aNNuaL rePorT 2015

Planetary Science Institute Dedicated to Solar System exploration, PSI scientists are involved in NASA and international missions, fieldwork around the world, education, and outreach.

PLANETARY SCIENCE INSTITUTE

The Planetary Science Institute is a private, nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to Solar System exploration. It is headquartered in Tucson, Arizona, where it was founded in 1972.

PSI scientists are involved in numerous NASA and international missions, the study of Mars and other planets, the Moon, asteroids, comets, interplanetary dust, impact physics, the origin of the Solar System, extra-solar planet formation, dynamical evolution of planetary systems, the rise of life, and other areas of research.

They conduct fieldwork on all continents around the world. They also are actively involved in science education and public outreach through school programs, children’s books, popular science books and art.

PSI scientists are based in 23 states and the District of Columbia, and work from various locations around the world.

PSI Board of Trustees

Tim Hunter, M.D., Chair Joseph K. Alexander Kathryn Schmoll Candace Kohl, Ph.D., Vice Chair Brent Archinal, Ph.D. Pat H. Simmons Benjamin Smith, J.D., Secretary Michael J.S. Belton, Ph.D. Mark V. Sykes, Ph.D., J.D. William K. Hartmann, Ph.D.

On the cover: “Lunar Afternoon,” acrylic painting by William K. Hartmann, Senior Scientist at the Planetary Science Institute where he is a co-founder.

This view shows a typical lunar view and attempts to catch the reflected light on the shaded side of lunar rocks. The painting was made one afternoon during a summer school program in Madrid, Spain, when students asked to see a demonstration of how the artist creates a “space painting.”

Planetary Science Institute | 1700 E. Fort Lowell, Suite 106 | Tucson, Arizona 85719-2395 | Phone 520-622-6300 | Fax 520-622-8060 | www.psi.edu 2 “We look forward to building on our accomplishments... ere is so much to do!”

elsewhere in this report. For me this award has additional meaning NOTE since it represents a generational changing of the guard. I was the original manager of the Dust Subnode, which I brought to PSI in 2004. FROM THE PSI founder Don Davis was the original manager of the Asteroid Subnode and then the merged subnode. Now, Research Scientist Eric Palmer brings new energy and vision to this important job. DIRECTOR It is also notable that PSI researchers are working on four of ve Discovery mission proposals selected this year for further consideration by NASA. One or two of the missions will be selected Strategic plans are o en not much more than a promotional tool, for opportunities to y as early as 2020. Senior Scientist Tommy dressing up organizational websites with nicely illustrated pictures Grav and I are co-investigators with the NEOCam mission to greatly to promote the idea that they are very busy and thinking about the expand our knowledge of the near-Earth object population, and future. PSI has taken a dierent approach in creating our rst strategic detect thousands of comets and millions of main belt asteroids. plan (posted on our website). We dene the broad scope of activity Senior Scientist David Grinspoon is a co-investigator of the DAVINCI and the open-ended goals toward which we are constantly working. mission to study the chemical composition of Venus’ atmosphere, We clearly identify our priorities, but most importantly, we lay out while Senior Scientist Darby Dyar is a co-investigator of the VERITAS the principles that underpin everything we do. Our strategic plan is mission that would y a shorter-wavelength radar instrument to a working document. I take every new initiative and demonstrate that remap Venus at high spatial resolution over the course of three it is consistent with our mission, advances our vision, addresses our Venus years. Senior Scientist Tom Prettyman is a co-investigator on priorities, and does so in a manner that is consistent with our principles. the Psyche mission that would explore the origin of planetary cores One of our priorities is to expand funding opportunities for PSI’s by studying the metallic asteroid Psyche. Hopefully, NASA will be scientists and educators. We are a company that has relied almost selecting two missions and not one! exclusively on NASA funding for more than 40 years, but today One of the many notable scientic results coming out of the we are reaching out to industry and even beyond our national Institute this year was Senior Scientist Joe Spitale’s determination boundaries. We have contracted with European entities in support that the well-known “jets” of Saturn’s moon, Enceladus, are actually of the Rosetta mission. In December of this year, we signed a an optical illusion. A member of the Cassini imaging team, Spitale cooperation agreement with Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space was able to reproduce the jets observed by assuming the eruption Technology (Qian Xuesen Lab) in the People’s Republic of China to of curtains of water from the length of the squiggly “tiger stripe” advance our mutual interests in facilitating the open-ended expansion fractures in the moon’s south polar region. Folds in these erupting of the exploration of the Solar System and to use the knowledge thus curtains along the line of sight give the appearance of concentrated gained in supporting the expansion of human activity beyond the jets. It made the cover of Nature magazine and is a nice demonstration Earth. We have a very deep science bench with experience in Solar that in science we can never take anything for granted. System exploration that extends back to the days of the Apollo NASA remains our core enterprise. We are funded from every program. We look forward to identifying opportunities not just at planetary research program and participate on almost every planetary home in the United States, but throughout the world. mission. We look forward to building on our accomplishments as we In the meantime, this year PSI received a $4 million, ve-year reach out and pursue all areas where our science is relevant, including cooperative agreement from NASA to manage the Planetary Data additional opportunities for Solar System exploration. System’s Asteroid and Dust Subnode. PSI has provided PDS archiving ere is so much to do! services for more than 20 years, beginning in 1994, maintaining a — rapidly expanding archive of mission and ground-based data described Mark V. Sykes

3 the Sun to study the solar wind, specically the Sun’s magnetic eld, MERCURY MESSENGER using Faraday rotation. is unique set of measurements added a low-resource, high-impact, scientic contribution to the dearth of MISSION GLEANS knowledge on the heating paradox of the Sun: how you make heat ow from something cool – the 6,000 degree Kelvin surface – to something hot – the 6 million degree Kelvin corona. MORE DISCOVERIES Another result from Jensen’s work on MESSENGER’s Solar Coronal Faraday Rotation observations was the passage of a Coronal NASA’s MESSENGER spacecra ended its scientic operations Mass Ejection (CME). ese are massive plasma structures that can by crashing into Mercury April 30, 2015, and PSI scientists looked trigger Earth’s space weather, or geomagnetic storms. Measuring the back at a mission that provided new discoveries on the planet closest magnetic eld within a CME so close to the Sun is extremely rare to the Sun. Senior Scientist Catherine Johnson and her group have played key roles in the characterization of Mercury’s magnetic eld, including the major discovery that the magnetic eld is oset from Mercury’s body center. Her group’s work has contributed to identifying the large-scale structure of the magnetosphere and the internal eld, demonstrating the existence and properties of eld aligned currents, and ux of the solar wind to the surface. Senior Scientist William Feldman was responsible for the conceptual design of the MESSENGER Neutron Spectrometer. is instrument provided the data to conrm the presence of water ice near the surface of permanently shaded craters near the north pole of Mercury. Senior Scientist Faith Vilas’s work identied spectral absorption signatures of surface mineralogy in wide-angle color images of bright geologic surface features called “hollows” in Mercury’s craters Dominici and Hopper. Studies of temperature eects on spectral properties of suldes suggest that the hollows mineralogy incorpo- rates MgS (magnesium sulde), CaS (calcium sulde) and darker and valuable to enhancing our ability to predict their eects on our background material. Mercury’s surface is spectrally bland, and satellites and ionosphere. these are the rst solidly identied reectance absorption features And Senior Scientist Robert Gaskell’s digital elevation for Mercury’s surface. models were used to better understand Mercury’s geology, both on Senior Scientist Deborah Domingue’s work focused on the surface and within the planet. He used images acquired by the photometry, where she used the Mercury Dual Imaging System Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) to derive information on the instrument to study how Mercury’s surface reects light, depending shape and topography of the innermost planet. is information has on how you look at it. She contributed photometric standardization been used to model and constrain the characteristics of Mercury’s for the images, enabling the construction of mosaics, both internal structure. monochrome and color. One of her key contributions was the A er the spacecra crashed and ended scientic operations, review paper published in Space Science Reviews on the space PSI researchers were awarded funding for another year to study and weathering of Mercury’s surface in comparison to space weathering archive data collected during the mission. on the Moon and asteroids. MESSENGER STUDIES MERCURY Associate Research Scientist Elizabeth Jensen utilized Above and right: NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft achieved unprecedented MESSENGER’s positioning, radio transmitter, and proximity to success studying Mercury. Images courtesy of NASA/JHU APL/Carnegie Institution of Washington 4 NASA’s MESSENGER spacecraft ended its scientifi c operations by crashing into Mercury on April 30, 2015, but PSI scientists will continue to study and archive data.

THe PSI MerCurY MeSSeNGer TeaM

SaraH aNdre Senior Scientist

MarIa BaNKS research Scientist

KareN SToCKSTILL CaHILL associate research Scientist

deBoraH doMINGue Senior Scientist

WILLIaM feLdMaN Senior Scientist

roBerT GaSKeLL Senior Scientist

eLIzaBeTH JeNSeN associate research Scientist

CaTHerINe JoHNSoN Senior Scientist

faITH VILaS Senior Scientist 5 DAWN PROBES CERES

PSI scientists continued to play an important role in NASA’s A new study of materials on the surface of Vesta led by PSI’s Dawn mission as the spacecra investigated the dwarf planet Ceres. omas Prettyman oers evidence that the giant asteroid is Dawn had earlier studied the giant asteroid Vesta for 14 months the source of howardite, eucrite and diogenite (HED) basaltic before spending 24 months on its long trek to Ceres, where it meteorites, supporting current models of Solar System evolution entered into orbit on March 16, 2015. and terrestrial planet formation. PSI Senior Scientist David O’Brien provided the mission Prettyman and co-authors that included PSI’s Yuki Yamashita numerous images and videos of Vesta and Ceres, including three- and Bob Reedy determined the globally averaged concentrations dimensional visualizations, topographical maps and mosaics made of radioactive elements potassium (K) and thorium () on Vesta’s up of a number of individual images from Dawn. surface using data from the Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector PSI scientists Lucille Le Corre, Vishnu Reddy, Jian-Yang Li, (GRaND) instrument aboard NASA’s Dawn spacecra . David O’Brien and Mark Sykes were co-authors on a paper discussing “e K and  content is important because together these bright spots on the surface of Ceres. elements provide constraints on the composition of materials from Ceres has more than 130 bright areas. Observations from Dawn’s which Vesta was made and conditions in the early Solar System,” Framing Camera suggest the emergence of salts originating from Prettyman said. e K/ ratio of Vesta is very similar to that of the Ceres’ interior. ese salts are consistent with a type called magnesium HED meteorites and distinct from other basaltic meteorites, which sulfate. strongly supports a connection between Vesta and the HEDs. “We reviewed three possible analogs for the bright spots (ice, e Solar System originated from a molecular cloud that clays and salts),” said Le Corre, a PSI Research Scientist. “Salts seem collapsed to form the Sun and a rotating disk of gas and dust from to t the bill and are the best possible explanation of what we see on which the planets grew. Vesta is thought to be a planetary “embryo,” the surface of Ceres.” a le over planetary building block that survived more or less intact Le Corre and colleagues, using images from Dawn’s framing to the present day. Because it underwent magmatic processes, camera, suggest that these salt-rich areas were le behind when similar to the inner planets, Vesta is also regarded as “the smallest water-ice sublimated in the past. Impacts from asteroids would have terrestrial planet.” unearthed the mixture of ice and salt.

6 Vesta is thought to be a planetary “embryo,” a leover planetary building block that survived more or less intact to the present day.

Olivine should be one of the most abundant minerals on asteroid Vesta, but it remains elusive. Scientists working on NASA’s Dawn mission to Vesta were initially thrilled to nd few scattered remains of this enigmatic mineral as evidence for telltale signs of planetary dierentiation. However, research led by Lucille Le Corre says that at least some of this olivine might not have come from Vesta, but instead was delivered by other asteroids. “Olivine provides important constraints on how small proto- planets like Vesta form and what we can learn about the formation of terrestrial planets, including Earth, but what we see on Vesta might not be the smoking gun we were looking for,” said Le Corre, the lead author of the new study. PSI’s Vishnu Reddy and Juan Sanchez are coauthors on the paper. DAWN MISSION INVESTIGATES CERES e results come in light of a new analysis of data provided by Top: Craters and mysterious bright spots are beginning to pop out in Dawn suggesting that some of the olivine on Vesta may have resulted images taken by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft as it approaches Ceres. These from olivine-rich meteorites impacting the body rather than being images, taken at a distance of 52,000 miles (83,000 kilometers) from the the product of internal geologic activity. dwarf planet, pose intriguing questions for the science team to explore as the spacecraft nears its destination. “e lack of abundant olivine on Vesta does not mean that it is Bottom: This image taken by Dawn shows Occator crater on Ceres, home not dierentiated, as all evidence points to a Vesta that once had to a collection of intriguing bright spots. The bright spots are much crust, mantle and a core,” Le Corre said. “We just need to update our brighter than the rest of Ceres’ surface, and tend to appear overexposed in most images. This view is a composite of two images of Occator: one planetary formation models in light of new results from Dawn.” using a short exposure that captures the detail in the bright spots, and one where the background surface is captured at normal exposure. All photos courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA

7 MARS IS TARGET OF PSI RESEARCH EFFORTS

PSI scientists were active in programs studying Mars in 2015, any other camera ever put into orbit around Mars, said Hansen, as well as offering ideas for investigating the planet in the future. HiRISE Deputy Principal Investigator. Senior Scientist J. Alexis P. Rodriguez found that regional, not PSI scientists were also involved in planning future Mars global, processes led to huge Martian floods about 450 million research efforts. years ago. For many years it was thought that this was caused by Microprobes that piggyback on Mars-bound spacecraft could the release of water from a global water table, but research led by investigate areas currently unavailable to surface instruments, Rodriguez revealed regional deposits of sediment and ice that Senior Scientist Rebecca M.E. Williams proposed. provided the critical clues about the source. The payload could be steered to scientifically desired targets “Our investigation suggests that early Mars sedimentation during the gliding phase, enabling a wide variety of enticing could have buried and trapped enormous volumes of surface water, research locations including canyons, fresh impact crater sites, perhaps triggering the transition into the frozen world that Mars volcanic region and glaciers, Williams reported at the 46th Lunar has been during most of its history,” Rodriguez said. “Evidence for and Planetary Science Conference in Houston. ancient environments capable of sustaining Earth-like life forms The MARSDROP microprobes could target scientifically could be present in subsurface materials that are now exposed. compelling landing sites at minimal cost, Williams said. “Because the process of deposition, freezing, heating and eruption MARSDROP is a small reentry vehicle that has successfully been were regional, there may be vast reservoirs of water ice that are still flown from Earth orbit and is a cost-effective way to double or trapped beneath the Martian surface along the boundaries of its triple the number of Mars landers for each mission opportunity. ancient northern ocean as well as within the subsurface of other Also, a landing site for NASA’s 2020 Mars Rover Mission regions of the planet where contemporaneous seas and lakes proposed by PSI scientists was one of eight selected for further formed,” he said. “This could be critical to the future of human study. PSI Senior Scientists Rebecca M.E. Williams and Catherine activity on Mars.” Weitz were part of a team of researchers who successfully argued Senior Scientist Candice Hansen was involved in a program for the Melas basin, located in central Valles Marineris. where science team members for NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Half of the final eight candidate landing sites are interpreted as Orbiter solicited help from the public to analyze exotic features former lake environments, an excellent geologic setting to preserve near the south pole of Mars. signatures of possible ancient life. The Melas basin was rated highly By categorizing features visible in images from the orbiter’s by the science community because former lake deposits are present Context Camera (CTX), volunteers using their own computers throughout the landing ellipse, making it an ideal “land-on” site. helped the team identify specific areas for even more detailed The eight selected sites, culled from 21 presented at the work- examination with the orbiter’s High Resolution Imaging Science shop, will be reduced to only four sites in early 2017. Mars 2020 is Experiment (HiRISE) camera. HiRISE can reveal more detail than scheduled to launch in July-August 2020.

8 “Our investigation suggests that early Mars sedimentation could have buried and trapped enormous volumes of surface water, perhaps triggering the transition into the frozen world that Mars has been during most of its history.”

— PSI Senior Scientist J. alexis P. rodriguez

Perspective views of (top) the fl oor of a basin where rodriguez and others propose in this investigation that shallow lakes could have formed within the last few tens of millions of years, and (below) the fl oor of a proposed Martian analog high mountain lake in the Tibetan plateau, where rodriguez will conduct a fi eld investigation this coming summer. The arrows in both panels identify similar ridges that surround the basin’s fl oor. In the Tibetan lake case, the ridges are thought to form as sediments are pushed outwards by the freezing waters. These types of ridges might be diagnostic shoreline features of lakes that formed under extremely cold and dry Martian conditions. a key objective of the planned fi eld expedition is to investigate these bizarre shoreline features and characterize their astrobiological potential.

9 PSI, Chinese Space Lab Sign Cooperative Pact

PSI signed a cooperation agreement with Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology (Qian Xuesen Lab) to advance their mutual interests in facilitating the open-ended expansion of the exploration of the Solar System and to use the knowledge thus gained in supporting the expansion of human activity beyond the Earth. Both institutions also wish to advance their common interest in communicating to the public the knowledge and benets gained through robotic and human exploration of the Solar System. e Lab is named a er Qian Xuesen (Hsue-Shen Tsien, used in PSI/CHINA COOPERATION AGREEMENT the U.S.), who is one of the founders of the Caltech Jet Propulsion Chen Hong, left, the Director of the Qian Xuesen Laboratory, and Mark Sykes, Laboratory. Qian Xuesen Lab is a part of the China Aerospace Sci- PSI CEO and Director, shake hands in Beijing, China after signing a cooperation ence and Technology Corporation (CASC), which has been involved agreement to advance Solar System exploration. in China’s Chang’E missions to the Moon and China’s human space program. While in Beijing, Sykes and Senior Scientist Jian-Yang Li gave PSI CEO and Director Mark V. Sykes signed the agreement in presentations at a special workshop about PSI, its current involve- Beijing, China, along with Chen Hong, Director of Qian Xuesen Lab. ment in both NASA and ESA missions, PSI’s education and public “China is the rst country since 1976 to successfully land a space- outreach activities, and the frontier of the science and utilization of cra on the Moon. ey have mapped the surface of the Moon and near-Earth objects. executed a brilliant yby of the near-Earth asteroid Toutatis,” said No NASA funds were used in support of this eort, in compliance Sykes. “We look forward to working with them.” with federal law.

PSI Researchers Receive Barringer, GSA Honors

PSI scientists garnered prestigious honors during 2015. Senior Scientist Natasha Artemieva received the Meteoritical Society’s 2015 Barringer Award and Senior Scientist R. Aileen Yingst was named a Geological Society of America Fellow. Artemieva received the Meteoritical Society’s 2015 Barringer Award for her “seminal contributions to the understanding of dynamic impact cratering physics and chemistry.” e award presentation took place July 29 at the Meteoritical Society meeting in Berkeley, Calif. Kai Wünnemann, her colleague from the Naturkunde Museum in Berlin, gave the citation, which was followed by Natasha’s acceptance HONORED SCIENTIST speech and a 40-minute lecture, “e impact of numbers on impacts,” PSI Senior Scientist and Meteoritical Society’s 2015 Barringer Award recipient describing the importance of numerical modeling in impact studies. Natasha Artemieva performs impact science research from her bases in Tucson, “is is a huge honor for me. It’s the biggest prize an impact Ariz. and Russia. 10 HONORED SCIENTIST Planetary Science Institute Senior Scientist and Geological Society of America Fellow R. Aileen Yingst stands in front of NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover mock-up at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Yingst is a Co-Investigator on MSL’s Mast Camera (Mastcam) and Mars Descent Imager (MARDI), and she is the Deputy Principal Investigator for the Mars HandLens Imager.

ejection of lunar and Martian meteorites and the characterization of impact ejecta around the world. Yingst was named a Geological Society of America Fellow for her signicant research in planetary geology, leadership roles in multiple planetary missions, work in training the next generation of planetary geoscientists through a decade of leadership in NASA’s Space Grant Program, and for her work in contributing to the public scientist may receive. It’s also a great opportunity to thank my awareness of planetary geoscience. colleagues who helped me to accomplish my work,” said Artemieva. Yingst was involved with the Mars Pathnder and Mars Polar Her recent work covers the eect of terrestrial impact ejecta Lander missions. She was a Participating Scientist on the Mars layers on climate, in which she modeled the Chicxulub crater and Exploration Rovers and the Dawn mission when it was at Vesta and thermal radiation from its ejecta, concluding with her colleagues is currently a Dawn Associate at Ceres. She is very involved with the that res arising from such radiation cannot be responsible for Mars Science Laboratory, Curiosity, as a Co-Investigator on the Mast plant extinctions at that time. She has explored the origin and Camera (Mastcam) and Mars Descent Imager (MARDI), and she is distribution of lunar water, tracking the volatile transport in the the Deputy Principal Investigator for the Mars HandLens Imager. transient atmosphere generated a er a comet impact, with a focus “I am honored to be named a GSA fellow; it was a complete on how these processes inuence the accumulation of water in surprise. What moved me the most was that my colleagues took time polar cold traps. She has also studied the Chelyabinsk meteorite fall, out of their busy schedules — and some of them are crazy busy — modeling the observed smoke train to better understand the puzzle to put together my nomination to make this possible,” Yingst said. of the very low recovered mass, and has written a popular article on Yingst was honored at the 2015 GSA Annual Meeting Presidential the event. ese research projects are in addition to her work on the Address and Awards Ceremony held Nov. 1 in Baltimore.

who established the subnode in 1994. PSI Receives $4 Million PSI’s archiving team is lead support on the NASA Dawn, OSIRIS- REx and Japanese Hayabusa 2 missions. ey also support the dust For NASA Planetary Data detection instrument on Cassini and asteroid ybys of ESA’s Rosetta System Archiving mission. Past missions include IRAS, Galileo, Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission, the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) mission, and others. Ground-based observations PSI received a $4 million, ve-year cooperative agreement from of asteroids are also included. e amount of data stored in the NASA to manage the Planetary Data System’s Asteroid and Dust archive approaches 10 terabytes. Subnode. e Subnode is part of the Small Bodies Node, managed “We work with mission teams to ensure that data products are by the University of Maryland. well-documented and in formats that are usable.” Palmer said. e PSI has provided PDS archiving services for more than 20 years, most important part of the archive process, however, is to subject all Research Scientist Eric Palmer said. “We maintain an archive of all data to peer review by outside scientists. is is to ensure that the NASA ight mission data that relates to asteroids and interplanetary dust.” Palmer will be the new manager of the Asteroid and Dust continued on page 12 Subnode, assuming the reins from PSI Senior Scientist Don Davis 11 PDS TEAM Members of PSI’s NASA Planetary Data System Asteroid and Dust Subnode are, from left, Donald R. Davis, Rose Early, Eric E. Palmer, Beatrice Mueller, Jesse V. Stone, Carol Neese and Michael Wendell.

continued from page11 data will continue is to be usable for the next 50 years.” Seven PSI staers work on PDS: Palmer, Don Davis, Beatrice Mueller, Carol Neese, Rose Early, Jesse Stone and Michael Wendell. Ackiss, Caudill Named Pierazzo Award Winners

Sheridan Ackiss and Christy Caudill were named winners of the 2016 Pierazzo International Student Travel Award. e Pierazzo award was established by PSI in memory of Senior Scientist Betty Pierazzo to support and encourage graduate students to build inter- national collaborations and relationships in planetary science. Ackiss, of Purdue University, will receive the award for a U.S.- based graduate student traveling to a planetary meeting outside the U.S. Her research title is “Mineralogical Evidence for Subglacial Volcanoes in the Sisyphi Montes Region of Mars” and she will be at- tending the 6th International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration in Reykjavik, Iceland, Sept. 5-9, 2016. Caudill, of the Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration at the University of Western Ontario, will receive the award for a non- U.S. based graduate student traveling to a planetary meeting in the U.S. Her research title is “Large Basin Impact Cratering Processes as Understood rough Martian and Terrestrial Impact Studies” and she will be attending the American Geophysical Union Fall 2016 Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., Dec. 12-16, 2016. PIERAZZO AWARD WINNERS A PSI representative will present each awardee with a certicate Top: Sheridan Ackiss and check for $2,000 at their respective conferences. Above: Christy Caudill 12 PSI Fundraising and Development

PSI is always looking to make new connections and create new opportunities for supporting our mission.

Annual Dinner ANNUAL DINNER SPEAKER e 2015 Annual Fundraising Dinner featured Brother Guy Brother Guy Consolmagno, research astronomer and planetary scientist at the Consolmagno, “e Pope’s Astronomer.” Brother Guy is both a Vatican Observatory, was the keynote speaker at PSI’s Annual Dinner. Here Brother Guy, right, chats with dinner attendees. scientist and a theologian so he brings an interesting perspective to the world of planetary science. His keynote speech, “Adventures of a Vatican Planetary Scientist,” entertained the audience as he looked back at some of the odder last Friday of the month. It is an informal gathering of “Friends places his career in planetary science has taken him over the past 40 of PSI,” scientists, and PSI sta who enjoy friendly discussion and years. In 2014, Brother Guy was awarded the prestigious Carl Sagan networking. We vary the location each month so that we can support Medal. He was the rst clergyman to be so honored. a variety of local establishments and make the event convenient to Once again a highlight of the dinner included a rae of rare and our group – wherever they might work or live in the Tucson area. unique items including meteorites, photos and custom-made posters of the night sky, a telescope, jewelry, books, and much more. Outreach PSI scientists represent the organization at numerous events Challenge Grant throughout the year. Not only do our scientists conduct educational For the rst time ever, PSI launched a “Challenge Grant” initiative workshops for teachers, but they also volunteer as keynote speakers in 2015. A group of generous PSI supporters oered the Institute an at venues such as local astronomy clubs and as judges at science fairs. $8,500 pledge that PSI would receive if it could raise funds to match the pledge. e eort was highly successful. We not only matched Grants and Business Sponsorships the pledge, we exceeded it. We actively pursue funding through a wide variety of grant applications and making presentations to Tucson-area businesses “Friends of PSI” Program that we have identied as possible donors and/or sponsors of e “Friends of PSI” program is our core group of supporters our work. comprised of individuals and businesses that further PSI’s global work through an annual membership donation. Other We have continued our partnership with Amazon through the Social Hours AmazonSmile program and we maintain a “PSI Gi Shop” on the e ever-popular “Friends” social hour is generally held on the PSI website.

13 PSI Education and Public Outreach

is was a busy year for education and public outreach activities Professional Development for Scientists for numerous PSI scientists, education specialists, sta and docents In collaboration with the Alan Alda Center for Communicating who hosted or participated in more than 50 education and public Science, Andrea Jones organized a science communication workshop outreach events ranging from Southern Arizona to NASA’s Goddard for scientists before the 2015 SSERVI/NASA Exploration Science Space Flight Center in Maryland. Events included professional Forum at NASA’s Ames Research Center, designed to help scientists development workshops for K-12 teachers, star parties, youth improve their skills and build their condence in communicating camps, public science events, public lectures, and classroom visits. about their research with a variety of audiences. is workshop was funded by the NASA SSERVI Remote, In Situ, and Synchrotron PSI personnel active in education and outreach eorts included Studies for Science and Exploration (RIS4E) team. scientists Dan Berman, Alice Baldridge, Jennifer Grier, Steve Additionally, Grier and Buxner provided professional develop- Kortenkamp, Beatrice Mueller, Dave O’Brien, Nalin Samarasinha, ment workshops and opportunities for scientists at professional Vishnu Reddy, and Mark Sykes; education sta Andrea Jones, Larry science conferences including the Lunar and Planetary Science Lebofsky, Sanlyn Buxner and ea Cañizo; and research assistants Conference and the Division for Planetary Science Meeting. Emily Joseph and Lindsay Spencer. Additionally, PSI docents Al Science Journalism Anzaldua, Bob Gent, David Acklam, Rob Bovill, and Nancy Lebosy Education Specialist Andrea Jones helped design and imple- participated in EPO events. ment a science journalism course for undergraduate and graduate Educator Professional Development journalism students in partnership with the State University of New Our education specialists held workshops for teachers in Southern York Stony Brook School of Journalism. Students participated in a Arizona through both grant funded and volunteer eorts. PSI semester-long Science Journalism Practicum, where they learned supported workshops through a collaborative program with about RIS4E science and exploration research directly from RIS4E Cosmoquest, led by Southern Illinois University. PSI provided scientists. At the conclusion of the course, students joined the RIS4E teacher workshops highlighting lunar science and online crater team on a eld expedition to the Big Island of Hawaii where they mapping. Additional workshops for teachers and librarians that documented and reported on planetary science eldwork in action, related to lunar and planetary science and exploration were oered and ultimately published their polished work on a public website: at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, supported by the Lunar ReportingRIS4E.com. Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission, the Dynamic Response Children’s Museum Tucson of the Environments at Asteroids, the Moon, and moons of Mars PSI provided school year and summer science camps for Tucson (DREAM2) team in NASA’s Solar System Exploration Research students in rst through third grades at the Children’s Museum Virtual Institute (SSERVI), and the Sample Analysis at Mars Tucson. Eligible students received full scholarships from the support instrument suite onboard the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity of a NASA outreach supplemental grant. Children learned about the Rover. Instructors in these education programs included Buxner, Solar System including the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids and comets. Cañizo, Jones, and Larry Lebofsky. In addition, PSI scientists and docents provided public programming rough a partnership with the Idaho Space Grant Consortium, on various planetary science topics at the museum. Jones also helped bring teachers into the eld in the summer of 2015 to conduct science and exploration research in Craters of the International Observe the Moon Night Moon National Monument and Preserve in Idaho with the NASA Education Specialist Andrea Jones served as Director of Field Investigations to Enable Solar System Science and Exploration International Observe the Moon Night (InOMN), an annual world- (FINESSE) science team, as part of the FINESSE Spaceward Bound wide celebration of lunar and planetary science and exploration program. (observethemoonnight.org). Jones organized an LRO/InOMN Jones also organized a SSERVI Seminar Speaker Series, high- outreach event as part of the Joint Base Andrews Air Show at lighting FINESSE and SSERVI science and exploration highlights for Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland, attended by several thousand the NASA Museum Alliance and NASA Solar System Ambassadors, who visitors. PSI organized an InOMN event at the University of Arizona’s in turn share this content with their audiences in venues around the Flandrau Science Center attended by several hundred people. country and the world. 14 PSI Continues To Expand

In 2015 PSI continued to grow, adding 16 new research and administrative staff members.

Ne w PSI staff members for 2015:

Jose G. Barrera Melinda Darby Dyar Brent A. Goetz Casey Honniball Matthew R.M. Izawa Ramaprasad Kulkarni Student Research Assistant Senior Scientist Student Research Assistant Student Research Assistant Associate Research Scientist Student Research Assistant

John M. Leinenveber Amy Courtright Barr Lynnae C. Quick Albert J. Reiber Elliot Sefton-Nash Sarah Sonnett Student Research Assistant Mlinar Research Scientist Student Research Assistant Senior Research Associate Associate Research Scientist Senior Scientist

Cristina A. Thomas Ryan Nicole Clegg John Weirich Paul Robert Weissman Research Scientist Watkins Postdoctoral Research Scientist Senior Scientist Associate Research Scientist

As it has been for more than 40 years, PSI’s strength and advantage continue to be in its people. Our culture of openness and high level of mutual support distinguishes us as an organization. 15 THANK YOU TO OUR 2015 BENEFACTORS With deep appreciation the Planetary Science Institute acknowledges the following individual and organizational benefactors who made contributions between Feb. 1, 2015 and Jan. 31, 2016.

$15,000 and up $250-$499 Lt. Col. and Mrs. William and Marilyn Sykes Dr. Bryan J. Travis and Mrs. Gayle L. Travis Dr. Mark V. Sykes and Ms. Marilyn Guengerich Mr. Maurizio Balistreri Dr. and Mrs. Stuart and Suzy Weidenschilling Mr. Anthony Villari Sun City Astronomy Club $10,000-$14,999 Dr. and Mrs. William and Gayle Hartmann Howard N. Stewart Philanthropic Fund Mr. and Mrs. Gordon and Diane Myers Mr. and Mrs. Joe and Diana Alexander $5,000-$9,999 Dr. and Mrs. Bevan and Mary-Hill French $1-$99 Mr. and Dr. William and Kathleen Bethel Mr. and Mrs. Donald and Darlene Burgess Anonymous Mr. Randy Sooter Mr. and Mrs. Alfred and Maria Anzaldua Dr. David P. Brown Lt. Col. Robert Gent and Judge Terrie Gent Ms. Julie Bates Dr. ea L. Cañizo $2,000-$4,999 Dr. and Mrs. William and Barbara Bickel Mrs. Lynne W. Dusenberry Mr. and Mrs. Bruce and Lynne Dusenberry Mr. Benjamin Smith Dr. and Mrs. Larry and Nancy Lebofsky Ms. Mary Ann Gilman Dr. Jay Melosh Mr. Edgar M. Buttner and Dr. Rosemary Chang Dr. C. Darrell Lane Mr. David Fales and Ms. Sara Hammond $500-$1,999 Dr. and Mrs. Andrew and Anna Nelson Mr. and Mrs. Alan and Gina Fischer Mr. Bruce Barnett and Ms. Tammi Palmer Mr. and Mrs. John and Kathleen O’Brien Dr. and Mrs. James and Molly Head Alliance Bank of Arizona Mr. Charles Steerman Drs. Tim and Kerry Swindle Dr. Robert M. Nelson and Ms. Marguerite Renner Dr. Nader Haghighipour Anonymous $100-$249 Mr. Michael Chester Dr. Michael Belton and Ms. Anna Don Dr. and Mrs. Lee and Donna Rogers Dr. Tim Jull Drs. Donald R. Davis and Diana Wheeler Mr. Avery Davis and Ms. Debbi Golden-Davis Mr. Kenneth Kirchner Mr. Byron Groves Dr. and Mrs. Keith and Elizabeth Hege Mrs. Pudding Lassiter Dr. and Mrs. Tim and Carol Hunter Drs. Robert and Gloria McMillan Dr. and Mrs. Jonathan and Cynthia Lunine Dr. omas H. Prettyman Mr. and Mrs. Otto and Linda Rueger Mr. and Mrs. Robert and Susanna Hartmann Dr. and Mrs. Robert and Maria Reedy Mr. and Ms. David and Kelly Yoder Mr. and Mrs. Daniel and Janet Kortenkamp CODAC Behavioral Health Services Ms. Marie Turley Dr. and Mrs. Kurt and Elisabeth Marti HSL Properties Larkey Revocable Trust Mr. and Ms. James and Christina Pfeifer Keegan, Linscott & Kenon Dr. and Mrs. Brent and Joanne Archinal Dr. Sarah Sutton e Mahoney Group Stellar Vision and Astronomy Shop Dr. Roger Carpenter National Bank of Arizona Ms. Greer Barkley Mr. and Mrs. Dennis and Lynette Smith Vantage West Credit Union Mr. Christopher Chyba Mr. and Mrs. William and Beth Woodin Wolf & Sultan, P.C. Mr. William E. Houghton Mr. and Mrs. Robert and Judith Breault 3Towers, LLC Dr. David Johnson Dr. E. Philip Krider Dr. John L. Mason Mr. Charles Katzenmeyer Dr. and Mrs. Robert and Carolyn Milkey Dr. Candace Kohl Mr. Glen Kilpatrick Mr. Prentiss Sawyer Ms. Kathryn Schmoll Dr. David O’Brien Dr. Ann L. Sprague and Mr. Edward D. Hinson Stupp Bros. Bridge and Iron Co. Foundation Ms. Elaine Owens Dr. and Mrs. Jonathan and Laura Woodring Mr. Peter H. Simpson RJS Window Cleaning Dr. Michael Snowden Mr. Karsten Burger Ms. Naseh M. Jouzdani

BETTY PIERAZZO MEM ORIAL FUND e following individuals donated to the Betty Pierazzo Memorial Fund, established by the Planetary Science Institute to honor and celebrate the life and achievements of Senior Scientist Betty Pierazzo and to promote science and education.

Anonymous Dr. and Mrs. William and Gayle Hartmann Mr. and Mrs. Alan and Gina Fischer Dr. Jay Melosh Dr. ea L. Cañizo Dr. Tim Jull Dr. Mark V. Sykes and Ms. Marilyn Guengerich Mr. Christopher Chyba Dr. and Mrs. Jonathan and Cynthia Lunine Dr. omas H. Prettyman Dr. David O’Brien Mr. and Mrs. Dennis and Lynette Smith Mr. Michael Chester

16 PSI FINANCIAL REPORT

Bruce Barnett Chief Financial O cer

PSI experienced a robust 10 percent annual revenue growth in the fiscal year ended Jan. 31, 2016, with revenues totaling approximately $11.7 million. Funding from NASA represents approximately 99 percent of billed revenues. During the fiscal year, PSI had 107 active NASA grants with a PSI scientist as principal investigator and 123 active Subawards / Contracts issued by other institutions with mainly NASA prime awards.

REVENUES ACTIVE PROJECTS BY PRIME AWARDING AGENCY Grants and Contracts $ 11,596,707 NASA 224 Contributions 79,746 NSF 4 Other 1,443 Non-Federal 2 Total Revenues $ 11,677,896 Total Projects 230

Salaries and related fringe benets represent 78 percent of PSI’s total expenses of $11.7 million. Operating expenses include $618,155 paid on subawards to other institutions whose scientists are included on PSI awards. Program services expenses are 88 percent of total expenses. EXPENSES EXPENSES BY FUNCTION

Salaries and Benefits $ 9,165,149 Program Services $10,258,234 Operating 2,257,846 Management & General 1,410,459 Depreciation 213,544 Fundraising 30,553 Interest 62,707 Total Expenses $ 11,699,246 Total Expenses $ 11,699,246

PSI’s nancial records are audited annually by independent auditors. A condensed Statement of Financial Position from PSI’s audit report for the year ending January 31, 2016 is reected below.

Current Assets $ 1,541,676 Current Liabilities $ 1,359,364 Property & Equipment 1,375,617 Long-term Liabilities 1,144,492 Total Assets $ 2,917,293 Unrestricted Net Assets 413,437 Total Liabilities & Net Assets $ 2,917,293

17 NEW PSI RES EARCH GRANTS

Maria Banks, Analyses of Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter images, NASA Andrea Jones, Field investigations to enable Solar System science and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission, Smithsonian Institution subcontract. exploration (FINESSE): Education and communication activities, NASA FINESSE program. Susan Benecchi, Orbits and physical properties of four binary transneptunian objects, NASA Hubble Space Telescope mission, Space Telescope Science Lucille Le Corre, OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission, NASA Institute subcontract. OSIRIS-REx mission, University of Arizona subcontract. Susan Benecchi, Mutual event observations of Solar System binaries, NASA Jian-Yang Li, Imaging polarimetry of the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko Solar System Observations program. with ACS: Supporting the Rosetta Mission, NASA Hubble Space Telescope mission, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract Susan Benecchi, Constraining the history of the outer Solar System: Denitive proof with HST, NASA Hubble Space telescope mission, Space Telescope Jian-Yang Li, Probing subsurface water ice reservoirs on Ceres, NASA Solar Science Institute subcontract. System Observations program. Susan Benecchi, Establishing an evolutionary sequence for disintegrated Jian-Yang Li, Far UV spectroscopic measurements of the deuterium minor planets, NASA Hubble Space telescope mission, Space Telescope abundance of comets, NASA Hubble Space telescope mission, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract. Science Institute subcontract. Susan Benecchi, Collisional processing in the Kuiper Belt and long-range James McElwaine, Ejecta and melt interactions during impact ejecta KBO observations by New Horizons, NASA Hubble Space Telescope mission, emplacement, NASA Lunar Data Analysis program, University of Arizona Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract. subcontract. Sanlyn Buxner, Evaluating the Lunar and Planetary Institute’s education Scott Mest, Geological mapping of Ceres: Distribution and timing of volatile- and public education eorts, NASA Education and Public Outreach program, and ice-driven processes on the main belt dwarf planet, NASA Dawn at Ceres Universities Space Research Association subcontract. Guest Investigator program. Roger Clark, CRISM at Mars, NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Joseph Michalski, Investigation of habitable subsurface Martian environ- program, Johns Hopkins University subcontract. ments: Geology of two type localities, NASA Mars Data Analysis program. Roger Clark, Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE), NASA Amy Barr Mlinar, Formation and evolution of icy satellites, NASA Planetary Europa mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. Geology and Geophysics program. David Crown, Geology of the Alba Mons Summit region, Mars, NASA Mars Amy Barr Mlinar, Europa imaging system, NASA Europa mission, Johns Data Analysis Program. Hopkins University subcontract. Robert Gaskell, Rosetta mission, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille Eldar Noe Dobrea, Derivation of optical constants of Mars carbonate contract. analogs, NASA Mars Fundamental Research program, Space Science Institute subcontract. Rebecca Ghent, Investigating the cause of radar-detected layering in ice, NASA Solar Systems Workings program. Eldar Noe Dobrea, NRI: Collaborative Research: Co-exploration using science hypothesis maps, National Science Foundation National Robotics David Grinspoon, Rocky planet habitability: Insights from Solar System Initiative, Carnegie Mellon University subcontract. climate dynamics through time, NASA Nexus for Exoplanet System Science program. David O’Brien, Earth in other Solar Systems: Toward forming and discovering plants with biocritical ingredients, NASA Nexus for Exoplanet Candice Hansen, Quantifying polar-aeolian activity within the North Polar System Science program, University of Arizona subcontract. Erg, Mars, NASA Mars Data Analysis program, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. David O’Brien, e thermal and collisional evolution of meteorite parent bodies in the early Solar System, NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Candice Hansen, Europa Imaging System (EIS), NASA Europa mission, program, University of Chicago subcontract. Johns Hopkins University subcontract. Eric Palmer, e small bodies node of NASA’s Planetary Data System, NASA Amanda Hendrix, e ultraviolet spectrum of Ceres, NASA Hubble Space Planetary Data System program. Telescope mission, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract. Eric Palmer, Dawn data browser for Ceres, NASA Dawn mission, Jet Amanda Hendrix, UV spectra of the icy Saturnian satellites: Understanding Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. exogenic processes and NH3 in the system, NASA Hubble Space Telescope mission, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract. Asmin Pathare, Application of glacial ow models to Mars, NASA Solar Systems Workings program, University of Washington subcontract. Henry Hsieh, A search for new main-belt comets with recurrent activity, NASA Planetary Astronomy program, University of Hawaii subcontract. Asmin Pathare, Glacial ow of Martian lobate debris aprons, NASA Mars Data Analysis program. Catherine Johnson, Investigations of Mercury’s magnetic eld, NASA MESSENGER mission. omas Platz, Geologic mapping of Central Valles Marineris, Mars, NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program, U.S. Geological Survey subcontract. Catherine Johnson, Fluxgate magnetometer for Mars lander, NASA InSight mission, University of California, Los Angeles, subcontract. omas Prettyman, Next generation neutron and gamma-ray spectrometer for planetary spacecra , NASA PICASSO program, Arizona State University Andrea Jones, Dynamic response of environments at asteroids, the Moon, subcontract. and moons of Mars (DREAM2), Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute. omas Prettyman, Laboratory study and thermodynamic properties of lunar polar crater ice-regolith mixtures, NASA Lunar Advanced Science and Andrea Jones, Remote, in situ, and sychrotron studies for science and Exploration Research program, e Boeing Company subcontract. exploration (RIS4E), Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute, Research Foundation for SUNY subcontract.

18 omas Prettyman, Next generation gamma/neutron detectors for space Joseph Spitale, e Cassini science subsystem OMINAS so ware, NASA science, NASA Radiation Monitoring Devices program. Cassini mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. Lynnae Quick, Europa imaging system, NASA Europa mission, Johns Joseph Spitale, Linking tidal stresses on Enceladus to local and global Hopkins University subcontract. eruption activity observed by Cassini ISS, NASA Cassini Data Analysis and Participating Scientist program. James Rice, MER geomorphic and sedimentological investigations, Mars Exploration Rover mission, Jet Propulsion Laboratory subcontract. Mark V. Sykes, Pasquale Tricarico, WISE comet trail survey, NASA Planetary Mission Data Analysis program, Monterey Institute for Research in J. Alexis Palmero Rodriguez, Diversity and nature of the Martian south Astronomy subcontract. polar troughs, NASA Mars Data Analysis program. Cristina omas, The mission accessible near-Earth objects Survey J. Alexis Palmero Rodriguez, Geologic mapping of Central Valles Marineris, (MANOS), NASA Near Earth Object Observations program, Lowell Observatory Mars, NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics program, U.S. Geological subcontract. Survey subcontract. Pasquale Tricarico, Interior structure of Ceres from shape and gravity data, Tamara Rogers, Numerical simulations of magnetism in hot Jupiter Dawn at Ceres Guest Investigator program. atmospheres, NASA Astrophysics eory program. John Weirich, Inner Solar System impact processes: An integrated analysis Tamara Rogers, Investigating the cause of radar-detected layering in ice, using extraterrestrial astronomical observations and modeling, NASA Solar NASA Exoplanet Research program. System Research Virtual Institute program, University of Arizona subcontract. Nalin Samarasinha, Characterizing outbursts and nucleus properties of Catherine Weitz, Investigating evidence of acidic alteration on Mars, NASA comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1, NASA Hubble Space Telescope Mars Data Analysis program, SETI Institute subcontract. mission, Space Telescope Science Institute subcontract. Nalin Samarasinha, Decoding the origin of continuum coma features in Catherine Weitz, Geologic mapping and studies of diverse deposits at Noctis comets, NASA Solar Systems Workings program. Labyrinthus, NASA Mars Data Analysis program. Nalin Samarasinha, Deriving the rotational state of Comet 103P/Hartley 2 Rebecca Williams, Evaluation of formation mechanisms for stopped fans, to interpret EPOXI data, NASA Discovery Data Analysis program. NASA Solar System Workings program. Hanna Sizemore, A search for periglacial morphology indicative of shallow R. Aileen Yingst, Dening rover science protocols for robotic sample return, ice and water on Ceres, NASA Dawn at Ceres Guest Investigator program. NASA Planetary Science and Technology through Analog Research program.

PSI PU BLICA TIO NS

Anderson, R., J.C. Bridges, A. Williams, L. Edgar, A. Ollila, J. Williams, M. Nachon, Bauer, J.M., R. Stevenson, E. Kramer, A.K. Mainzer, T. Grav, J.R. Masiero, N. Mangold, M. Fisk, J. Schieber, S. Gupta, G. Dromart, R. Wiens, S. Le Mouélic, Y.R. Fernández, R.M. Cutri, J.W. Dailey, F.J. Masci, K.J. Meech, R. Walker, O. Forni, N. Lanza, A. Mezzacappa, V. Sautter, D. Blaney, B. Clark, S. Clegg, O. C.M. Lisse, P.R. Weissman, C.R. Nugent, S. Sonnett, N. Blair, A. Lucas, R.S. Gasnault, J. Lasue, R. Léveillé, E. Lewin, K.W. Lewis, S. Maurice, H. Newsom, McMillan, E.L. Wright, NEOWISE teams (2015). e NEOWISE-discovered S.P. Schwenzer, D. Vaniman (2015). ChemCam results from the Shaler outcrop comet population and the CO + CO2 production rates. Astrophys. J. 814, Id. 85. in Gale Crater, Mars. Icarus 249, 2-21. Beck, A.W., D.J. Lawrence, P.N. Peplowski, T.H. Prettyman, T.J. McCoy, H.Y. Argento, D.C., J.O. Stone, R.C. Reedy, K. O’Brien (2015). Physics-based modeling McSween, M.J. Toplis, N. Yamashita (2015). Using HED meteorites to interpret of cosmogenic nuclides part I–Radiation transport methods and new insights. neutron and gamma‐ray data from asteroid 4 Vesta. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 50, Quat. Geochron. 26, 29-43. 1311-1337. Argento, D.C., J.O. Stone, R.C. Reedy, K. O’Brien (2015). Physics-based modeling Belcher, C.M., R.M. Hadden, G. Rein, J.V. Morgan, N.A. Artemieva, T.J. Goldin of cosmogenic nuclides part II–Key aspects of in-situ cosmogenic nuclide (2015). An experimental assessment of the ignition of forest fuels by the production. Quat. Geochron. 26, 44-55. thermal pulse generated by the Cretaceous–Palaeogene impact at Chicxulub. Arridge, C.S., J. Eastwood, C. Jackman, G.K. Poh, J. Slavin, M.F. omsen, N. J. Geol. Soc. 172, 175-185. André, X. Jia, A. Kidder, L. Lamy, A. Radioti, N. Sergis, M. Volwerk, A. Walsh, Benecchi, S.D., K.S. Noll, H.A. Weaver, J.R. Spencer, S.A. Stern, M.W. Buie, P. Zarka, A. Coates, M. Dougherty (2015). Cassini in situ observations of long A.H. Parker (2015). New Horizons: Long-range Kuiper Belt targets observed duration magnetic reconnection in Saturn’s magnetotail. Nat. Phys. 12, 268-271. by the Hubble Space Telescope. Icarus 246, 369-374. Baldini, J.U.L., R.J. Brown, J.N. McElwaine (2015). Was millennial scale climate Berman, D.C., D.A. Crown, E.C.S. Joseph (2015). Formation and mantling change during the Last Glacial triggered by explosive volcanism? Nat. Sci. Rep. ages of lobate debris aprons on Mars: Insights from categorized crater counts. 5, doi:10.1038/srep17442. Planet. Space Sci. 111, 83-99. Baker, V.R., C.W. Hamilton, D.M. Burr, V. Gulick, G. Komatsu, W. Luo, J.W. Rice, Bhatt, M., V. Reddy, L. Le Corre, J.A. Sanchez, T. Dunn, M.R.M. Izawa, J.-Y. J.A.P. Rodriguez (2015). Fluvial geomorphology on Earth-like planetary Li, K.J. Becker, L. Weller (2015). Spectral calibration for deriving surface surfaces: A review. Geomorph. 245, 149-182. mineralogy of Asteroid (25143) Itokawa from Hayabusa Near-Infrared Banks, M., Z. Xiao, Zhiyong, T.R. Watters, R.G. Strom, S.E. Braden, C.R. Spectrometer (NIRS) data. Icarus 262, 124-130. Chapman, S.C. Solomon, C. Klimczak, P.K. Byrne (2015). Duration of activity on Binzel, R.P., V. Reddy, T. Dunn (2015). e Near-Earth object population: lobate-scarp thrust faults on Mercury. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 120, 1751–1762. Connections to comets, main-belt asteroids, and meteorites. In Asteroids IV Barr, A.C., N.P. Hammond (2015). A common origin for ridge-and-trough (P. Michel, F.E. DeMeo, W.F. Bottke, Eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson terrain on icy satellites by sluggish lid convection. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 249, 243-256. 18-27. 19 Blanchette-Guertin, J.-F., C.L. Johnson, J.F. Lawrence (2015). Eects of lateral F. Tosi, S. Fonte, M. Formisano, A. Frigeri, M. Giardino, G. Magni, E. Palomba, variations in megaregolith thickness on predicted lunar seismic signals. D. Turrini, F. Zambon, J.-P. Combe, W. Feldman, R. Jaumann, L.A. McFadden, Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 10,171–10,178. C.M. Pieters, T.H. Prettyman, M. Toplis, C.A. Raymond, C.T. Russell (2015). Blanchette-Guertin, J.-F., C.L. Johnson, J.F. Lawrence (2015). Modeling seismic Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on (1) energy propagation in highly scattering environments. J. Geophys. Res. Planets Ceres. Nature 528, 241–244. 120, 515-537. Dixon, P., E.A. MacDonald, H.O. Funsten, A. Glocer, M. Grande, C. Kletzing, Bodewits, D., M.S.P. Kelley, J.-Y. Li, T.L. Farnham, M.F. A’Hearn (2015). e B.A. Larsen, G. Reeves, R.M. Skoug, H. Spence, M.F. omsen (2015). Multi- pre-perihelion activity of dynamically new comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) point observations of the open-closed eld line boundary as observed by the and its close encounter with Mars. Astrophys. J. Lett. 802, Id. L6. Van Allen probes and geostationary satellites during the November 14th 2012 geomagnetic storm. J. Geophys. Res. 120, 6596-6613. Bottke, W.F., M. Broz, D.P. O’Brien, A. C. Bagatin, A. Morbidelli, S. Marchi (2015). e collisional evolution of the main asteroid belt (P. Michel, F. DeMeo, Dohm, J.M., T.M. Hare, S.J. Robbins, J.-P. Williams, R.J. Soare, M.R. El-Maarry, W.F. Bottke, Eds.), Asteroids IV, University of Arizona Press, Tucson 701-724. S.J. Conway, D.L. Buczkowski, J.S. Kargel, M.E. Banks, A.G. Fairén, D. Schulze-Makuch, G. Komatsu, H. Miyamoto, R.C. Anderson, A.F. Davila, Bristow T.F., D.L. Bish, D.T. Vaniman, R.V. Morris, D.F. Blake, J.P. Grotzinger, W.C. Mahaney, W. Fink, H.J. Cleaves, J. Yan, B. Hynek, S. Maruyama (2015). E.B. Rampe, J.A. Crisp, C.N. Achilles, D.W. Ming, B.L. Ehlmann, P.L. King, J.C. Geological and hydrological histories of the Argyre province, Mars. Icarus 253, Bridges, J.L. Eigenbrode, D.Y. Sumner, S.J. Chipera, J.M. Moorokian, A.H. 66-98. Treiman, S.M. Morrison, R.T. Downs, J.D. Farmer, D. Des Marais, P. Sarrazin, M.M. Floyd, M.A. Mischna, A.C. McAdam (2015). e origin and implications Domingue, D.L., S.L. Murchie, B.W. Denevi, C.M. Ernst, N.L. Chabot (2015). of clay minerals from Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars. Amer. Mineral. 100, Mercury’s global color mosaic: An update from MESSENGER’s orbital 824-836. observations. Icarus 257, 477-488. Broz, P., E. Hauber, T. Platz, M. Balme (2015). Evidence for Amazonian highly Eke, V.R., K.E. Bower, S. Diserens, M. Ryder, P.E.L. Yeomans, L.F.A. Teodoro, viscous lavas in the southern highlands on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 415, R.C. Elphic, W.C. Feldman, B. Hermalyn, C.M. Lavelle, D.J. Lawrence (2015). 200-212. e eect of craters on the lunar neutron ux. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 120, 1,377-1,395. Cellino, A., S. Bagnulo, R. Gil-Hutton, P. Tanga, M. Cañada-Assandri, E.F. Tedesco (2015). On the calibration of the relation between geometric albedo Fairén, A.G., E. Losa-Adams, CC. Gil-Lozano, L. Gago-Duport, E.R. Uceda, and polarimetric properties for the asteroids. Mon. Not. Royal Astron. Soc. S.W. Squyres, J.A.P. Rodríguez, A.F. Davila, C.P. McKay (2015). Tracking the 451, 3473–3488. weathering of basalts on Mars using lithium isotope fractionation models. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 16, 1172-1197. Cloutis, E.A., J.A. Sanchez, V. Reddy, M.J. Gaey, R.P. Binzel, T.H. Burbine, P.S. Hardersen, T. Hiroi, P.G. Lucey, J.M. Sunshine, K.T. Tait (2015). Olivine- Feldman, W.C., D.J. Lawrence, W.T. Vestrand, D.N. Baker, P.N. Peplowski, D.J. metal mixtures: Spectral reectance properties and application to asteroid Rodgers (2015). Long-duration neutron production by nonaring transients reectance spectra. Icarus 252, 39-82. in the solar corona. J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics 120, 8,247-8,266. Cong, P., A.D. Rogers, J. Michalski (2015). ermal and near-infrared analyses Fernández, Y.R., J.-Y. Li, E.S. Howell, L.M. Woodney (2015). 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Fabre, O. A. Dias-Oliveira, S.D. Guzewich (2015). Seasonal variations in Pluto’s atmospheric Gasnault, O. Forni, R. Tokar, A. Ollila, S. Schröder, J. Lasue, S. Maurice, tides. Icarus 246, 247-267. V. Sautter, H. Newsom, D. Vaniman, S. Le Mouélic, D. Dyar, G. Berger, Gaey, M.J., V. Reddy, S. Fieber-Beyer, E.A. Cloutis (2015). Asteroid (354) D. Blaney, M. Nachon, G. Dromart, N. Lanza, B. Clark, S. Clegg, W. Goetz, Eleonora: Plucking an odd duck. Icarus 250, 623-638. J. Berger, B. Barraclough, D. Delapp (2015). Composition of coarse and ne Gilliland, R.L., K.M.S. Cartier, E.R. Adams, D.R. Ciardi, P. Kalas, J.T. Wright particles in Martian soils at Gale: A window into the production of soils. Icarus (2015). Hubble Space Telescope high-resolution imaging of Kepler small and 249, 22-42. cool exoplanet host stars. Astronom. J. 149, Id. 24. Davey, B., H. Davis, L. Bartolone, S. Buxner (2015). Cross-forum ve-year Glotch, T.D., J.L. Bandeld, P.G. Lucey, P.O. Hayne, B.T. Greenhagen, J.A. 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