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The Views Expressed Are Those of Paul Gipe and Are Not Necessarily Those of the Sponsor Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of Paul Gipe and are not necessarily those of the sponsor. Disclosure: Paul Gipe has worked with Aerovironment, ANZSES, An Environmental Trust, APROMA, ASES, AusWEA, AWEA, David Blittersdorf, Jan & David Blittersdorf Foundation, BWEA, BWE, CanWEA, Canadian Co-operative Assoc., CAW, CEERT, Deutsche Bank, DGW, DSF, EECA, ES&T, GEO, GPI Atlantic, IREQ, KWEA, MADE, Microsoft, ManSEA, MSU, NRCan, NRG Systems, NASA, NREL, NZWEA, ORWWG, OSEA, Pembina, PG&E, SeaWest, SEI, TREC, USDOE, WAWWG, WE Energies, the Folkecenter, the Izaak Walton League, the Minnesota Project, the Sierra Club, World Future Council, and Zond Systems, and written for magazines in the USA, Canada, France, Denmark, and Germany. Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Carleton College V82, Northfield, Minnesota Fundamentals of Wind Energy by Paul Gipe Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Noordoostpolder, The Netherlands Wind Energy Has Come of Age Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Montefalcone, Italy Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Paul Gipe, wind-works.org The Troika of Meeting Demand • Conservation #1 Use Less • Improve Efficiency #2 Do More with Less • Renewable Energy #3 Invest in the Future Fuchskaute Höhe Westerwald, Germany Typical Household Consumption kWh/yr/home Texas 14,000 Ontario 10,000 California 6,500 Netherlands 3,000 Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Living Better on Less • 10 Million California Households • 2 x 100 W Bulbs • 2 x 25 W CF • 150 W Savings x 10 Million • = 1,500 MW Savings! Many More Opportunities • Task Lighting • Notebooks = 90% Savings! • Juwi--Only Notebooks The Result in the Nies-Gipe Household Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Swept Area per Household Wind Turbine Area (m2)/Household (~6.4 m/s) 14 12 TexasTexas 10 Renewable Tariffs Launched 8 Ontario 6 California 4 2 Germany 0 Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 2011 World Wind Capacity 55,000 MW 100,000 MW 85,000 MW Paul Gipe, wind-works.org World Wind Generating Capacity Megawatts (Thousands) 250 Europe 200 North America 150 Asia 100 50 0 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 Year More than 1/2 From Feed-in Tariffs Paul Gipe, wind-works.org World Wind Capacity 2011 ~230,000 MW North America 22% Europe Africa 41% 0% Asia South America 36% 1% Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 2011 World Major Wind Markets China USA Germany Spain India 0 10203040506070 Thousands MW Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 2011 North American Wind Capacity 5,300 45,000 500 150 Paul Gipe, wind-works.org California Renewable Generation TWh per Year 30 Solar 25 Wind Biomass 20 Geothermal Total Non Hydro 15 10 5 0 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Generation Growth in Selected Markets TWh/year 14 California (40) 12 Ontario (13) 10 Portugal (10) France (60) 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year Population in Millions Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Why Now? • Wind Works Greater Reliability • Productivity Improved More Efficient Taller Towers • Costs Declined Sales Price in US$/kW Yield in kWh/m2/yr 2500 1000 Economies-of-Scale 2000 800 1500 600 1000 400 500 Sales Price 200 Yield 0 0 Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Year We Know What Works . .and What Doesn’t Eole, Cap Chat © Vortec Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Northern Ireland 40 m, 500 kW 80 m, 1.8 MW Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Kincardine, Ontario Why Wind? • Reduces Use of Fossil & Nuclear Fuels • Most Cost- Effective of New Renewables • Relatively Benign Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind is Modular • Quickly Installed • When Needed • As Needed • Where Needed • By Anyone Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Tehachapi, California Wind is Flexible • Scale Big or Small Projects • Location Near or Far • Time Short Lead Times • Ownership Local or Absentee Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Energy’s Benefits • Clean & Green (Mostly) No SOx, NOx, or CO2 • Renewable Net Positive Energy Balance (4-6 months) • Domestic: Not Subject to Embargo • Does Not Consume Water • Modular = Flexible • . and Can be Removed Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Energy’s Impacts • Aesthetics or Intrusiveness • Erosion & Scarring from Roads Length, Width, Number and Slope • Shadow Flicker & Disco Effect • Climate? • Noise--They are Audible • Wildlife Habitat Disruption Bird & Bat Kills: Collisions, Electrocutions Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Nomenclature What is a Wind Turbine • Turbine: Rotor Assemblage of Blades • Generator Nacelle • Tower Guyed, Freestanding • Foundation Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Nomenclature • Mid-80s HAWT • Internal Ladder • w/ Fall Restraint • Work Platform • Tip Brakes • “Rocket” Tower Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications Interconnected Operation Battery Charging Lessons Learned Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications-Telecom Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications--Off-the-Grid Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications--Homes Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications--Farms Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Electric Vehicle Charging Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Single Turbine Interconnection Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Cluster Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Plant Arrays Clusters Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Plant Arrays Rectilinear Paul Gipe & Assoc. Typical California Spacing 3 RD 6 RD Paul Gipe & Assoc. Wind Plant Arrays--Rectilinear 160-250 kW: Mojave, California Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Plant Arrays Linear Dikes, Breakwaters, Canals Paul Gipe & Assoc. Wind Plant Arrays Linear Paul Gipe & Assoc. Offshore & Near Shore Map © Google.com Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Middelgrunden, Denmark Wind Energy Conversion Devices • Drag Devices HAWT (Seldom) VAWT (Often) First Choice of “Inventors” • Lift Devices HAWT (Dominant) VAWT (Rare) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Configuration: Axis of Rotation HAWT VAWT Paul Gipe & Assoc. VAWT Configurations Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs Darrieus 2 Blades DAF-Indal Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Giromill Articulating Straight Blade VAWT Paul Gipe, wind-works.org HAWT Configurations Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rotor Overspeed Controls • Wind Turbines Must Have Some Form of Rotor Overspeed Control Micro: Dynamic Brake OK Mini: Dynamic Brake Maybe OK (Skystream) Household-size: Dynamic Brake Typically Not Sufficient • Those that Haven’t Have Failed Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Power in the Wind P1AV 3 2 Where is air density (kg/m3), A is area (m2), and V is velocity (m/s); thus 2V3 = 8P Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Seasonal Wind Distribution Avg. Monthly Wind Speed (mph) 18 16 ! ! ! ! ! 14 ' & ' & ! ' &! ' ! ! ! & ! & ' ! 12 & & ' 10 ' & & & && ' ' 8 ' ' ' 6 ! Amarillo, Texas 4 & Erie, Penn. ' San Francisco, Calif. 2 0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rayleigh Wind Speed Distribution Frequency of Occurrence % 0.16 0.14 5 m/s 6 m/s 0.12 7 m/s 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 01234567891011121314151617181920 Wind Speed Bin Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Increase in Wind Speed with Height " V=Vo (H/Ho) 1.6 Wind Shear Exponent 1.5 , 0.1) 0.14 (1/7)& 0.2* 0.25 * * 1.4 * * & & * & 1.3 & * ) & ) ) 1.2 * & ) ) , , & ) , , * ) , 1.1 & , ) , , 1 &),* 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 H/Ho Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Increase in Power with Height 3" P=Po (H/Ho) 3.5 * Wind Shear Exponent * 3 , 0.1) 0.14 (1/7)& 0.2* 0.25 * * & 2.5 & * & & 2 * ) & ) ) * & ) ) , , 1.5 & ) , , , * ) , & , ,) 1 &),* 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 H/Ho Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Change in Wind Speed & Power with Height 2 X Height 5 X Height 25 to 50 m 10 to 50 m Wind Speed 1.1 1.25 Wind Power 1.35 1.99 1/7 (0.14), Low Grass Prairies Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Annual Energy Output (AEO) Estimating Methods • Back-of-the-Envelope (Swept Area) Simple Approximation • Power Curve & Speed Distribution Method Used by the Pros Accuracy Dependent Upon Data • Manufacturers’ Tables Dependent Upon Honesty of Manufacturer • Software Must Know Assumptions Used (RETScreen) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Energy in the Wind Annual Energy Output (AEO) Annual Energy Production (AEP) AEO = 1/2 ρ A V 3 ή (8,760 hrs/year) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rotor Dimensions Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Medium-Size & Large Wind Turbines Swept Area (m²) 5000 Rotor Diameter (m) 4000 80 3000 2000 70 2000 1500 60 1000 50 0 1000 15 25 40 60 70 80 40 Diameter (meters) 30 500 20 250 10 50 0 Paul Gipe, wind-works.org AEO Medium & Large Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Relative Size of Small Wind Turbines Swept Area (m²) 40 Rotor Diameter (m) 30 8 20 7 7 6 10 6 5 0 5 1234567 4 Rotor Diameter (m) 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 Paul Gipe, wind-works.org AEO Small Wind Turbines Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Small Wind AEO Example • Aircon 7.1 m • Area = 40 m2 • @ 6.5 m/s hub height avg. wind speed • Yield: ~500 kWh/m2/yr • 40 m2 x 500 kWh/m2/yr ~20,000 kWh/yr Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Sample Power Curve Calculation Power Curve Kilowatts 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 8 10121416182022242628303234363840 Wind Speed (mph) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Sample Power Curve Calculation Speed Distribution Hours per Year 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 8 10121416182022242628303234363840 Wind Speed (mph) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Sample Power Curve Calculation Annual Energy Production kWh/year 100 80 60 40 20 0 8 10121416182022242628303234363840 Wind Speed (mph) Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Measures of Productivity • Capacity (Plant) Factor Misleading Indicator Used for Fossil-Fired Plants Not Suited for Wind Energy Use • kWh/kW/yr (for Planning Purposes) When Sufficient Data is Unavailable • Annual Specific Yield (kWh/m2/yr) The Only Measure Specific to Wind Energy Paul
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