The Views Expressed Are Those of Paul Gipe and Are Not Necessarily Those of the Sponsor

Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of Paul Gipe and are not necessarily those of the sponsor.

Disclosure: Paul Gipe has worked with Aerovironment, ANZSES, An Environmental Trust, APROMA, ASES, AusWEA, AWEA, David Blittersdorf, Jan & David Blittersdorf Foundation, BWEA, BWE, CanWEA, Canadian Co-operative Assoc., CAW, CEERT, Deutsche Bank, DGW, DSF, EECA, ES&T, GEO, GPI Atlantic, IREQ, KWEA, MADE, Microsoft, ManSEA, MSU, NRCan, NRG Systems, NASA, NREL, NZWEA, ORWWG, OSEA, Pembina, PG&E, SeaWest, SEI, TREC, USDOE, WAWWG, WE Energies, the Folkecenter, the Izaak Walton League, the Minnesota Project, the Sierra Club, World Future Council, and Zond Systems, and written for magazines in the USA, Canada, France, Denmark, and Germany.

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Carleton College V82, Northfield, Minnesota

Fundamentals of Wind Energy by Paul Gipe

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Noordoostpolder, The Netherlands Wind Energy Has Come of Age

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Montefalcone, Italy

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Paul Gipe, wind-works.org The Troika of Meeting Demand

• Conservation #1 Use Less • Improve Efficiency #2 Do More with Less • Renewable Energy #3 Invest in the Future

Fuchskaute Höhe Westerwald, Germany Typical Household Consumption

kWh/yr/home

Texas 14,000

Ontario 10,000

California 6,500

Netherlands 3,000

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Living Better on Less

• 10 Million California Households • 2 x 100 W Bulbs • 2 x 25 W CF • 150 W Savings x 10 Million • = 1,500 MW Savings! Many More Opportunities

• Task Lighting • Notebooks = 90% Savings! • Juwi--Only Notebooks The Result in the Nies-Gipe Household

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Swept Area per Household

Wind Turbine Area (m2)/Household (~6.4 m/s) 14 12 TexasTexas 10 Renewable Tariffs Launched 8 Ontario

6 California 4

2 Germany

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 2011 World Wind Capacity

55,000 MW 100,000 MW

85,000 MW

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org World Wind Generating Capacity

Megawatts (Thousands)

250 Europe 200 North America

150 Asia

100

0 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 Year

More than 1/2 From Feed-in Tariffs

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org World Wind Capacity 2011 ~230,000 MW

North America 22%

Europe Africa 41% 0%

Asia South America 36% 1%

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 2011 World Major Wind Markets

China

USA

Germany

Spain

India

0 10203040506070 Thousands MW

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 2011 North American Wind Capacity

5,300

45,000

500

150

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org California Renewable Generation TWh per Year 30 Solar 25 Wind Biomass 20 Geothermal Total Non Hydro 15

0 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Generation Growth in Selected Markets TWh/year 14 California (40) 12 Ontario (13) 10 Portugal (10) France (60) 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year Population in Millions Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Why Now? • Wind Works Greater Reliability • Productivity Improved More Efficient Taller Towers

• Costs Declined Sales Price in US$/kW Yield in kWh/m2/yr 2500 1000 Economies-of-Scale 2000 800

1500 600

1000 400

500 Sales Price 200 Yield 0 0 Paul Gipe, wind-works.org 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Year We Know What Works . . .and What Doesn’t

Eole, Cap Chat

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Northern Ireland 40 m, 500 kW

80 m, 1.8 MW

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Kincardine, Ontario Why Wind? • Reduces Use of Fossil & Nuclear Fuels • Most Cost- Effective of New Renewables • Relatively Benign

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind is Modular

• Quickly Installed • When Needed • As Needed • Where Needed • By Anyone

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Tehachapi, California Wind is Flexible • Scale Big or Small Projects • Location Near or Far • Time Short Lead Times • Ownership Local or Absentee

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Energy’s Benefits • Clean & Green (Mostly) No SOx, NOx, or CO2 • Renewable Net Positive Energy Balance (4-6 months) • Domestic: Not Subject to Embargo • Does Not Consume Water • Modular = Flexible • . . . and Can be Removed

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Energy’s Impacts

• Aesthetics or Intrusiveness • Erosion & Scarring from Roads Length, Width, Number and Slope • Shadow Flicker & Disco Effect • Climate? • Noise--They are Audible • Wildlife Habitat Disruption Bird & Bat Kills: Collisions, Electrocutions

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Nomenclature What is a Wind Turbine • Turbine: Rotor Assemblage of Blades • Generator Nacelle • Tower Guyed, Freestanding • Foundation

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Nomenclature

• Mid-80s HAWT • Internal Ladder • w/ Fall Restraint • Work Platform • Tip Brakes • “Rocket” Tower

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications Interconnected Operation Battery Charging Lessons Learned

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications-Telecom

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications--Off-the-Grid

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications--Homes

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Applications--Farms

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Electric Vehicle Charging

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Single Turbine Interconnection

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Cluster

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Plant Arrays Clusters

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Plant Arrays Rectilinear

Paul Gipe & Assoc. Typical California Spacing

3 RD

6 RD

Paul Gipe & Assoc. Wind Plant Arrays--Rectilinear

160-250 kW: Mojave, California

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Plant Arrays Linear

Dikes, Breakwaters, Canals

Paul Gipe & Assoc. Wind Plant Arrays Linear

Paul Gipe & Assoc. Offshore & Near Shore

Map © Google.com

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Middelgrunden, Denmark Wind Energy Conversion Devices • Drag Devices HAWT (Seldom) VAWT (Often) First Choice of “Inventors” • Lift Devices HAWT (Dominant) VAWT (Rare)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Configuration: Axis of Rotation

HAWT VAWT

Paul Gipe & Assoc. VAWT Configurations

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org VAWTs  Darrieus 2 Blades

DAF-Indal Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Giromill Articulating Straight Blade VAWT

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org HAWT Configurations

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rotor Overspeed Controls

• Wind Turbines Must Have Some Form of Rotor Overspeed Control Micro: Dynamic Brake OK Mini: Dynamic Brake Maybe OK (Skystream) Household-size: Dynamic Brake Typically Not Sufficient • Those that Haven’t Have Failed

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Power in the Wind P1AV 3 2

Where  is air density (kg/m3), A is area (m2), and V is velocity (m/s); thus 2V3 = 8P

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Seasonal Wind Distribution

Avg. Monthly Wind Speed (mph) 18

16 ! ! ! ! ! 14 ' & ' & ! ' &! ' ! ! ! & ! & ' ! 12 & & ' 10 ' & & & && ' ' 8 ' ' ' 6 ! Amarillo, Texas 4 & Erie, Penn. ' San Francisco, Calif. 2

0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rayleigh Wind Speed Distribution

Frequency of Occurrence % 0.16 0.14 5 m/s 6 m/s 0.12 7 m/s 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 01234567891011121314151617181920 Wind Speed Bin

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Increase in Wind Speed with Height

" V=Vo (H/Ho) 1.6 Wind Shear Exponent 1.5 , 0.1) 0.14 (1/7)& 0.2* 0.25 * * 1.4 * * & & * & 1.3 & * ) & ) ) 1.2 * & ) ) , , & ) , , * ) , 1.1 & , ) , , 1 &),* 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 H/Ho

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Increase in Power with Height 3" P=Po (H/Ho) 3.5 * Wind Shear Exponent * 3 , 0.1) 0.14 (1/7)& 0.2* 0.25 * * & 2.5 & * & & 2 * ) & ) ) * & ) ) , , 1.5 & ) , , , * ) , & , ,) 1 &),* 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 H/Ho Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Change in Wind Speed & Power with Height

2 X Height 5 X Height 25 to 50 m 10 to 50 m

Wind Speed 1.1 1.25

Wind Power 1.35 1.99

1/7 (0.14), Low Grass Prairies

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Annual Energy Output (AEO) Estimating Methods • Back-of-the-Envelope (Swept Area) Simple Approximation • Power Curve & Speed Distribution Method Used by the Pros Accuracy Dependent Upon Data • Manufacturers’ Tables Dependent Upon Honesty of Manufacturer • Software Must Know Assumptions Used (RETScreen)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Energy in the Wind Annual Energy Output (AEO) Annual Energy Production (AEP)

AEO = 1/2 ρ A V 3 ή (8,760 hrs/year)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Rotor Dimensions

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Medium-Size & Large Wind Turbines

Swept Area (m²) 5000 Rotor Diameter (m) 4000 80 3000 2000 70 2000 1500 60 1000

50 0 1000 15 25 40 60 70 80 40 Diameter (meters)

30 500

20 250 10 50 0

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org AEO Medium & Large Turbines

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Relative Size of Small Wind Turbines

Swept Area (m²)

Rotor Diameter (m) 30 8

20 7 7 6 10 6 5 0 5 1234567 4 Rotor Diameter (m) 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org AEO Small Wind Turbines

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Small Wind AEO Example

• Aircon 7.1 m • Area = 40 m2 • @ 6.5 m/s hub height avg. wind speed • Yield: ~500 kWh/m2/yr • 40 m2 x 500 kWh/m2/yr ~20,000 kWh/yr

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Sample Power Curve Calculation Power Curve Kilowatts 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 8 10121416182022242628303234363840 Wind Speed (mph)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Sample Power Curve Calculation Speed Distribution

Hours per Year 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 8 10121416182022242628303234363840 Wind Speed (mph)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Sample Power Curve Calculation Annual Energy Production

kWh/year 100

0 8 10121416182022242628303234363840 Wind Speed (mph)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Measures of Productivity

• Capacity (Plant) Factor Misleading Indicator Used for Fossil-Fired Plants Not Suited for Wind Energy Use • kWh/kW/yr (for Planning Purposes) When Sufficient Data is Unavailable • Annual Specific Yield (kWh/m2/yr) The Only Measure Specific to Wind Energy

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Measures of Cost

• $/kW of Installed Capacity Often a Misleading Indicator • $/m2 of Installed Swept Area Most Useful When Resource is Unknown • $/kWh/yr of Annual Generation Most Important Criteria in the End

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Energy Software • Spreadsheets Integrated (Tom Wind) Fully Integrated (RETScreen) • Wind Farm Design Tools WAsP (Risø) WindFarm (ReSoft) WindFarmer (Garrad Hassan) WindPro (EMD) WindMap (Brower)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Turbine Standards

• Small Turbines Caveat Emptor (Buyer Beware) IEC-61400-2, SWCC UL--Not a Performance Standard! • Large Turbines Minimum Design Standards Performance Guarantees • Field Experience Always Best Guide

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Sources of Information • Trade Magazines • European Wind Reports • German Market Survey • Books • Web Sites • Workshops

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Trade Magazines • Windpower Monthly • WindStats • WinDirections • RE World • New Energy • Neue Energie • North American Windpower • Systèmes Solaires

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Measured Performance Data • Power Curves • Noise • Power Factor • Flicker

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Pricing

• Model • Tower • Transformer • €/kWh/annum • €/m2

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org WWW Sites • www.windpower.dk Danish Manufacturers • www.eole.org/ en français • www.wind-energie.de BWE, German Wind Turbine Owners • wind-works.org Archive of Articles by Paul Gipe

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Don’t Be Afraid of Foreign Language Web Sites Suivi-Eolien France

Freyssenet E44 Diameter Swept Area Specific Yield kWh/yr m m2 kWh/m2/yr 2004 1,924,535 44 1,521 1,270 Lessons From 30+ Years of Experience • No Panaceas • No Cheap Solutions • No Breakthroughs--No Miracles • Numbers Matter • Experience Matters • Size Matters

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Lessons • Always Check the Numbers Vortec: The Numbers Didn’t Add Up • Always Check the References Vortec: References Discredited in the USA • Always Google Vortec: Ducted Turbine Critics on the Web • Always Go to the Library . . . Or to Your Neighborhood Bookstore! Lots of Wind Books Now Available

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Lessons • Always Be Wary of “New” Designs

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org © Vortec Scams, Frauds, & Flakes Tell-Tale Signs • Heavy on Hype--Weak on Experience • Fancy Web Site Web Sites are Much Cheaper than Real Turbines • Aggressive Marketing Watch for Multi-Level Pyramid Schemes “Get in on the Ground Floor” • “New” Design, “Not Like The Others” Often VAWTs, Squirrel Cage, Ducted (DAWT)

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Scams, Frauds, & Flakes Tell-Tale Signs • Patents Rarely Mean Anything • Works at Low Speeds (<3 m/s) There’s Little Power in Low Winds • Silent! Yes, Because They Seldom Do Anything • Doesn’t Kill Birds Yeah, right!

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org Wind Works!

• But It Must be Done Right

Paul Gipe, wind-works.org