundary: The boundary between one waterbody, e.g., a marina, and its parent waterbody; usually the marina entrance(s). Fecal coliform: Bacteria present in mammalian feces, used as an indicator of the presence of human feces, bacteria, viruses, and pathogens in the water column. Fixed breakwater: A breakwater constructed of solid, stationary materials. Floating breakwater: A breakwater constructed to possess a limited range of movement. Flushing time: Time required for a waterbody, e.g., a marina, to exchange its water with water from the parent waterbody. Gyre: A mass of water circulating as a unit and separated from other circulating water masses by a boundary of relatively stationary water. Hydrographic: Pertaining to ground or surface water. Glossary Glossary Ichthyofauna: Fish. Macrophytes: Plants visible to the naked eye. Mathematical modeling: Predicting the performance of a design based on mathematical equations. Micron: Micrometer; one-one millionth (0.000001) of a meter. NCDEM DO model: A mathematical model for calculating dissolved oxygen concentrations developed by the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NCDEM). No-discharge zone: An area where the discharge of polluting materials is not permitted. NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. A permitting system for point source polluters regulated under section 402 of the Clean Water Act. Numerical modeling: See mathematical modeling. Nutrient transformers: Biological organisms, usually plants, that remove nutrients from water and incorporate them into tissue matter. Organics: Carbon-containing substances such as oil, gasoline, and plant matter. PAH: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon; multiringed carbon molecules resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, wood, etc. Physical modeling: Using a small-scale physical structure to simulate and predict the performance of a full-scale structural design. Rapid bioassessment: An assessment of the environmental degradation of a waterbody based on a comparison between a typical species assemblage in a pristine waterbody and that found in the waterbody of interest. Removal efficiency: The capacity of a pollution control device to remove pollutants from wastewater or runoff. Residence time: The length of time water remains in a waterbody. Generally the same as flushing time. Riparian: For the purposes of this report, riparian refers to areas adjoining coastal waterbodies, including rivers, streams, bays, estuaries, coves, etc. Sensitivity analysis: Modifying a numerical model's parameters to investigate the relationship between alternative [marina] designs and water quality. Shoaling: Deposition of sediment causing a waterbody or location within a waterbody to become more shallow. Significant: A quantity, amount, or degree of importance determined by a State or local government. SOD: Sediment oxygen demand; biochemical oxygen demand of microorganisms living in sediments. Suspended solids: Solid materials that remain suspended in the water column. Tidal prism: The difference in the volume of water in a waterbody between low and high tides. Glossary Glossary Tidal range: The difference in height between mean low tide and mean high tide. Velocity shear: Friction created by two masses of water moving in different directions or at different speeds in the same direction. WASP4 model: A generalized modeling system for contaminant fate and transport in surface waters; can be applied to BOD, DO, nutrients, bacteria, and toxic chemicals. Glossary Appendix A Best Management Practices Checklist for Marinas and Recreational Boating Appendices BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CHECKLIST FOR MARINAS AND RECREATIONAL BOATING Name of Marina: ______ Marina address: ______ Name of person doing assessment: ______ Date of assessment: ______ This best management practices checklist is designed to help marina owners and operators review the general activities associated with the development or expansion of recreational marinas and boat ramps and the operation of existing marinas. Several BMPs and combinations of BMPs might be necessary at marinas to prevent or reduce runoff pollutants. This checklist can also be used by professionals to review new marina development or expansion. The BMP tables in this guidance provide detailed descriptions and applicability of management measures and practices. The lists provided here can be used to assemble information on the BMP’s installed or used at the marina. If other BMP’s are used, they may be identified in the space provided. The scope of this guidance is broad, covering diverse nonpoint source pollutants from marinas and recreational boating. Because it includes all types of waterbodies, it does not provide all practices and techniques suitable to all regional or local marina or waterbody conditions. Also, BMPs are continually being modified and developed as a result of experience gained from their implementation and the innovation of marina owners and operators across the country. The guidance can assist marina owners and managers in identifying potential sources of nonpoint source pollution and offer potential solutions. Finding the best solution to any nonpoint source pollution problem at a marina requires taking into account the many site-specific factors that together comprise the setting of a marina. The applicability of BMPs to any particular marina or situation can be determined based on site-specific factors unique to the marina site. Appendix A Appendices 1. MARINA FLUSHING Site and design marinas such that tides and/or currents will aid in flushing of the site or renew its water regularly. Good marina water quality depends on water circulation within the boat basin and the level of pollutants existing and new amounts entering the water. In a poorly flushed marina, pollutants tend to concentrate in the water and/or sediments. In a basin with poorly flushed corners or secluded or protected spots, pollutants and debris can tend to collect in these locations. Stagnant, polluted water—with little biological activity, lifeless shorelines, and offensive odors—can be the consequence. The flushing rate is the time required to replace the water within a basin. In tidal waters, flushing is primarily driven by the ebb and flow of the tide, while inland lake and river flushing depends on wind driven circulation and current speed. Pollutants tend to concentrate in water and/or sediments in poorly flushed coves and marinas. Fine sediment and organic debris can collect in uncirculated water, which can deplete the amount of oxygen in the water. Reduced dissolved oxygen in stagnant water hinders biological activity and can result in lifeless shores and offensive odors. Adequate marina flushing greatly reduces or eliminates the potential for water stagnation in a marina and helps maintain the biological productivity and aesthetic value of a marina basin. Good flushing can reduce pollutant concentrations in a marina basin from 70% to almost 90% over a 24 hour period. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Ensure that the bottom of the marina and entrance channels are not deeper than adjacent navigable channels * Design new marinas with as few enclosed water sections or separated basins as possible to promote circulation within the entire basin. * Consider design alternatives in poorly flushed waterbodies to enhance flushing (open design instead of a semienclosed design, wave attenuators instead of fixed breakwaters). * Consider the value of entrance channels in promoting flushing when designing or reconfiguring a marina. * Establish two openings at opposite ends of the marina to promote flow-through currents. * Use mechanical aerators to improve flushing and water quality where basin and entrance channel configuration cannot provide adequate flushing. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 2. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT Assess water quality as part of marina siting and design. Water quality is assessed during the marina design phase to predict the effect of marina development on the chemical and physical health of the water and aquatic environment. Marina development can cause changes in flushing and circulation; and boat maintenance, boat operation, and the human activities in and around boats can be sources of solid and liquid wastes, pathogenic organisms, and petroleum compounds. The results of water quality predictions or sampling are compared to state or federal water quality standards. Water quality assessments for dissolved oxygen concentration and pathogenic organisms can be used as indicators of the general health of an aquatic environment. Water quality assessments can be useful in determining the suitability of a location for marina development, the best marina design for ensuring good water quality, and the causes and sources of water quality problems. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Use water quality sampling and/or monitoring to measure water quality conditions. * Use a water quality modeling methodology to predict postconstruction water quality conditions. * Monitor water quality using indicators. * Use rapid bioassessment techniques to monitor water quality. * Establish a volunteer monitoring program. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 3. HABITAT ASSESSMENT Site and design marinas to protect against adverse effects on shellfish resources, wetlands, submerged aquatic vegetation, or other important riparian and aquatic habitat areas as designated by local, state, or federal governments. The construction of a new marina in any waterbody type has the potential to disrupt aquatic habitats; these habitats include fish spawning areas, shellfish harvesting areas, designated wetlands, beds of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), or the habitats of threatened or endangered species; design and locate marinas to help support aquatic plants and animals occurring in the waters prior to the marina's construction; operate marinas as a valuable habitat for plants and animals that do well in quiet, sheltered waters. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Survey habitats to characterize the marina site. * Assess habitat function (e.g., spawning area, nursery area, feeding area) to minimize indirect effects. * Consider redevelopment of waterfront sites that have been previously disturbed and expansion of existing marinas. * Consider alternative sites where adverse environmental effects will be minimized or positive effects will be maximized. * Use rapid bioassessment techniques to assess effects on biological resources. * Create new habitat or expand habitat in the marina basin. * Minimize disturbance of riparian areas. * Use dry stack storage. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 4. SHORELINE AND STREAMBANK STABILIZATION Where shoreline or streambank erosion is a nonpoint source pollution problem, shorelines and streambanks should be stabilized. Vegetative methods are strongly preferred unless structural methods are more cost- effective, considering the severity of wave and wind erosion, offshore bathymetry, and the potential adverse impact on other shorelines, streambanks, and offshore areas. Protect shorelines and streambanks from erosion due to uses of either the shorelands or adjacent surface waters. Erosion in any waterbody is a natural process resulting when moving water and waves undermine, collapse and wash out banks and shorelines. Banks erode along nontidal lakes, rivers and streams; shorelines erode along intertidal portions of coastal bays and estuaries. Eroding shorelines and streambanks do not protect the land and structures during storm events. Such erosion contributes to nonpoint source pollution problems, turbidity, shoaling, and increases the need for maintenance dredging in marina basins and channels. Vegetation and structural methods have been shown to be effective for mitigating shoreline erosion and for filtering pollutants from overland and stormwater runoff. All shoreline protection practices are listed as source control practices because they act to prevent erosion and sedimentation from occurring. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Use vegetative plantings, wetlands, beaches, and natural shorelines where space allows. * Use riprap revetment instead of a solid vertical bulkhead where shorelines need structural stabilization and where space and use allow. * Protect shorelines with vertical bulkheads where reflected waves will not endanger shorelines or habitats and where space is limited. * Retain natural shoreline features to the extent possible at boat ramps and protect disturbed areas from erosion. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 5. STORM WATER RUNOFF MANAGEMENT Implement effective runoff control strategies that include the use of pollution prevention activities and the proper design of hull maintenance areas. Reduce the average annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS) in runoff from hull maintenance areas by 80 percent. For the purposes of this measure, an 80 percent reduction of TSS is to be determined on an average annual basis. Sanding dust, paint chips, metal filings, and other such solids that drop on the ground during boat repair and maintenance can all be swept into the water by the next rainstorm's runoff. Oils, grease, solvents, paint drippings, and fuel spilled or dripped onto the ground will also be carried away in the runoff. Unless runoff is treated in some manner, all of these pollutants will end up in the marina basin, where they will create unsightly surface films or float until they adhere to a surface, like a boat hull. Some of these pollutants can sink with the the bottom soil, where they can be eaten by bottom-feeding fish or filter-feeding shellfish, or settle onto the leaves of aquatic vegetation and clog their pores. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Provide inside work space for boat repair and maintenance work. * Where an inside work space is not available, provide spray booths or tarp enclosures for abrasive blasting and sanding. * Where buildings or enclosed areas are not available, provide clearly designated land areas for boat repair and maintenance. * Design hull maintenance areas to minimize contaminated runoff. * Restrict the types and/or amount of do-it-yourself work done at the marina. * Require that hull maintenance areas be cleaned immediately after any maintenance to remove debris, and that the collected material be disposed of properly. * Capture and filter pollutants out of runoff water with permeable tarps, screens, and filter cloths. * Sweep and/or vacuum around hull maintenance areas, roads, parking lots, and driveways frequently. * Plant grass between impervious areas and the marina basin. * Construct new or restore former wetlands where feasible and practical. * Use porous pavement where feasible. * Install oil/grit separators to capture petroleum spills and coarse sediment. * Use catch basins where storm water flows to the marina basin in large pulses. * Add filters to storm drains that are located near work areas. * Place absorbents in drain inlets. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 6. FUELING STATION DESIGN Design fueling stations to allow for ease in cleanup of spills. Spills of gasoline and diesel oil during boat fueling is a common source of pollution in marina waters. Usually these are very small spills which occur from overfilling boat fuel tanks. These small spills may accumulate to create a larger pollution problem. The hydrocarbons in oil harm juvenile fish, upset fish reproduction, and interfere with growth and reproduction of bottom dwelling organisms. Oil and gas that is ingested by one animal can be passed to the next animal that eats it. In a marina, petroleum will also deteriorate the white Styrofoam in floats and docks, and discolor boat hulls, woodwork and paint. Gasoline spills are also a safety problem because of the flammability of this product. The most effective way to minimize fuel spills and petroleum hydrocarbon pollution at a marina is to locate, design, build, and operate a boat fuel dock or station in a manner that most spills are prevented and those that do occur are quickly contained and cleaned up. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Locate and design boat fueling stations so that spills can be contained, such as with a floating boom, and cleaned up easily. * Write and implement a fuel spill recovery plan. * Have spill containment equipment storage, such as a locker attached to the fuel dock, easily accessible and clearly marked. * Use automatic shutoffs on fuel lines and at hose nozzles to reduce fuel loss. * Remove old style fuel nozzle triggers that are used to hold the nozzle open without being held. * Install personal watercraft (PWC) floats at fuel docks to help drivers refuel without spilling. * Regularly inspect, maintain, and replace fuel hoses, pipes, and tanks. * Train fuel dock staff in spill prevention, containment, and cleanup procedures. * Install easy-to-read signs on the fuel dock that explain proper fueling, spill prevention, and spill reporting procedures. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 7. PETROLEUM CONTROL Reduce the amount of fuel and oil from boat bilges and fuel tank air vents entering marina and surface waters. While more than half of the oil that spills into the water evaporates, less than a cup of oil can create a very thin sheen over more than an acre of calm water. Small amounts of oil spilled from numerous boats can accumulate to create large oil shine, which block oxygen from moving through the surface of the water and be harmful to animals and larvae that must break the surface to breathe. The hydrocarbons in oil harm juvenile fish, upset fish reproduction, and interfere with growth and reproduction of bottom dwelling organisms. Oil and gas that is ingested by one animal can be passed to the next animal that eats it. In a marina, petroleum spills will also dissolve the white Styrofoam in floats and docks, and discolor boat hulls, woodwork and paint. Gasoline spills, which evaporate quickly, are also a safety problem because of the flammability of this fumes. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Promote the installation and use of fuel/air separators on air vents or tank stems of inboard fuel tanks to reduce the amount of fuel spilled into surface waters during fueling * Avoid overfilling fuel tanks * Provide small petroleum absorption pads to patrons to use while fueling to catch splash back and the last drops when the nozzle is transferred back from the boat to the fuel dock. * Keep engines properly maintained for efficient fuel consumption, clean exhaust, and fuel economy. Follow the manufacturer’s specifications. * Routinely check for engine fuel leaks and use a drip pan under engines. * Avoid pumping any bilge water that is oily or has a sheen. Promote the use of materials that either capture or digest oil in bilges. Examine these materials frequently and replace as necessary. * Recycle used absorption pads if possible, or dispose of them in accordance with petroleum disposal guidelines. * Prohibit the use of detergents and emulsifiers on fuel spills. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 8. LIQUID MATERIALS MANAGEMENT Provide and maintain appropriate storage, transfer, containment, and disposal facilities for liquid material, such as oil, harmful solvents, antifreeze, and paints, and encourage recycling of these materials. Liquid material such as fuels, oils, solvents, paints, pesticides, acetone, cleaners and antifreeze are potentially harmful or deadly to wildlife, pets, and humans, and are toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms when they enter a waterbody. This is true for other types of liquid wastes such as waste fuel, used oil, spent solvents, battery acid, and used antifreeze. Waste oils include waste engine oil, transmission fluid, hydraulic fluid, and gear oil. Waste fuels include gasoline, diesel, gasoline/oil blends, and water contaminated by these fuels. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Build curbs, berms, or other barriers around areas used for liquid material storage to contain spills. * Store liquid materials under cover on a surface that is impervious to the type of material stored. * Provide clearly labeled, separate containers for the disposal of waste oils, fuels, and other liquid wastes. * Recycle liquid materials where possible. * Change engine oil using nonspill vacuum-type systems for spill-proof oil changes, or to suction oily water from bilges. * Burn used oil used as a heating fuel where permitted by law. * Use antifreeze and coolants that are less toxic to the environment. * Store minimal quantities of hazardous materials * Use alternative liquid materials where practical. * Follow manufacturer’s directions and use nontoxic or low-toxicity pesticides. * Locate storage and disposal areas for liquid materials in or near repair and maintenance areas, undercover, protected from runoff with berms or secondary containment, and away from flood areas and fire hazards. * Prepare a hazardous materials spill recovery plan and update it as necessary. * Provide adequate spill response equipment where liquid materials are stored. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 9. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Properly dispose of solid wastes produced by the operation, cleaning, maintenance, and repair of boats to limit entry of solid wastes to surface waters. Boat maintenance, painting and repair may result in a range of waste materials, such as sanding debris, antifoulant paint chips, scrap metal, fiberglass pieces, sweepings, battery lead and acid. Other solid waste such as bottles, plastic bags, aluminum cans, coffee cups, six-pack rings, disposable diapers, wrapping paper, glass bottles, cigarette filters, and fishing line can come from general boating activities and marina use. Living organisms and the habitats of aquatic animals and plants will be harmed by this type of debris after it enters the water. A litter-free marina is more attractive to present and potential customers. Reducing a marina's solid wastes also reduces overall disposal costs. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Avoid doing any debris-producing hull maintenance while their boats are in the water. * Provide trash receptacles. * Provide facilities for collecting recyclable materials. * Provide boaters with trash bags. * Use a reusable blasting medium. * Clean up pet wastes and provide a specific dog walking area. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 10. FISH WASTE MANAGEMENT Promote sound fish waste management through a combination of fish- cleaning restrictions, public education, and proper disposal of fish waste. Sportfishing is very popular, but fish cleaning produces waste which can create water quality problems in marinas with poor circulation. Too much fish waste in a confined area can lower oxygen levels in the water, which leads to foul odor and fish kills. Floating fish parts are also an unsightly addition to marina waters. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Clean fish catches offshore. * Install fish cleaning stations. * Compost fish waste where appropriate. * Freeze fish parts and reuse them as bait or chum. * Encourage catch and release fishing. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 11. SEWAGE FACILITY MANAGEMENT Install pumpout, dump station, and restroom facilities where needed at new and expanding marinas to reduce the release of sewage to surface waters. Design these facilities to allow ease of access and post signage to promote use by the boating public. Boat sewage can be a problem when dumped overboard without any treatment. Although the volume of sewage discharged from boats is not as massive as a typical sewage treatment plant outfall, boat sewage is very concentrated and can add to the overall problem of fecal coliform loading to the water body. Boat sewage also adds extra nutrients that use dissolved oxygen and can stimulate algae growth, which in worst cases can grow so fast that it uses oxygen needed by fish and other organisms to eat. When untreated sewage goes overboard, it can contaminate shellfish, leading to potentially serious human health problems. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Install pumpout facilities. Use a system compatible with the marina’s needs (fixed- point systems, dump stations for portable toilets, portable systems, Dedicated slipside systems). * Provide pumpout service at convenient times and at a reasonable cost. * Keep pumpout stations clean and easily accessible, and consider having marina staff do pumpouts. * Provide portable toilet dump stations near small slips and launch ramps. * Provide restrooms at all marinas and boat ramps. * Consider declaring a private marina to be a “no discharge” marina. * Establish practices and post signs to control pet waste problems. * Prohibit feeding of wild birds in the marina. * Establish no discharge zones to prevent any sewage from entering boating waters. * Establish equipment requirement policies that prohibit the use of Y-valves on boats on inland waters. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 12. MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE FACILITIES Ensure that sewage pumpout facilities are maintained in operational condition and encourage their use. When faced with nonfunctioning sewage collection and disposal facilities, boaters whose holding tanks are full have three choices: 1) go elsewhere to find an operable pumpout or dump station which is inconvenient; 2) discharge sewage directly overboard which is illegal in no discharge zones and otherwise only through an approved marine sanitation device in nearshore waters; or 3) cease using their boat toilets, which to some would mean "stop using your boat"; also, one inoperable pumpout might overload another one nearby, and tempt boaters to discharge illegally, particularly if the other one is not free or charges a higher fee. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Maintain a dedicated fund and issue a contract for pumpout and dump station repair and maintenance (applies to government-operated marinas, pumpout stations, and dump stations only). * Regularly inspect and maintain sewage facilities. * Disinfect the suction connection of a pumpout station (stationary or portable) by dipping or spraying it with disinfectant. * Maintain convenient, clean, dry, and pleasant restroom facilities in the marina. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 13. BOAT CLEANING For boats that are in the water, perform cleaning operations to minimize, to the extent practicable, the release to surface waters of (a) harmful cleaners and solvents and (b) paint from in-water hull cleaning. Many boat cleaners contain harsh chlorine, ammonia, phosphates and other chemicals that can harm fish and other aquatic life. Some chemicals in these cleaners become more concentrated in aquatic organisms as they are ingested by other animals and may eventually find their way into fish and shellfish which may be eaten by people. Chemicals and debris from washing boat topsides, decks and hull surfaces can be kept out of the water with some common sense boating practices. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Encourage patrons to wash boat hulls above the waterline by hand. Where feasible, encourage patrons to remove boats from the water and clean them where debris can be captured and properly disposed of. * Encourage patrons to buy and use detergents and cleaning compounds that will have minimal impact on the aquatic environment. * Discourage patrons from performing in-the-water hull scraping or any abrasive process that is done underwater that could remove paint from the boat hull. * Encourage patrons to switch to long-lasting and low-toxicity or nontoxic antifouling paints. * Capture and treat wastewater from pressure washing to the extent feasible. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 14. BOAT OPERATION Manage boating activities where necessary to decrease turbidity and physical destruction of shallow-water habitat. Boat and personal watercraft traffic through very shallow water and nearshore areas at wake producing speeds can resuspend bottom sediments and erode shorelines, all of which can increase turbidity in the water column; turbid waters block the penetration of sunlight to underwater plants that need light for survival, and reduces visibility for fish who rely on sight to catch their prey; vessel traffic can also uproot submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) which is habitat for fish and shellfish and food for waterfowl, recycles nutrients released from matter decomposing in the waterbody, and reduces wave energy at shorelines thus protects them from erosion; vessel traffic might also churn up harmful chemicals which had been trapped in the sediments and may contaminate fish and shellfish that people eat; propellers or jet drives when in contact with the bottom will dig visible furrows across the soil and vegetation which can take years to recover. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Clearly mark shallow-water areas and encourage patrons to avoid boating in them. * Ask government authorities to establish and enforce no wake zones to decrease turbidity, shore erosion, and damage in marinas. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendices 15. PUBLIC EDUCATION Public education, outreach, and training programs should be instituted for boaters, as well as marina owners and operators, to prevent improper disposal of polluting material. A boating public that understands the causes and effects of pollution is more likely to want clean waters and healthy aquatic environments, and if they are told about the simple and effective ways that they can reduce their impact on the environment, they will generally be more than happy to do their part. Public education is one of the most effective ways to reduce pollution in and around marinas and from recreational boating. BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate: * Use signs to inform marina patrons of appropriate clean boating practices. * Use bulletin boards for environmental messages and idea sharing. * Promote recycling and trash reduction programs. * Hand out pamphlets or flyers, send newsletters, and add inserts to bill mailings with information about how recreational boaters can protect the environment and have clean boating waters. * Organize and present fun environmental education meetings, presentations, and demonstrations. * Educate and train marina staff to do their jobs in an environmentally conscious manner and to be good role models for marina patrons. * Insert language into facility contracts that requires tenants to use certain areas and clean boating techniques when maintaining their boats. Use an environmental agreement that tenants must sign that states that they will comply with the marina’s best management practices. * Have a clearly written environmental best management practices agreement for outside contractors to sign as a precondition to working on any boat in the marina. * Participate with an organization that promotes clean boating practices. * Provide MARPOL placards to boaters. * Paint signs on storm drains indicating that anything placed in it or runoff to it drains directly to surface waters (where drainage is not to a treatment plant). * Establish and educate marina patrons about rules governing fish-cleaning. * Educate boaters about good fish cleaning practices. * Provide information on local waste collection and recycling programs. * Hold clinics on safe fueling and bilge maintenance. * Teach boaters how to fuel boats to minimize fuel spills. * Stock phosphate-free, nontoxic cleaners and other environmentally friendly products. * Place signs in the water and label charts to alert boaters about sensitive habitat areas. * Other (describe): Appendix A Appendix B Example Oil Spill Response Plan (Note that text in Arial font should be replaced by facility-specific information.) Appendices Oil Spill Response Plan Name of Marina EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTION: Reaction & Identify the source of the spill if possible. & Attempt to secure the source of the spill. & If a spill is observed at the fueling dock, immediately cease all fueling activities. & Make a preliminary assessment as to what the spill material is and approximately how much has entered the waterway. This information will dictate what equipment needs to be deployed. & Advise the facility manager or spill response manager if necessary. Reporting & U.S. Coast Guard 1-800-424-8802 & State department of environmental protection Business hours; 24 hours All spills that result in a slick or a sheen on the water require that the Coast Guard and state department of environmental protection be contacted and provided with pertinent information. Response Gasoline spill: If spill is small (5 gallons or less): & Allow natural weathering to reduce and eliminate the spill. & No smoking during any spill. & Do not contain or collect gasoline because confined gasoline may create a risk of explosion and fire. For larger spills (more than 5 gallons): & Implement the reporting requirements. & Secure all electricity. & Make sure everyone is away from the affected area. & Do not allow anyone to enter the affected area. Appendix B Appendices & Use water hoses to wash the spill away to protect docks and boats. & Contact the fire department and harbormaster Other oil spills (crude and refined residual oils, diesel, and kerosene): & Contain the oil spill using curtain boom to prevent spreading. When possible, completely surround the source. & If the oil was spilled in an upland area, use an absorbent boom and pads to contain the material and prevent it from entering the waterbody. & If more oil than can be contained by the boom was spilled, contact: name of primary contact for additional spill equipment. & Once the spill is contained, use absorbent material to collect the oil. Absorbent pads can be placed within the boomed area, retrieved, wrung out, and placed back in the boomed area. & If spreading is occurring too rapidly or other conditions prevent the containment of the oil, employ the boom to deflect the oil from critical or sensitive areas. PERSONNEL Spill Manager Name of person responsible for maintaining plan and equipment inventory. Qualified Staff List marina staff authorized to implement the spill plan. Marina spokesperson: One person who is responsible for communicating to enforcement officials, customers, and the media. Using one person helps to ensure a consistent message. Contact for additional assistance In the event that this facility needs the services of a professional oil spill response company, contact: list the name of a professional oil spill response company with whom prior arrangements exist. This service should be requested only by the facility manager or the spill response manager. THREATS Maximum threat(s) Overfilling of gasoline during fueling, creating explosion hazard: The most common spill occurrence will result from overfilling of gasoline and diesel fuel tanks at the fueling dock. Gasoline, because of its volatility, is the greatest threat. Appendix B Appendices Vessel spill Under a worst-case scenario, the largest on-board fuel tank is aboard a 50-foot powerboat that carries approximately 200 gallons of diesel fuel and 20 gallons of crankcase oil. This poses a maximum threat if this vessel were to sink within the marina perimeter. Spill from fuel storage tank or connections to pumping station On-site there is a ___gallon in-ground storage tank that is connected to the fuel pumping station by a series of flexible and rigid hoses. A fuel spill could result from the failure of one of the connections. A spill could also result when the fuel tank is being filled. Minimum threats Spill from waste oil receptacle: On site there is a 200-gallon waste oil receptacle. It is located 100 yards from the coastal edge and is surrounded by an impervious berm designed to retain 110 percent of the receptacle’s volume. SPILL RESPONSE EQUIPMENT Available on-site resources (1) 150-foot harbor curtain boom (3 x length of vessel with largest fuel tank) Operational characteristics: deflects and contains oil in the water. Curtain boom is susceptible to wind, waves, and current. These factors can cause oil to escape over the top and under the bottom of the boom. Deployment: Can be attached to a fixed structure or to an anchor. Place downstream of oil spill. If surface current is moving greater than 0.7 knots, the boom will not contain oil acting at a right angle to it. Boom angle will need to be adjusted to decreasing angles as the speed of the current increases. Disposal: The boom, if maintained properly, can be used multiple times. The average life span for the boom is approximately 5 to 10 years, depending on the use it receives. Maintenance: Rinse with freshwater thoroughly. Be sure to collect with absorbents any remaining oil on the boom. Store out of sunlight in a manner that allows quick deployment. (2) 80 feet of 5-inch absorbent boom (37.5 ft3 ; 84 lb) (3) 200 individual absorbent pads (3/8 in x 18 in x 18 in) Operational characteristics: Boom has little inherent strength and might need extra flotation to keep from sinking when laden with oil. Use absorbents only in low current velocity situations. Deployment: Place absorbents on spilled oil. Recovery efficiency decreases rapidly once outer layer is oil-soaked. Disposal: May be wrung out and reused (See manufacturer’s specifications). At the end of the useful life, wring out and store in a sealed container. The container will be disposed of by a contracted waste hauler. Appendix B Appendices Maintenance: When possible, wring out and dry after use. See manufacturer’s specifications. Otherwise, material will be disposed of properly. (4) Empty 55-gallon drum with lid for storage of collected oil (5) Gloves (6) Pitch fork (7) Two 15-lb Danforth anchors (8) Mooring lines (9) Standard mop or laundry wringer Location The spill response equipment is stored in the spill response shed located adjacent to the maintenance shed. Key number 000, which the manager holds on the master ring, opens the spill response shed. Additional equipment If the rapid deployment of additional resources is necessary, we have secured permission to use equipment from: List local sources of equipment and how they can be reached, e.g., Neighboring marina, they can be reached on VHF CH 68 or by calling 555-0000. Coast Guard oil spill response trailer is also available as a first-aid measure. NOTES Do not use dispersants on oil/fuel spills. Dispersants include products manufactured specifically for that purpose and more common products such as detergent. This simply forces the oil into the water column, where it may be more harmful. Dispersants may only be used with the approval of the Coast Guard federal on-scene coordinator. On the downstream side of the marina is a salt marsh that should be protected from a large oil spill. A floating oil boom should be used to deflect spilled oil away from this critical area. This response plan will be tested twice a year, with a least one test occurring at the beginning of the boating season. All of the spill response equipment will be inspected at the time of the tests. RECORDS Staff Readiness Drills Date Drill Simulation Who participated Supervisor 8/3/99 Sinking vessel List of staff members who participated Signature Appendix B Appendices Inspection Date Inspected by: Condition/Notes 8/3/99 Name All equipment in good condition Emergency Phone List & United States Coast Guard, Marine Safety Office: 333-456-7890 & State Department of Environmental Management: 333-001-1234 & Local Harbormaster Department: 333-100-0987 & Local Police Department: 333-555-1001 & Local Fire Department: 333-444-5555 Plan last updated: 8-15-1999 Updated by: name Appendix B Appendix C Table of Cost/Benefits of Marina Best Management Practices (Originally published in USEPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value) Appendix C: Costs/Benefits of Clean Marina Examples (Source: USEPA, 1996) Change in Change 1995 net Annualized annual in benefits from Initial Years to cost of operations annual environmental Environmental change(s) investment amortize investment costs revenue change Notes 1. Trash recycling - All $5,000 10 $648 ($4,100) $0 $3,452 Net benefit is estimated by avoided trash Season's Marina, NJ removal cost less estimated labor costs for recycling. 2. Closed-loop hull-blasting $25,849 5 $5,971 $8,617 $58,173 $43,585 Income from entire hull-blasting operation; system with reused plastic difference in costs and revenues from blasting medium - Associated conventional system revenues unknown; Marine Technologies, FL system installation required by county to continue service. 3. Pumpout service used as staff $2,450 10 $317 $20 $12,500 $12,163 Improved staff morale and productivity. incentive - Battery Park Marina, OH 4. Sewage meter for pumpout $6,800 10 $881 ($2,603) $0 $1,722 Savings from metered sewage flow; federal station and entire marina - and state grants paid for installation of meter; Brewer's Cove Haven Marina, however, initial cost included here to RI demonstrate benefits even with full cost. 5. Public education and free $0 N/A $0 ($10,800) $0 $10,800 Waste disposal savings, less the cost of recycling - Cap Sante Boat renting recycle bins. Haven, WA 6. Habitat assessment and $0 20 $0 $33,500 $46,000 $12,500 Cost of docks no more than conventional scallop farming under docks - docks; operations costs are biologists' Cedar Island Marina, CT salaries; cost savings from extended dredging season; in addition to net benefits, $5,000 of annual "free publicity" is attributed to improvements. 7. Inland boatyard and repair ($1,807,000) 20/10 ($138,688) ($72,125) $75,000 $285,813 Initial land savings on buying inland v sites - Conanicut Marine waterfront, includes permit saving; land Services, RI amortized over 20 yrs, trailer over 10 yrs; property tax and land value savings are estimated to demonstrate benefit of inland yard. Appendix C: Costs/Benefits of Clean Marina Examples (Source: USEPA, 1996) Change in Change 1995 net Annualized annual in benefits from Initial Years to cost of operations annual environmental Environmental change(s) investment amortize investment costs revenue change Notes 8. Overall changes: pumpout $21,000 10/5 $3,329 $13,000 $86,800 $70,471 Additional benefits from new slip rentals, service, dustless sanders, winter storage, added fuel sales; additional grounds maintenance - Deep value was realized from "free publicity"; River Marina, CT pumpout amortized over 10 yrs, sanders over 5 yrs. 9. Overall changes: $116,400 20/10 $9,459 $18,100 $100,000 $72,441 Pumpout cost amortized over 10 yrs, other environmental contract, investments over 20 yrs; also attributed the pumpout service, solid waste equivalent of $10,000 of "free publicity." and liquid materials management - Edwards Boatyard, MA 10. Overall changes: habitat N/A 1 N/A ($3,620) $0 $3,620 Savings from avoided hazardous waste creation, pollution control, pickup paid for labor time; dog waste bags, water conservation, etc. - Elliot distributed free to customers, save labor Bay Marina, WA costs. 11. Overall changes: wash $6,800 10 $881 ($750) $28,700 $28,569 Change in costs are added labor and service water recycling, trash recycling, costs less savings from decrease in disposal portable pumpout station - services; initial outlay for portable pumpout Green Cove Marina, NJ and recycling setup less permit savings; pumpout partially paid for with state grant but full initial cost included here to demonstrate benefits even with the full cost. 12. Pumpout capabilities at $16,200 10 $2,098 $3,788 $300,000 $294,114 Increased revenue due to special dockside every dock - Hall of Fame pumpout service. Marina, FL 13. Seaweed recycled as garden $0 N/A $0 ($800) $0 $800 Expected to save $17,500 on weed control in fertilizer and mulch - The 1996. Hammond Marina, IN 14. Filtration of pressure wash $46,415 10 $6,011 $24,000 $270,000 $239,989 Difference in revenues and costs compared water - Harbour Towne Marina, to conventional system unknown; system FL installation required by county to continue service. Appendix C: Costs/Benefits of Clean Marina Examples (Source: USEPA, 1996) Change in Change 1995 net Annualized annual in benefits from Initial Years to cost of operations annual environmental Environmental change(s) investment amortize investment costs revenue change Notes 15. Full-service pumpout and $12,000 10 $1,554 $1,040 $11,000 $8,406 New revenue from dockside pumpout and fueling - Kean's Detroit Yacht fuel services. Harbor, MI 16. Recycled crushed concrete ($360,000) 20 ($28,888) $0 $0 $28,888 Initial investment is negative because of controls runoff - Lockwood savings of using recycled concrete surfacing Boat Works, NJ rather than blacktop. 17. Dustless vacuum sanding - $3,724 5 $860 $8,643 $20,000 $10,497 Net of initial outlay and estimated labor and The Lodge of Four Seasons materials cost; saved 30% of conventional Marina, MO costs; difference in revenues unknown. 18. Floating pumpout and $0 N/A $0 ($5,230) $0 $5,230 State grant funded $58,600 cost of pumpout restroom barge to serve barge. The city hauls the marina's septic transients - Oak Harbor Marina, waste for free, which saved an equivalent of WA $8,220 in septic hauling cost. 19. Outdoor boat repairs done $2,000 1 $2,000 ($2,000) $2,000 $2,000 Savings on cleanup costs, less the cost of over screen tarps - Port labor and screen tarps. Annapolis Marina, MD 20. Opening in breakwater to $30,000 20 $2,407 $0 $50,000 $47,593 Additional dock rental income attributed to improve flushing - Puerto del better water quality. Rey Marina, PR 21. Wash water recycled $30,075 10 $3,895 $3,300 $93,750 $86,555 Savings in water cost. without chemicals - Summerfield Boat Works, FL 22. Used oil burner installed to $7,000 10 $907 ($9,894) $9,495 $18,482 Cost savings on disposal and energy, less heat boat repair building - West annual maintenance costs, plus additional Access Marina, IL boat repair income. 23. Floating personal watercraft $3,138 10 $406 $400 $6,366 $5,560 Additional personal watercraft fuel sales (PWC) fueling dock prevents business. spillage - Winter Yacht Basin, NJ Appendix C: Costs/Benefits of Clean Marina Examples (Source: USEPA, 1996) Change in Change 1995 net Annualized annual in benefits from Initial Years to cost of operations annual environmental Environmental change(s) investment amortize investment costs revenue change Notes 24. Environmental changes at N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + No calculations because chain-wide efforts boatyard chain - Brewer Yacht made it difficult to attribute benefits to any Yards; NY, CT, RI, MA, ME one particular change; owners, however, felt strongly that chain-wide improvements made good business sense. 25. Environmental changes at N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A + marina chain - Westrec Marinas, Inc.; national Appendix D Federal Laws Related to Marinas and Recreational Boating Appendix D. Federal Laws Related to Marinas and Recreational Boating. Activity Permit, License or Title Authority Purpose Requirements Any construction NPDES Stormwater Clean Water Act, Section 402 for Maintains after All projects that disturb 1 or activity that disturbs 1 or Permit for stormwater discharge permits and 40 development, more acres must submit a Notice more acres Construction Activity CFR 122.26 as nearly as possible, of Intent the pre-development runoff conditions Discharge of boat and NPDES General Clean Water Act, Section 402 for Controls pollution Any marina or boat yard that equipment wash water, Permit for Discharges stormwater discharge permits and 40 generated from runoff conducts boat maintenance stormwater runoff from from Marinas CFR 122.26 associated with activities, including washing, and boat maintenance areas, industrial activity has wastewater or stormwater noncontact cooling discharges must apply for water, and condensate coverage under this permit unless discharges they have a valid individual discharge permit or coverage under 97-SW(1). In order to receive coverage under this permit, applicants must develop and implement a stormwater pollution prevention plan Operate a paint spray Air Quality Permit to Clean Air Act, Section 110 and Title Ensures that any new, Pre-Approval: Before an air booth Construct V, 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. modified, replaced, or pollution source is constructed or relocated source of air modified, a permit must be pollution complies with obtained from MDE, Air and all air quality Radiation Management Admin. requirements. Air quality standards have been adopted to protect Post-Approval: Periodic public health, Emission tests and /or reports vegetation, and forests. may be required depending on the nature of the operation and its emissions. Activity Permit, License or Title Authority Purpose Requirements Any of the following Proposed Activities in Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, Prevents, wherever Wetland mitigation construction activities in a nontidal Nontidal Wetlands Section 10; Clean Water Act, Section possible, further or monitoring requirements may wetland or its buffer: (Nontidal Wetlands 404 degradation and losses be required in many instances grading or filling; and Waterways of nontidal wetlands and may extend well beyond excavating or dredging; Permits) Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors due to human activity; construction of an approved changing existing Act of 1899 gives the Army Corps of and wherever practical mitigation project. draining patterns; Engineers authority to regulate all and feasible, to offset disturbing the water work and structures in navigable unavoidable losses or level or water table; and waters of the U.S. degradations through destroying or removing the deliberate vegetation. Section 404 of CWA regulates restoration or creation discharges of dredged or fill material of nontidal wetlands into navigable waters, including wetlands. If ACOE Section 404 permit is required, the State must investigate the site prior to construction. Discharge of sewage Surface Water Clean Water Act Maintains water quality Must be included in county water and grey water from a Discharge Permit standards in the water and sewer plan. Must meet all marina’s private sewage receiving the discharge effluent limits, monitoring treatment plant to requirements, and other permit surface water conditions Apply antifoulant paints TBT Applicators Organotin Antifoulant Prohibits the use of It is unlawful for any person containing tributyl tin License Paint Control Act of 1988 (33 U.S.C. antifouling paints other than an owner or agent of a (TBT) 2401) containing organotin commercial boatyard to possess, (TBT) on vessels that distribute, sell, offer for sale, EPA is required to certify that each are 25 meters or less in use, or offer for use any paint antifouling paint containing organotin length, unless the vessel containing a TBT compound does not release more than 4.0 hull is aluminum. (except for spray can less than or micrograms per square centimeter per equal to 16 ounces). day. . Activity Permit, License or Title Authority Purpose Requirements Generate 100 kg of Notification of RCRA, Section 3010; 40 CFR Part Ensures proper storage A generator may not treat, store, hazardous waste in a Hazardous Waste; EPA 262.12, 263.11 and 264.11 and disposal of dispose of, transport, or offer for calendar month or Identification Number hazardous wastes transportation, hazardous waste accumulate this amount for Generators, without having received an EPA at any one time Transporters, and Identification Number. A Treatment/Storage/ generator may not offer Disposal (TSD) hazardous waste to transporters Facilities or to a TSD facility that has not received an EPA Identification Number. Construction where the n/a Federal Endangered Species Act, (16 Provides conservation A species must be listed if it is habitat of an endangered U.S.C. 1531-1543; P.L. 93-205) of species which are in threatened or endangered species or the species danger of extinction because of - present or itself could be affected National Marine Fisheries Service throughout all or a threatened destruction, (NMFS) regs concerning ESA listing significant portion of modification, or curtailment or procedure are published at 50 CFR their range. its habitat or range Parts 217-227. Joint regs (FWS & - overutilization for commercial, NMFS) - 50 CFR Parts 402 and 424- recreational, scientific, or 453. educational purposes - disease or predation FWS coordinates ESA activities for All proposed - inadequacy of existing terrestrial and freshwater species, development sites must regulatory mechanisms while NMFS is responsible for marine be assessed by the U.S. - other natural or manmade species and Pacific salmon. FWS and DC for factors affecting its continued endangered and existence. threatened species and habitat protection areas. Activity Permit, License or Title Authority Purpose Requirements Fueling, bilge water n/a Clean Water Act Prohibits discharge of Prohibits discharge of oil or oily discharge, oil changing oil or oily waste into or waste into or upon the navigable upon the navigable waters of the U.S. or the waters waters of the U.S. of the contiguous zone if such discharge causes a film or sheen upon, or discoloration of, the surface of the water, or causes a sludge or emulsion beneath the surface of the water. Boat cleaning n/a Clean Water Act, Prohibits the use of Prohibits the use of soaps or (33 CFR 153.305) soaps or other other dispensing agents to dispensing agents dissipate oil on the water or in the bilge without the permission of the Coast Guard. Fueling, liquid material Spill Prevention EPA, Oil Pollution Prevention Develops and Requires that marinas prepare management Control and Regulation implements plan to and implement a plan to prevent Countermeasure Plan 40 CFR, Part 112 prevent discharge of oil any discharge of oil into (SPCC) into or upon navigable navigable waters or adjoining waters of the U.S. or shorelines if the facility: adjoining shorelines - has an above ground oil capacity storage > 660 gallons in a single container - an aggregate above ground storage capacity >j 1,320 gallons or a total underground storage capacity > 42,000 gallons. Activity Permit, License or Title Authority Purpose Requirements Pumpouts, sewage n/a Clean Vessel Act of 1992, Subtitle Allows the Secretary of Directs the Secretary of Interior discharge (V)(F) of P.L. 102-587 Interior to issue grants to provide grants to States to pay to coastal and inland for the construction, renovation, The Clean Vessel Act is a cost- States for pumpout operation, and maintenance of reimbursable program, i.e., the grantees stations and waste pumpout stations and waste must spend their money to conduct reception facilities to reception facilities; requires each approved activities and then request dispose of recreational coastal state to conduct a survey reimbursement for up to 75% of the boater sewage to determine the number and costs. Grantee must provide at least location of all operational 25% of project funding from a non- pumpout facilities and the federal source. number of recreational vessels with MSD Type III or portable toilets; requires each coastal States to develop and submit a plan for the construction and/or renovation of an adequate number of pumpout stations and waste reception facilities within the coastal zone of the State. Pumpouts, boat toilet Marine Sanitation Clean Water Act, Section 312, U.S.C., Eliminates discharge of Requires the installation of a use, sewage discharge Device Standard Title 33, Section 1322, untreated sewage from U.S. Coast Guard certified 40 CFR, Part 140 vessels into the U.S. marine sanitation device (MSD) - waters, including the Type I, Type II or Type III on all The Water Quality Act of 1987 territorial seas vessels with installed toilet requires EPA to develop standards (within 3 miles of the systems operating in the designed to prevent the discharge of coast) navigable waters of the U.S. untreated or inadequately treated sewage into the U.S. waters. Section It is illegal to discharge Portable toilets are not 312 requires the U.S. Coast Guard raw sewage in U.S. considered installed toilets, (USCG) to promulgate and enforce territorial waters however, direct overboard regulations governing the design, discharge of portable toilet construction, installation, and wastes is a violation of state operation of MSDs. water quality regulations. Activity Permit, License or Title Authority Purpose Requirements Sewage discharge Marine Sanitation Clean Water Act, Section 312 (f) (3), Eliminates discharge of Part 140.4 indicates that a State Device Standard, U.S.C, Title 33, Section 1322, untreated sewage from may completely prohibit the Complete Prohibition, 40 CFR, Part 140.4 vessels into the U.S. discharge from all vessels of any No Discharge waters, including the sewage, whether treated or not, The EPA may allow a State to prohibit territorial seas into some of all of the waters all discharges from marine toilets, thus (up to 3 miles) within such State by making a declaring the area a “No Discharge written application to the EPA Zone” Administrator and by receiving the Administrator’s affirmative determination pursuant to section 312 (f)(3) of the Act MSD design Marine Sanitation Clean Water Act, Section 312, U.S.C. Prescribes regulations Section 159.7 (a) addresses Devices; General, Title 33, Section 1322, 40 CFR, Part governing the design requirements for vessel Certification 159 and construction of operators. It states that no Procedures, Design, marine sanitation person may operate any vessel Construction, and The U.S. Coast Guard will maintain devices and procedures equipped with installed toilet Testing and make available a list that identifies for certifying that the facilities unless it is equipped certified MSDs. MSDs meet the with: regulations and the - an operable Type II or III standards of EPA device that has a label on it under promulgated under Sec. Sec. 159.12 or Sec. 159.12a; or 312 - an operable Type I device that has a label on it under Sec. 159.16 or that is certified under Sec. 159.12, if the vessel is 65 feet or less in length. Activity Permit, License or Title Authority Purpose Requirements Sewage discharge Marine Sanitation Clean Water Act, Section 312 (f) (4) Eliminates discharge of Section 312 (f)(4)(B) provides Device Standard, (B), U.S.C, Title 33, Section 1322, untreated sewage from that “Upon application by a Establishment of 40 CFR, Part 140 vessels into the U.S. State, the EPA Administrator Drinking Water Intake waters, including the shall, by regulation, establish a No Discharge Zone territorial seas drinking water intake zone in any (up to 3 miles) waters within such State and prohibit the discharge of sewage The discharge of from vessels within that zone.” sewage from a vessel, whether treated or untreated, is prohibited in No Discharge Zones. Oil discharges from n/a Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA), Establishes new Some requirements are boats Public Law 101-380 (33 U.S.C. 2701 requirements and applicable to recreational et seq; 104 Stat. 484) amended the Federal boating. The responsible party Water Pollution Control for any vessel or facility that OPA requires FWS consultation on Act to provide discharges oil is liable for the developing a fish and wildlife response enhanced capabilities removal costs of the oil and any plan for the National Contingency for oil spill response damages to natural resources; Plan, input to Area Contingency Plans, and natural resource real or personal property; review of Facility and Tank Vessel damage assessment by subsistence uses; revenues, Contingency Plans, and to conduct the FWS. profits, and earning capacity; and damage assessments associated with oil Addresses commercial public services such as providing spills. oil shipping (e.g., increased or additional public tankers must be double- services. hulled, captains may lose their license if operating vessel under the influence of drugs or alcohol) Activity Permit, License or Title Authority Purpose Requirements Garbage dumping at sea Chapter 33: Prevention Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Restrict garbage Prohibits ocean dumping of of Pollution from Ships Control Act,1987, dumping at sea plastics by ships and restricts the MPPRCA (Title II of P.L. 100-220), ocean dumping of other types of U.S.C., Title 33, Chapter 33 Applies to all domestic garbage up to 25 miles from any and international ships land. Requires ports and MPPRCA is the U.S. Law operating in the U.S. terminals to provide garbage implementing MARPOL Annex V, an Exclusive Economic reception facilities. international pollution prevention Zone (EEZ) and in U.S. treaty. navigable waters It is prohibited to discharge garbage in inland waters or in The U.S. Coast Guard is primarily the ocean within three nautical responsible for enforcement of the law miles of shore. A placard which and development of the regulations. notify the crew and passengers of the MARPOL Annex V is required on vessels 26 feet and over. A plan and logbook are required on vessels 40 feet and over. Marine Protection Research and Authorizes research and Provides for long-range research Sanctuaries Act of 1972, 33 U.S.C. monitoring related to on the effects of human-induced 1441-1445; Title II of P.L. 92-532, as ocean dumping as well changes to the marine amended as research on possible environment and authorizes effects of pollution, research and demonstration overfishing, and activities related to phasing out human-induced changes sewage and industrial waste of the ocean system dumping in marine environment. Appendix E Web Sites With Information Related to Marinas and Recreational Boating Appendices SOME WEB SITES TO VISIT U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Watersheds U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Coast Guard Sea Partners Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Coast Guard Kids' Corner Index of Watershed Indicators Appendix E Appendices National Sea Grant College Program National Sea Grant National Depository U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Clean Tennessee Valley Authority Vessel Act Program Information on the CVA program, which The web site provides information on the provides grants for pumpout and dump camping and recreation areas operated by the stations for boaters to dispose of human TVA. TVA operates some 100 public recreation waste in an environmentally safe manner. areas throughout the Tennessee Valley, including campgrounds, day-use areas, and boat launching ramps. Their opening and closing dates are listed at this site, as well as contact numbers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Canadian Coast Guard This site contains information about all of "Protecting the Aquatic Environment: A Boater's the lakeside parks that are administered by Guide" with valuable information on managing the Army Corps of Engineers. The waste, boat maintenance, antifouling paint, Lakeside Recreation Resource page shows batteries, introduced species, tips for protecting a map. Just click on an area of the country the aquatic environment, spill reporting, and that you are interested in and the maps will more. show you all the information you need about the USACE park system. Appendix E Appendices Maryland Department of Natural Resources Florida Department of Environmental Protection National Safe Boating Council Marina Operators Association of America (MOAA) Appendix E Appendices International Marina Institute National Marine Manufacturers Association Marine Environmental Education National Boating Federation Foundation Appendix E Appendices Boat Owners Association Marina Retailers Association of the United States of America The Boat Owners Association of the The Marina Retailers Association of America United States provides services including (MRAA) is the nations largest marine retailers representing the interests of boat owners trade association, representing an industry with on Capitol Hill; insuring members’ boats; more that 100,000 employees and nearly $20 operating an on-the-water towing network; billion in sales annually. The mission of the and providing discount boating equipment MRAA—Progress through Participation with through the Internet, mail order, and Industry Partners—is accomplished by marine centers. BoatU.S. publishes widely promoting programs and services and helping circulated publications for boaters, serves create an environment that helps marine retailers as an educator in marine safety and to operate. MRAA promotes and furthers the environmental issues, and routinely tests interests of all its member companies and the and reports on boating safety equipment marine industry in general. and other products. Center for Marine Conservation BoatFacts Online Center for Marine Conservation is Internet site with information on boating committed to protecting ocean products, publications, marinas, classifieds, environments and conserving the global engines, boats, legislative issues, organizations, abundance and diversity of marine life. discussion forums, and a boating calendar. Through science-based advocacy, research, and public education, CMC promotes informed citizen participation to reverse the degradation of our oceans. Appendix E