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Registre Geològic, Paleoambients I Successió Dels Darrers Dinosaures Del Sud-Oest Europeu

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Registre Geològic, Paleoambients I Successió Dels Darrers Dinosaures Del Sud-Oest Europeu ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Registre geològic, paleoambients i successió dels darrers dinosaures del sud-oest europeu Víctor Fondevilla Moreu Tesi doctoral 2017 dirigida pels Doctors Oriol Oms Llobet i Àngel Galobart Lorente Programa de Doctorat en Geologia Departament de Geologia, Facultat de Ciències Fotografia de la portada: impressió de pell de dinosaure (Mirador de Vallcebre, Berguedà) Departament de Geologia, Facultat de Ciències de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Registre geològic, paleoambients i successió dels darrers dinosaures del sud- oest europeu Memòria presentada per Víctor Fondevilla Moreu per optar al títol de Doctor en Geologia. La tesi doctoral ha estat dirigida per: - Dr. Oriol Oms Llobet, Departament de Geologia de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona - Dr. Àngel Galobart Lorente, Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont. Dr. Oriol Oms Llobet Dr. Àngel Galobart Lorente Víctor Fondevilla Moreu ! La realització d’aquesta tesi doctoral ha estat possible gràcies al següent finançament: • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad o Beca de Formación de Personal Investigador FPI (BES-2012-052366) o Beca de mobilidad Estancias Breves (EEBB-I-15-09411) • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación o Projecte ‘El fin de una era: La extinción de los dinosaurios: una prespectiva europea’ (CGL 2011-30069-C02-01) o Projecte ‘El fin de una era: Registro geológico continental del Cretácico Superior pirenaico’ (CGL 2011-30069-C02-02) • Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Cultura o Projecte ‘Dinàmica ecològica de la darrera extinció en massa: el Pirineu com a laboratori fòssil’ (20014/100927) • Fons del Departament de Geologia i del Programa de Doctorat en Geologia de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona ! Lo pus bell catalanesc del món Lentes alzines, maternals figueres, pollancres cristal·lins, dring de font viva, esclarissades ombres de l’oliva, armat esvolot mut de romegueres, el pomerar pintat, fresques pereres, arrodonida eufòrbia, pleta freda, amb flors l’albó com d’engruixada seda, roques llises, capblaus, esparregueres, pedra amb un liquen, groc com la moneda del temps que calla entre les caderneres, blaus, espigats espígols, llentrisqueres mates enceses, escanya-rossins, fua aturada dels cabridencs pins que s’enfilen amb xiulo a les voreres d’arran de mar, esmusses carritxeres, escambuixades penyes, vent gregal, mar: esperit escènic, fonda sal, roques brescades, conques salineres… Ran de rel com llengua romanial pateix flor el romaní de les caeres. Blai Bonet El jove (1987) ! A la meva família i amics Índex Abstract / Resum 1 1. Introducció 5 1.1. Els dinosaures en el Cretaci Superior d’Europa.................................................. 7 1.2. El registre de l’illa Ibero-Armoricana 11 1.2.1. Breu història dels descobriments 12 1.2.2. Les faunes de dinosaures del Campanià-Maastrichtià del sud-oest 13 europeu................. 2. Antecedents, objectius i estructura de la tesi doctoral 17 2.1. Antecedents, motivació i objectius de la tesi doctoral 19 2.2. Estructura de la tesi 22 3. Context geològic 25 3.1. Els Pirineus 27 3.1.1. El Cretaci Superior continental a la vessant sud 27 3.1.2. El Cretaci Superior continental a la vessant nord 34 3.2. Llenguadoc i Provença 36 3.3. Ibèria 39 3.3.1. Jaciments del País Valencià 39 3.3.2. Jaciments de Castella-La Manxa 40 3.3.3. Jaciments de Castella i Lleó 40 3.3.4. Laño, País Basc-Condado de Treviño 41 3.3.5. Jaciments de Portugal 42 i 4. Material i mètodes de la tesi doctoral 43 4.1. Tasques de gabinet prèvies al treball de camp 45 4.2. Treball de camp 46 4.2.1. Litostratigrafia i sedimentologia 46 4.2.2. Recollida de mostres per a làmines primes, estudis geoquímics i de 47 paleomagnetisme 4.2.3. Prospecció paleontològica 48 4.2.4. Excavacions 48 4.3. Treball de laboratori 49 4.3.1. Processament i anàlisi de mostres de paleomagnetisme 49 4.3.2. Processament i anàlisi de mostres per a estudis geoquímics 50 4.4. Treball de síntesi i preparació dels articles 52 5. The Latest Succession of Dinosaur Tracksites in Europe: Hadrosaur Ichnology, 53 Track Production and Palaeoenvironments 6. Skin impressions of the last European dinosaurs 77 7. Genesis and taphonomy of the L'Espinau dinosaur bonebed, a singular lagoonal site from 85 the Maastrichtian of South-Central Pyrenees 8. Magnetostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian continental record in the Upper Aude Valley 135 (northern Pyrenees, France): Placing age constraints on the succession of dinosaur-bearing sites 9. The chronostratigraphic framework of the South-Pyrenean Maastrichtian succession 161 reappraised: Implications for basin development and end-Cretaceous dinosaur faunal turnover ii 10. Dinosaur succession during the end-Cretaceous of southwestern Europe. A review. 181 11. Discussió integrada 229 12. General conclusions / Conclusions generals 239 13. Referències 247 14. Agraïments 275 Annex 1. The upper Maastrichtian dinosaur fossil record from the southern Pyrenees and its 281 contribution to the topic of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction event Annex 2. Transitional environments of the lower Maastrichtian South-Pyrenean Basin 301 (Catalonia, Spain): The Fumanya Member tidal flat iii A������� / R���� Abstract The terrestrial Campanian/Maastrichtian geological and paleontological record from southwestern Europe is one of the best outside North America to study the last 15 milion years previous to the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction. The narrative of the last dinosaur communities from the Ibero-Armorican Island (European Archipelago) is addressed by studying their occurrences, associated paleoenvironments and magnetostratigraphic dating. Such integrated works in the Mesozoic portion of the Tremp Group (South-Pyrenean Basin) includes the study of footprints of the ichnogenus Hadrosauropodus, linked to hadrosaur dinosaurs. These tracks are abundant in the fluvial coastal plains of the upper Maastrichtian. In addition to the fluvial ecosystem, hadrosaurs also colonized the coastal environment (e.g. lagoons), as reveals the L’Espinau site (amongst other localities). In contrast, sauropods were dominant in the Campanian and the lower Maastrichtian coastal and inland environments of the region, but were still present in those settings until the uppermost Maastrichtian, as evidenced by bones, eggshell and tracks, and skin impressions. However, their remains were much scarcer than those of hadrosaurs at this age. The dinosaur faunal succession of southwestern Europe has been improved by means of: 1) habitat understanding, 2) dating and integrating the Aude record (northern Pyrenees), 3) improving of the age calibration of the Isona sector (southern Pyrenees), and 4) integrationg of the Campanian- Maastrichtian dinosaur fossil record from the rest of France, Spain and Portugal (Provence and Iberian areas). Dating refinements permit a new model for the Maastrichtian dinosaur faunal succession. Instead of a rapid faunal shift from titanosaurian-dominated herbivorous assemblages to hadrosaur-dominated communities around the early-late Maastrichtian boundary, the achieved data show that the extinction of major clades and the apparition of new ones took place diachronously and was not time coincident. On the contrary, a coexistence period of about two milion years between older and newer Ibero-Armorican dinosaur inhabitants have been identified. This dinosaur turnover was not the response to environmental changes, but probably to faunal migration episodes after geographical barriers disappeared. 3 Resum El registre geològic i paleontològic del Campanià i Maastrichtià del sud-oest europeu ofereix una de les millors oportunitats per estudiar els darrers 15 milions d’anys abans de l’extinció del Cretaci- Paleogen més enllà del registre de Nord Amèrica. En aquesta tesi doctoral s’ha estudiat i caracteritzat el registre de dinosaures i els seus paleoambients associats, i s’han datat successions sedimentàries mitjançant magnetostratigrafia amb l’objectiu d’aprofundir en el coneixement sobre les darreres comunitats de dinosaures de l’illa Ibero-Armoricana de l’Arxipèlag europeu. Els treballs integrats realitzats a la part mesozoica del Grup Tremp (Conca sud-pirinenca) inclouen l’estudi de les petjades de l’icnogènere Hadrosauropodus, associat a dinosaures hadrosaures. Aquestes empremtes són molt abundants en les planes costaneres fluvials del Maastrichtià superior. A més de l’ambient fluvial, els hadrosaures també van colonitzar l’ecosistema costaner (per exemple llacunes), tal com mostra el jaciment de L’Espinau, entre d’altres localitats. Per contra, els sauròpodes van ser dominants en els ambients costaners i continentals de la regió durant el Campanià i el Maastrichtià inferior, tot i que van persistir fins el Maastrichtià terminal tal i com evidencia el seu registre osteològic, oològic i de petjades, incloent-hi impressions de pell. Amb tot, les seves restes fòssils són molt més escasses que les d’hadrosaure en aquesta
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