DOCSLIB.ORG

“Ridgway” Was the Only Color Guide Available And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Ridgway” Was the Only Color Guide Available And “Ridgway” was the only color guide available and used by mushroom collectors for a half-century … American authors adopted the tradition of placing Ridgway colors between quotation marks, so everyone knew the Ron Petersen, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN ground rules. [email protected] when faded) …” “Ridg.” Refers to Color of the mushroom to get there, and some Standards and Color Nomenclature, The first section of this paper is a of those features are expressed less by Robert Ridgway (Fig. 1), where short quiz to show the importance accurately than we might wish. In this individual color chips (Fig. 2) are of accurate citation of colors and paper, I want to dwell on the variable of given names (as well as plate, column their sources. The second section color. We could equally delve into odors and row designations which have is a series of small vignettes about and tastes, perhaps even less fastidiously never been used). “Ridgway” was the my own experience with color reported as color. only color guide available and used books and those of some others. So here we find ourselves with some by mushroom collectors for a half- The final part is an outline of color mushrooms and a short bookshelf full century. Understanding that color books throughout mycological of literature, with our life depending names dreamed up and bestowed by history, through which to see what on the conclusion of our search (not an author might be less precise than has been used and why the art is usually, but now and then). We are colors matched and selected from a not as exact as might be desired. confronted with the following: “cap the color guide, American authors adopted I suspect that, just as many of us golden yellow of a tulip popular forest the tradition of placing Ridgway colors collect mushrooms like charms on in the declining horizontal light of late between quotation marks, so everyone a bracelet or a life-list for birders, fall.” What if you are an Oregonian knew the ground rules. Source: Coker, there might be some folks who and never saw a tulip poplar, much W.C., and A.H. Beers. 1943. The Boleti collect color manuals and the less in October on a clear day. Maybe of North Carolina. University of North outline which finishes the paper something as simple as “yellow.” Lemon? Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; (p. 84 under might be of interest. Canary? Egg yolk (chicken or duck)? B. punctipes). Banana? None of these brings the 2. “Pileus ... warm buff to honey exact same color to the mental eyes of brown when moist (5E4 to 5D4), more than one person. In short, some drying somewhat lighter, especially at ne of the tenets of science is the codification, some shorthand, some the margin (5C4 to 5B3) …” This more reproducibility of data. If the system is needed to express colors so popular and familiar code refers to same experiment is performed that all field mycologists can enter the Kornerup & Wanscher (a.k.a. Methuen in the same way, with the same O search for names on a level playing Handbook of Colour). The English materials, the result should be the same. field. For a somewhat different slant on translations of this manual (Fig. 3) have Inherent in this is that experimental this, including some deep history, see: been popular for many years but are conditions should be exactly the same— Nicholson, R. 2013. Natural History currently out of print (although available the result might differ if one worker uses 121(5): 18-27. through various online marketplaces). mice while another uses ferrets. It’s a Here’s the quiz. How would you Pains have been taken by the publishers good thing to agree on the terms of the interpret each of the following actual to have the colors printed by the same experiment, lest we wander from the citations: company using the same inks so that straight and narrow. 1. “Tubes short … a peculiar muddy all editions, in whatever language, For field mycologists (that’s most of yellow-brown (about ‘Isabella color’ are consistent. Source: Lennox, J.W. us, just in case you didn’t recognize to ‘Saccardo’s umber,’ Ridg.)” “Pileus 1979. Collybioid genera in the Pacific yourself), our goal is to arrive at the … bright yellow fading to pale yellow Northwest. Mycotaxon 9: 165; (under same name for a mushroom, but we (‘cadmium yellow,’ ‘deep chrome,’ Baeospora myosura). must be careful to use the same features or ‘yellow ocher’ when moist, paler 3. Here’s another try. “Pileus …when 12 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 Figure 1. Soft cover of Ridgway’s 1912 Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. In some copies, this cover has been deleted in favor of a buckram (“hard”) cover. Note the color wheel in which the colors are not primary (red, blue, yellow). moist dark yellowish brown (Mu. 10 YR 5/6), slightly paler towards margin (10 YR 6/6) and slightly darker at centre [there’s a tip-off] (10 YR 4/4 to 4/6) …” The authors have given two clues: First, the “Mu” refers to Munsell (Fig. 4) (but not which of the scores of Munsell sources); and second, they’re not from the United States. Source: But later, I came to know that Alex [Alexander H. Smith] thought he knew Ridgway’s color manual so well that he had “memorized” all the common colors and so didn’t have to open up Figure 2. One plate from Ridgway, 1912. Note colors are mounted on gray background and extend from white to black. Orange would come close to “orange cinnamon.” the book each time for Antonin, V., and M.E. Noordeloos. IHW Verlag, Germany; (p. 257 under reference. 2010. A Monograph of Marasmioid Gymnopus bisporiger). and Collybioid Fungi in Europe. 4. “Pileus orange, orange-cinnamon, FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 13 Figure 3. Two pages from Kornerup & Wanscher, 1967, English edition. Colors are cited as chart number followed by horizontal axis followed by vertical axis. Orange would be cited as 5A8. salmon orange, deep brownish a system of filters which in combination a trick question. Regrettably, nothing orange, ochraceous yellow, when fresh created a myriad of colors and hues. here from any color guide. You’re on (“Morocco,” “apricot,” Ponce de Leon, The filter combination could be cited your own. Source: Hesler, L.R., and A.H. 10-D-9, 10-H-7) …” The former cannot as letters (signifying a subset of filters) Smith. 1979. North American Species of be Ridgway colors: they do not exist followed by numerals (specific filters), Lactarius. University of Michigan Press, in Ridgway (more on Ridgway below). often followed by the position of the Ann Arbor; (p. 92 under L. deliciosus The latter cannot be Methuen citations, filters in sequence. Thus “R 40 G 10 Y var. areolatus). for neither exists in Methuen. They 05” produced a color, which happened In the late 1960s I found myself are, in fact, as stated by Singer, from to correspond to Ridgway’s “cinnamon.” in northern-most Idaho as part of Maerz and Paul (1930. A Dictionary of Moreover, Romagnesi (pp. 149-157) Alexander Smith’s travelling mushroom Color). Source: Singer, R.1976. Flora furnished tables as concordances of entourage. Alex was fond of early Neotropica, Monograph 17; (p. 199 Ridgway colors to Chromotaxia filter morning fly fishing and like as not, under Marasmius pusio). notations. Unfortunately for students of would show up for breakfast having 5. Here’s a tough one. “Chapeau … Russula, Chromotaxia never established already bagged a couple of trout. One typiquement pourpre noir K 580, S 41 traction in the US and disappeared morning he reported that during the et 56, Presque noir en centre, rarement as quickly as it had appeared. Source: previous evening, he “wrote up seventy- avec des places jaunes K 166 comme Romagnesi, H. 1967. Les Russules four numbers.” That is, he had processed che Turci … jaune ochracé avec une d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Bordas, (wrote notes, took photos, placed on the pointe de verdâtre K 171 + 178 D, ou Paris; (p. 452 under R. torulosa). drier) 74 collections made the previous finalement jaune vert, K 177 dilué ou 6. Finally, how about “Pileus … color day. Now, I had trouble working up verdâtre, K 153 D …” Romagnesi refers variable (pale carrot color to dull carrot- more than ten (at that time, colorful to a color scheme by Marcel Locquin, red or dull vinaceous-red to vinaceous Ramaria collections). But later, I came hardly known outside France, and even brown) often sordid in age as the olive to know that Alex thought he knew then only ephemerally. Chromotaxia was staining becomes apparent.” Sorry, it’s Ridgway’s color manual so well that he 14 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 had “memorized” all the common colors and so didn’t have to open up the book each time for reference. Just one of the ways he entered notes on his famous 6 × 8” index cards. The estimable Dan Stuntz in the Pacific Northwest had his own methodology. Sifting through his specimen notes, one often is confronted by something like “l.o.b.” (Sounds a bit like something a teenager would text on a smart phone.) After some experience, this transcribes to “light ochraceous buff” of Ridgway. During a lifetime of mushroom research, Dan probably saved a couple weeks’ time by not writing color names in full. In the mid-1980s, on one of my first trips to China, I brought along (as usual) my well-worn copy of Ridgway.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • <I>Hydropus Mediterraneus</I>
    ISSN (print) 0093-4666 © 2012. Mycotaxon, Ltd. ISSN (online) 2154-8889 MYCOTAXON http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/121.393 Volume 121, pp. 393–403 July–September 2012 Laccariopsis, a new genus for Hydropus mediterraneus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) Alfredo Vizzini*, Enrico Ercole & Samuele Voyron Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi - Università degli Studi di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, I-10125, Torino, Italy *Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract — Laccariopsis (Agaricales) is a new monotypic genus established for Hydropus mediterraneus, an arenicolous species earlier often placed in Flammulina, Oudemansiella, or Xerula. Laccariopsis is morphologically close to these genera but distinguished by a unique combination of features: a Laccaria-like habit (distant, thick, subdecurrent lamellae), viscid pileus and upper stipe, glabrous stipe with a long pseudorhiza connecting with Ammophila and Juniperus roots and incorporating plant debris and sand particles, pileipellis consisting of a loose ixohymeniderm with slender pileocystidia, large and thin- to thick-walled spores and basidia, thin- to slightly thick-walled hymenial cystidia and caulocystidia, and monomitic stipe tissue. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined ITS-LSU sequence dataset place Laccariopsis close to Gloiocephala and Rhizomarasmius. Key words — Agaricomycetes, Physalacriaceae, /gloiocephala clade, phylogeny, taxonomy Introduction Hydropus mediterraneus was originally described by Pacioni & Lalli (1985) based on collections from Mediterranean dune ecosystems in Central Italy, Sardinia, and Tunisia. Previous collections were misidentified as Laccaria maritima (Theodor.) Singer ex Huhtinen (Dal Savio 1984) due to their laccarioid habit. The generic attribution to Hydropus Kühner ex Singer by Pacioni & Lalli (1985) was due mainly to the presence of reddish watery droplets on young lamellae and sarcodimitic tissue in the stipe (Corner 1966, Singer 1982).
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Argentine Agaricales 4
    Checklist of the Argentine Agaricales 4. Tricholomataceae and Polyporaceae 1 2* N. NIVEIRO & E. ALBERTÓ 1Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET). Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209 Corrientes Capital, CP 3400, Argentina 2Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (UNSAM-CONICET) Intendente Marino Km 8.200, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, CP 7130, Argentina CORRESPONDENCE TO *: [email protected] ABSTRACT— A species checklist of 86 genera and 709 species belonging to the families Tricholomataceae and Polyporaceae occurring in Argentina, and including all the species previously published up to year 2011 is presented. KEY WORDS—Agaricomycetes, Marasmius, Mycena, Collybia, Clitocybe Introduction The aim of the Checklist of the Argentinean Agaricales is to establish a baseline of knowledge on the diversity of mushrooms species described in the literature from Argentina up to 2011. The families Amanitaceae, Pluteaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Coprinaceae, Strophariaceae, Bolbitaceae and Crepidotaceae were previoulsy compiled (Niveiro & Albertó 2012a-c). In this contribution, the families Tricholomataceae and Polyporaceae are presented. Materials & Methods Nomenclature and classification systems This checklist compiled data from the available literature on Tricholomataceae and Polyporaceae recorded for Argentina up to the year 2011. Nomenclature and classification systems followed Singer (1986) for families. The genera Pleurotus, Panus, Lentinus, and Schyzophyllum are included in the family Polyporaceae. The Tribe Polyporae (including the genera Polyporus, Pseudofavolus, and Mycobonia) is excluded. There were important rearrangements in the families Tricholomataceae and Polyporaceae according to Singer (1986) over time to present. Tricholomataceae was distributed in six families: Tricholomataceae, Marasmiaceae, Physalacriaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Mycenaceae, and Hydnaginaceae. Some genera belonging to this family were transferred to other orders, i.e. Rickenella (Rickenellaceae, Hymenochaetales), and Lentinellus (Auriscalpiaceae, Russulales).
    [Show full text]
  • Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: a Review
    viruses Review Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: A Review Dong Joo Seo 1 and Changsun Choi 2,* 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health and Welfare and Education, Gwangju University 277 Hyodeok-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 61743, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Daeduck-myun, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-670-4589; Fax: +82-31-676-8741 Abstract: Mushrooms are used in their natural form as a food supplement and food additive. In addition, several bioactive compounds beneficial for human health have been derived from mushrooms. Among them, polysaccharides, carbohydrate-binding protein, peptides, proteins, enzymes, polyphenols, triterpenes, triterpenoids, and several other compounds exert antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses. Their antiviral targets were mostly virus entry, viral genome replication, viral proteins, and cellular proteins and influenced immune modulation, which was evaluated through pre-, simultaneous-, co-, and post-treatment in vitro and in vivo studies. In particular, they treated and relieved the viral diseases caused by herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Some mushroom compounds that act against HIV, influenza A virus, and hepatitis C virus showed antiviral effects comparable to those of antiviral drugs. Therefore, bioactive compounds from mushrooms could be candidates for treating viral infections. Citation: Seo, D.J.; Choi, C. Antiviral Bioactive Compounds of Mushrooms Keywords: mushroom; bioactive compound; virus; infection; antiviral mechanism and Their Antiviral Mechanisms: A Review.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation
    Appendix K. Survey and Manage Species Persistence Evaluation Establishment of the 95-foot wide construction corridor and TEWAs would likely remove individuals of H. caeruleus and modify microclimate conditions around individuals that are not removed. The removal of forests and host trees and disturbance to soil could negatively affect H. caeruleus in adjacent areas by removing its habitat, disturbing the roots of host trees, and affecting its mycorrhizal association with the trees, potentially affecting site persistence. Restored portions of the corridor and TEWAs would be dominated by early seral vegetation for approximately 30 years, which would result in long-term changes to habitat conditions. A 30-foot wide portion of the corridor would be maintained in low-growing vegetation for pipeline maintenance and would not provide habitat for the species during the life of the project. Hygrophorus caeruleus is not likely to persist at one of the sites in the project area because of the extent of impacts and the proximity of the recorded observation to the corridor. Hygrophorus caeruleus is likely to persist at the remaining three sites in the project area (MP 168.8 and MP 172.4 (north), and MP 172.5-172.7) because the majority of observations within the sites are more than 90 feet from the corridor, where direct effects are not anticipated and indirect effects are unlikely. The site at MP 168.8 is in a forested area on an east-facing slope, and a paved road occurs through the southeast part of the site. Four out of five observations are more than 90 feet southwest of the corridor and are not likely to be directly or indirectly affected by the PCGP Project based on the distance from the corridor, extent of forests surrounding the observations, and proximity to an existing open corridor (the road), indicating the species is likely resilient to edge- related effects at the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
    United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum
    [Show full text]
  • Elias Fries – En Produktiv Vetenskapsman Redan Som Tonåring Började Fries Att Skriva Uppsatser Om Naturen
    Elias Fries – en produktiv vetenskapsman Redan som tonåring började Fries att skriva uppsatser om naturen. År 1811, då han fyllt 17 år, fick han sina första alster publi- cerade. Samma år påbörjade han universitetsstudier i Lund och tre år senare var han klar med sin magisterexamen. Därefter Elias Fries – ein produktiver Wissenschaftler följde inte mindre än 64 aktiva år som mykolog, botanist, filosof, lärare, riksdagsman och akademiledamot. Han var oerhört produktiv och författade inte bara stora och betydande böcker i mykologi och botanik utan också hundratals mindre artiklar och uppsatser. Dessutom ledde han ett omfattande arbete med att avbilda svampar. Dessa målningar utgavs som planscher och Bereits als Teenager begann Fries Aufsätze dem schrieb er Tagebücher und die „Tidningar i Na- Die Zeit in Uppsala – weitere 40 Jahre im das führte zu sehr erfolgreichen Ausgaben seiner und schrieb: „In Gleichheit mit allem dem das sich aus Auch der Sohn Elias Petrus, geboren im Jahre 1834, und Seth Lundell (Sammlungen in Uppsala), Fredrik über die Natur zu schreiben. Im Jahre 1811, turalhistorien“ (Neuigkeiten in der Naturalgeschich- Dienste der Mykologie Werke. Das erste, „Sveriges ätliga och giftiga svam- edlen Naturtrieben entwickelt, erfordert das Entstehen war ein begeisterter Botaniker und Mykologe. Leider Hård av Segerstad (publizierte 1924 eine Überarbei- te) mit Artikeln über beispielsweise seltene Pilze, Auch nach seinem Umzug nach Uppsala im Jahre par“ (Schwedens essbare und giftige Pilze), war ein dieser Liebe zur Natur ernste Bemühungen, aber es verstarb er schon in jungen Jahren. Ein dritter Sohn, tung von Fries’ Aufzeichnungen), Meinhard Moser bidrog till att kunskap om svamp spreds. Efter honom har givetvis det vetenskapliga arbetet utvecklats vidare men än idag an- in seinem 18.
    [Show full text]
  • An Antiproliferative Ribonuclease from Fruiting Bodies of the Wild Mushroom Russula Delica
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2010), 20(4), 693–699 doi: 10.4014/jmb.0911.11022 First published online 30 January 2010 An Antiproliferative Ribonuclease from Fruiting Bodies of the Wild Mushroom Russula delica Zhao, Shuang1,2, Yong Chang Zhao3, Shu Hong Li3, Guo Qing Zhang1, He Xiang Wang1*, and Tzi Bun Ng4* 1State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China 2Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China 3Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasmic Resource, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming 650223, China 4School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China Received: November 20, 2009 / Revised: December 21, 2009 / Accepted: December 25, 2009 An antiproliferative ribonuclease with a new N-terminal The mushroom family Russulaceae is composed of two sequence was purified from fruiting bodies of the edible genera, Russula and Lactarius, the former being the wild mushroom Russula delica in this study. This novel majority. To date, only a ribonuclease [34] and a protein ribonuclease was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose, but with anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity [38] have absorbed on SP-Sepharose and Q-Sepharose. It had a been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Russula. Only molecular mass of 14 kDa, as judged by fast protein liquid four reports on Lactarius lectin [6, 10, 24, 26] and one chromatography on Superdex 75 and SDS-polyacrylamide report on a Lactarius enzyme [17] are available. Russula gel electrophoresis. Its optimal pH and optimal temperature delica is a wild mushroom on which few literatures have were pH 5 and 60oC, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Methodology for Analyzing the Color Content of a Selected Group of Printed Color Analysis Systems
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Edith E. Collin for the degree of Master of Sciencein Clothing, Textiles and Related Arts presented on April 7, 1986. Title: Development of a Methodology for Analyzing theColor Content of a Selected Group of Printed Color Analysis Systems Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Ardis Koester The purpose of this study was to develop amethodology to compare the color choice recommendationsfor each personal color analysis category identified by the authorsof selected publications. The procedure used included: (1) identification of publications with color analysis systemsdirected toward female clientele; (2) comparison of number and names of categoriesused; (3) identification, by use of Munsell colornotations, the visual and written color recommendations ascribed toeach category; and (4) comparison of the publications on the basisof: (a) number and names of categories; (b) numberof color recommendations in each category; (c) range of hue value and chroma presented;(d) comparison of visual and written color recommendations by categoryand author. With the exception of comparison of publications onthe basis of written color recommendations, all components of themethodology were successful. Comparison of the publications used in development ofthe methodology revealed that: 1. The majority of authors use the seasonal category system. 2. The number of color recommendations per category was quite consistent within a publication but varied widely among authors. 3. There were few similarities in color recommendations even among authors using the same name categories. 4. There was poor agreement between written and visual color recommendations within all color categories. 5. There was no discernable theoretical basis for the color recommendations presented by any author included in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Version 1.1 Standardized Inventory Methodologies for Components Of
    Version 1.1 Standardized Inventory Methodologies For Components Of British Columbia's Biodiversity: MACROFUNGI (including the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) Prepared by the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks Resources Inventory Branch for the Terrestrial Ecosystem Task Force, Resources Inventory Committee JANUARY 1997 © The Province of British Columbia Published by the Resources Inventory Committee Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Standardized inventory methodologies for components of British Columbia’s biodiversity. Macrofungi : (including the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota [computer file] Compiled by the Elements Working Group of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Task Force under the auspices of the Resources Inventory Committee. Cf. Pref. Available through the Internet. Issued also in printed format on demand. Includes bibliographical references: p. ISBN 0-7726-3255-3 1. Fungi - British Columbia - Inventories - Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. BC Environment. Resources Inventory Branch. II. Resources Inventory Committee (Canada). Terrestrial Ecosystems Task Force. Elements Working Group. III. Title: Macrofungi. QK605.7.B7S72 1997 579.5’09711 C97-960140-1 Additional Copies of this publication can be purchased from: Superior Reproductions Ltd. #200 - 1112 West Pender Street Vancouver, BC V6E 2S1 Tel: (604) 683-2181 Fax: (604) 683-2189 Digital Copies are available on the Internet at: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ric PREFACE This manual presents standardized methodologies for inventory of macrofungi in British Columbia at three levels of inventory intensity: presence/not detected (possible), relative abundance, and absolute abundance. The manual was compiled by the Elements Working Group of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Task Force, under the auspices of the Resources Inventory Committee (RIC). The objectives of the working group are to develop inventory methodologies that will lead to the collection of comparable, defensible, and useful inventory and monitoring data for the species component of biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Color Measurement1 Agr1c Ü8 ,
    I A^w /\PK4 1946 USDA COLOR MEASUREMENT1 AGR1C ü8 , ,. 2001 DEC-1 f=> 7=50 AndA ItsT ApplicationA rL '"NT SERIAL Í to the Grading of Agricultural Products A HANDBOOK ON THE METHOD OF DISK COLORIMETRY ui By S3 DOROTHY NICKERSON, Color Technologist, Producdon and Marketing Administration 50! es tt^iSi as U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Miscellaneous Publication 580 March 1946 CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Color-grading problems 1 Color charts in grading work 2 Transparent-color standards in grading work 3 Standards need measuring 4 Several methods of expressing results of color measurement 5 I.C.I, method of color notation 6 Homogeneous-heterogeneous method of color notation 6 Munsell method of color notation 7 Relation between methods 9 Disk colorimetry 10 Early method 22 Present method 22 Instruments 23 Choice of disks 25 Conversion to Munsell notation 37 Application of disk colorimetry to grading problems 38 Sample preparation 38 Preparation of conversion data 40 Applications of Munsell notations in related problems 45 The Kelly mask method for color matching 47 Standard names for colors 48 A.S.A. standard for the specification and description of color 50 Color-tolerance specifications 52 Artificial daylighting for grading work 53 Color-vision testing 59 Literature cited 61 666177—46- COLOR MEASUREMENT And Its Application to the Grading of Agricultural Products By DOROTHY NICKERSON, color technologist Production and Marketing Administration INTRODUCTION cotton, hay, butter, cheese, eggs, fruits and vegetables (fresh, canned, frozen, and dried), honey, tobacco, In the 16 years since publication of the disk method 3 1 cereal grains, meats, and rosin.
    [Show full text]
  • A MYCOLEGIUM of LITERATURE the New North America Mushroom Species of 2015 Else C
    Cortinarius vanduzerensis, from the type locality in Oregon, unmistakable with its and the species, growing with slimy dark brown cap, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga and Abies in and slimy lilac-purple Oregon, Washington, and British stem, right? Alas, it is Columbia has been described now postulated that this as Cortinarius seidliae. Images species is only known courtesy of M. G. Wood and N. Siegel. A MYCOLEGIUM OF LITERATURE The new North America mushroom species of 2015 Else C. Vellinga round 30 new North American species of macrofungi they are in general very difficult to recognize anyway; without saw the light in 2015 – leaving 2014 as the top year pictures for comparison it is just impossible. with 58 species. In 2015, 14 new Cortinarius species, To speed up the description of new species, several Aan Entoloma, one wax cap, two Russulas, one bolete, several journals now offer the opportunity to publish single species polypores, two Craterellus species, one Geastrum, an descriptions as part of a much bigger article in which many Auricularia, and a number of Tremella species were presented different authors each describe only one or a few new species. as new, plus two Otidea species representing the Ascomycota. Several of the new Cortinarius and Russula species were As in 2014, many of the new taxa were published in Index published as part of these big community efforts. For the Fungorum, without any supporting illustrations and without individual author this is advantageous, as there will be more phylogenetic trees showing the placement of the new species. citations of the whole article than for a single species article.
    [Show full text]
  • 9B Taxonomy to Genus
    Fungus and Lichen Genera in the NEMF Database Taxonomic hierarchy: phyllum > class (-etes) > order (-ales) > family (-ceae) > genus. Total number of genera in the database: 526 Anamorphic fungi (see p. 4), which are disseminated by propagules not formed from cells where meiosis has occurred, are presently not grouped by class, order, etc. Most propagules can be referred to as "conidia," but some are derived from unspecialized vegetative mycelium. A significant number are correlated with fungal states that produce spores derived from cells where meiosis has, or is assumed to have, occurred. These are, where known, members of the ascomycetes or basidiomycetes. However, in many cases, they are still undescribed, unrecognized or poorly known. (Explanation paraphrased from "Dictionary of the Fungi, 9th Edition.") Principal authority for this taxonomy is the Dictionary of the Fungi and its online database, www.indexfungorum.org. For lichens, see Lecanoromycetes on p. 3. Basidiomycota Aegerita Poria Macrolepiota Grandinia Poronidulus Melanophyllum Agaricomycetes Hyphoderma Postia Amanitaceae Cantharellales Meripilaceae Pycnoporellus Amanita Cantharellaceae Abortiporus Skeletocutis Bolbitiaceae Cantharellus Antrodia Trichaptum Agrocybe Craterellus Grifola Tyromyces Bolbitius Clavulinaceae Meripilus Sistotremataceae Conocybe Clavulina Physisporinus Trechispora Hebeloma Hydnaceae Meruliaceae Sparassidaceae Panaeolina Hydnum Climacodon Sparassis Clavariaceae Polyporales Gloeoporus Steccherinaceae Clavaria Albatrellaceae Hyphodermopsis Antrodiella
    [Show full text]