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Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Syria

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Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Syria ARABIAN FIGURE 16 REGIONAL Major Major PLATE MEGA- GEOLOGIC EVENTS IN SYRIAN TECTONIC ZONES SYRIA SEQUENCE TECTONIC AND GEOLOGIC Continents Oceans Dead PLATE RECONSTRUCTION BOUNDARIES ARABIAN PLATFORM Palmyride Northeast Euphrates Sea Fault SEDIMENTATION AND FACIES General VOLUTION OF YRIA comments Fold and Syria Fault System E S (Sharland et al., 2001) Thrust Belt System (DSFS) Brew, G., M. Barazangi, A.K. Al-Maleh and T. Sawaf Anatolian Inversion along Wide- Minor North DSFS Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Syria. faults form Red Sea Late Cretaceous Red Sea spread transpression forms GeoArabia, v. 6, no. 4, 2001, p. 573-616. Terminal rifting; Trans- faults creates Middle Miocene (15 Ma) forms. volca- current particularly in Middle Miocene (15 Ma) Eurasia- Africa- Arabia nism pression, Syrian tectonic evolution as part of the northern Arabian Plate: plate Terminal collision after Arabia inversion topography NW northern Arabian continental Arabia moves Mid Miocene reconstructions are shown in frames 'a' (left); timelines of significant margin shortening collision Terminal South terminal suturing Plio-Quaternary 12a separate 12b Abd el Aziz regional and local tectonic events are central; and Syrian tectonic Neogene/ AP11 suturing N. relative DSFS Neogene/ Bishri Block and Sinjar uplift Quaternary to Africa Quaternary inversion evolution and sedimentation are shown in frames 'b' (right). Plate reconstructions are simplified after Stampfli et al. (2001) and are not to Minor Euphrates transpression scale relative to each other; present-day Arabia is highlighted. Initial uplift Suturing on Gradational coloring of timelines indicates degree of certainty. of Coastal Relative dates of Arabian Plate (AP) tectonostratigrahic N. margin; Pliocene DSFS 34 Ma Ranges? DSFS margin Miocene megasequence boundaries (Sharland et al., 2001) have been added for 11b reference. Tectonic/sedimentation frames show elements generalized Arabia shortening Episodic and in the correct contemporaneous position. 11a11a uplift Palmyridefolding transpressional and uplift CENOZOIC CENOZOIC 12a 12b References: Arc' deformation Sharland, P.R., R. Archer, D.M. Casey, R.B. Davies, S.H. Hall, A.P. o AP10 due to continental convergence Latitude of central Arabia ~24 N Widespread Heward, A.D. Horbury and M.D. Simmons 2001. Arabian Plate Late Eocene (35 Ma) Paleogene thermal Paleogene Late Eocene (35 Ma) sequence stratigraphy. GeoArabia Special Publication 2. Gulf ' subsidence PetroLink, Bahrain, 371 p. Stampfli, G.M., J. Mosar, P. Favre, A. Pillevuit and J.-C. Vannay 2001. Very minor Extensive 63 Ma Generally compressional tectonics and emergence Mid-Late Eocene Abd el Aziz Permian-Triassic evolution of the western Tethyan realm: the volcanism initial suturing along Plate consumption Collision with northern margin inversion NeoTethys/east Mediterranean basin connection. In, W. Cavazza, in Sinai, Levant, and Syria 10a10a TLANTIC trench along 10b Initial final collision A Ophiolite Initial Extension ceases A.H.F. Robertson and P. Ziegler (Eds.), PeriTethyan rift/wrench basins along northern wo-phase Syrian N. margin and passive margins. Memoires du Museum National d'Historie Arabian margin T emplacement uplift Africa-Eurasia converge E–W Mid-Eocene uplift Naturelle, Paris, PeriTethys Memoir 6. half-graben in Palmyrides Rifting esp. Broad thermal 9a9a formation 9b subsidence above AP9 in SE; Euphrates Graben Ophiolite throw Arabia obduction distributed Syrian Arc Late 8a on many Late 8b deformation, uplift of Lebanese 92 Ma faults Mountains Thermal sag 11a 11b above Sirhan Graben Latitude of central Arabia ~20o N 100 100 Ma End Cretaceous (65 Ma) Ma End Cretaceous (65 Ma) Continued subsidence Northern margin reaches trench: and limited fault regional compression Ophiolite reactivation emplacement: 7a7a affects sedimentation LYCIAN ethys 7b in Aafrin basin 36 E 37 38 39 40 41 42 Cretaceous Cretaceous Extension stops in eastern Syria Mesopotamian NEO-TETHYS Foredeep AP8 Mardin High TURKEY Palmyrides still 37 N generally subsiding Collision with Early Widespread transgression Early trench along Kurd Dagh Mountains northern Arabian Thermal subsidence Amanous Mountains margin begins above Slight uplift Euphrates Graben EUPHRA ABD EL AZIZ-SINJAR UPLIFT in SW Palmyrides 36 Arabia Atlantic Aleppo Plateau TES F Regional Ghab Derro Uplift, tilting, volcanism and erosion– Basin AUL High uplift, tilting, T 10a probably mantle-plume related 10b Bishri Block SYSTEM and erosion M o E Rawdah High Coastal Ranges Latitude of central Arabia ~15 N T Subduction begins in Neo-T 149 Ma South S Y Bilas Block 35 S Late Campanian (75 Ma) America, Late Campanian (75 Ma) Euphrates T Africa Obduction L Graben U on northern margin Mediterranean Sea A Late Late Homs Depression and 6b Aafrine Basin F Al Daww 6a6a Basin forms A Anah Graben Africa- E Extension in S Eurasia Continued fault Sinjar / Abd el Aziz, D A IRAQ reactivation over 1,600 m of fill 34 E NEO-TETHYS diverge D ALMYRIDES Hamad Uplift EASTERN in Bishri Block LEBANON P MEDITERRANEAN SW Palmyrides AP7 Anah Beginning Graben Anti-Lebanon Mountains M M of Palmyride uplift, Damascus further Syrian arc deformation Transtension N continues in 33 Rutbah Uplift Euphrates Graben 0 100 Up to 2,000 m Spreading begins in North then South 182 Ma Subsidence Widespread Late Cretaceous JORDAN Jurassic Jurassic Arabia NEO-TETHYS Extensive, synrift deposition km in East reactivation marly to marly of normal faults, limestone deposition 9a North- related to extension and possible mantle plume Mediterranean; 9b uplift and mantle-plume activity in Late Jurassic/ Early Cretaceous Subsidence and overall extension throughout Mesozoic, except for especially in NE OPOGRAPHY AND ECTONIC o South development T T Latitude of central Arabia ~13 N Palmyrides. America of passive Continued ZONES OF SYRIA Santonian (84 Ma) diverge subsidence Santonian (84 Ma) 200 Early margin 200 Early Ma Ma Episodic Mesozoic volcanism, especially in Liassic and Early Cretaceous Bishri and Euphrates depocenters Uplift and erosion connected NEO-TETHYS Minor Syrian Arc AP6 deformation rough generally Palmyride /Sinjar Trough Accelerated Palmyride T no longer rifting. subsidence Beginning of rifting Late 5a Late in Euphrates Graben 5a Opening of Eastern Mediterranean; exact time first sea-floor spreading 5b Thermal subsidence uncertain. Episodic reactivation of spreading and rifting throughout Mesozoic and faulting Arabia Sirhan riassic riassic M M Graben continuous environment 8a T T 8b rifting o Latitude of central Arabia ~8 N Palmyride/ Sinjar Uplift and erosion Post-rift unconformity? LEGEND Aptian (112 Ma) E E Aptian (112 Ma) Neo-Tethys Rifting Major rifting stage and 4a4a along N. 4b VARDAR Ocean significant deposition in Deeper water L 255 Ma L spreading African the Palmyride / Sinjar facies in E Bishri Pangea Block, some PLATE Cimmeria faulting Ocean spreading along margin, Trough Eastward a SEMAIL separates transgression RECONSTRUCTION KEY North possible following emergence Marginal Destruction from marine E. Med. Gondwana Gondwana Approximate Paleogeography Subduction spreading in Neo-Tethys Rifting Oceanic Deltaic sandstones sourced in the AP5 S and SW Coastal margin Permian Permian Early Early NEO-TETHYS Rutbah 7a Arabia 7b Uplift Continental areas and fragments o Latitude of central Arabia ~5 N Late Jurassic (156 Ma) 295 Ma Late Jurassic (156 Ma) OCEANIC FEATURES IN UPPERCASE A 3a3a 3b Sinjar T 300 Regional 'glacial hiatus' 300 Trough Continental features in lowercase Aleppo highs uplifted shoulders Jurassic thickens Ma Glaciation Ma westward Annotations in purple Bishri ARDAR of of Palmyride/Sinjar trough Block MELIA V southern Paleo-Tethys suture Arabia Late Late Tectonic Features Rutbah and Continued subsidence, normal fault reactivation NEO-TETHYS Deposition along two depocenters in Rift Broad subsidence Palmyrides No deposition on subsiding passive margin Rutbah and Aleppo uplifts along Palmyride / Sinjar Subduction Regional uplift, exposure AP4 Trough; exact timing and extensive erosion in Zone Late Jurassic / Early Arabia uncertain, probably Cretaceous, removed most 6a 6b Mid-Upper Jurassic strata Spreading plate o related to regional margin Latitude of central Arabia ~0 folding Late Triassic (222 Ma) Carboniferous Regional Carboniferous Late Triassic (222 Ma) Approximate plate boundary folding Early Early Progressively limited MELIATA Triassic deposition Gondwana Paleo-Tethys SYRIA TECTONIC/ suture b ALEO-TETHYS 364 Ma Extensive postrift SEDIMENTATION KEY Apulia P subsidence, some Eastern Plate-wide unconformity faulting,especially in SW deposition as Mediterranean E Med. forms Late Late Levantine margin Evaporite Triassic Approximate opened NEO-TETHYS deposition progressively onlapping Generalized Paleogeography Rutbah Uplift Arabia Rutbah Regional Uplift Deep marine 5a uplift 5b o M M Latitude of central Arabia ~7 S and Uplift and erosion Shallow marine Hun superterrane erosion Late Permian (~249 Ma) Late Permian (~249 Ma) Very shallow marine MELIATA docks with Laurussia or emerged Pelagonia Relative major depocenter Devonian Devonian PALEO-TETHYS 400 400 Cimmerian continent Ma AP3 E. Mediterranean Possible Eastern Ma rifting Volcanic activity Mediterranean Main Palmyride / opening NEO-TETHYS Sinjar rifting episode Palmyride Early Early trough, Dominant Facies in aulacogen riassic Active Depositional Areas Over 1,000 m Rutbah and Aleppo Arabia clastics possible uplifted Formation of Permo-T rift flanks L L Dolomite 4a 4b Limestone o Latitude of central Arabia ~22
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