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Copyright by Cyrus B.H. Reed 2007 Copyright by Cyrus B.H. Reed 2007 This Dissertation Committee for Cyrus B.H. Reed certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Texas-Mexico Water Dispute and its Resolution (?): Agricultural Liquid & Land Practice and Discourse along the Rio Conchos, Chihuahua, 1990-2005 Committee: ________________________ Gregory Knapp, Supervisor ________________________ William Doolittle ________________________ Paul Hudson ________________________ Patricia Wilson ________________________ Peter Ward The Texas-Mexico Water Dispute and its Resolution (?): Agricultural Liquid & Land Practice and Discourse along the Rio Conchos, Chihuahua, 1990-2005 by Cyrus B.H. Reed, A.B.; M.S.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2007 “Man is a complex being: he makes deserts bloom - and lakes die.” -- Gil Stern Acknowledgements Coming up with a list of folks to acknowledge in the process of writing a dissertation – truly a collaborative process – is a bit daunting because there are so many people to thank. This is of course particularly difficult when most of the field research revolved around visiting with and interviewing people, some of whose names I never knew and will never know. To make the task easier, I’ll divide it pre-field research, field research, post-research and those that assisted me throughout the process. Pre-field Research. Even before arriving in Chihuahua to begin the dissertation fieldwork, there were a number of individuals who assisted in preparing the groundwork. First of all, the topic itself – originally conceived as “following a drop of water down the Rio Conchos in a time of drought and free trade,” came in large part due to my employment at Texas Center for Policy Studies, where as an organization we had begun a project looking at water management in the Rio Grande watershed, including a particular focus on the Rio Conchos. For both offering me employment back in 1994, and including me – at least partially – in some of the work surrounding the Rio Conchos water management project there really is only one individual to thank: Mary Kelly of Austin, Texas. Her flexibility and support in the 1998-2002 period, allowing me to take significant time off for both my return to the University of Texas as a graduate student, as well as the rearing of my children, was truly remarkable in this day and age, as was her guidance within the confines of the office. Simply put, without her, the topic would not have presented itself for further research. Mary was also a key informant in the study, providing access to data and files, contacts in Chihuahua and advice on the topic throughout. In some sense, she was an honorary committee member. v There were a number of courses that I took at the University of Texas both before and during the onset of my fieldwork which were instrumental to the development of the topic and the ideas contained therein. First of all, Dr. Ian Manners graduate seminar on natural conservation and some of the ideas discussed in class – notably the idea of differential environmental perceptions – were key in the development of this PhD. In addition, both Dr. Gregory Knapp’s course on Latin American Development, Environment and Conservation as well as Dr. William Doolittle’s Environment, Development and Food Production introduced key concepts used in the methodology and fieldwork. Dr. Diane Davis’s graduate seminars on political ecology also introduced key ideas about coerced conservation and the distributive consequences of conservation projects. Both Dr. Paul Hudson’s undergraduate course on Fluvial Geomorphology and the graduate course on Human Impacts on Rivers gave the initial impetus to look at the different factors influencing low flows from the Rio Conchos during the 1990s, as well as introducing important concepts involving how rivers react to changing land use and environmental conditions. In addition, Dr. Peter Ward’s course on qualitative methods in social science studies confirmed both the power – and drawbacks – of conducting a study based principally on qualitative methods. In the realm of Community and Regional Planning, Dr. Patricia Wilson’s courses on alternative planning methods and her course on Latin American development issues were important in introducing concepts of power relations and decision-making important in farmer’s decisions on natural resource use, while Dr. Robert Patterson’s course on conflict resolution was obviously important in providing ideas and literature about how conflicts are resolved. Field Research. First of all, I would like to thank the Environmental Sciences Institute and the Department of Geography’s Veselka Award for providing travel and research grants in the summer of 2003 to conduct the preliminary fieldwork. vi Those grants were a welcome relief to offset the suddenly higher gas prices in both the U.S. and Mexico. In addition, in 2005, the Mexico Center provided an E.D. Farmer PhD Fieldwork Research Grant, which again offset expenses during the approximate five months I spent in Chihuahua that year. The support of E.D. Farmer Application Review Committee Members Dr. Peter Ward, Dr. Bill Doolittle and Dr. Gregory Knapp for considering and ultimately approving the application are also appreciated. During fieldwork conducted in 2003, 2004 and 2005, a number of individuals served as “cultural bridges” in meeting and visiting community projects and getting the “lay of the land.” In Ojinaga, these individuals include Humberto Luján, high school science teacher and city council member in Ojinaga, his wife Leti and sons, and his mother and father – Natividad Lujan -- long-time agriculturalists in Valverde. This family rented me a little apartment next to their house overlooking the Rio Grande – and also provided important perspectives on the challenges facing local farmers. In the towns of San Francisco and Esmeralda, local grocery store manager Guadalupe Torres and his wife Maria de Jesus were key contacts providing access to other members of the community. In addition, the views and accessibility of former Paso del Norte Water User Association President Arnaldo Valenzuela, local canal operator Adrian, as well as former Santa Teresa – El Ancon Water User Association president Domingo Rey and local canal operator Sarmiento Rey were also key to this study. In the Delicias Irrigation District, Dr. Concepcion Luján, professor in the Agroforestry School of the Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua in Rosales, Chihuahua –son of Natividad and brother to Humberto – was an important source of information on the Delicias Irrigation District and helped establish contacts and gain access to dams and CONAGUA officials. In addition, former Rosales Water User Association President Humberto “Beto” Serrano and his vii family in Congregación Ortiz were also instrumental in providing information and shelter in the area: in particular, his sister “Nela” Serrano and husband Javier “El Chino,” and family, helped locate a small house to rent, invited me to attend their local church, and accompanied me to local festivities. In addition, current Rosales Water User Association president Jaime Rodriguez, general manager Jose Gomez, as well as the administrative assistants and canal operators were all key informants and provided data which was instrumental to understanding the changes occurring in the Rosales area of the Delicias Irrigation District. In Saucillo, Suacillo Canal president Rodolfo Parras and manager José García are credited with providing both their time, their data and helping visit projects being implemented in their area. In addition, local farmer and former El Suacillo Canal water user association president Martin Echaanic Chavez was an important source of historical information and giving a tour of his local pecan orchard. Finally, while the information was not included in the final version of the dissertation, Abelardo Lara, the manager of the Saucillo Water User Association, provided extensive information on “Module 2”’s efforts to implement water conservation projects in his geographic area. In the Sierra Tarahumara, special thanks go to Maria Teresa Guerrero, director of CONTEC, along with her husband, photographer David Lauer both for their tireless efforts on improving the livelihood of the Sierra Tarahumara and improving their access to justice, as well as for their friendship, contacts and hospitality both in Chihuahua as well as in the communities of Carichí in the Sierra Tarahumara; Agustín Bravo and Gina Uribe of Fuerza Ambiental in setting up meeting and giving of their time in Chihuahua City and the Municipality of Bocoyna, Sierra Tarahumara; Padre “Nacho” of Carichí, and his partners at the Diocese. Their willingness to put me up in the church – in Carichi – as well as the “Casa del Padre” in the community of El Consuelo as well as offer insight into the development process of individual communities was instrumental. Appreciation viii also to Randy Gingrich of the Sierra Madre Alliance and Dr. Hector Arias of World Wildlife Fund for perspectives and insights on the complex politics and practices of NGOs attempting to “help” the communities in the Sierra Tarahumara. In addition to these “cultural bridges,” academics and non-governmental representatives, there were a number of governmental representatives that provided important information both on the dispute between the U.S. and Mexico, as well as on providing data on agricultural use, water use and river flows. First of all, the International Boundary and Water Commission in both the U.S. and the Comision Internacional de Limites y Agua in Mexico provided both data and representatives. In particular, CILA Commissioner Arturo Herrera and deputy Gilberto Elizalde, as well as IBWC Commissioner Carlos Marín and Kenneth Rakestraw were key in understanding how the dispute emerged. In addition, “Buddy” Garcia of the Texas Secretary of State’s Office was also very important in providing insights and perspectives on the U.S.
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