“Ridgway” Was the Only Color Guide Available And

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“Ridgway” was the only color guide available and used by mushroom collectors for a half-century … American authors adopted the tradition of placing Ridgway colors between quotation marks, so everyone knew the Ron Petersen, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN ground rules. [email protected] when faded) …” “Ridg.” Refers to Color of the mushroom to get there, and some Standards and Color Nomenclature, The first section of this paper is a of those features are expressed less by Robert Ridgway (Fig. 1), where short quiz to show the importance accurately than we might wish. In this individual color chips (Fig. 2) are of accurate citation of colors and paper, I want to dwell on the variable of given names (as well as plate, column their sources. The second section color. We could equally delve into odors and row designations which have is a series of small vignettes about and tastes, perhaps even less fastidiously never been used). “Ridgway” was the my own experience with color reported as color. only color guide available and used books and those of some others. So here we find ourselves with some by mushroom collectors for a half- The final part is an outline of color mushrooms and a short bookshelf full century. Understanding that color books throughout mycological of literature, with our life depending names dreamed up and bestowed by history, through which to see what on the conclusion of our search (not an author might be less precise than has been used and why the art is usually, but now and then). We are colors matched and selected from a not as exact as might be desired. confronted with the following: “cap the color guide, American authors adopted I suspect that, just as many of us golden yellow of a tulip popular forest the tradition of placing Ridgway colors collect mushrooms like charms on in the declining horizontal light of late between quotation marks, so everyone a bracelet or a life-list for birders, fall.” What if you are an Oregonian knew the ground rules. Source: Coker, there might be some folks who and never saw a tulip poplar, much W.C., and A.H. Beers. 1943. The Boleti collect color manuals and the less in October on a clear day. Maybe of North Carolina. University of North outline which finishes the paper something as simple as “yellow.” Lemon? Carolina Press, Chapel Hill; (p. 84 under might be of interest. Canary? Egg yolk (chicken or duck)? B. punctipes). Banana? None of these brings the 2. “Pileus ... warm buff to honey exact same color to the mental eyes of brown when moist (5E4 to 5D4), more than one person. In short, some drying somewhat lighter, especially at ne of the tenets of science is the codification, some shorthand, some the margin (5C4 to 5B3) …” This more reproducibility of data. If the system is needed to express colors so popular and familiar code refers to same experiment is performed that all field mycologists can enter the Kornerup & Wanscher (a.k.a. Methuen in the same way, with the same O search for names on a level playing Handbook of Colour). The English materials, the result should be the same. field. For a somewhat different slant on translations of this manual (Fig. 3) have Inherent in this is that experimental this, including some deep history, see: been popular for many years but are conditions should be exactly the same— Nicholson, R. 2013. Natural History currently out of print (although available the result might differ if one worker uses 121(5): 18-27. through various online marketplaces). mice while another uses ferrets. It’s a Here’s the quiz. How would you Pains have been taken by the publishers good thing to agree on the terms of the interpret each of the following actual to have the colors printed by the same experiment, lest we wander from the citations: company using the same inks so that straight and narrow. 1. “Tubes short … a peculiar muddy all editions, in whatever language, For field mycologists (that’s most of yellow-brown (about ‘Isabella color’ are consistent. Source: Lennox, J.W. us, just in case you didn’t recognize to ‘Saccardo’s umber,’ Ridg.)” “Pileus 1979. Collybioid genera in the Pacific yourself), our goal is to arrive at the … bright yellow fading to pale yellow Northwest. Mycotaxon 9: 165; (under same name for a mushroom, but we (‘cadmium yellow,’ ‘deep chrome,’ Baeospora myosura). must be careful to use the same features or ‘yellow ocher’ when moist, paler 3. Here’s another try. “Pileus …when 12 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 Figure 1. Soft cover of Ridgway’s 1912 Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. In some copies, this cover has been deleted in favor of a buckram (“hard”) cover. Note the color wheel in which the colors are not primary (red, blue, yellow). moist dark yellowish brown (Mu. 10 YR 5/6), slightly paler towards margin (10 YR 6/6) and slightly darker at centre [there’s a tip-off] (10 YR 4/4 to 4/6) …” The authors have given two clues: First, the “Mu” refers to Munsell (Fig. 4) (but not which of the scores of Munsell sources); and second, they’re not from the United States. Source:

But later, I came to know that Alex [Alexander H. Smith] thought he knew Ridgway’s color manual so well that he had “memorized” all the common colors and so

didn’t have to open up Figure 2. One plate from Ridgway, 1912. Note colors are mounted on gray background and extend from white to black. Orange would come close to “orange cinnamon.” the book each time for Antonin, V., and M.E. Noordeloos. IHW Verlag, Germany; (p. 257 under reference. 2010. A Monograph of Marasmioid Gymnopus bisporiger). and Collybioid Fungi in Europe. 4. “Pileus orange, orange-cinnamon, FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 13 Figure 3. Two pages from Kornerup & Wanscher, 1967, English edition. Colors are cited as chart number followed by horizontal axis followed by vertical axis. Orange would be cited as 5A8. salmon orange, deep brownish a system of filters which in combination a trick question. Regrettably, nothing orange, ochraceous yellow, when fresh created a myriad of colors and hues. here from any color guide. You’re on (“Morocco,” “apricot,” Ponce de Leon, The filter combination could be cited your own. Source: Hesler, L.R., and A.H. 10-D-9, 10-H-7) …” The former cannot as letters (signifying a subset of filters) Smith. 1979. North American Species of be Ridgway colors: they do not exist followed by numerals (specific filters), Lactarius. University of Michigan Press, in Ridgway (more on Ridgway below). often followed by the position of the Ann Arbor; (p. 92 under L. deliciosus The latter cannot be Methuen citations, filters in sequence. Thus “R 40 G 10 Y var. areolatus). for neither exists in Methuen. They 05” produced a color, which happened In the late 1960s I found myself are, in fact, as stated by Singer, from to correspond to Ridgway’s “cinnamon.” in northern-most Idaho as part of Maerz and Paul (1930. A Dictionary of Moreover, Romagnesi (pp. 149-157) Alexander Smith’s travelling mushroom Color). Source: Singer, R.1976. Flora furnished tables as concordances of entourage. Alex was fond of early Neotropica, Monograph 17; (p. 199 Ridgway colors to Chromotaxia filter morning fly fishing and like as not, under Marasmius pusio). notations. Unfortunately for students of would show up for breakfast having 5. Here’s a tough one. “Chapeau … Russula, Chromotaxia never established already bagged a couple of trout. One typiquement pourpre noir K 580, S 41 traction in the US and disappeared morning he reported that during the et 56, Presque noir en centre, rarement as quickly as it had appeared. Source: previous evening, he “wrote up seventy- avec des places jaunes K 166 comme Romagnesi, H. 1967. Les Russules four numbers.” That is, he had processed che Turci … jaune ochracé avec une d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Bordas, (wrote notes, took photos, placed on the pointe de verdâtre K 171 + 178 D, ou Paris; (p. 452 under R. torulosa). drier) 74 collections made the previous finalement jaune vert, K 177 dilué ou 6. Finally, how about “Pileus … color day. Now, I had trouble working up verdâtre, K 153 D …” Romagnesi refers variable (pale carrot color to dull carrot- more than ten (at that time, colorful to a color scheme by Marcel Locquin, red or dull vinaceous-red to vinaceous Ramaria collections). But later, I came hardly known outside France, and even brown) often sordid in age as the olive to know that Alex thought he knew then only ephemerally. Chromotaxia was staining becomes apparent.” Sorry, it’s Ridgway’s color manual so well that he

14 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 had “memorized” all the common colors and so didn’t have to open up the book each time for reference. Just one of the ways he entered notes on his famous 6 × 8” index cards. The estimable Dan Stuntz in the Pacific Northwest had his own methodology. Sifting through his specimen notes, one often is confronted by something like “l.o.b.” (Sounds a bit like something a teenager would text on a smart phone.) After some experience, this transcribes to “light ochraceous buff” of Ridgway. During a lifetime of mushroom research, Dan probably saved a couple weeks’ time by not writing color names in full. In the mid-1980s, on one of my first trips to China, I brought along (as usual) my well-worn copy of Ridgway. Understanding that Chinese mycologists almost surely had never seen that color manual, I was amazed when two individuals said they also had Ridgway’s color book. Of Figure 4. Two adjoining charts from the Munsell Color Chart for Plant Tissues. course, I asked to see it, and what was Colors are cited as chart designation followed by vertical axis, followed by produced was a facsimile of the book, horizontal axis. Orange could be 7.5 YR 7/10 (it would also be close to 5 YR 7/10). with most plates closely (but hardly

FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 15 trimmed them all and glued them into a book to replicate Ridgway! Toward the end of the decade of the 60s, Dan Stuntz had a student, Currie Marr, who took up Ramaria in western Washington. Recognizing that Ridgway was inaccessible (Stuntz’s copy was closely held, for just at that time at least three of his students were working on fungi in which color was important), Currie turned to another color manual, the Reinhold Color Atlas (1962), later editions of which came to be called “Methuen” (for the publisher and short for Methuen Handbook of Colour, or “Kornerup & Wanscher” for the compilers). Once Kit saw this alternative to Ridgway, she acquired the second edition of Kornerup & Wanscher (1967). Michael Beug, who eventually “inherited” Kit’s copy, reports that Kit paid $9. Thereafter, she consulted copies of Ridgway (probably Stuntz’s or Smith’s copy) and assiduously and meticulously wrote Ridgway color names between the rectangles in Kornerup & Wanscher, again in an attempt to be able to understand color names in publications and to arrange her own notes so they could be deciphered later, either by herself or by future students. This vignette points up the need for standardization and codification of color designation. L.R. Hesler (known respectfully as “Dean” for his years as Dean of the College) had a habit of wetting his thumb and forcing book pages back upon themselves when searching for an exact page. After many years of such treatment, his books accumulated black smudges at the lower right Figure 5. One fold-out plate from the Online Auction Color Chart. Colors are not corner of every page. In particular, his named, but numbered alphanumerically. Orange might be 0ac631 (but also would copy of Ridgway not only exhibited be close to Oac666). the smudges of time, but many of the color plates were simply worn out, so exactly) approximating the originals. Of collecting in northern Idaho and Pacific the entire volume looked “dog eared.” course, taking into consideration the age Northwest. Kit, in those years focused on One can only imagine the quality of of the original at that time, Ridgway’s “coral fungi” (Ramaria), which presented the colors after so much exposure and admonition to keep the colors from a wide variety of forms, statures, odors rough treatment. The one I remember prolonged direct light and the heavy use and colors. Her sense of color was was “clay color,” which had flaked and to which my copy had already been put, stymied by lack of means of consistently chipped and bore little resemblance to it is possible that the Chinese edition citing colors, but her relationship with Ridgway’s original idea. But the Dean was closer to the original colors than my Smith, Stuntz and others afforded her wouldn’t “change horses in the middle of dog-eared copy. I have not been able to opportunities to see Ridgway’s color the stream,” and he used Ridgway until trace the Chinese book over the years, so manual firsthand. Intent on possessing his (Hesler’s) last days. I cannot report further. the guidebook for her own use, she To some extent, the world of In the 1960s, the redoubtable Kit gathered house-paint chips, scraps of professional agaricologists is somewhat Scates (-Barnhart) repeatedly hosted cloth and yarn, clippings from magazines dynastic (see the mycological geneology Alex Smith and his merry band for and any other object of appropriate color, by Blackwell and Gilbertson: lsb380. 16 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 Figure 6. An 18th century depiction of Amanita muscaria from Jacob Christian Schaeffer’s book on Bavarian fungi. plbio.lsu.edu/geneology). Although Michigan colleague, the effective scion had been published (personally by traceable through Calvin Kauffman (two of one dynasty was Alexander H. Smith, Ridgway, without a publishing company), volumes of The Agaricaceae of Michigan: Mains’ student. Smith was a died-in- Smith nevertheless passed on his color 1918, vol.1 text, vol. 2 black & white the-wool devotee of Ridgway’s Color preference to his students, among whom photos) and E.B. Mains, Kauffman’s Standards. Aware that only 500 copies were Howard Bigelow, Harry Thiers, FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 17 and others. The result was that among exact colors exhibited by a particular Alex’s “hegemony,” numerous copies mushroom, some mycologists have of Ridgway were sequestered. But the attempted to illustrate the colors they academic “begats” proliferated beyond see. Even before the “modern era” the first generation (mine was that of of mycology, 18th century workers an outsider – PhD on aquatic fungi depicted the mushrooms of their areas. before coming to the coral fungi in about Jacob Christian Schaeffer was one (Fig. 1961, and not a courtier in the Smith 6). No less a “Founding Father” than dynasty). As a self-taught “invasive Elias Magnus Fries commissioned species” on the landscape, I literally thousands of watercolor succeeded and mushroom portraits and published lauded Hesler, many of them (not nearly the whole and following treasury) in color lithography (Fig. 7). him adopted These tomes have been revered for Ridgway as my well over a century. The famous Danish colorometric mycologist, Jakob Lange, followed suit bible. in 1935 with five sumptuous volumes of Unremarkably, plates and descriptions. The wonderful the Ridgway book, Mr. Jackson’s Mushrooms is a regimen seems collection of beautiful, true-to-life to have stopped with watercolors (Fig. 8). Such pursuits my generation and my ex- have survived the incursion of black students (and their students) & white photography, color images on who document mushroomoids film and most recently even memory using Kornerup & Wanscher. And chips. All these techniques, however, Figure 7. so the world turns. require skills beyond the uncomplicated A Fries- Over the past decade or so, the use of color guides—for watercolor approved Online Auction Color Chart (Fig. images, color pigment mixing, eye-to- illustration 5) created a minor fad, not only hand coordination and extended time of Clavaria (now because it was the only available (a single painting takes me 2-4 hours); Ramaria) flava, which color guide for Americans, but for photography, lighting, positioning, appeared in a popular because it sold for 75 cents! Folks with exposure and Photoshop-ing. All of Swedish volume on edible and students and friends bought them in this is beyond the scope of the present poisonous mushrooms. Mid 19th some quantity and passed them out as writing, but remains a serious occupation century. gifts. Unfortunately, the company has especially in Europe, where the most Dick Homola, Orson Miller and Joe disappeared and its color chart can no popular mushroom field-guides use Ammirati. But Smith’s gravitational longer be found at its original price. watercolor illustrations of the species. attraction was wider, and brought in Faced with the problem of Using my cover as Historian of the Ken Harrison, Lex Hesler, Dan Stuntz remembering and communicating Mycological Society of America, I’ve

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18 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 Figure 8. Amanita caesarea (now known as A. jacksonii) from the book, Mr. Jackson’s Mushrooms. Mid 20th century.

FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 19 carried out a strictly unofficial, off-the- cuff, uneven survey using an insufficient sample of friends and associates to see what color guides are being used around the world. A regrettably very weak sampling of North American mushroom enthusiasts indicates that most do not use a color guide at all, relying on keen eyes and memory. It is thought that good photos supply sufficient information. Reliance on eyes and memory seems also to be the case in much of Asia, where use of Kornerup & Wanscher (1967 and later) is sporadic at best. Dennis Desjardin reports that in South America, a few labs use the Spanish edition of Küppers’ (1979) color guide. Understandably, in the British Isles and elsewhere across the former British Empire, a color guide in popular use is the Flora of British Fungi: Colour Identification Chart (1969) part of the British Fungus Flora series, published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. Neale Bougher in Australia reports that it is in general use there (alongside the color chart in Fungi Down Under, 2005; Fig. 9). I know of no one using these resources in the United States, perhaps because it has been some time since we were part of the British Empire(!). For Asian workers, there are, of course, multiple obstacles affecting use of common color manuals with English titles or color names, namely language and accessibility. Kentaro Hosaka (Tsukuba, Japan) reports that perhaps the majority of Japanese mushroom collectors do not use a color manual, approximately parallel to the situation in the United States. But he also furnished some Japanese color resources about which I had never heard. At least one comprises the color charts for house paint, a Figure 9. A single page from the color charts of Fungi Down Under, 2005. Many suggestion which might be attractive colors are less relevant to those usually found in mushrooms, but help make the to mushroom enthusiasts in North spectrum more complete. Orange could be “Brown-orange 40” (but could also be America. Of course, just the reverse close to “Red-Orange-Yellow” 107). obstacles stand in the way for English- speaking workers; how to read even catalog is sufficient, without citing several of the English language manuals the publicity about these products and the particular designations. JPMA and guides are used sparingly: Flora of how to obtain them (given the language Standard Paint Colors are accessible British Fungi charts; Munsell (in Japan problem). Here are a couple web sites at http://toryo.or.jp/jp/color/index. sold as Pantone Plus Series Color Bridge), which are self-explanatory: http://www. html. Less-used Japanese resources Rayner; Methuen; and On-line Auction dic.co.jp, apparently a small company include Iro-no-Techo (2002. http:// Color Chart. Thanks to Kentaro for this whose colors are expressed in long, www.shogakukan.co.jp/books/detail/. fine report. complicated designations (e.g. green ISBN 4095040025) and Concise Manual The mycology lab at the University = C100Y0M80K30). It is suggested of Color Names (1996, Dainippon of Washington seems unusually that mere reference to the use of the Insatsu. ISBN 4901355023). Otherwise, richly endowed with color guides. Joe 20 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 Ammirati reports “I use Ridgway and repeated for each specimen. is a 21st century mushroom collection Methuen the most, sometimes Munsell, America does not lack for mycological ready for the future. most often the Munsell Soil Color (or mushroom) societies and/or clubs. The final part of this paper comprises Charts. I have the 1961 version of the One interesting project might be a a bibliography of color manuals which Reinhold Color Atlas, which we called discussion of the color problem and have been used by mycologists over the ‘Korernup and Wanscher.’ For reference I agreement that all members of a club use years. It is heavily annotated to make have Maerz and Paul and also ISCC-NBS the same color source. In this way, at least it more informative and readable. In Color Guide.” It could be imagined that some local commonality can be attained. reality, it can serve as a reference source. Dan Stuntz amassed the nucleus of the In the absence of a universal color collection and passed it on, as he did the guide, current photography offers an Supplement to “Making rest of his fabled mycological library, to alternative. While photos in nature can Sense of Color,” by Ron the University with the proviso that it be be informative and provide excellent Petersen housed in the mycology lab there. materials for PowerPoint shows, archival In the outline below are listed color I suppose that after such a discussion photos—fruitbodies on a standard gray guides with two qualifications: 1) I of color codes, some recommendation is card with a specimen number inserted know about them; and 2) they have owed. What is available, how readily, and as a metric scale—can be invaluable for been, or are being used by taxonomists at what cost? Some thoughts follow. future workers. These days, such images of fleshy fungi. They are arranged by At the outset, I am sorry to report can be bundled with notes and collection the date of their earliest appearance that I attempted to contact the Methuen data in a herbarium database. The result (e.g. Kornerup & Wanscher’s earliest Publishing Company, which listed the latest printing of its Handbook of Colour as November, 2014. Was this true? If so, rescue was on the way. Regrettably, I have not received anything from them—not even acknowledgement of my message. In the use of a color code, two audiences must be served. The first, the collector him- or herself, has a readily available code of color names. A trip to Lowe’s or Home Depot can produce the color palette of house-paint companies (as is sometimes used in Japan). Color chips can be harvested and assembled into a very complete spectrum, almost always with catchy names as memory aids. These chips are quite stable and can be used for years. Because paint companies constantly change color names, care must be taken to date the chip collection. The second audience, however, is the rest of the mushroom-collecting world, and it has no idea of what such color names mean unless they are told of the source. The source must be repeated every time a color name is used (e.g. in quotation marks, but only if this usage is clearly explained, lest it be confused with the tradition surrounding Ridgway colors). These days, whole personal collections of specimens may be donated to reputable institutional herbaria, where they can be preserved intact, examined by future mycologists and specimen data added to databases toward distribution patterns and other “meta- data.” If specimen notes accompany the specimens, and if they cite colors from some public source, the source should be FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 21 color manual was a German edition, Includes 1176 separate shades of color. brush-stroke imperfections are evident, not English, and appeared a couple Formula citations (“20Y03”) seem close many rectangles were not fully filled, and years before the one with which we are to Methuen system. no evidence of cut-and-glued papers. most familiar). Klincksieck, P., and Th. Valette. Ridgway, R. 1912. Color Standards In the list below, names of authors of 1908. Code des Couleurs à l’Usage des and Color Nomenclature. Published color manuals are in bold face, while Caturalists, Artistes, Commerçants et privately, Washington, DC. 43 pp + 53 articles ABOUT these color manuals Industriels. 81 pp., published privately, pls. An on-line facsimile can be viewed are in normal type face. Paris [720 plates of color classes, adapted at: http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ and simplified from the Chevreul compoundobject/collection/color/ NOTES ON COLOR GUIDES method]. Klinksieck was “a member of id/23684. USED IN MYCOLOGY diverse botanical and zoological societies” My copy has evidence of being Chevreul, M.F. 1839. De la loi du [transl.], and Vallette was “chemist à originally soft-bound, with a slightly contraste simultané des couleurs et de Manufacture Nationale de Gobelins.” heavy-duty paper cover bearing the l’assortiment des object colorés. Paris, A. Notices in Bulletin of the Botanical information above. The outer, dark Hope und M. Walsh. Society of France and Bulletin of the green buckram hard cover incorrectly Chevreul, M.F. 1860. The Laws of Mycological Society of France 22 (1906) cites the title as “Color Standards Contrast of Colour. Henry G. Bohn, preceded appearance of the color manual and Nomenclature.” My copy has London. and advertised the methodology of autographs of two notable former Gage, J. 1993. Colour and Culture, Chevreul. As part of that introduction, owners: S.M. Zeller, 1919, $8.00, and Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to the authors wrote [transl.] “The Swedish Helen Gilkey, 1949, $25.00 as well as Abstraction. Pp. 173-176. Thames and savant, E. Fries, died in 1878 at the age of mine, 1991, $125.00. An excerpt from Hudson. 84 years, and consecrated the existence of an e-mail from Jim Trappe (Oregon From web page: www.colorsystem. all work on mushrooms, using 840 names State University), dated 28.X.2011: com/?page_id=792&lang=en to designate the colors of these fungous “Dr. Gilkey gave her copy to me but “The purpose of the system is to vegetables. From this considerable we already had one (which since has establish a law of ‘Simultaneous number, there are 16 denominations for disappeared). I lent it to someone—this Contrast.’ Leonardo da Vinci had nothing more than white!” was 30 yrs ago and I don’t remember probably been the first to notice that, Lloyd, C.G. 1906. Mycological Notes who. When our other copy went when observed adjacently, colours (No. 21): 245-260. [Notice on new color missing, I wanted to get the other one will influence each other. Goethe, book by Klincksieck, Paris.] back but didn’t know who it was. So, however, was the first to specifically Lloyd, C.G. 1909. Mycological Notes now I know its journey and am happy draw attention to these associated (No. 33): 426-444. Lloyd was enthusiastic to see it’s back in good mycological contrasts. Chevreul designed a 72-part when he learned that Klincksieck hands.” In addition to the mycological colour-circle whose radii, in addition to was planning a new color book, but signatures above, my copy (RHP) bears the three primaries of red, yellow and Klincksieck abruptly died, and the two additional names: E.J. Larrison blue, depict three secondary mixtures book which appeared was, in Lloyd’s and W.H. Baker, both in ballpoint of orange, green and violet as well estimation, inadequate. Too few colors, pen (for dating purposes) and printed as six further secondary mixtures. all numbered, not named. Lloyd called by the same hand. Recently (about The resultant sectors were each for a better reference book. 2012), a more or less pristine copy was subdivided into five zones and all radii [Tableau de Concordance Entre le appraised on “Antiques Roadshow” at were separated into 20 segments to Code des Couleurs de Saccardo, et Ceux $750.00 and an advertisement from a accommodate the different brightness de Klincksieck & Valette et de Seguy, contemporary used book dealer has the levels. This is the first time that we have pp. 507-508, In: Kühner, R., and H. same price. been confronted with the active role of Romagnesi. 1953. Flore Analytique des An eyeball concordance of Ridgway the brain in the formation of colours, Shampignons Supérrieurs. Masson et versus Methuen colors may be found at: and we should once more remind Cie, Pais. 554 pp.] http://www.bio.utk.edu/mycology/ ourselves that colours are also effects Early monographs by Singer cited color/color-intro.htm (A similar which are created in the world inside color notations followed by “K,” concordance of Ridgway colors and our heads.” signifying Klincksieck. Munsell notations, devised by Bill Prang, L. 1897. The Prang Standard Ridgway, R[obert] P. 1886. A Cibula, exists. Thanks to David Lewis, I of Colors, Special edition. Published Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists have seen a copy, which is an Excel file privately, Boston. Preface + 41 plates and Compendium of Useful knowledge not reproducable here.) [digitized by Google, 8.VIII.2008]. The for Ornithologists. 131 pp +10 cl. Illman, W.I., and D.H. Hamly. 1948. compiler became well-known for a line pls. Boston, Little, Brown & Co. An A report on Ridgway’s color standards. of “Prang’s Crayons” which utilized online facsimile can be viewed at: Science 107: 626-628. Prang’s system of color. http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ Hamly, D.H. 1949. Robert Ridgway’s Lloyd, C.G. 1899. Mycological Notes compoundobject/collection/color/ color standards. Science 109: 605-608. (No. 2): 10-11. A review of “Prang’s id/12274/show/12101/rec/3. Hamly, D.H. 1949. The Ridgway color Standard of Colors” published by Louis Inspection shows that color blocks standards with a Munsell notation. Prang, Boston, MA. Price 50 cents. were painted individually (significant Journal of the Optical Society of 22 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 America 39: 592. Likewise, several online entrepreneurs Neighboring Hues Edition. 1950. (All Much useful information can sell Munsell books of color, some of colors of Library Edition + Auxiliary be gathered from Ridgway’s (1912) which are noted below. Edition). introduction. On page 3 he referred to Anonymous. Undated. Color Opposite Hues Edition (of Munsell the “color wheel and Maxwell’s disks,” Measurement by the Disc Spinning Book of Color). 1950. figured on the soft front cover, and Method. Disseminated by Munsell Color Munsell Student (sets of color chips indicating the roots of Ridgway’s system. Company. 2 pp. for assembly. Undated. In 6, 11, 21, and Numerous other sources were listed on Munsell Color Co. Undated. Munsell 42-chart groups.) page 11, together with sources of the System of Color Notation. (Pamphlet Munsell Soil Color Charts. (Editions as plates of previous color guides (pp 11, distributed by Munsell Color Co.) 10 pp. follows) 14). The method of production of the Munsell, A.H. 1922. A Color Cotation. 1946. Regular Format 1912 plates was outlined on page 13, Baltimore. (Listed in bibliography by 1949. Special Format and on page 17, Ridgway referred to “A Maerz & Paul, 1930). 1954 (untitled edition) color notation by A.H. Munsell.” The The Munsell Color Company Munsell Book of Color. 1976. (Glossy most direct philosophical provenance produced several lines of colored finish collection of some 16,000 color is related on page 26 in the title of a products, one of which was the Munsell chips on 40 plates.) A six-ring binder. table: “Dyes and pigments used in Crayon Company, bought in 1926 by the The Book of Color was also produced in the preparation of the Maxwell discs, Crayola Co. and incorporated into its a matte version. David Lewis bought his representing the thirty-six colors of the line of wax crayons. In text, the following glossy set for $600 in 1981; it is still on pure spectrum scales, forming the basis editions of Munsell color guides are the market for $1025 in 2014, but the of the color scheme of this work.” outlined as follows: matte version is unavailable. Saccardo, P.A. 1891. Chromotaxia: Library edition, vol.1. 1929 as the Munsell Color Chart for Plant seu, Nomenclator colorum polyglottus “Standard Edition” from Kelly, K.L. Tissues. 1977 Edition (Six-ring binder additis speciminibus coloratis ad 1976. The Universal Color Language. with numerous color charts). usum botanicorum et zoologorum / U.S. Dept. Commerce – see below under Wilde, S.A., and G.K. Voigt. 1952. exposuit P. A. Saccardo. (Patavii : Typis ISCC-NBS. “All Munsell notations The determination of Color of Plant Seminarii) (page images at HathiTrust; determined from the Munsell Book Tissues by the use of standard charts. US access only). of Color up to and including the 1929 Agronomy Journal 44: 499-500. Saccardo, P.A. 1894. Chromotaxia: edition, were called Munsell Book Hamly, D.H. 1949. The Ridgway color seu, Nomenclator colorum polyglottus notations. After the publication in 1943 standards with a Munsell notation key. additis speciminibus coloratis ad of the OSA (Optical Society of America) Journal of the Optical Society of America usum botanicorum et zoologorum / study of the spacing of the Munsell 39: 592-599. exposuit P. A. Saccardo. (Patavii : Typis colors, all Munsell notations determined Judd, D.B., and D.H. Hamly. 1948. Seminarii) (page images at HathiTrust; on the basis of the respaced colors in Science 107: 626-628. US access only). the 1943 Report were called Munsell Munsell, A.H. 1961. A Color Saccardo, P. A. 1896. Chromotaxia: renotations. This was to distinguish Notation, 11th Edition. Munsell Color seu nomenclator colorum polyglottus them from Munsell Book notations. Co., Baltimore, MD. additis speciminibus coloratis ad After all Munsell colors were brought Maerz, A.J., and M.R. Paul. 1930. usum botanicorum et zoologorum: into conformity with the 1943 Report, A Dictionary of Color. 207 pp + 56 pls. exposuit P.A. Saccardo. (Patavii: Typus and after sufficient years had lapsed McGraw Hill, NY. No overt mention Seminarius) (page images at HathiTrust; that the term Munsell renotations had of previous works, but they possessed US access only). become of academic interest only, the the “magnificent” Munsell Book of Munsell color guides. (see also ISCC- term Munsell renotation has been Color (Standard edition, 1929). Also NBS centroid color charts) The Munsell replaced by Munsell notation.” Two mentioned: “Chevreuls’ classic works.” Company has made a niche industry references pertain: Maerz, A.J., and M.R. Paul. 1950. out of color, color identification, color Dade, H.A. 1943. Colour terminology A Dictionary of Color. 208 pp + 56 pls. matching and color standards for many in biology. Mycological Papers 6. McGraw Hill, NY. industries and crafts. Here, surely some Imperial Mycological Institue, Kew. Singer, R. and A.P. Digilio. 1952. of their books and charts have been Newhall, S.M., D. Nickerson and (Review) A Dictionary of Color, 2nd missed, mostly because they would D.B. Judd. 1943. Final report of the OSA edition, by A. Maerz and M. Paul. be relatively irrelevant to mycological subcommittee on the spacing of the Mycologia 44: 267-269. Actually a pursuits. Some of the more fanciful Munsell colors. Journal of the Optical comparison to Maerz & Paul’s 1st edition. color ensembles – for mycologists – are Society of America 33. A weakly supportive review pointing out those which furnish color swatches for Munsell Book of Color, Library Edition, glaring inadequacies. Thereafter, Singer USDA frozen French-fried potatoes, vol. 2. 1942. began using Maerz & Paul—abbreviated canned ripe olives, grade A & C Pocket Edition (of Munsell Book of as “M&P”— in mycotas and monographs. tomatoes, frozen red tart cherries and Color). 1942. (A combination of Library Seguy, E. 1936. Code Universal des pumpkin/squash. Appropriate chips Edition vols. I and 2). Couleures. 68 pp + 48 pls. LeChevalier, for these standards are available on- Auxiliary Charts of the Pocket Paris. line at somewhat more than $100 each. Edition. 1942. In scattered use in Europe through the FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 23 1960s, but relatively little-known. (See English edition.) Reinhold Publishing NBS). 1965. Centroid Color Charts. also under Klincksieck.) Co., Printed by Politikens Forlag, Standard Sample. No. 2106. Pastac, L.A. 1942. Les matières Copenhagen with inks by Sadollin From: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCC- colorants des champignons. Review of Holmblad Ltd., Copenhagen. NBS_system. Includes the following: Mycological Memoirs, hors ser. 2, 88 pp. Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. “The ISCC–NBS System of Plochere, G., and G. Plochere. 1948. 1963. Farver I farver. Politikens Forlag, Color Designation is a system for Plochere Color System, a Guide to Color Copenhagen, Denmark. naming colors based on a set of 12 and Color Harmony. Fox Printing Co., Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. basic color terms and a small set Los Angeles. (See under Kelly, 1976, 1963. Taschenlexikon der Farben. 1440 of adjective modifiers. It was first Illustration.) Farbnuancen und Farbnamen. Zürich/ established in the 1930s by a joint effort Jacobson, E. 1948. Color Harmony Göttingen, Musterschmidt. of the Inter-Society Color Council, made Manual, 3rd edition. Container Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. up of delegates from various American Corporation of America, Chicago. (See 1963. Methuen Handbook of Colour. (1st trade organizations, and the National under Kelly, 1976, Illustration.) English translation.) Methuen & Co., Bureau of Standards, a US government Granville, W.C., C.E. Foss and J.H. London. agency. As suggested in 1932 by the first Godlove. 1950. Color Harmony Manual. Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. chairman of the ISCC, the system’s goal (Colorometric analysis of third edition. 1967. Farver I Farver. (2nd Danish is to be ‘a means of designating colors Journal of the Optical Society of America printing.) Politikens Forlag, Copenhagen, in the United States Pharmacopoeia, 40: 265A.) Denmark. in the National Formulary, and in Dade, H.A. 1949. Colour terminology Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. general literature ... such designation in biology. Mycological Papers 6 (2nd 1967. Methuen Handbook of Colour. to be sufficiently standardized as to edition). (See also under Munsell.) (2nd English edition, revised.) Methuen be acceptable and usable by science, Locquin, M. 1953. Les colorations & Co., London. Plates were printed in sufficiently broad to be appreciated et les pigments chez les champignons Denmark by Anton M. Jensen, with ink and used by science, art, and industry, supérieurs. Bulletin de la Société from Sadolin and Holmblad, probably and sufficiently commonplace to be mycologique de France. 69: 326-331. to preserve consistency of color and understood, at least in a general way, Locquin, M. 1977. Repetoire des paper (Fig. 6). by the whole public.’ The system aims couleurs naturelles, Francais, Allemand, Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. to provide a basis on which color Anglais, Latin, avec correspondances 1975. Taschenlexikon der Farben. 1440 definitions in fields from fashion and entre les codes: Chromotaxia et Farbnuancen und Farbnamen. Zürich/ printing to botany and geology can be Guide des Couleurs Naturelles. Ined., Göttingen, Musterschmidt. systematized and regularized, so that distributed by the author. Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. each industry need not invent its own Locquin, M. 1977. Guide des Couleurs 1978. Taschenlexikon der Farben. 1440 incompatible color system. Naturelles. ODIMY 1(2): 25 pls. Farbnuancen und Farbnamen. (No In 1939, the system’s approach was Distriobuted by the author. detailed information found.) published in the Journal of Research Locquin, M. 1978. Guide Abrégé Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. of the National Bureau of Standards, des Couleurs. I. Verte et ocreas. 6 pls. 1978. Methuen Handbook of Colour. (3rd and the ISCC formally approved the Distributed by the author. English edition, revised.) Methuen & system, which consisted of a set of 1978. Guide Abrégé des Couleurs. II. Co., London. This is 3rd English edition: blocks within the color space defined by Bleus et Orangés. 6 pls. Distributed by reprinted at least three times; 1981, the Munsell color system as embodied the author. 1983, 1989, by Methuen & Co., London. by the Munsell Book of Color. Over 1978. Guide Abrégé des Couleurs. III. Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. the following decades the ISCC–NBS Rouges et violets. 6 pls. Distributed by 1981 (January). Taschenlexikon der system’s boundaries were tweaked the author. Farben. 1440 Farbnuancen und and its relation to various other color 1978. Guide Abrégé des Couleurs. IV. Farbnamen. Zürich, Musterschmidt. standards were defined, including for Bleus et pourpres. 6 pls. Distributed by Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. instance those for plastics, building the author. 1998 (Okt.) Taschenlexikon der Farben. materials, botany, paint, and soil. After Data on Kornerup & Wanscher, 1440 Farbnuancen und Farbnamen. the definition of the Munsell system was German edition, furnished by Jesko Zürich, Musterschmidt. slightly altered by its 1943 renotations, Kleine, Leipzig; on Reinhold edition by Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. the ISCC–NBS system was redefined Joe Ammirati; other data from Andy 2014 (Dec.) Taschenlexikon der Farben. in the 1950s in relation to the new Methven; and also from the web. 1440 Farbnuancen und Farbnamen. Munsell coordinates. In 1955, the NBS Kornerup, A[ndreas]., and Zürich, Muster-Schmidt. (Apparently published The Color Names Dictionary, J[ohan]H[enrik] Wanscher. 1961. anticipated, but not yet available in which cross-referenced terms from Taschenlexikon der Farben. 1440 February, 2015.) several other color systems and Farbnuancen und Farbnamen. Zürich, (Some data on the following dictionaries, relating them to the ISCC– Musterschmidt. contributed by Andrew Methven, NBS system and thereby to each other. Kornerup, A., and J.H. Wanscher. Charleston, IL.) In 1965, the NBS published Centroid 1961. Reinhold Color Ctlas. Guide Inter-Society Color Council – Color Charts made up of color to Accurate Color Matching. (1st National Bureau of Standards (ISCC- samples demonstrating the central 24 FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 color in each category, as a physical Commerce, Washington, DC. Flora of British Fungi: Colour representation of the system usable (Also instructive is: en.wikipedia.org/ Identification Chart. 1969. Royal by the public, and also published The wiki/Portal:Color.) The 1976 document Botanic Garden of Edinburgh. One Universal Color Language, a more states that it “supersedes and combines” chart, triple-folded, with a total of 84 general system for color designation the 1955 document (Circular 553) and colors. Included are separate blocks for with various degrees of precision from the No. 2106 supplement (1965). It spore print color. completely generic (13 broad categories) contains a thorough introduction to the Rayner, R.W. 1970. A Mycological to extremely precise (numeric ISCC-NBS system, some examples and Colour Chart. Commonwealth values from spectrophotometric a lengthy concordance of color names Mycological Institute & British measurement). In 1976, The Color from a variety of sources with ISCC-NBS Mycological Society. 34 text + 9 color Names Dictionary and The Universal color chart designations. charts + 8 graphs (Fig. 9). Color Language were combined and McKnight, K. Undated circular. A Küppers, H[arald]. 1979. DuMont updated with the publication of Color: note on the ISCC-NBS centroid color Farbatlas. 268 pp, 116 pls. Barron’s Universal Language and Dictionary charts. (Includes a table converting Education Service, Inc. (Spanish of Names, the definitive source on the centroid color abbreviations into language edition, Barcelona.) Original: ISCC–NBS system.” full words.) With the increasing German; other translations, English, Judd, D.B. 1933. I.C.I. standard unavailability of Ridgway and before the Japanese. observer and co-ordinate system for publication of Kornerup & Wanscher, Küppers, H. 1982. Color Atlas. A colorimetry. Journal of the Optical the Mycological Society of America saw Practical Guide for Mixing Colors. 170 Society of America 23: 359. the need for a standard color guide for pp. Barron’s Education Service, Inc. Judd, D.B., and K.L. Kelly. 1939. mycologists. A committee was appointed Apparently digitized by University of Method of designating colors and a to begin conversation on the form, Michigan, 2007. dictionary. Journal of Research of the printing and cost of such a new color Kueppers, H. Date unknown. Die National Bureau of Standards 23: 355. manual. As time passed, the committee’s grosse Küppers-farbenatlas. 225 pp, 96 RP1239. meetings became sporadic and little pls. Collway, Münich. Nickerson, D., and S. Newhall. 1941. was accomplished. With little fanfare, at Online Auction Color Chart. 2004. Central notations for ISCC-NBS color least the German and Danish editions of The Online Auction Color Chart. The names. Journal of the Optical Society of Kornerup & Wanscher were published, New Language of Color for Buyers and America 31: 587. and then the English version, and the Sellers. 12 color charts + 2 pp text Nickerson, D., and S. Newhall. 1943. urgency of producing a mycological (Fig. 10). A small flurry welcomed this A psychological color solid. Journal of color guide was obviated. Finally, after set, which sold for 75 cents. Several the Optical Society of America 33: 419. protracted delay, the ISCC-NBS color mycologists bought multiple copies and Kelly, K.L., and D.B. Judd. 1955. The charts made their appearance. The MSA distributed them to worthy students. ISCC-NBS method of designating committee reported that these color The charts have not established traction, colors and a dictionary of color names. guides could be used by mycologists, and however, and their use is hardly National Bureau of Standards Circular with that, the committee was disbanded. noticeable. Patrick Leacock adds: “The 553. Gov. Printing Office, Washington Moser, M. 1967. Basidiomyceten II. Online Auction Color Chart (OAC) was DC. Two webpages (Tx4.us/nbs-e. Teil. Die Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze inexpensive and could have been useful htm; tx4.us/nbs-1.htm) from the Texas (Agaricales). Vol. II b/2 of Gams, H. but went out of production about 2013 Precancel Club references color names Kleine Kryptogamenflora. G. Fischer, and the website is gone. Online records from the ISCC-NBS system with the Stuttgart. 443 pp.(Inside the back show that the 2013 filing for Trademark colors themselves. cover is a single card with 56 color status was cancelled Oct. 5, 2012. Kelly, K.L. 1958. Central notations blocks mostly in the ochraceous to There is a nice review of it here: http:// for the revised ISCC-NBS color name brown hues and many with indefinite boletales.com/2011/01/new-colour- blocks. Journal of Research of the shades within the same block. This chart-for-mycologists/. National Bureau of Standards 61(5): is accompanied by a white card with Grey, P.M., and E.J. Grey. 2005. Fungi 427-431. a cut-out fitted to one color block, Down Under: The Fungimap Guide to Kelly, K.L. 1965. ICSS-NBS color- and also including a centimeter ruler Australian Fungi. Royal Botanic Garden, name charts illustrated with centroid partially divided into millimeters.) Melbourne. 146 pp + one-page color colors. Standard sample #2106 Romagnesi, H. 1967. Les Russules chart (Fig. 11). supplement to National Bureau of d’Europe et Afrique du Nord. Bordas. 998 Standards Circular 553. Gov. Printing pp. Bound as extra pagination in the rear Office, Washington, DC. of the book is a single page with 10 color Kelly, K.L. 1965. A universal color blocks ranging from off-white to deep language. Color Eng. 111(3): 2-7. (With ochraceous for comparison of Russula biographical sketch.) spore prints. Other contributions on Kelly, K.L., and D.B. Judd. 1976. Color. spore color in Russula include Crawshay, Universal language and dictionary of 1930; Kibby and Fatto, 1990 and names. National Bureau of Standards Buczacki, 1992. These are specialized, Special Publication 440. 158 pp. Dept. and are not covered further here. FUNGI Volume 8:5 Mid-Winter 2016 25