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A Phonological Analysis of Black English in 50 Cent's A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BLACK ENGLISH IN 50 CENT’S SONG LYRICS IN THE ALBUM ‘CURTIS’ AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ESTU KUNCORO ISMARTONO Student Number: 054214033 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009 A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BLACK ENGLISH IN 50 CENT’S SONG LYRICS IN THE ALBUM ‘CURTIS’ AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By ESTU KUNCORO ISMARTONO Student Number: 054214033 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009 i ii iii BBEE AA SSHHIINNIINNGG LLIIGGHHTT IINN EEVVEERRYY LLIIFFEE TTHHAATT YYOOUU TTOOUUCCHH iv Bapak, Ibuk, I finally made it … v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Alhamdullillah, I praise to Allah S.W.T., the Almighty Creator and the All-Merciful for the blessing bestowed upon me. Thank You for all the people and the situations You have placed in my life to help me be the person I am today and for the strength You give me to lift me up when I fall. I would like to express deep appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., who has helped me and guided me in finishing this thesis. I thank him very much for the patience and precious time for me to consult my thesis. I am also indebted a gratitude to my co-advisor, Dra. B. Ria Lestari M.S., for her suggestion and willingness to do correction on my thesis. I thank my thesis examiner, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum, for the her questions and appreciation for my thesis. I also thank all lecturers in English Letters Department for providing their precious time and energy during my study. I owe a great deal to my loving parents for their unconditional love, for the support since I was born, mentally and financially, and for their patience. No words can replace my love for both of you. My utmost gratitude is forwarded to my angelic sister, Mbak Kum, and my lovely brother, Dik Daru, who shared his computer with me this semester to finish this thesis. Thanks for being a push when I have stopped and a guide when I am searching. I also thank my husband, A. Danu Fratomo, who always gives his tender love and great support for me. Lastly, I thank my little angel, Damarjati Desta Pradana, to whom this thesis is dedicated. Thank you for making my life so meaningful. Estu Kuncoro Ismartono vii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ...................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE.................................................................................. iii MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................. iv DEDICATION PAGE.................................................................................... v Lembar Pernyataan Persetujuan Publikasi Karya Ilmiah................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. xiii ABSTRAK .................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study................................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................... 2 C. Objective of the Study.................................................................... 3 D. Benefit of the Study ....................................................................... 3 E. Definition of Terms........................................................................ 4 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................ 6 B. Review of Related Theories .......................................................... 7 B.1. Theories of Black English ...................................................... 7 B.1.a. History....................................................................... 8 B.1.b. The Growth of African-American English ............... 9 B.2. Theories of Phonetics ............................................................ 11 B.2.a. Vocal Tract................................................................ 11 B.2.b. Articulation ............................................................... 13 B.2.c. Manner of Articulation.............................................. 15 B.2.c.i. Voiced and Voiceless Sounds ................. 15 B.2.c.ii. Nasal and Oral Sounds............................ 15 B.2.c.iii. Stops........................................................ 16 B.2.c.iv. Fricatives................................................. 16 B.2.c.v. Affricates................................................. 16 B.2.c.vi. Liquids .................................................... 17 B.2.c.vii. Glides ...................................................... 17 B.2.d. Place of Articulation ................................................. 17 B.2.d.i. Bilabial .................................................... 18 B.2.d.ii. Labio-dental ............................................ 18 B.2.d.iii. Dental ...................................................... 18 B.2.d.iv. Alveolar................................................... 18 viii B.2.d.v. Postalveolar............................................. 18 B.2.d.vi. Palatal...................................................... 18 B.2.d.vii. Velar........................................................ 19 B.2.d.viii. Glottal...................................................... 19 B.3. Theories of Phonology ......................................................... 19 B.3.a. Phonemes and Allophones ........................................ 19 B.3.b. The Rules of Phonology............................................ 20 B.3.b.i. Assimilation Rules .................................. 21 B.3.b.ii. Dissimilation Rules ................................. 21 B.3.b.iii. Feature-changing Rules........................... 22 B.3.b.iv. Feature Addition Rules ........................... 22 B.3.b.v. Segment Insertion Rules ......................... 22 B.3.b.vi. Segment Deletion Rules.......................... 23 B.3.c. Variation between Accent ......................................... 23 B.4. Theories of Song Lyrics ....................................................... 24 B.5. Review of 50 Cent ................................................................. 26 C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................. 28 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 30 A. Object of the Study ....................................................................... 30 B. Approach of the Study .................................................................. 30 C. Method of the Study ...................................................................... 31 C.1. Population and Sample .......................................................... 31 C.2. Instrument and Data Collection............................................. 31 C.3. Data Analysis......................................................................... 32 CHAPTER IV: RESULT OF ANALYSIS ................................................. 34 A. Phonological Processes Occurred in the Black English Words Pronunciation of 50 Cent’s Song Lyrics in the Album ‘Curtis’..... 35 A.1. Alveolarization...................................................................... 35 A.1.a. Velar Alveolarization................................................ 35 A.1.b. Voiced Continuant Alveolarization .......................... 36 A.1.c. Voiceless Continuant Alveolarization ...................... 37 A.2. Vowel Weakening ................................................................. 38 A.3. Deletion ................................................................................. 39 A.3.a. Consonant Deletion................................................... 39 A.3.b. Vowel Deletion......................................................... 43 A.3.c. Monophtongization ................................................... 44 A.3.d. Segment Deletion...................................................... 45 A.4. Affricatisation ....................................................................... 45 B. Phonological Characteristics of Black English .............................. 46 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................... 51 A. Phonological Processes Occurred in the Black English Words Pronunciation of 50 Cent’s Song Lyrics in the Album ‘Curtis’..... 51 B. Phonological Characteristic of Black English................................ 52 ix BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................
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