Pineapple Liquid Waste As Nata De Pina Raw Material

MAKARA, TEKNOLOGI, VOL. 16, NO. 1, APRIL 2012: 63-67

PINEAPPLE LIQUID WASTE AS NATA DE PINA RAW MATERIAL

Agus Sutanto

Biologi Education Department, University of Muhammadiyah Metro, Metro Lampung 34111, Indonesia

Abstract

This research aims to study the quantity, quality, ecological and economic feasibility of nata de pina production (NP) from pineapple liquid waste (PLW). The design of the study employs complete random design (CRD) with three treatments: PLW without nutrients addition (A), PLW nutrients addition (B), and PLW stored for six months with nutrients addition (C). The nata de pina’s production factors measured were weight, thickness, fiber content, color, brightness, and residual waste. The highest weight was reached in treatment B (899 grams), followed by treatment A (616.4 grams), and C (477.8 grams). The thickness of NP of the height and low as in treatment B (1.58 cm) followed by treatment A (1.24 cm) and C (0.88 cm), respectively. The highest fiber content was found in treatment C (9.3%) followed by treatment B (7.6%) and A (6.9%), respectively. The fiber content, along with color quality and brightness fit with food standards. The production of NP may reduce the volume of the PLW from 46.2% to 89.1% (p=0.001). Based on the standard value of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solid (TSS) below to the required threshold except pH. The production of NP is economically feasible to 4.7 BC ratio. The overal manufacture of nata de pina from PLW produces better and feasible product ecologically and economically

Abstrak

Limbah Cair Nanas sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Nata de Pina. Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji kuantitas. Kualitas, kelayakan ekologis dan ekonomis pembuatan nata de pina limbah cair nanas (LCN). Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan yaitu (A) LCN tanpa penambahan nutrisi; (B) LCN dengan penambahan nutrisi dan (C) LCN penyimpanan 6 bulan dengan penambahan nutrisi. Produk nata meliputi berat, tebal, warna, kecerahan. Kandungan serat dan sisa limbah dianalisis dengan Anova. Analisis deskriptif untuk kelayakan ekologis dan ekonomi. Hasil penelitian terdapat perbedaan yang sangat nyata perlakuan fermentasi LCN. Ketebalan nata berturut-turut dari dari tinggi kerendah perlakuan B 1,58 cm A 1,24 cm, dan C 0,88 cm. Berat nata B 889 gr, A 616,4 gr, dan C 477, 8 gr. Kadar serat C 9,3%, B 7,6% dan A 6,9% dengan kualitas warna, kecerahan, dan serat, sesuai standar untuk makanan. Pembuatan nata de pina mengurangi volume LCN 46,2-89,1% (Sig. 0,001). Berdasarkan baku mutu limbah, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) dan total suspended solid (TSS) dibawah ambang batas yang dipersyaratkan kecuali pH. Secara ekonomi pembuatan nata de pina layak (BC ratio 4,7). Secara keseluruhan pembuatan nata de pina dari LCN menghasilkan nata yang baik serta layak secara ekologis dan ekonomis.

Keywords: bioremediation, Nata de pina, pineapple liquid waste (PLW)

1. Introduction process, and pineapple concentrate production. The various processing will deliver large number of Pineapple industry produces not only main products pineapple waste between 5,000–7,000 m3 [2]. The waste such as pineapple, pineapple concentrate juice and sugar is rich in more or less 87% water, 10.54% carbohydrate, (clarified pineapple juice), but also delivers solid, liquid 1.7% fiber, 0.7% protein, 0.5% ashes, and 0.02% fat [3]. and gas wastes. These wastes are coming from certain Based on the nutrient contents, PLW contains high phases of the processing unit which yield varied forms, carbohydrate and sugar. PLW can be utilized as characteristics, and waste qualities [1]. The liquid waste substrate for the growth of nata’s bacteria synthesizer. It is generated from industrial activities: cleaning, separation contains 81.72% water; 20.87% rough fiber; 17.53%

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carbohydrate; 4.41% protein and 13.65% reduction bacteria known as one of the cellulose source. Cellulose sugar [4]. The extract of the waste contains organic is un-branch polymer of sugar connected through 1.4- acids and minerals which may accelerate the growth of beta-glikosidic bonds. The cellulose fiber has high Acetobacter xylinum [5]. The pineapple pH level is physical strength, formed by coiled fibrils like spiral around 3-4 and contains bromelain, a protease, that if with opposite direction followed by one fuse [15]. discarded without treated first would cause soil damage, reduce the soil fertility, and responsible for the In this study, the nata making was undertaken by using reduction of soil pH and cause soil and water organism pineapple waste and additional sugar and urea. It is protein damages [6]. important to know that the essential components of nata’s growth media are carbon and nitrogen which will Since pineapple wastes have not been widely managed, provide nutrients to the growth of A. xylinum. Both and could cause environmental problems, a substances potentially set up nutrient resources for A. breakthrough to reuse pineapple wastes is needed. One xylinum, even though they are not optimal yet. Ten of them is utilizing pineapple wastewater as nata de pina percent sucrose and glucose would produce the thickest product. This is to answer nata-making raw material nata compared to other sugar sources [16]. When it is shortages that currently rely heavily on the use of compared between the use of glucose and sucrose, the limited raw materials such as coconut water. Nata is a use of glucose produces thicker nata, so glucose is the fermented product which is formed by A. xylinum [7]. best carbon source for the formation of nata. The This bacteria belongs to acetic acid bacteria type (aceto; glucose can be obtained from any parts of pineapple acetate, bacter; bacteria) [8]. When the bacteria are including the waste generated during pineapple planted into liquid medium containing sugar, they will processing. If PLW can be used asmedium for A. produce acetic acid and a white layer floating on the xylinum bacteria’s growth, it prove that undergoing liquid medium. The white layer is called nata [9]. PLW bioremediation is be economically advantageous.

A wastewater treatment technology that is environmentally friendly is one that use bacteria as 2. Methods potential decomposers; i.e. bioremediation. It is less expensive than applying chemical or physical The research employed experimental method with substances [10]. Bioremediation is a biological complete random design (CRD) with 3 treatments (t) technique that restore contaminated environment and 5 replications (r). The treatments are: PLW without through a process that utilizes natural organisms in the addition of nutrients (A), PLW with nutrients transforming organic substances to be nontoxic products addition (B), and PLW stored for six months with the [11]. The increased utilization of micro organisms as addition of nutrients (C). Dependent variables measured biotechnological agents are due to the fact that: (1) it is were weight, thickness, fiber content, color, brightness easy to be developed and controlled, (2) the substrate and residual waste. growth is relatively inexpensive, even to use agricultural waste, (3) it can produce nata making, the starter used in The material for nata making was the pineapple liquid fermentation process is A. xylinum bacteria, planted in waste from PT Great Green Pineapple (GPP) Lampung. liquid media containing sugar that will produce acetic The study was conducted at the microbiology laboratory acid and floated white layer on the surface of the liquid of the Biology Department of State University of media. The floated white layer is known as nata. It is Malang from January to March 2010. The research white cell or bright grey, transparent and tough like procedures is as described in Figure 1. kolang-kaling (raw sugar palm fruit). The nata will be fibrous in cold situation and rather fragile in hot The data was analyzed in quantitative descriptive. situation [13]. The beginning signs of bacteria growth Weight, thickness, fiber content, and residual waste can be seen from the turbidity of the liquid media after content residual data of PLW are analyzed using fermention for 24 hours in room temperature. After 36– variance analysis. Color/brightness is analyzed 48 hours, a translucent thin layer begins to shaped on descriptively. The economic analysis border economic the surface of the media and the liquid becomes clear. profit (BEP) is calculated based on cost investment, The nata formation occurs due to the glucose uptake fixed cost, outcome and profit and benefit cost ratio process from the media solution, sugar or medium (BCR) [17]. The calculation refers to home industry which contain glucose by A. xylinum cells. Then, the scale which produces 100 liters per day. The ecological glucose is joined with acid grease to form precursor in analysis is conducted by analyzing residual of nata the cell membranes. The precursor is issued as excretion waste, including the parameter to the waste of food and together with polymerize enzyme the glucose into industry: pH, BOD, COD, and TSS compared to the cellulose on the outside of the cell [14]. Cellulose is one quality standard of pineapple liquid waste as with the of the natural polymers utilized. Yet, the bacterial State Ministry of Environment rules Number: 05 year cellulose produced by fermentation process uses 2007 date 8th of May 2007 [18].

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PINEAPPLE LIQUID WASTE The nata de pina yielded from PLW showed the highest (15 L) thickness and weight when it is added with sugar and ZA. The nutrients enrichment in the media allow FILTERED bacteria abundant supply of the nutrient. In treatment C, even though PLW has been stored for 6 months, the A B C WITHOUT ADDITION ADDITIONAL (PLW IN 6 MONTHS) nutrient content is enough to grow the bacteria and to (5L) SUGAR+ZA (5 L) ADDITIONAL SUGAR+ZA (5 L) produce more fiber. A treatment where there was no nutrient additional produce nata that is fairly well

BOILING AND compared to the enriched PLW (B). The difference in STIRRING weight is 272.6 gram compared to B medium and 138.6

SEED PREPARATION gram compared to C medium. It shows that without POURED IN TRAYS (1 L) adding nutrients, PLW can be used as the medium to INCUBATION PERIOD grow A. xylinum well [20]. PLW used here fulfill two 4-6 DAYS COOLING, ROOM basic requirement to grow the bacteria: pH between 3-4 TEMPERATURE with more than 10% of monosaccharide [1]. The fiber content of the 3 treatments were higher than the SEEDING (INOCULATION) minimum standard for fiber content in food (5%) by National Standard of Indonesia (NSI) [8]. Color and FERMENTATION brightness respectively are white (A), gloomy (B), and 0 TEMPERATURE 28-31 C, 14 DAYS brown (C). PLW without sugar and ZA addition are whiter and brighter. The more balance its pH the whiter

TO MEASURE TO MEASURE NATA PROCESSING AFTER the nata will be [21]. WASTE RESIDUE: SHEETS: FERMENTATION a. VOLUME a.THICKNESS a.CUT-IMMERSSED b.pH b.WEIGHT c. PROCESSING c. BOD c.FIBER CONTENT d.STORAGE The quantity and quality of pineapple liquid waste d. COD d.COLOR/BRIGHTNESS e.CONSUMED/MARKETED e. TSS (PLW) residue of nata de pina making. Table 2 shows

the comparison of pH, Biological Oxygen Demand Figure 1. General Scheme of Nata Making (Adapted [19]) (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) of PLW before and after nata de pina production compared to the quality standard of the 3. Results and Discussion liquid waste of fruit processing as regulated by the State Ministry of Environment decree No. 05/2007 [15]. Quantity and Quality of Nata de Pina. The variables analyzed statistically were weight, thickness, fiber The values of the waste parameters, BOD, COD and content, and residual waste. There are significant weight TSS, as well as pH, declined after the nata de pina differences (p=0.01) with the weight reached in each production. The decrease of the pH value is related to treatment was as followed: treatment B 889 gram, A A . xylinum activity. If the bacteria are planted in 616.4 gram, and C 477.8 gram. The nata thickness were thesugary liquid medium, they will produce acetic acid 1.58 cm in treatment B, 1.24 cm in treatment A, and or acetate and further, produce floating white piece on 0.88 cm in treatment C. The fiber content meets demand the surface of the liquid media, known as nata [9]. The of INS (Industrial National Standard) or SNI (Standar acid production decrease pH value. When compared Nasional Industri) [1]: 9.1%, 7.5%, and 6.9% from with industrial waste standards quality, the components treatment C, B, and A respectively. with prerequisite of the organic substances are lower that the threshold of standard of color and brightness. The reduction of waste the standards, while pH has not fulfilled the criteria. content ranged from 46.2-89.1% which significantly can 400 – reduce the volume of industrial waste. 300 – The enhancement of the weight results from the high glucose availability as carbon source since the 200 – formation of cellulose depends on A. Xylinum’s ability 100 – to use sugar in the medium as the carbon source. One of the important factors concerning fermentation is that 0 carbon source is used in fermentation medium, whether Weight Thickness Fiber Reduction of (grx10) (mm) Content (%) PLW (%) it is easily metabolized or not by the microbe [16]. The researchers propose that the cellulose gel can not be Figure 2. Weight, Thickness, Fiber Content and created when there is no glucose or oxygen available in Reduction Percentage in Nata de Pina from the medium. So, when the carbon source used by the One Litre of Pineapple Liquid Waster (PLW) A. xylinum has sufficient oxygen, the cellulose will be through Three Treatments; A ( ), B ( ), and C ( ) produced faster.

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Table 2. Quantity and Quality of Pineapple Liquid Waster raw material problem for nata production. (PLW) Residue of Nata de Pina Making Unfortunately, the ongoing supplies of pineapple generally encounter the seasonal pineapple problems PW before PW after Quality Parameter and would cause ‘seasonal’ supply of PLW as raw treatment treatment Standard material for nata production of the company that would pH 3-4 2.9 6-9 lead to a problem to the continuity of the production. BOD (ppm) 217 196 75 The regular input supplies is a must in the agribusiness COD (ppm) 184 64 150 management include the nata de pina’s production [25]. In the other hand, [26] It is stated that nata de pina has TSS (ppm) 165 1.4 100 very good strength since it provide micro fibrils which less than 10 nm length, straight like spider net. The strength of the net makes nata de pina composite nearly Therefore, the residual waste of nata needs to be treated as strong as light steel while its density is much lower in accordance with its quality standards. As seen in than light steel. nata de pina composite can be used in Figure 2 and Anova testing result, the nata de pina various applications such as in automobile industries, production reduces the volume of the industrial waste electronic, and constructions. Nata de pina composite is significantly (p < 0.001). The reduction ranges from light, strong, cheap, easy to produce, is renewable 46.2-89.1%. This number shows that it can reduce the resources and available in abundance in the area. volume of industrial waste in significantly. The residual waste can even be used to make more nata whether as The principle application of reuse in waste management the starter or directly as the medium. It could produce is to reduce the volume of the waste [27]. It can be seen 560 gram nata, in average, for every 700 mL the from the volume decrease analysis of waste relate to pineapple liquid waste. As a whole, nata de pina waste quality and especially to the qualification of production using PLW can reduce PLW significantly. quality standard required [28]. In this case, che The standard quality of BOD, COD, and TSS are below utilization of the PLW as raw material in nata de pina the threshold. The process is called pineapple liquid production will provide additional values for the waste bioremediation that is environmentally safe and company economically and even ecologically, so that friendly [22]. It is believed that bioremediation the demand of green market can be fulfilled by PT. physiologically is the most effective and best way to GGP Lampung as the third biggest pineapple producer overcome the dangerous contamination of chemical in the world that exports to more than 55 countries compounds [23]. [29].

The feasibility analysis in nata de pina production. 4. Conclusion Economically, 100 liters of pineapple liquid waste for the home industry scale is needed to reach a break even Nata de pina’s production using pineapple liquid waste point; IDR. 1,342,991.81 and cost benefit ratio; 1.9% at (PLW) through the three treatments yield shows that the beginning investment cost and will be 4.7% of profit treatment A (PLW without nutrient addition) produce in each month; IDR. 2,359,575.00. This is a very nata that has good quality for consumption and industry. prospective business opportunity. Moreover, if it is The production of nata reduces the volume of PLW developed to industrial scale, it may decrease the significantly (p = 0.001). The reduction of PLW was production cost up to 65%. The industrial scale between 46.2-89.1% which significantly reduce the production will reduce the cost of fuel, sugar addition, waste volume. Meanwhile, the quality standard value of syrup, etc, because industrial production of nata does BOD, COD and TSS were below the threshold, except not need media sterilization and acid neutralization [24]. pH that needs to be treated. Economically, nata de pina It means that nata de pina making using PLW as raw home industry can gain 4,7 of B/C ratio. The production material does not needs additional material in spite of of nata de pina from PLW has economical and regular regeneration of starter; A. xylinum. ecological benefit that meet the demand from green market for pineapple processing industry. Totally, the production of nata de pina from pineapple liquid waste has a good chance to be develop outside the laboratory. Economically, it may gives added value for Acknowledgement PLW and opens job opportunities, especially for its industry and people who live in the vicinity. A starter The authors would like to thank for the financial support can be added to produce nata de pina without additional from Hibah Penelitian Mahasiswa Program Doktor nutrient. The nata production may yield standardized Tahun 2010 of Ministry of Education-Republic of nata for PT. GGP to open another production of the Indonesia Through Directorate or Research and company. Each year, PT GGP Lampung generates Community Service- University of Malang with 5,000–6,000 m3/day PLW. The use of PLW has solved contract no: 495/SP2H/PP/DP2M/2010.

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