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Intellectuals in the Australian Press Intellectuals in the Australian Press Craig Murray B.A. (Hons) Submitted in full requirement for the award of Doctor of Philosophy 2005 Creative Industries Research and Applications Centre Queensland University of Technology ii KEY WORDS Intellectuals Public Intellectuals Newspapers Political Columns Political Columnists Journalists Academics Think Tanks Paul Kelly Robert Manne Gerard Henderson ABSTRACT Intellectuals in the Australian Press Craig Murray B.A. (Hons) The notion of the ‘public intellectual’ has been a recurring discussion topic within sociology and the humanities for decades. Yet it has been largely neglected within media and cultural studies. Accordingly, few scholars have discussed in much depth how public intellectuals operate within the media and what functions this media role may facilitate. Intellectuals in the Australian Press is an exploration into this generally overlooked area of scholarship. It aims to provide three levels of insight into the topic. Firstly, the study looks closely at the appearance and the function of public intellectuals in the Australian press. It outlines how public intellectuals contribute to the newspapers and how newspapers contribute to Australian public intellectual life. Secondly, the thesis outlines and examines in detail three types of public intellectual in Australia. Specifically, it examines the journalist, the academic and the think tank researcher as types of intellectual who write regularly for Australia’s newspapers. Thirdly, Intellectuals in the Australian Press delivers detailed intellectual biographies of three of Australia’s most prominent press intellectuals, each of whom exemplifies one of these three categories. These commentators are The Australian’s Paul Kelly, The Age’s Robert Manne, and the Sydney Morning Herald’s Gerard Henderson. ii CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. ii Certification………………………………………………………………………... vii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… viii Chapter One ~ Introduction to Thesis………………………………………....... 1 Thesis Objectives…………………………………………………………... 3 1. Examining the Role of Intellectuals in the Press………………………... 3 2. Redefining the ‘Intellectual’…………………………………………….. 4 3. Identifying Types of Public Intellectual (in the Press)………………….. 6 4. Provide Analyses of Three Eminent Press Intellectuals………………… 7 5. Provide an Insight into Australian Public Intellectual Life……………... 9 6. Examining the ‘Political Columnist’……………………………………. 10 Chapter Breakdown and Notes on Methodology…………………………... 10 Summary…………………………………………………………………… 14 PART ONE ~ PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS IN THE PRESS………………….15 Chapter Two ~ Intellectuals……………..……………………………………….. 16 Introduction: What is an Intellectual?……………………………………… 16 Origins: the Dreyfus Affair………………………………………………… 16 Evolution of the Concept…………………………………………………... 19 Approaches to Defining the Intellectual…………………………………… 20 1. The Qualitative Approach……………………………………………….. 20 2. The Broad Approach…………………………………………………… 22 The Sociology of Knowledge……………………………………………… 24 The Gramscian Influence…………………………………………………... 25 Preferred Approach for this Thesis………………………………………… 28 The Intellectual as an Expert……………………………………………….. 29 The Intellectual as Independent……………………………………………. 35 Intellectuals as Independent Authorities on Public Matters……………….. 38 The Public Intellectual……………………………………………………... 42 The Role of Intellectuals in Australian Society……………………………. 45 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 48 Chapter Three ~ Newspapers and Australian Public Intellectual Life………... 51 Introduction………………………………………………………...………. 51 A. Newspapers and Public Intellectual Culture……………………………. 51 B. Australian Public Intellectuals………………………………………….. 54 ‘Tired Old Farts’…………………………………………………………… 55 iii Old Cold Warriors…………………………………………………………..57 The Right-wing Ascendancy……………………………………………….. 58 Angry White Males………………………………………………………… 61 Summary…………………………………………………………………… 62 C. Public Intellectual Debates: Cold War to Iraq War……………………... 63 1. The Cold War……………………………………………………………. 64 2. The Economic Debate…………………………………………………… 65 3. The History/Culture Wars……………………………………………….. 70 4. Asylum Seekers and the Immigration Debate…………………………... 76 5. The Iraq War…………………………………………………………….. 79 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 80 Chapter Four ~ Public Intellectuals in the Press………..……………………… 82 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 82 A. Political Columns……………………………………………………….. 82 B. Functions of the Political Column (i) Economic Function of the Political Column……………………………. 85 (ii) Social Functions of the Political Column……………………………… 91 The Press as a “Fourth Estate”……………………………………………... 91 Newspapers and the Public Sphere………………………………………… 95 A Propaganda Function?…………………………………………………… 99 A Postmodern Perspective?………………………………………………... 101 Political Columns and the “Political Class”………………………………...101 (iii) Conclusions on the Column and its Functions………………………… 103 C. Types of Political Columnist……………………………………………. 104 (i) Political Columns and the Persuasiveness of Status……………………. 104 (ii) Some Categories of Political Columnist in Australia………………….. 106 Conclusions: other categories……………………………………………… 109 PART TWO: A. CATEGORIES OF PUBLIC INTELLECTUAL; B. ANALYSES OF THREE AUSTRALIAN PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS…. 112 Chapter Five ~ The Journalist as Public Intellectual…………………………... 113 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 113 The Political Journalist as Public Intellectual, Part 1……………………… 113 The Political Journalist as Public Intellectual, Part 2……………………… 116 1. Independence……………………………………………………………. 117 The Archetypal Press Baron……………………………………………….. 119 Journalists on Media Barons and Independence…………………………… 120 The Power of the Journalist………………………………………………... 121 Rupert Murdoch and Paul Kelly: Peas in a Pod……………………………. 123 2. Expertise………………………………………………………………… 125 3. Social Critique…………………………………………………………... 128 4. Public Performance……………………………………………………… 131 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 131 iv Chapter Six ~ The Social and Political Thought of Paul Kelly……………….... 133 Introduction…………………………………………………………………133 A. Political Writings: From the Dismissal to November 1975…………….. 133 B. Political and Social Thought: Economic Determinism…………………. 140 (i) Economy Policy………………………………………………………… 141 Protectionists as Ignorant and Irrational…………………………………… 145 The New Zealand Example………………………………………………… 147 The Third Way: Social Democracy at the turn of the century……………... 148 (ii) Social Policy…………………………………………………………… 151 The Immigration Debate…………………………………………………… 152 Soft Power: Immigration and Image……………………………………….. 154 Multiculturalism versus White Australia…………………………………... 155 The Early 2000’s ‘Asylum Seekers’ Debate………………………………. 157 (iii) History and Culture Wars……………………………………………... 160 (iv) Foreign Affairs………………………………………………………… 162 Asian Integration…………………………………………………………… 162 All the Way with the USA…………………………………………………. 164 The Iraq War……………………………………………………………….. 166 Independence Limited?.................................................................................. 167 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 171 Chapter Seven ~ The Academic as Public Intellectual…………………………. 173 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 173 A. Academics as Public Intellectuals………………………………………. 174 1. Independence……………………………………………………………. 174 2. Expertise………………………………………………………………… 181 3. Social Critique…………………………………………………………... 182 4. Public Performance……………………………………………………… 184 B. The Influence of Academics……………………………………………. 187 C. Robert Manne: The Academic as Public Intellectual…………………....190 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 193 Chapter Eight ~ The Social and Political Thought of Robert Manne…………. 194 Introduction…………………………………………………………………194 Robert Manne from Right to…Left?............................................................. 194 1. Conservatism……………………………………………………………..195 2. Anticommunism…………………………………………………………. 198 After the Cold War………………………………………………………….206 3. Economic Protectionism………………………………………………… 208 Opening Schism with the Right……………………………………………. 211 4. The Politics of Race……………………………………………………... 214 (i) Anti-Semitism: The Demidenko Affair………………………………… 215 (ii) Indigenous Affairs: The Stolen Generations…………………………… 220 The Resignation……………………………………………………………. 225 v (iii) Immigration: The Asylum Seekers Debate……………………………. 226 (iv) The Hanson Phenomenon and the Howard Years……………………... 229 5. The Iraq War and the War on Terror……………………………………. 232 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 235 Chapter Nine ~ The Think Tank Pundit as Public Intellectual……………….. 238 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 238 Think Tanks as Intellectual Institutions……………………………………. 239 The Think Tank Pundit as Public Intellectual: Gerard Henderson………… 242 1. Expertise………………………………………………………………… 243 2. Social Critique…………………………………………………………... 247 3. Public Performance……………………………………………………… 247 4. Independence……………………………………………………………. 250 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 258 Chapter Ten ~ The Social and Political Thought of Gerard Henderson……… 259 Introduction………………………………………………………………… 259 Phase 1: Anticommunism (1960s-70s)…………………………………….. 260 Growing Up Catholic………………………………………………………. 261 Catholicism and Politics: The Movement………………………………….. 262 University Days: Student Activism………………………………………... 267 Anticommunist Thought…………………………………………………… 270 Phase 2: The New Right (1980s)…………………………………………... 272 Free Trade over Protectionism……………………………………………... 273 Henderson with the Liberal Party 1………………………………………... 277 The Industrial Relations Club……………………………………………… 278 The Fraser Government: Seven Wasted Years…………………………….
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