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Attraction of Bactrocera Dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Nontarget Insects to Methyl Eugenol Bucket Traps with Different

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Attraction of Bactrocera Dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Nontarget Insects to Methyl Eugenol Bucket Traps with Different ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR Attraction of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Nontarget Insects to Methyl Eugenol Bucket Traps with Different Preservative Fluids on Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands 1,2 3 1 4 GRANT K. UCHIDA, BRUCE E. MACKEY, DONALD O. McINNIS, AND ROGER I. VARGAS J. Econ. Entomol. 100(3): 723Ð729 (2007) ABSTRACT Attraction of oriental fruit ßy, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and nontarget insects to preservative ßuids ethylene glycol antifreeze, propylene glycol antifreeze, or mineral oil in bucket traps that contained captured decaying male oriental fruit ßies, a male lure (methyl eugenol), and a toxicant (DDVP vapor insecticidal strip) were compared with dry control traps. SigniÞcantly (P Ͻ 0.05) greater numbers of B. dorsalis were captured in propylene glycol antifreeze traps than in other attractant trap types. Among attractant trap types with lowest negative impacts on nontarget insects, control traps captured signiÞcantly lower numbers of three species and one morphospecies of scavenger ßies, one species of plant-feeding ßy, and one species each of sweet- and lipid-feeding ants. Mineral oil traps captured signiÞcantly lower numbers of two species of scavengers ßies and one morphospecies of plant-feeding ßy, and one species of sweet-feeding ant. Because of the fragile nature of endemic Hawaiian insect fauna, the propylene glycol antifreeze bucket trap is best suited for use in environments (e.g., non-native habitats) where endemic species are known to be absent and mineral oil traps are more suited for minimizing insect captures in environmentally sensitive habitats. KEY WORDS preservatives, nontarget insects, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, mineral oil Insect preservative or collecting ßuids, such as ethyl- bodies to nontarget insects in rain protected methyl ene glycol antifreeze, propylene glycol antifreeze, eugenol (male B. dorsalis lure) baited pitfall and brine, ethanol, formaldehyde, vinegar, and water plus aboveground bucket traps. However, Uchida et al. detergent, have been used primarily in pitfall traps (2003) suggested that ethylene glycol was attractive to (Landolt 1990, Holopainen 1992, Vanden Berghe 1992, some nontarget insects and recommended mineral oil Asquith and Kido 1994, Lemieux and Lindgren 1999, as a less attractive alternative. Vogt and Harsh 2003). Among these ßuids, ethylene Howarth (1990) reported that over a period of 70 glycol was reported to reduce insect decay, predation, million yr, 400 insect colonizers gave rise to Ͼ5,000 and escapes even after dilution by rainwater or con- known endemic arthropod species on the most iso- centration by evaporation (Lemieux and Lindgren lated islands in the world, the Hawaiian Islands. Most 1999). Holopainen (1990, 1992) reported that ethyl- of the large intact native forests with associated en- ene glycol pitfall trap captures of carabid beetles was demic arthropods occur primarily in the uplands from greater than that of traps containing water. However, Ϸ609 to 1,524-m elevation (Hardy 1965). During the because ethylene glycol was reported as more toxic to mid-19th Century, conversion of drier native forest human cells than propylene glycol, propylene glycol below 609-m elevation to grazing lands and planta- antifreeze is being used as a less toxic alternative tions and damage to remaining native vegetation by (Mochida and Gomyoda 1987, Lemieux and Lindgren feral ungulates resulted in a loss of numerous terres- 1999). In the Hawaiian Islands, previous researchers trial ecosystems with only remnant vegetations re- (Asquith and Kido 1994, Asquith and Burny 1998) maining (Cuddihy 1989). Gagne (1988) reported that used ethylene glycol as a preservative to remove the Ͼ25% of the endangered species and 75% of the re- attractive odor of captured decaying oriental fruit ßy, corded historical extinctions in the United States were Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. B. dorsalis breeds primarily in the guava belt (Ripperton and 1 U.S. PaciÞc Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), Hosaka 1942), which extends from lower to middle USDAÐARS, 2727 Woodlawn Dr., Honolulu, HI 96822. elevations on each of the high islands in the Hawaiian 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: guchida.pbarc.ars.usda.gov. chain. The primary hosts are Psidium cattleanum Sab- 3 Biometrical Services, Research, Education and Economics, PaciÞc ine, which is prevalent in the interface of the guava West area, USDAÐARS, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710. 4 U.S. PaciÞc Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), USDAÐ belt and upland native cloud forests, and Psidium gua- ARS, Stainback Hgwy., P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, HI 96720. java L., which occurs in abundance in wet valleys at 724 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 100, no. 3 lower and middle elevations (Vargas et al. 1983). Be- within a 3.04-ha Plant Science Instructional Arbore- cause of the fragile nature of the endemic insect fauna tum (Warner 1980), Waimanalo Experiment Station, in these areas, nontarget insect researchers (Howarth University of Hawaii, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. and Howarth 2000, Uchida et al. 2003) have subse- Every trap used in the current study was baited with quently suggested that fruit ßy traps be modiÞed (e.g., 2 ml of a male B. dorsalis lure methyl eugenol (Steiner trap color) to reduce the number of captured non- 1952), and a 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate target insects and in particular endemic species while (DDVP) vapor insecticidal strip (Vaportape II insec- targeting fruit ßies. ticidal strip, 10.75% active ingredient, Hercon Envi- In 1999, an areawide integrated pest management ronmental Company, Emigsville, PA), which was (IPM) (AWPM) program (Chandler and Faust 1998, hooked to the lid next to a treatment wick. At each of Faust and Chandler 1998) was initiated in the Hawai- four sites, a set of three treatment traps, containing the ian Islands to develop and implement existing IPM treatments, 47 ml of ethylene glycol antifreeze (Pre- tools in an environmentally and economically sound stone Antifreeze/Coolant, Prestone Products Corpo- manner for transfer to growers, for controlling four ration, Danbury, CT), propylene glycol antifreeze species of fruit ßies (Diptera: Tephritidae), including (Prestone LowTox Antifreeze/Coolant), or mineral the most widespread and abundant species, B. dorsalis oil (Roberts Laboratories Inc., a subsidiary of Roberts (Haramoto and Bess 1970, Vargas et al. 1983). An Pharmaceutical Corp., Eaton, NJ), and a dry trap (con- environmental component was set up to examine the trol) without any preservative-collecting ßuid were attractiveness of fruit ßy attractants, including methyl separately deployed on three trees in a straight line. eugenol, to nontarget insects. Because mass trapping The end of each line of trees was separated by 20 m. with standard fruit ßy bucket traps was used as a The lack of a preservative in control traps, allowed primary method for B. dorsalis control, our objective for the decomposition of captured B. dorsalis under was to test the attractiveness of the preservative ßuids Þeld conditions. Captured insects, which contain wa- ethylene glycol antifreeze and propylene glycol anti- ter, would be expected to decay in mineral oil in traps freeze, and a new ßuid, mineral oil, to male B. dorsalis and serve as sources of attraction for carrion associ- and nontarget insects. The most attractive ßuid could ated insects, but the relatively high viscosity of mineral be used for improving capture efÞciency of methyl oil minimizes the release of decaying insect volatiles eugenol bucket traps for male B. dorsalis in disturbed emanating from its surface (Kido et al. 1996, Uchida et habitats (e.g., exotic lowland forests), where endemic al. 2003). Traps were hung individually on exposed insects are known to be absent. Alternately, because tree branches Ϸ10 m or more apart. During a 28-d of the fragile nature of the Hawaiian endemic insects, trapping period (29 AugustÐ26 September 2001), a set the least attractive ßuid would be better suited for of traps was removed without replacement from each minimizing the number of endemic nontarget species site every seventh day, contents in trap bottoms were and individual insects captured in standard traps each decanted into a ßat pan, nontarget insects were placed in environmentally sensitive habitats, where B. transferred to appropriately labeled 1 dram glass vials dorsalis breeds in the interface between predomi- containing lacquer thinner, and male B. dorsalis were nantly upland native vegetation and predominantly scored and discarded. Later, each vial of mineral oil lowland introduced vegetation. Additionally, the trap captures were bathed twice in lacquer thinner to length of Þeld exposure of methyl eugenol traps con- remove all traces of mineral oil followed by absolute taining an attractive ßuid for maximum trapping efÞ- methanol to remove lacquer thinner, and stored in ciency for male B. dorsalis and minimum effects on 75% methanol. Many specimens, which were uniden- nontarget insects are important considerations. Such tiÞable at species level because they were undescribed traps would be beneÞcial for use in other areas, such or unidentiÞed insects, were grouped by morpholog- as California, Texas, Florida, and elsewhere, when B. ical similarities and are designated herein as mor- dorsalis is sporadically introduced. phospecies. Two or more unidentiÞed morphospecies belonging to the same insect genus or family taxon were assigned species numbers sp. 1, sp. 2, and so on. Materials and Methods Statistical Analysis. Nontarget insect capture data Bucket traps (Uchida et al. 1996) were assembled were analyzed using a generalized, linear, mixed mod- with opaque white plastic cups (411-32-N, 0.89-ml els approach and a GLIMMIX.SAS macro (Littell et al. cups, 12.0 cm (top) and 10 cm (bottom) diameter, 11.5 1996) with a log link function, which modeled count cm in height) and lids (PF-411, 12.1-cm-diameter lid) data as a Poisson distribution. Because of a large num- (Highland Plastics, Pasadena, CA), and galvanized ber of zeros, a constant of 0.5 was added to all counts wire handles and wick hangers.
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