Emotional Communication Between Dogs and Humans -The Interspecific Emotion- Recognition
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Emotional communication between dogs and humans Veronika Konok Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Science Doctoral School of Biology, head: Dr. Anna Erdei Doctoral Program of Ethology, head: Dr. Ádám Miklósi Supervisor: Dr. Ádám Miklósi, PhD., DSc., Head of department Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University 1117 Budapest Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c 2014 1 Table of contents 1 General introduction ........................................................................................................... 7 1.1 About emotions ............................................................................................................ 7 1.2 A suitable definition .................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Conceptualization of emotional states ......................................................................... 8 1.4 Emotions in humans and animals ................................................................................ 9 1.5 Arguments on the continuity between human and animal emotions ......................... 10 1.6 Function of (both human and animal) emotions ........................................................ 12 1.7 How can we study animal emotion? .......................................................................... 15 1.8 The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) as a subject of scientific investigation ............ 17 1.9 Emotions of the domestic dog ................................................................................... 18 1.10 Emotional communication between dogs and humans -the interspecific emotion- recognition ............................................................................................................................ 20 1.10.1 Dogs’ discrimination and recognition of humans’ emotional expressions ........ 21 1.10.2 Humans’ recognition of dogs’ emotional expressions and emotion-attribution to dogs 22 1.11 Humans’ emotion attribution to social robots- dog as a model for social robotics 23 1.12 Aims of the studies ................................................................................................. 24 2 General method and ethical statement.............................................................................. 25 3 Study 1: How do humans represent the emotions of dogs? The resemblance between the human representation of the canine and the human affective space ........................................ 26 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Method ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.2.1 Subjects .............................................................................................................. 28 3.2.2 Questionnaires used ............................................................................................ 29 3.2.2.1 Emotion Reporting Questionnaire (ERQ) ................................................... 29 2 3.2.2.2 Emotional Behavior Questionnaire (EBQ) ................................................. 30 3.2.3 Statistical analysis .............................................................................................. 31 3.3 Results ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1 Emotion Reporting Questionnaire ...................................................................... 32 3.3.2 Emotional Behavior Questionnaire (EBQ)......................................................... 34 3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 38 3.4.1 Emotion Reporting Questionnaire ...................................................................... 38 3.4.2 Emotional Behavior Questionnaire .................................................................... 39 3.4.3 Similarities and differences between humans’ representation of the canine and their own affective space .................................................................................................. 40 4 Study 2: The behavior of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) during separation from and reunion with the owner: A questionnaire and an experimental study ...................................... 43 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 43 4.2 Method ....................................................................................................................... 46 4.2.1 Subjects .............................................................................................................. 46 4.2.2 Materials ............................................................................................................. 46 4.2.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................ 47 4.2.4 Behavior coding ................................................................................................. 47 4.2.5 Data analysis ...................................................................................................... 49 4.2.6 Statistical analyses .............................................................................................. 51 4.3 Results ....................................................................................................................... 51 4.3.1 Descriptive analysis of the questionnaire (N=44) .............................................. 51 4.3.2 Correlations between the questionnaire scales (N=44) ...................................... 51 4.3.3 Analyses of the S&G test ................................................................................... 52 4.3.3.1 Validation of behavioral observations with the Separation Questionnaire scales (N=44) ................................................................................................................ 52 4.3.3.2 Comparison of the behavior of dogs with and without SRD (N=44) ......... 53 4.3.3.3 Effects of separation duration (N=45) ........................................................ 54 3 4.3.3.4 Association between separation and greeting behavior (N=45) ................. 55 4.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 56 4.4.1 Validation of behavioral observation with the questionnaire ............................. 56 4.4.2 Effects of separation duration............................................................................. 56 4.4.3 Comparison of the behavior of dogs with and without SRD ............................. 57 4.4.4 Generalizability and practical application .......................................................... 58 5 Study 3: Influence of owners’ attachment style and personality on their dogs’ (Canis familiaris) separation-related disorder ..................................................................................... 59 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 59 5.1.1 Separation stress and related disorders ............................................................... 59 5.1.2 Attachment, caregiving behavior and separation anxiety .................................. 60 5.1.3 The etiology of separation-related disorder in dogs: owners’ attitude, dogs’ attachment ........................................................................................................................ 61 5.1.4 Aims of the study ............................................................................................... 62 5.2 Method ....................................................................................................................... 63 5.2.1 Subjects .............................................................................................................. 63 5.2.2 Materials and procedure ..................................................................................... 64 5.2.2.1 Set of questionnaires: .................................................................................. 64 5.2.3 Statistical analysis .............................................................................................. 65 5.3 Results ....................................................................................................................... 67 5.3.1 Ratio of dogs with SRD in the two samples ....................................................... 67 5.3.2 Effect of owners’ attachment scales (AAS) on SRD in dogs ............................. 67 5.3.3 Effect of human personality (BFI) scales on SRD in dogs ................................ 69 5.3.4 Relationship between dog personality (DBFI) scales and SRD in dogs ............ 71 5.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 73 5.4.1 Effect of human attachment on dogs’ SRD ........................................................ 73 5.4.2 Effect of human personality on dogs’ SRD........................................................ 74 4 5.4.3 Relationship between dogs’ personality and SRD ............................................. 74 5.4.4 Ratio of dogs with SRD in the two samples ....................................................... 75 6 Study 4: Emotion attribution