FONDAZIONE GAETANO MORELLI CENTRO PER LO STUDIO DEL DIRITTO PROCESSUALE INTERNAZIONALE E DEL DIRITTO PROCESSUALE CIVILE INTERNAZIONALE

TUTELA GIURISDIZIONALE IN ITALIA RISPETTO AD ATTIVITÀ INTERNAZIONALMENTE ILLECITE DEGLI STATI

Ottavo corso seminariale - Crotone, 10-14 settembre 2007

TESTI NORMATIVI

INDICE DEI TESTI NORMATIVI

Statuto della Corte internazionale di giustizia (1945) [articoli estratti]...... 3 Dichiarazione universale dei diritti dell’uomo (1948) [articoli estratti] ...... 5 Convenzione per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali (1950)...... 7 Trattato istitutivo della Comunità europea (1957) [articoli estratti] ...... 19 Convenzione di Vienna sul diritto dei trattati (1969) [articoli estratti]...... 21 Convenzione europea sull’immunità degli Stati (1972)...... 23 US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (1976) ...... 37 UK State Immunity Act (1978)...... 47 Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite contro la tortura ed altri trattamenti e pene crudeli, inumani o degradanti (1985) [articoli estratti] ...... 57 Statuto della Corte penale internazionale (1998) [articoli estratti] ...... 59 Progetto di articoli sulla responsabilità degli Stati per atti internazionalmente illeciti (2001)...... 65 Legge 2 agosto 2002 n. 181, Disposizioni in materia di cooperazione con il Tribunale internazionale competente per gravi violazioni del diritto umanitario commesse nel territorio del Ruanda e Stati vicini ...... 81 Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sulle immunità giurisdizionali degli Stati e dei loro beni (2004)...... 87 Accordo tra le Nazioni Unite e la Repubblica Italiana sull’esecuzione delle decisioni del Tribunale penale per il Ruanda (2004) ...... 97

Statuto della Corte internazionale di giustizia (1945) [articoli estratti]

[www.icj-cij.org] [omissis]

Chapter II: Competence of the Court

[omissis]

Article 38 1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. 2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.

[omissis]

- 4 - Dichiarazione universale dei diritti dell’uomo (1948) [articoli estratti]

[www.un.org]

- 5 - [omissis]

Article 28 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

[omissis]

- 6 - Convenzione per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali (1950)

[Si riporta, nella traduzione non ufficiale disponibile sul sito www.coe.int, il testo risultante dalle modifiche apportate dal Protocollo n. 11, fatto a Strasburgo l’11 maggio 1994. Il testo della Convenzione era stato modificato conformemente alle disposizioni del Protocollo n. 3, del Protocollo n. 5 e del Protocollo n. 8. Esso comprendeva inoltre il testo del Protocollo n. 2 che, conformemente al suo articolo 5, paragrafo 3, era divenuto parte integrante della Convenzione. Tutte le disposizioni modificate o aggiunte dai suddetti Protocolli sono state sostituite dal Protocollo n° 11 a partire dalla data della sua entrata in vigore, il 1° novembre 1998. Il Protocollo n. 9 è stato abrogato con effetto da tale data].

- 7 - I Governi firmatari, Membri del Consiglio d’Europa, Considerata la Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell’Uomo, proclamata dall’Assemblea delle Nazioni Unite il 10 dicembre 1948; Considerato che detta Dichiarazione mira a garantire il riconoscimento e l’applicazione universali ed effettivi dei diritti che vi sono enunciati; Considerato che il fine del Consiglio d’Europa è quello di realizzare un’unione più stretta tra i suoi Membri, e che uno dei mezzi per conseguire tale fine è la salvaguardia e lo sviluppo dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali; Riaffermato il loro profondo attaccamento a tali libertà fondamentali che costituiscono le basi stesse della giustizia e della pace nel mondo e il cui mantenimento si fonda essenzialmente, da una parte, su un regime politico effettivamente democratico e dall’altra, su una concezione comune e un comune rispetto dei Diritti dell’Uomo di cui essi si valgono; Risoluti, in quanto governi di Stati europei animati da uno stesso spirito e forti di un patrimonio comune di tradizioni e di ideali politici, di rispetto della libertà e di preminenza del diritto, a prendere le prime misure atte ad assicurare la garanzia collettiva di alcuni dei diritti enunciati nella Dichiarazione Universale, hanno convenuto quanto segue:

Articolo 1 – OBBLIGO DI RISPETTARE I DIRITTI DELL’UOMO Le Alte Parti Contraenti riconoscono ad ogni persona sottoposta alla loro giurisdizione i diritti e le libertà enunciati nel Titolo primo della presente Convenzione.

TITOLO 1 – DIRITTI E LIBERTÀ

Articolo 2 – DIRITTO ALLA VITA 1. Il diritto alla vita di ogni persona è protetto dalla legge. Nessuno può essere intenzionalmente privato della vita, salvo che in esecuzione di una sentenza capitale pronunciata da un tribunale, nel caso in cui il reato sia punito dalla legge con tale pena. 2. La morte non si considera cagionata in violazione del presente articolo se è il risultato di un ricorso alla forza resosi assolutamente necessario: a) per garantire la difesa di ogni persona contro la violenza illegale; b) per eseguire un arresto regolare o per impedire l’evasione di una persona regolarmente detenuta; c) per reprimere, in modo conforme alla legge, una sommossa o un’insurrezione.

Articolo 3 – PROIBIZIONE DELLA TORTURA Nessuno può essere sottoposto a tortura né a pene o trattamenti inumani o degradanti.

Articolo 4 – PROIBIZIONE DELLA SCHIAVITÙ E DEL LAVORO FORZATO 1. Nessuno può essere tenuto in condizioni di schiavitù o di servitù. 2. Nessuno può essere costretto a compiere un lavoro forzato o obbligatorio. 3. Non è considerato «lavoro forzato o obbligatorio» ai sensi del presente articolo: a) il lavoro normalmente richiesto ad una persona detenuta alle condizioni previste dall’articolo 5 della presente Convenzione o durante il periodo di libertà condizionale; b) il servizio militare o, nel caso degli obiettori di coscienza nei paesi dove l’obiezione di coscienza è considerata legittima, qualunque altro servizio sostitutivo di quello militare obbligatorio; c) qualunque servizio richiesto in caso di crisi o di calamità che minacciano la vita o il benessere della comunità; d) qualunque lavoro o servizio facente parte dei normali doveri civici.

- 8 - Articolo 5 – DIRITTO ALLA LIBERTÀ E ALLA SICUREZZA 1. Ogni persona ha diritto alla libertà e alla sicurezza. Nessuno può essere privato della libertà, se non nei casi seguenti e nei modi previsti dalla legge: a) se è detenuto regolarmente in seguito a condanna da parte di un tribunale competente; b) se si trova in regolare stato di arresto o di detenzione per violazione di un provvedimento emesso, conformemente alla legge, da un tribunale o allo scopo di garantire l’esecuzione di un obbligo prescritto dalla legge; c) se è stato arrestato o detenuto per essere tradotto dinanzi all’autorità giudiziaria competente, quando vi sono motivi plausibili di sospettare che egli abbia commesso un reato o vi sono motivi fondati di ritenere che sia necessario impedirgli di commettere un reato o di darsi alla fuga dopo averlo commesso; d) se si tratta della detenzione regolare di un minore decisa allo scopo di sorvegliare la sua educazione oppure della sua detenzione regolare al fine di tradurlo dinanzi all’autorità competente; e) se si tratta della detenzione regolare di una persona suscettibile di propagare una malattia contagiosa, di un alienato, di un alcolizzato, di un tossicomane o di un vagabondo; f) se si tratta dell’arresto o della detenzione regolari di una persona per impedirle di entrare illegalmente nel territorio, oppure di una persona contro la quale è in corso un procedimento d’espulsione o d’estradizione. 2. Ogni persona arrestata deve essere informata, al più presto e in una lingua a lei comprensibile, dei motivi dell’arresto e di ogni accusa formulata a suo carico. 3. Ogni persona arrestata o detenuta, conformemente alle condizioni previste dal paragrafo 1.c del presente articolo, deve essere tradotta al più presto dinanzi ad un giudice o ad un altro magistrato autorizzato dalla legge ad esercitare funzioni giudiziarie e ha diritto di essere giudicata entro un termine ragionevole o di essere messa in libertà durante la procedura. La scarcerazione può essere subordinata a garanzie che assicurino la comparizione dell’interessato all’udienza. 4. Ogni persona privata della libertà mediante arresto o detenzione ha il diritto di presentare un ricorso ad un tribunale, affinché decida entro breve termine sulla legittimità della sua detenzione e ne ordini la scarcerazione se la detenzione è illegittima. 5. Ogni persona vittima di arresto o di detenzione in violazione di una delle disposizioni del presente articolo ha diritto ad una riparazione.

Articolo 6 – DIRITTO A UN EQUO PROCESSO 1. Ogni persona ha diritto a che la sua causa sia esaminata equamente, pubblicamente ed entro un termine ragionevole da un tribunale indipendente e imparziale, costituito per legge, il quale sia chiamato a pronunciarsi sulle controversie sui suoi diritti e doveri di carattere civile o sulla fondatezza di ogni accusa penale formulata nei suoi confronti. La sentenza deve essere resa pubblicamente, ma l’accesso alla sala d’udienza può essere vietato alla stampa e al pubblico durante tutto o parte del processo nell’interesse della morale, dell’ordine pubblico o della sicurezza nazionale in una società democratica, quando lo esigono gli interessi dei minori o la protezione della vita privata delle parti in causa, o, nella misura giudicata strettamente necessaria dal tribunale, quando in circostanze speciali la pubblicità possa portare pregiudizio agli interessi della giustizia. 2. Ogni persona accusata di un reato è presunta innocente fino a quando la sua colpevolezza non sia stata legalmente accertata. 3 In particolare, ogni accusato ha diritto di: a) essere informato, nel più breve tempo possibile, in una lingua a lui comprensibile e in modo dettagliato, della natura e dei motivi dell’accusa formulata a suo carico; b) disporre del tempo e delle facilitazioni necessarie a preparare la sua difesa; c) difendersi personalmente o avere l’assistenza di un difensore di sua scelta e, se non ha i mezzi per retribuire un difensore, poter essere assistito gratuitamente da un avvocato d’ufficio, quando lo esigono gli interessi della giustizia; d) esaminare o far esaminare i testimoni a carico ed ottenere la convocazione e l’esame dei testimoni a discarico nelle stesse condizioni dei testimoni a carico;

- 9 - e) farsi assistere gratuitamente da un interprete se non comprende o non parla la lingua usata in udienza.

Articolo 7 – NULLA POENA SINE LEGE 1. Nessuno può essere condannato per una azione o una omissione che, al momento in cui è stata commessa, non costituiva reato secondo il diritto interno o internazionale. Parimenti, non può essere inflitta una pena più grave di quella applicabile al momento in cui il reato è stato commesso. 2. Il presente articolo non ostacolerà il giudizio e la condanna di una persona colpevole di una azione o di una omissione che, al momento in cui è stata commessa, costituiva un crimine secondo i principi generali di diritto riconosciuti dalle nazioni civili.

Articolo 8 – DIRITTO AL RISPETTO DELLA VITA PRIVATA E FAMILIARE 1. Ogni persona ha diritto al rispetto della propria vita privata e familiare, del proprio domicilio e della propria corrispondenza. 2. Non può esservi ingerenza di una autorità pubblica nell’esercizio di tale diritto a meno che tale ingerenza sia prevista dalla legge e costituisca una misura che, in una società democratica, è necessaria alla sicurezza nazionale, alla pubblica sicurezza, al benessere economico del paese, alla difesa dell’ordine e alla prevenzione dei reati, alla protezione della salute o della morale, o alla protezione dei diritti e delle libertà altrui.

Articolo 9 – LIBERTÀ DI PENSIERO, DI COSCIENZA E DI RELIGIONE 1. Ogni persona ha diritto alla libertà di pensiero, di coscienza e di religione; tale diritto include la libertà di cambiare religione o credo, così come la libertà di manifestare la propria religione o il proprio credo individualmente o collettivamente, in pubblico o in privato, mediante il culto, l’insegnamento, le pratiche e l’osservanza dei riti. 2. La libertà di manifestare la propria religione o il proprio credo non può essere oggetto di restrizioni diverse da quelle che sono stabilite dalla legge e che costituiscono misure necessarie, in una società democratica, alla pubblica sicurezza, alla protezione dell’ordine, della salute o della morale pubblica, o alla protezione dei diritti e della libertà altrui.

Articolo 10 – LIBERTÀ DI ESPRESSIONE 1. Ogni persona ha diritto alla libertà d’espressione. Tale diritto include la libertà d’opinione e la libertà di ricevere o di comunicare informazioni o idee senza che vi possa essere ingerenza da parte delle autorità pubbliche e senza limiti di frontiera. Il presente articolo non impedisce agli Stati di sottoporre a un regime di autorizzazione le imprese di radiodiffusione, cinematografiche o televisive. 2. L’esercizio di queste libertà, poiché comporta doveri e responsabilità, può essere sottoposto alle formalità, condizioni, restrizioni o sanzioni che sono previste dalla legge e che costituiscono misure necessarie, in una società democratica, alla sicurezza nazionale, all’integrità territoriale o alla pubblica sicurezza, alla difesa dell’ordine e alla prevenzione dei reati, alla protezione della salute o della morale, alla protezione della reputazione o dei diritti altrui, per impedire la divulgazione di informazioni riservate o per garantire l’autorità e l’imparzialità del potere giudiziario.

Articolo 11 – LIBERTÀ DI RIUNIONE E DI ASSOCIAZIONE 1. Ogni persona ha diritto alla libertà di riunione pacifica e alla libertà d’associazione, ivi compreso il diritto di partecipare alla costituzione di sindacati e di aderire ad essi per la difesa dei propri interessi. 2 L’esercizio di questi diritti non può essere oggetto di restrizioni diverse da quelle che sono stabilite dalla legge e che costituiscono misure necessarie, in una società democratica, alla sicurezza nazionale, alla pubblica sicurezza, alla difesa dell’ordine e alla prevenzione dei reati, alla protezione della salute o della morale e alla protezione dei diritti e delle libertà altrui. Il presente articolo non osta a che restrizioni legittime siano imposte all’esercizio di tali diritti da parte dei membri delle forze armate, della polizia o dell’amministrazione dello Stato.

- 10 - Articolo 12 – DIRITTO AL MATRIMONIO A partire dall’età minima per contrarre matrimonio, l’uomo e la donna hanno il diritto di sposarsi e di fondare una famiglia secondo le leggi nazionali che regolano l’esercizio di tale diritto.

Articolo 13 – DIRITTO AD UN RICORSO EFFETTIVO Ogni persona i cui diritti e le cui libertà riconosciuti nella presente Convenzione siano stati violati, ha diritto ad un ricorso effettivo davanti ad un’istanza nazionale, anche quando la violazione sia stata commessa da persone che agiscono nell’esercizio delle loro funzioni ufficiali.

Articolo 14 – DIVIETO DI DISCRIMINAZIONE Il godimento dei diritti e delle libertà riconosciuti nella presente Convenzione deve essere assicurato senza nessuna discriminazione, in particolare quelle fondate sul sesso, la razza, il colore, la lingua, la religione, le opinioni politiche o quelle di altro genere, l’origine nazionale o sociale, l’appartenenza a una minoranza nazionale, la ricchezza, la nascita o ogni altra condizione.

Articolo 15 – DEROGA IN CASO DI STATO D’URGENZA 1. In caso di guerra o in caso di altro pericolo pubblico che minacci la vita della nazione, ogni Alta Parte Contraente può adottare delle misure in deroga agli obblighi previsti dalla presente Convenzione, nella stretta misura in cui la situazione lo richieda e a condizione che tali misure non siano in conflitto con gli altri obblighi derivanti dal diritto internazionale. 2. La disposizione precedente non autorizza alcuna deroga all’articolo 2, salvo il caso di decesso causato da legittimi atti di guerra, e agli articoli 3, 4 (paragrafo 1) e 7. 3. Ogni Alta Parte Contraente che eserciti tale diritto di deroga tiene informato nel modo più completo il Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa sulle misure prese e sui motivi che le hanno determinate. Deve ugualmente informare il Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa della data in cui queste misure cessano d’essere in vigore e in cui le disposizioni della Convenzione riacquistano piena applicazione.

Articolo 16 – RESTRIZIONI ALL’ATTIVITÀ POLITICA DEGLI STRANIERI Nessuna delle disposizioni degli articoli 10, 11 e 14 può essere interpretata nel senso di proibire alle Alte Parti Contraenti di imporre restrizioni all’attività politica degli stranieri.

Articolo 17 – DIVIETO DELL’ABUSO DI DIRITTO Nessuna disposizione della presente Convenzione può essere interpretata nel senso di comportare il diritto di uno Stato, un gruppo o un individuo di esercitare un’attività o compiere un atto che miri alla distruzione dei diritti o delle libertà riconosciuti nella presente Convenzione o di imporre a tali diritti e libertà limitazioni più ampie di quelle previste dalla stessa Convenzione.

Articolo 18 – LIMITE ALL’APPLICAZIONE DELLE RESTRIZIONI AI DIRITTI Le restrizioni che, in base alla presente Convenzione, sono poste a detti diritti e libertà possono essere applicate solo allo scopo per cui sono state previste.

TITOLO II – CORTE EUROPEA DEI DIRITTI DELL’UOMO

Articolo 19 – ISTITUZIONE DELLA CORTE Per assicurare il rispetto degli impegni derivanti alle Alte Parti contraenti dalla presente Convenzione e dai suoi protocolli, è istituita una Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo, di seguito denominata «la Corte». Essa funziona in modo permanente.

- 11 - Articolo 20 – NUMERO DI GIUDICI La Corte si compone di un numero di giudici pari a quello delle Alte Parti contraenti.

Articolo 21 – CONDIZIONI PER L’ESERCIZIO DELLE FUNZIONI 1. I giudici devono godere della più alta considerazione morale e possedere i requisiti richiesti per l’esercizio delle più alte funzioni giudiziarie, o essere dei giureconsulti di riconosciuta competenza. 2. I giudici siedono alla Corte a titolo individuale. 3. Per tutta la durata del loro mandato, i giudici non possono esercitare alcuna attività incompatibile con le esigenze di indipendenza, di imparzialità o di disponibilità richieste da una attività esercitata a tempo pieno. Ogni questione che sorga in applicazione di questo paragrafo è decisa dalla Corte.

Articolo 22 – ELEZIONE DEI GIUDICI 1. I giudici sono eletti dall’Assemblea parlamentare in relazione a ciascuna Alta Parte contraente, a maggioranza dei voti espressi, su una lista di tre candidati presentata dall’Alta Parte contraente. 2. La stessa procedura è seguita per completare la Corte nel caso in cui altre Alti Parti contraenti aderiscano e per provvedere ai seggi divenuti vacanti.

Articolo 23 – DURATA DEL MANDATO 1. I giudici sono eletti per un periodo di sei anni. Essi sono rieleggibili. Tuttavia, per quanto concerne i giudici designati alla prima elezione, i mandati di una metà di essi scadranno al termine di tre anni. 2. I giudici il cui mandato scade al termine del periodo iniziale di tre anni sono estratti a sorte dal Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa, immediatamente dopo la loro elezione. 3. Al fine di assicurare, nella misura del possibile, il rinnovo dei mandati di una metà dei giudici ogni tre anni, l’Assemblea parlamentare può, prima di procedere ad ogni ulteriore elezione, decidere che uno o più mandati dei giudici da eleggere abbiano una durata diversa da quella di sei anni, senza tuttavia che tale durata possa eccedere nove anni o essere inferiore a tre anni. 4. Nel caso in cui si debbano conferire più mandati e l’Assemblea parlamentare applichi il paragrafo precedente, la ripartizione dei mandati avviene mediante estrazione a sorte effettuata dal Segretario generale del Consiglio d’Europa immediatamente dopo l’elezione. 5. Il giudice eletto in sostituzione di un giudice che non abbia completato il periodo delle sue funzioni, rimane in carica fino alla scadenza del mandato del suo predecessore. 6. Il mandato dei giudici termina al raggiungimento dell’età di 70 anni. 7. I giudici continuano a restare in carica fino alla loro sostituzione. Tuttavia essi continuano a trattare le cause di cui sono già stati investiti.

Articolo 24 – REVOCA Un giudice può essere sollevato dalle sue funzioni solo se gli altri giudici decidono, a maggioranza dei due terzi, che egli non soddisfa più i requisiti richiesti.

Articolo 25 – UFFICIO DI CANCELLERIA E REFERENDARI La Corte dispone di un ufficio di cancelleria i cui compiti e la cui organizzazione sono stabiliti dal regolamento della Corte. Essa è assistita da referendari.

Articolo 26 – ASSEMBLEA PLENARIA DELLA CORTE La Corte riunita in Assemblea plenaria a) elegge per un periodo di tre anni il suo presidente ed uno o due vice-presidenti; essi sono rieleggibili; b) costituisce Camere per un periodo determinato; c) elegge i presidenti delle Camere della Corte che sono rieleggibili;

- 12 - d) adotta il regolamento della Corte, e e) elegge il Cancelliere ed uno o più vice-cancellieri.

Articolo 27 – COMITATI, CAMERE E GRANDE CAMERA 1. Per la trattazione di ogni caso che le viene sottoposto, la Corte procede in un comitato di tre giudici, in una Camera composta da sette giudici ed in una Grande Camera di diciassette giudici. Le Camere della Corte istituiscono i comitati per un periodo determinato. 2. Il giudice eletto in relazione ad uno Stato parte alla controversia è membro di diritto della Camera e della Grande Camera; in caso di assenza di questo giudice, o se egli non è in grado di svolgere la sua funzione, lo Stato parte nomina una persona che siede in qualità di giudice. 3. Fanno altresì parte della Grande Camera il Presidente della Corte, i vice-presidenti, i presidenti delle Camere e altri giudici designati in conformità al regolamento della Corte. Se la controversia è deferita alla Grande Camera ai sensi dell’articolo 43, nessun giudice della Camera che ha pronunciato la sentenza può essere presente nella grande Camera, ad eccezione del presidente della Camera e del giudice che siede in relazione allo Stato in causa.

Articolo 28 – DICHIARAZIONI DI IRRECEVIBILITÀ DA PARTE DEI COMITATI Un comitato può, con voto unanime, dichiarare irricevibile o cancellare dal ruolo un ricorso individuale presentato ai sensi dell’articolo 34 quando tale decisione può essere adottata senza ulteriori accertamenti. La decisione è definitiva.

Articolo 29 – DECISIONI DELLE CAMERE SULLA RICEVIBILITÀ ED IL MERITO 1. Se nessuna decisione è stata adottata ai sensi dell’articolo 28, una delle Camere si pronuncia sulla ricevibilità e sul merito dei ricorsi individuali presentati ai sensi dell’articolo 34. 2. Una delle Camere si pronuncia sulla ricevibilità e sul merito dei ricorsi governativi presentati in virtù dell’articolo 33. 3. Salvo diversa decisione della Corte in casi eccezionali, la decisione sulla ricevibilità è adottata separatamente.

Articolo 30 – RIMESSIONE ALLA GRANDE CAMERA Se la questione oggetto del ricorso all’esame di una Camera solleva gravi problemi di interpretazione della Convenzione o dei suoi protocolli, o se la sua soluzione rischia di dar luogo ad un contrasto con una sentenza pronunciata anteriormente dalla Corte, la Camera, fino a quando non abbia pronunciato la sua sentenza, può rimettere il caso alla Grande Camera a meno che una delle parti non vi si opponga.

Articolo 31 – COMPETENZE DELLA GRANDE CAMERA La Grande Camera a) si pronuncia sui ricorsi presentati ai sensi dell’articolo 33 o dell’articolo 34 quando il caso le sia stato deferito dalla Camera ai sensi dell’articolo 30 o quando il caso le sia stato deferito ai sensi dell’articolo 43; e b) esamina le richieste di pareri consultivi presentate ai sensi dell’articolo 47.

Articolo 32 – COMPETENZA DELLA CORTE 1. La competenza della Corte si estende a tutte le questioni concernenti l’interpretazione e l’applicazione della Convenzione e dei suoi protocolli che siano sottoposte ad essa alle condizioni previste dagli articoli 33, 34 e 47. 2. In caso di contestazione sulla competenza della Corte, è la Corte che decide.

Articolo 33 – RICORSI INTERSTATALI Ogni Alta Parte contraente può deferire alla Corte qualunque inosservanza delle disposizioni della Convenzione e dei suoi protocolli che essa ritenga possa essere imputata ad un’altra Alta Parte contraente.

- 13 - Articolo 34 – RICORSI INDIVIDUALI La Corte può essere investita di un ricorso da parte di una persona fisica, un’organizzazione non governativa o un gruppo di privati che sostenga d’essere vittima di una violazione da parte di una delle Alte Parti contraenti dei diritti riconosciuti nella Convenzione o nei suoi protocolli. Le Alte Parti contraenti si impegnano a non ostacolare con alcuna misura l’esercizio effettivo di tale diritto.

Articolo 35 – CONDIZIONI DI RICEVIBILITÀ 1. La Corte non può essere adita se non dopo l’esaurimento delle vie di ricorso interne, come inteso secondo i principi di diritto internazionale generalmente riconosciuti ed entro un periodo di sei mesi a partire dalla data della decisione in terna definitiva. 2. La Corte non accoglie alcun ricorso inoltrato sulla base dell’articolo 34, se: a) è anonimo; oppure b) è essenzialmente identico ad uno precedentemente esaminato dalla Corte o già sottoposto ad un’altra istanza internazionale d’inchiesta o di risoluzione e non contiene fatti nuovi. 3. La Corte dichiara irricevibile ogni ricorso inoltrato in base all’articolo 34 quando essa giudichi tale ricorso incompatibile con le disposizioni della Convenzione o dei suoi protocolli, manifestamente infondato o abusivo. 4. La Corte respinge ogni ricorso che consideri irricevibile in applicazione del presente articolo. Essa può procedere in tal modo in ogni stato del procedimento.

Articolo 36 – INTERVENTO DI TERZI 1. Per qualsiasi questione all’esame di una Camera e o della Grande Camera, un’Alta Parte contraente il cui cittadino sia ricorrente ha diritto di presentare osservazioni per iscritto e di partecipare alle udienze. 2. Nell’interesse di una corretta amministrazione della giustizia, il presidente della Corte può invitare ogni Alta Parte contraente che non sia parte in causa o ogni persona interessata diversa dal ricorrente, a presentare osservazioni per iscritto o a partecipare alle udienze.

Articolo 37 – CANCELLAZIONE 1. In ogni momento della procedura, la Corte può decidere di cancellare un ricorso dal ruolo quando le circostanze permettono di concludere: a) che il ricorrente non intende più mantenerlo; oppure b) che la controversia è stata risolta; oppure c) che per ogni altro motivo di cui la Corte accerta l’esistenza, la prosecuzione dell’esame del ricorso non sia più giustificata. Tuttavia la Corte prosegue l’esame del ricorso qualora il rispetto dei diritti dell’uomo garantiti dalla Convenzione e dai suoi protocolli lo imponga. 2. La Corte può decidere una nuova iscrizione a ruolo di un ricorso se ritiene che le circostanze lo giustifichino.

Articolo 38 – ESAME IN CONTRADDITTORIO DEL CASO E PROCEDURA DI REGOLAMENTO AMICHEVOLE 1. Quando dichiara che il ricorso è ricevibile, la Corte a) prosegue l’esame della questione in contraddittorio con i rappresentanti delle Parti e, se del caso, procede ad un’inchiesta per il cui efficace svolgimento gli Stati interessati forniranno tutte le facilitazioni necessarie; b) si mette a disposizione degli interessati al fine di pervenire ad un regolamento amichevole della controversia che si fondi sul rispetto dei diritti dell’uomo quali sono riconosciuti dalla Convenzione e dai suoi protocolli. 2. La procedura descritta al paragrafo l.b è riservata.

- 14 - Articolo 39 – CONCLUSIONE DI UN REGOLAMENTO AMICHEVOLE In caso di regolamento amichevole, la Corte cancella il ricorso dal ruolo mediante una decisione che si limita ad una breve esposizione dei fatti e della soluzione adottata.

Articolo 40 – UDIENZA PUBBLICA E ACCESSO AI DOCUMENTI 1. L’udienza è pubblica a meno che la Corte non decida diversamente a causa di circostanze eccezionali. 2. I documenti depositati presso l’ufficio di cancelleria sono accessibili al pubblico a meno che il presidente della Corte non decida diversamente.

Articolo 41 – EQUA SODDISFAZIONE Se la Corte dichiara che vi è stata violazione della Convenzione o dei suoi protocolli e se il diritto interno dell’Alta Parte contraente non permette se non in modo imperfetto di rimuovere le conseguenze di tale violazione, la Corte accorda, se del caso, un’equa soddisfazione alla parte lesa.

Articolo 42 – SENTENZE DELLE CAMERE Le sentenze delle Camere divengono definitive conformemente alle disposizioni dell’articolo 44, paragrafo 2.

Articolo 43 – RINVIO DINNANZI ALLA GRANDE CAMERA 1. Entro un termine di tre mesi a decorrere dalla data della sentenza di una Camera, ogni parte alla controversia può, in situazioni eccezionali, chiedere che il caso sia rinviato dinnanzi alla Grande Camera. 2. Un collegio di cinque giudici della Grande Camera accoglie la domanda quando la questione oggetto del ricorso solleva gravi problemi di interpretazione o di applicazione della Convenzione o dei suoi protocolli, o comunque un’importante questione di carattere generale. 3. Se il collegio accoglie la domanda, la Grande Camera si pronuncia sul caso con sentenza.

Articolo 44 – SENTENZE DEFINITIVE 1. La sentenza della Grande Camera è definitiva. 2. La sentenza di una Camera diviene definitiva a) quando le parti dichiarano che non richiederanno il rinvio del caso dinnanzi alla Grande Camera; oppure b) tre mesi dopo la data della sentenza, se non è stato richiesto il rinvio del caso dinnanzi alla Grande Camera; oppure c) se il collegio della Grande Camera respinge una richiesta di rinvio formulata ai sensi dell’articolo 43. 3. La sentenza definitiva è pubblicata.

Articolo 45 – MOTIVAZIONE DELLE SENTENZE E DELLE DECISIONI 1. Le sentenze e le decisioni che dichiarano i ricorsi ricevibili o irricevibili devono essere motivate. 2. Se la sentenza non esprime in tutto o in parte l’opinione unanime dei giudici, ogni giudice avrà diritto di allegarvi l’esposizione della sua opinione individuale.

Articolo 46 – FORZA VINCOLANTE ED ESECUZIONE DELLE SENTENZE 1. Le Alte Parti contraenti si impegnano a conformarsi alle sentenze definitive della Corte sulle controversie nelle quali sono parti. 2. La sentenza definitiva della Corte è trasmessa al Comitato dei Ministri che ne sorveglia l’esecuzione.

- 15 - Articolo 47 – PARERI CONSULTIVI 1. La Corte può, su richiesta del Comitato dei Ministri, fornire pareri consultivi su questioni giuridiche relative all’interpretazione della Convenzione e dei suoi protocolli. 2. Tali pareri non devono riguardare questioni inerenti al contenuto o alla portata dei diritti e libertà definiti nel Titolo I della Convenzione e nei protocolli, né su altre questioni su cui la Corte o il Comitato dei Ministri potrebbero doversi pronunciare in seguito alla presentazione di un ricorso previsto dalla Convenzione. 3. La decisione del Comitato dei Ministri di chiedere un parere alla Corte è adottata con un voto della maggioranza dei rappresentanti che hanno il diritto di avere un seggio in seno al Comitato.

Articolo 48 – COMPETENZA CONSULTIVA DELLA CORTE La Corte decide se la richiesta di un parere consultivo presentata dal Comitato dei Ministri sia di sua competenza a norma dell’articolo 47.

Articolo 49 – MOTIVAZIONE DEI PARERI CONSULTIVI 1. Il parere della Corte è motivato. 2. Se il parere non esprime in tutto o in parte l’opinione unanime dei giudici, ogni giudice avrà diritto di allegarvi l’esposizione della sua opinione individuale. 3. Il parere della Corte è trasmesso al Comitato dei Ministri.

Articolo 50 – SPESE DI FUNZIONAMENTO DELLA CORTE Le spese di funzionamento della Corte sono a carico del Consiglio d’Europa.

Articolo 51 – PRIVILEGI ED IMMUNITÀ DEI GIUDICI I giudici beneficiano, durante l’esercizio delle loro funzioni, dei privilegi e delle immunità previsti dall’articolo 40 dello Statuto del Consiglio d’Europa e dagli accordi conclusi in base a questo articolo.

TITOLO III – DISPOSIZIONI VARIE

Articolo 52 – INCHIESTE DEL SEGRETARIO GENERALE Ogni Alta Parte Contraente, su domanda del Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa, fornirà le spiegazioni richieste sul modo in cui il proprio diritto interno assicura l’effettiva applicazione di tutte le disposizioni della presente Convenzione.

Articolo 53 – SALVAGUARDIA DEI DIRITTI DELL’UOMO RICONOSCIUTI Nessuna delle disposizioni della presente Convenzione può essere interpretata in modo da limitare o pregiudicare i diritti dell’uomo e le libertà fondamentali che possano essere riconosciuti in base alle leggi di ogni Parte Contraente o in base ad ogni altro accordo al quale essa partecipi.

Articolo 54 – POTERI DEL COMITATO DEI MINISTRI Nessuna disposizione della presente Convenzione porta pregiudizio ai poteri conferiti al Comitato dei Ministri dallo Statuto del Consiglio d’Europa.

Articolo 55 – RINUNCIA A STRUMENTI ALTERNATIVI DI COMPOSIZIONE DELLE CONTROVERSIE Le Alte Parti Contraenti rinunciano reciprocamente, salvo compromesso speciale, ad avvalersi dei trattati, delle convenzioni o delle dichiarazioni tra di esse in vigore allo scopo di sottoporre, mediante ricorso, una controversia nata dall’interpretazione o dall’applicazione della presente Convenzione ad una procedura di risoluzione diversa da quelle previste da detta Convenzione.

- 16 - Articolo 56 – APPLICAZIONE TERRITORIALE 1. Ogni Stato, al momento della ratifica o in ogni altro momento successivo, può dichiarare, mediante notifica indirizzata al Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa, che la presente Convenzione si applicherà, con riserva del paragrafo 4 del presente articolo, su tutti i territori o su determinati territori di cui esso cura le relazioni internazionali. 2. La Convenzione si applicherà sul territorio o sui territori designati nella notifica a partire dal trentesimo giorno successivo alla data in cui il Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa avrà ricevuto tale notifica. 3. Sui detti territori le disposizioni della presente Convenzione saranno applicate tenendo conto delle necessità locali. 4. Ogni Stato che abbia presentato una dichiarazione conformemente al primo paragrafo del presente articolo può, in qualunque momento, dichiarare, relativamente ad uno o a più territori indicati in tale dichiarazione, di accettare la competenza della Corte ad esaminare ricorsi di persone fisiche, organizzazioni non governative o gruppi di privati a norma dell’articolo 34 della Convenzione.

Articolo 57 – RISERVE 1. Ogni Stato, al momento della firma della presente Convenzione o del deposito del suo strumento di ratifica, può formulare una riserva riguardo ad una determinata disposizione della Convenzione, nella misura in cui una legge in quel momento in vigore sul suo territorio non sia conforme a tale disposizione. Le riserve di carattere generale non sono autorizzate ai sensi del presente articolo. 2. Ogni riserva emessa in conformità al presente articolo comporta una breve esposizione de lla legge in questione.

Articolo 58 – DENUNCIA 1. Un’Alta Parte Contraente può denunciare la presente Convenzione solo dopo un periodo di cinque anni a partire dalla data di entrata in vigore della Convenzione nei suoi confronti e dando un preavviso di sei mesi mediante notifica indirizzata al Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa, che ne informa le altre Parti Contraenti. 2. Tale denuncia non può avere l’effetto di svincolare l’Alta Parte Contraente interessata dagli obblighi contenuti nella presente Convenzione per quanto riguarda qualunque fatto suscettibile di costituire una violazione di tali obblighi, da essa posto in essere anteriormente alla data in cui la denuncia è divenuta efficace. 3. Alla stessa condizione, cesserebbe d’esser Parte alla presente Convenzione qualunque Parte Contraente che non fosse più Membro del Consiglio d’Europa. 4. La Convenzione può essere denunciata in conformità alle disposizioni dei precedenti paragrafi per quanto riguarda ogni territorio in relazione al quale sia stata dichiarata applicabile in base all’articolo 56.

Articolo 59 – FIRMA E RATIFICA 1. La presente Convenzione è aperta alla firma dei Membri del Consiglio d’Europa. Essa sarà ratificata. Le ratifiche saranno depositate presso il Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa. 2. La presente Convenzione entrerà in vigore dopo il deposito di dieci strumenti di ratifica. 3. Per ogni firmatario che la ratificherà successivamente, la Convenzione entrerà in vigore dal momento del deposito de llo strumento di ratifica. 4. Il Segretario Generale del Consiglio d’Europa notificherà a tutti i Membri del Consiglio d’Europa l’entrata in vigore della Convenzione, i nomi delle Alte Parti Contraenti che l’avranno ratificata, nonché il deposito di ogni altro strumento di ratifica avvenuto successivamente.

- 17 - - 18 - Trattato istitutivo della Comunità europea (1957) [articoli estratti]

[Il testo qui riprodotto è tratto dalla versione consolidata del Trattato sull'Unione europea e del Trattato che istituisce la Comunità Europea, apparsa sulla Gazzetta ufficiale dell’Unione europea n. C 321 E del 29 dicembre 2006]

- 19 - [omissis]

PARTE QUINTA: LE ISTITUZIONI DELLA COMUNITÀ

Titolo I: DISPOSIZIONI ISTITUZIONALI

Capo 1: Le istituzioni

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Sezione 4: La Corte di giustizia

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Articolo 244 Le sentenze della Corte di giustizia hanno forza esecutiva alle condizioni fissate dall'articolo 256.

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Capo 2: Disposizioni comuni a più istituzioni

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Articoli 256 Le decisioni del Consiglio o della Commissione che importano, a carico di persone che non siano gli Stati, un obbligo pecuniario costituiscono titolo esecutivo. L'esecuzione forzata è regolata dalle norme di procedura civile vigenti nello Stato sul cui territorio essa viene effettuata. La formula esecutiva è apposta, con la sola verificazione dell'autenticità del titolo, dall'autorità nazionale che il governo di ciascuno degli Stati membri designerà a tal fine, informandone la Commissione e la Corte di giustizia. Assolte tali formalità a richiesta dell'interessato, quest'ultimo può ottenere l'esecuzione forzata richiedendola direttamente all'organo competente, secondo la legislazione nazionale. L'esecuzione forzata può essere sospesa soltanto in virtù di una decisione della Corte di giustizia. Tuttavia, il controllo della regolarità dei provvedimenti esecutivi è di competenza delle giurisdizioni nazionali.

[omissis]

- 20 - Convenzione di Vienna sul diritto dei trattati (1969) [articoli estratti]

[www.un.org]

- 21 - [omissis]

PART V. - INVALIDITY, TERMINATION ANDSUSPENSION OF THE OPERATION OF TREATIES

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Section 2 – INVALIDITY OF TREATIES

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Article 53 - Treaties conflicting with a peremptory norm of general international law (“jus cogens”) A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion, it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international law. For the purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same character.

[omissis]

- 22 - Convenzione europea sull’immunità degli Stati (1972)

[www.coe.int]

- 23 - Preamble

The member States of the Council of Europe, signatory hereto,

Considering that the aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members;

Taking into account the fact that there is in international law a tendency to restrict the cases in which a State may claim immunity before foreign courts;

Desiring to establish in their mutual relations common rules relating to the scope of the immunity of one State from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State, and designed to ensure compliance with judgments given against another State;

Considering that the adoption of such rules will tend to advance the work of harmonisation undertaken by the member States of the Council of Europe in the legal field,

Have agreed as follows:

Chapter I – Immunity from jurisdiction

Article 1

1. A Contracting State which institutes or intervenes in proceedings before a court of another Contracting State submits, for the purpose of those proceedings, to the jurisdiction of the courts of that State.

2. Such a Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of the other Contracting State in respect of any counterclaim: a) arising out of the legal relationship or the facts on which the principal claim is based; b) if, according to the provisions of this Convention, it would not have been entitled to invoke immunity in respect of that counterclaim had separate proceedings been brought against it in those courts.

3. A Contracting State which makes a counterclaim in proceedings before a court of another Contracting State submits to the jurisdiction of the courts of that State with respect not only to the counterclaim but also to the principal claim.

Article 2

A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State if it has undertaken to submit to the jurisdiction of that court either: a) by international agreement; b) by an express term contained in a contract in writing; or c) by an express consent given after a dispute between the parties has arisen.

Article 3

1. A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State if, before claiming immunity, it takes any step in the proceedings relating to the merits. However, if the State satisfies the Court that it could not have acquired knowledge of

- 24 - facts on which a claim to immunity can be based until after it has taken such a step, it can claim immunity based on these facts if it does so at the earliest possible moment.

2. A Contracting State is not deemed to have waived immunity if it appears before a court of another Contracting State in order to assert immunity.

Article 4

1. Subject to the provisions of Article 5, a Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of another Contracting State if the proceedings relate to an obligation of the State, which, by virtue of a contract, falls to be discharged in the territory of the State of the forum.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply: a) in the case of a contract concluded between States; b) if the parties to the contract have otherwise agreed in writing; c) if the State is party to a contract concluded on its territory and the obligation of the State is governed by its administrative law.

Article 5

1. A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State if the proceedings relate to a contract of employment between the State and an individual where the work has to be performed on the territory of the State of the forum.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply where: a) the individual is a national of the employing State at the time when the proceedings are brought; b)at the time when the contract was entered into the individual was neither a national of the State of the forum nor habitually resident in that State; or c)the parties to the contract have otherwise agreed in writing, unless, in accordance with the law of the State of the forum, the courts of that State have exclusive jurisdiction by reason of the subject matter.

3. Where the work is done for an office, agency or other establishment referred to in Article 7, paragraphs 2.a and b of the present article apply only if, at the time the contract was entered into, the individual had his habitual residence in the Contracting State which employs him.

Article 6

1. A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State if it participates with one or more private persons in a company, association or other legal entity having its seat, registered office or principal place of business on the territory of the State of the forum, and the proceedings concern the relationship, in matters arising out of that participation, between the State on the one hand and the entity or any other participant on the other hand.

2.Paragraph 1 shall not apply if it is otherwise agreed in writing.

Article 7

1. A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State if it has on the territory of the State of the forum an office, agency or other

- 25 - establishment through which it engages, in the same manner as a private person, in an industrial, commercial or financial activity, and the proceedings relate to that activity of the office, agency or establishment.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if all the parties to the dispute are States, or if the parties have otherwise agreed in writing.

Article 8

A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State if the proceedings relate: a) to a patent, industrial design, trade mark, service mark or other similar right which, in the State of the forum, has been applied for, registered or deposited or is otherwise protected, and in respect of which the State is the applicant or owner; b) to an alleged infringement by it, in the territory of the State of the forum, of such a right belonging to a third person and protected in that State; c) to an alleged infringement by it, in the territory of the State of the forum, of copyright belonging to a third person and protected in that State; d) to the right to use a trade name in the State of the forum.

Article 9

A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State if the proceedings relate to: a) its rights or interests in, or its use or possession of, immovable property; or b) its obligations arising out of its rights or interests in, or use or possession of, immovable property and the property is situated in the territory of the State of the forum.

Article 10

A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State if the proceedings relate to a right in movable or immovable property arising by way of succession, gift or bona vacantia.

Article 11

A Contracting State cannot claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State in proceedings which relate to redress for injury to the person or damage to tangible property, if the facts which occasioned the injury or damage occurred in the territory of the State of the forum, and if the author of the injury or damage was present in that territory at the time when those facts occurred.

Article 12

1. Where a Contracting State has agreed in writing to submit to arbitration a dispute which has arisen or may arise out of a civil or commercial matter, that State may not claim immunity from the jurisdiction of a court of another Contracting State on the territory or according to the law of which the arbitration has taken or will take place in respect of any proceedings relating to: a) the validity or interpretation of the arbitration agreement; b) the arbitration procedure; c) the setting aside of the award, unless the arbitration agreement otherwise provides.

- 26 - 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply to an arbitration agreement between States.

Article 13

Paragraph 1 of Article 1 shall not apply where a Contracting State asserts, in proceedings pending before a court of another Contracting State to which it is not a party, that it has a right or interest in property which is the subject matter of the proceedings, and the circumstances are such that it would have been entitled to immunity if the proceedings had been brought against it.

Article 14

Nothing in this Convention shall be interpreted as preventing a court of a Contracting State from administering or supervising or arranging for the administration of property, such as trust property or the estate of a bankrupt, solely on account of the fact that another Contracting State has a right or interest in the property.

Article 15

A Contracting State shall be entitled to immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of another Contracting State if the proceedings do not fall within Articles 1 to 14; the court shall decline to entertain such proceedings even if the State does not appear.

Chapter II – Procedural rules

Article 16

1. In proceedings against a Contracting State in a court of another Contracting State, the following rules shall apply.

2. The competent authorities of the State of the forum shall transmit – the original or a copy of the document by which the proceedings are instituted; – a copy of any judgment given by default against a State which was defendant in the proceedings, through the diplomatic channel to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the defendant State, for onward transmission, where appropriate, to the competent authority. These documents shall be accompanied, if necessary, by a translation into the official language, or one of the official languages, of the defendant State.

3. Service of the documents referred to in paragraph 2 is deemed to have been effected by their receipt by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

4. The time limits within which the State must enter an appearance or appeal against any judgment given by default shall begin to run two months after the date on which the document by which the proceedings were instituted or the copy of the judgment is received by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

5. If it rests with the court to prescribe the time limits for entering an appearance or for appealing against a judgment given by default, the court shall allow the State not less than two months after the date on which the document by which the proceedings are instituted or the copy of the judgment is received by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

6. A Contracting State which appears in the proceedings is deemed to have waived any objection to the method of service.

- 27 -

7. If the Contracting State has not appeared, judgment by default may be given against it only if it is established that the document by which the proceedings were instituted has been transmitted in conformity with paragraph 2, and that the time limits for entering an appearance provided for in paragraphs 4 and 5 have been observed.

Article 17

No security, bond or deposit, however described, which could not have been required in the State of the forum of a national of that State or a person domiciled or resident there, shall be required of a Contracting State to guarantee the payment of judicial costs or expenses. A State which is a claimant in the courts of another Contracting State shall pay any judicial costs or expenses for which it may become liable.

Article 18

A Contracting State party to proceedings before a court of another Contracting State may not be subjected to any measure of coercion, or any penalty, by reason of its failure or refusal to disclose any documents or other evidence. However the court may draw any conclusion it thinks fit from such failure or refusal.

Article 19

1. A court before which proceedings to which a Contracting State is a party are instituted shall, at the request of one of the parties or, if its national law so permits, of its own motion, decline to proceed with the case or shall stay the proceedings if other proceedings between the same parties, based on the same facts and having the same purpose: a) are pending before a court of that Contracting State, and were the first to be instituted; or b) are pending before a court of any other Contracting State, were the first to be instituted and may result in a judgment to which the State party to the proceedings must give effect by virtue of Article 20 or Article 25.

2. Any Contracting State whose law gives the courts a discretion to decline to proceed with a case or to stay the proceedings in cases where proceedings between the same parties, based on the same facts and having the same purpose, are pending before a court of another Contracting State, may, by notification addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, declare that its courts shall not be bound by the provisions of paragraph 1.

Chapter III – Effect of Judgment

Article 20

1. A Contracting State shall give effect to a judgment given against it by a court of another Contracting State: a) if, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 1 to 13, the State could not claim immunity from jurisdiction; and b) if the judgment cannot or can no longer be set aside if obtained by default, or if it is not or is no longer subject to appeal or any other form of ordinary review or to annulment.

2. Nevertheless, a Contracting State is not obliged to give effect to such a judgment in any case: a) where it would be manifestly contrary to public policy in that State to do so, or where, in the circumstances, either party had no adequate opportunity fairly to present his case;

- 28 - b) where proceedings between the same parties, based on the same facts and having the same purpose: i) are pending before a court of that State and were the first to be instituted; ii)are pending before a court of another Contracting State, were the first to be instituted and may result in a judgment to which the State party to the proceedings must give effect under the terms of this Convention; c) where the result of the judgment is inconsistent with the result of another judgment given between the same parties: i) by a court of the Contracting State, if the proceedings before that court were the first to be instituted or if the other judgment has been given before the judgment satisfied the conditions specified in paragraph 1.b; or ii) by a court of another Contracting State where the other judgment is the first to satisfy the requirements laid down in the present Convention; d) where the provisions of Article 16 have not been observed and the State has not entered an appearance or has not appealed against a judgment by default.

3. In addition, in the cases provided for in Article 10, a Contracting State is not obliged to give effect to the judgment: a) if the courts of the State of the forum would not have been entitled to assume jurisdiction had they applied, mutatis mutandis, the rules of jurisdiction (other than those mentioned in the annex to the present Convention) which operate in the State against which judgment is given; or b) if the court, by applying a law other than that which would have been applied in accordance with the rules of private international law of that State, has reached a result different from that which would have been reached by applying the law determined by those rules.

However, a Contracting State may not rely upon the grounds of refusal specified in sub paragraphs a and b above if it is bound by an agreement with the State of the forum on the recognition and enforcement of judgments and the judgment fulfils the requirement of that agreement as regards jurisdiction and, where appropriate, the law applied.

Article 21

1. Where a judgment has been given against a Contracting State and that State does not give effect thereto, the party which seeks to invoke the judgment shall be entitled to have determined by the competent court of that State the question whether effect should be given to the judgment in accordance with Article 20. Proceedings may also be brought before this court by the State against which judgment has been given, if its law so permits.

2. Save in so far as may be necessary for the application of Article 20, the competent court of the State in question may not review the merits of the judgment.

3. Where proceedings are instituted before a court of a State in accordance with paragraph 1: a) the parties shall be given an opportunity to be heard in the proceedings; b) documents produced by the party seeking to invoke the judgment shall not be subject to legalisation or any other like formality; c) no security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required of the party invoking the judgment by reason of his nationality, domicile or residence; d) the party invoking the judgment shall be entitled to legal aid under conditions no less favourable than those applicable to nationals of the State who are domiciled and resident therein.

4. Each Contracting State shall, when depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, designate the court or courts referred to in paragraph 1, and inform the Secretary General of the Council of Europe thereof.

- 29 - Article 22

1. A Contracting State shall give effect to a settlement to which it is a party and which has been made before a court of another Contracting State in the course of the proceedings; the provisions of Article 20 do not apply to such a settlement.

2. If the State does not give effect to the settlement, the procedure provided for in Article 21 may be used.

Article 23

No measures of execution or preventive measures against the property of a Contracting State may be taken in the territory of another Contracting State except where and to the extent that the State has expressly consented thereto in writing in any particular case.

Chapter IV – Optional provisions

Article 24

1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 15, any State may, when signing this Convention or depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, or at any later date, by notification addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, declare that, in cases not falling within Articles 1 to 13, its courts shall be entitled to entertain proceedings against another Contracting State to the extent that its courts are entitled to entertain proceedings against States not party to the present Convention. Such a declaration shall be without prejudice to the immunity from jurisdiction which foreign States enjoy in respect of acts performed in the exercise of sovereign authority (acta jure imperii ).

2. The courts of a State which has made the declaration provided for in paragraph 1 shall not however be entitled to entertain such proceedings against another Contracting State if their jurisdiction could have been based solely on one or more of the grounds mentioned in the annex to the present Convention, unless that other Contracting State has taken a step in the proceedings relating to the merits without first challenging the jurisdiction of the court.

3. The provisions of Chapter II apply to proceedings instituted against a Contracting State in accordance with the present article.

4. The declaration made under paragraph 1 may be withdrawn by notification addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe. The withdrawal shall take effect three months after the date of its receipt, but this shall not affect proceedings instituted before the date on which the withdrawal becomes effective.

Article 25

1. Any Contracting State which has made a declaration under Article 24 shall, in cases not falling within Articles 1 to 13, give effect to a judgment given by a court of another Contracting State which has made a like declaration: a) if the conditions prescribed in paragraph 1.b of Article 20 have been fulfilled; and b) if the court is considered to have jurisdiction in accordance with the following paragraphs.

2. However, the Contracting State is not obliged to give effect to such a judgment: a) if there is a ground for refusal as provided for in paragraph 2 of Article 20; or b) if the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 24 have not been observed.

- 30 -

3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 4, a court of a Contracting State shall be considered to have jurisdiction for the purpose of paragraph 1.b: a) if its jurisdiction is recognised in accordance with the provisions of an agreement to which the State of the forum and the other Contracting State are Parties; b) where there is no agreement between the two States concerning the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil matters, if the courts of the State of the forum would have been entitled to assume jurisdiction had they applied, mutatis mutandis, the rules of jurisdiction (other than those mentioned in the annex to the present Convention) which operate in the State against which the judgment was given. This provision does not apply to questions arising out of contracts.

4. The Contracting States having made the declaration provided for in Article 24 may, by means of a supplementary agreement to this Convention, determine the circumstances in which their courts shall be considered to have jurisdiction for the purposes of paragraph 1.b of this article.

5. If the Contracting State does not give effect to the judgment, the procedure provided for in Article 21 may be used.

Article 26

Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 23, a judgment rendered against a Contracting State in proceedings relating to an industrial or commercial activity, in which the State is engaged in the same manner as a private person, may be enforced in the State of the forum against property of the State against which judgment has been given, used exclusively in connection with such an activity, if: a) both the State of the forum and the State against which the judgment has been given have made declarations under Article 24; b) the proceedings which resulted in the judgment fell within Articles 1 to 13 or were instituted in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 24; and c) the judgment satisfies the requirements laid down in paragraph 1.b of Article 20.

Chapter V – General provisions

Article 27

1. For the purposes of the present Convention, the expression “Contracting State” shall not include any legal entity of a Contracting State which is distinct therefrom and is capable of suing or being sued, even if that entity has been entrusted with public functions.

2. Proceedings may be instituted against any entity referred to in paragraph 1 before the courts of another Contracting State in the same manner as against a private person; however, the courts may not entertain proceedings in respect of acts performed by the entity in the exercise of sovereign authority ( acta jure imperii ).

3. Proceedings may in any event be instituted against any such entity before those courts if, in corresponding circumstances, the courts would have had jurisdiction if the proceedings had been instituted against a Contracting State.

- 31 - Article 28

1. Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 27, the constituent States of a Federal State do not enjoy immunity.

2. However, a Federal State Party to the present Convention, may, by notification addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, declare that its constituent States may invoke the provisions of the Convention applicable to Contracting States, and have the same obligations.

3. Where a Federal State has made a declaration in accordance with paragraph 2, service of documents on a constituent State of a Federation shall be made on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal State, in conformity with Article 16.

4. The Federal State alone is competent to make the declarations, notifications and communications provided for in the present Convention, and the Federal State alone may be party to proceedings pursuant to Article 34.

Article 29

The present Convention shall not apply to proceedings concerning: a) social security; b) damage or injury in nuclear matters; c) customs duties, taxes or penalties.

Article 30

The present Convention shall not apply to proceedings in respect of claims relating to the operation of seagoing vessels owned or operated by a Contracting State or to the carriage of cargoes and of passengers by such vessels or to the carriage of cargoes owned by a Contracting State and carried on board merchant vessels.

Article 31

Nothing in this Convention shall affect any immunities or privileges enjoyed by a Contracting State in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by, or in relation to, its armed forces when on the territory of another Contracting State.

Article 32

Nothing in the present Convention shall affect privileges and immunities relating to the exercise of the functions of diplomatic missions and consular posts and of persons connected with them.

Article 33

Nothing in the present Convention shall affect existing or future international agreements in special fields which relate to matters dealt with in the present Convention.

Article 34

1. Any dispute which might arise between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of the present Convention shall be submitted to the International

- 32 - Court of Justice on the application of one of the parties to the dispute or by special agreement unless the parties agree on a different method of peaceful settlement of the dispute.

2. However, proceedings may not be instituted before the International Court of Justice which relate to: a) a dispute concerning a question arising in proceedings instituted against a Contracting State before a court of another Contracting State, before the court has given a judgment which fulfils the condition provided for in paragraph 1.b of Article 20; b) a dispute concerning a question arising in proceedings instituted before a court of a Contracting State in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 21, before the court has rendered a final decision in such proceedings.

Article 35

1. The present Convention shall apply only to proceedings introduced after its entry into force.

2. When a State has become Party to this Convention after it has entered into force, the Convention shall apply only to proceedings introduced after it has entered into force with respect to that State.

3. Nothing in this Convention shall apply to proceedings arising out of, or judgments based on, acts, omissions or facts prior to the date on which the present Convention is opened for signature.

Chapter VI – Final provisions

Article 36

1. The present Convention shall be open to signature by the member States of the Council of Europe. It shall be subject to ratification or acceptance. Instruments of ratification or acceptance shall be deposited with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.

2. The Convention shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of the third instrument of ratification or acceptance.

3. In respect of a signatory State ratifying or accepting subsequently, the Convention shall enter into force three months after the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification or acceptance.

Article 37

1. After the entry into force of the present Convention, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe may, by a decision taken by a unanimous vote of the members casting a vote, invite any non member State to accede thereto.

2. Such accession shall be effected by depositing with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe an instrument of accession which shall take effect three months after the date of its deposit. 3. However, if a State having already acceded to the Convention notifies the Secretary General of the Council of Europe of its objection to the accession of another non member State, before the entry into force of this accession, the Convention shall not apply to the relations between these two States.

- 33 - Article 38

1. Any State may, at the time of signature or when depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession, specify the territory or territories to which the present Convention shall apply.

2. Any State may, when depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession or at any later date, by declaration addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, extend this Convention to any other territory or territories specified in the declaration and for whose international relations it is responsible or on whose behalf it is authorised to give undertakings.

3. Any declaration made in pursuance of the preceding paragraph may, in respect of any territory mentioned in such declaration, be withdrawn according to the procedure laid down in Article 40 of this Convention.

Article 39

No reservation is permitted to the present Convention.

Article 40

1. Any Contracting State may, in so far as it is concerned, denounce this Convention by means of notification addressed to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe.

2. Such denunciation shall take effect six months after the date of receipt by the Secretary General of such notification. This Convention shall, however, continue to apply to proceedings introduced before the date on which the denunciation takes effect, and to judgments given in such proceedings.

Article 41

The Secretary General of the Council of Europe shall notify the member States of the Council of Europe and any State which has acceded to this Convention of: a) any signature; b) any deposit of an instrument of ratification, acceptance or accession; c) any date of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with Articles 36 and 37 thereof; d) any notification received in pursuance of the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 19; e) any communication received in pursuance of the provisions of paragraph 4 of Article 21; f)any notification received in pursuance of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 24; g) the withdrawal of any notification made in pursuance of the provisions of paragraph 4 of Article 24; h) any notification received in pursuance of the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 28; i) any notification received in pursuance of the provisions of paragraph 3 or Article 37; j) any declaration received in pursuance of the provisions of Article 38; k) any notification received in pursuance of the provisions of Article 40 and the date on which denunciation takes effect.

In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorised thereto, have signed this Convention.

Done at Basle, this 16th day of May 1972, in English and French, both texts being equally authoritative, in a single copy which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Council of

- 34 - Europe. The Secretary General of the Council of Europe shall transmit certified copies to each of the signatory and acceding States.

ANNEX

The grounds of jurisdiction referred to in paragraph 3, sub paragraph a, of Article 20, paragraph 2 of Article 24 and paragraph 3, sub paragraph b, of Article 25 are the following: a)the presence in the territory of the State of the forum of property belonging to the defendant, or the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated there, unless: – the action is brought to assert proprietary or possessory rights in that property, or arises from another issue relating to such property; or – the property constitutes the security for a debt which is the subject matter of the action; b) the nationality of the plaintiff; c) the domicile, habitual residence or ordinary residence of the plaintiff within the territory of the State of the forum unless the assumption of jurisdiction on such a ground is permitted by way of an exception made on account of the particular subject matter of a class of contracts; d) the fact that the defendant carried on business within the territory of the State of the forum, unless the action arises from that business; e) a unilateral specification of the forum by the plaintiff, particularly in an invoice.

A legal person shall be considered to have its domicile or habitual residence where it has its seat, registered office or principal place of business.

- 35 - - 36 - US Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (1976)

[http://uscode.house.gov]

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- 46 - UK State Immunity Act (1978)

[http://uscode.house.gov]

- 47 - An Act to make new provision with respect to proceedings in the United Kingdom by or against other States; to provide for the effect of judgments given against the United Kingdom in the courts of States parties to the European Convention on State Immunity; to make new provision with respect to the immunities and privileges of heads of State; and for connected purposes. [20th July 1978]

PART I

PROCEEDINGS IN UNITED KINGDOM BY OR AGAINST OTHER STATES

Immunity from jurisdiction 1. — (1) A State is immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United Kingdom except as provided in the following provisions of this Part of this Act. (2) A court shall give effect to the immunity conferred by this section even though the State does not appear in the proceedings in question. 2. — (1) A State is not immune as respects proceedings in respect of which it has submitted to the jurisdiction of the courts of the United Kingdom. (2) A State may submit after the dispute giving rise to the proceedings has arisen or by a prior written agreement; but a provision in any agreement that it is to be governed by the law of the United Kingdom is not to be regarded as a submission. (3) A State is deemed to have submitted— (a)if it has instituted the proceedings; or (b)subject to subsections (4) and (5) below, if it has intervened or taken any step in the proceedings. (4) Subsection (3)(b) above does not apply to intervention or any step taken for the purpose only of— (a)claiming immunity; or (b)asserting an interest in property in circumstances such that the State would have been entitled to immunity if the proceedings had been brought against it. (5) Subsection (3)(b) above does not apply to any step taken by the State in ignorance of facts entitling it to immunity if those facts could not reasonably have been ascertained and immunity is claimed as soon as reasonably practicable. (6) A submission in respect of any proceedings extends to any appeal but not to any counter- claim unless it arises out of the same legal relationship or facts as the claim. (7) The head of a State’s diplomatic mission in the United Kingdom, or the person for the time being performing his functions, shall be deemed to have authority to submit on behalf of the State in respect of any proceedings; and any person who has entered into a contract on behalf of and with the authority of a State shall be deemed to have authority to submit on its behalf in respect of proceedings arising out of the contract. 3.— (1) A State is not immune as respects proceedings relating to— (a) a commercial transaction entered into by the State; or (b) an obligation of the State which by virtue of a contract (whether a commercial transaction or not) falls to be performed wholly or partly in the United Kingdom. (2) This section does not apply if the parties to the dispute are States or have otherwise agreed in writing; and subsection (1)(b) above does not apply if the contract (not being a commercial transaction) was made in the territory of the State concerned and the obligation in question is governed by its administrative law. (3) In this section “commercial transaction” means— (a) any contract for the supply of goods or services; (b) any loan or other transaction for the provision of finance and any guarantee or indemnity in respect of any such transaction or of any other financial obligation; and (c) any other transaction or activity (whether of a commercial, industrial, financial, professional or other similar character) into which a State enters or in which it engages otherwise than in the exercise of sovereign authority;

- 48 - but neither paragraph of subsection (1) above applies to a contract of employment between a State and an individual. 4. — (1) A State is not immune as respects proceedings relating to a contract of employment between the State and an individual where the contract was made in the United Kingdom or the work is to be wholly or partly performed there. (2) Subject to subsections (3) and (4) below, this section does not apply if— (a) at the time when the proceedings are brought the individual is a national of the State concerned; or (b) at the time when the contract was made the individual was neither a national of the United Kingdom nor habitually resident there; or (c) the parties to the contract have otherwise agreed in writing. (3) Where the work is for an office, agency or establishment maintained by the State in the United Kingdom for commercial purposes, subsection (2)(a) and (b) above do not exclude the application of this section unless the individual was, at the time when the contract was made, habitually resident in that State. (4) Subsection (2)(c) above does not exclude the application of this section where the law of the United Kingdom requires the proceedings to be brought before a court of the United Kingdom. (5) In subsection (2)(b) above “national of the United Kingdom” means a British citizen, a British Dependent Territories citizen [a British National (Overseas)] or a British Overseas citizen; or (b) a person who under the British Nationality Act 1981 is a British subject; or (c) a British protected person (within the meaning of that Act)] (6) In this section “proceedings relating to a contract of employment” includes proceedings between the parties to such a contract in respect of any statutory rights or duties to which they are entitled or subject as employer or employee. 5. A State is not immune as respects proceedings in respect of— (a) death or personal injury; or (b) damage to or loss of tangible property, caused by an act or omission in the United Kingdom. 6. — (1) A State is not immune as respects proceedings relating to— (a) any interest of the State in, or its possession or use of, immovable property in the United Kingdom; or (b) any obligation of the State arising out of its interest in, or its possession or use of, any such property. (2) A State is not immune as respects proceedings relating to any interest of the State in movable or immovable property, being an interest arising by way of succession, gift or bona vacantia. (3) The fact that a State has or claims an interest in any property shall not preclude any court from exercising in respect of it any jurisdiction relating to the estates of deceased persons or persons of unsound mind or to insolvency, the winding up of companies or the administration of trusts. (4) A court may entertain proceedings against a person other than a State notwithstanding that the proceedings relate to property— (a) which is in the possession or control of a State; or (b) in which a State claims an interest, if the State would not have been immune had the proceedings been brought against it or, in a case within paragraph (b) above, if the claim is neither admitted nor supported by prima facie evidence. 7. A State is not immune as respects proceedings relating to— (a) any patent, trade-mark, design or plant breeders’ rights belonging to the State and registered or protected in the United Kingdom or for which the State has applied in the United Kingdom; (b) an alleged infringement by the State in the United Kingdom of any patent, trade-mark, design, plant breeders’ rights or copyright; or (c) the right to use a trade or business name in the United Kingdom.

- 49 - 8.— (1) A State is not immune as respects proceedings relating to its membership of a body corporate, an unincorporated body or a partnership which— (a) has members other than States; and (b) is incorporated or constituted under the law of the United Kingdom or is controlled from or has its principal place of business in the United Kingdom, being proceedings arising between the State and the body or its other members or, as the case may be, between the State and the other partners. (2) This section does not apply if provision to the contrary has been made by an agreement in writing between the parties to the dispute or by the constitution or other instrument establishing or regulating the body or partnership in question. 9. — (1) Where a State has agreed in writing to submit a dispute which has arisen, or may arise, to arbitration, the State is not immune as respects proceedings in the courts of the United Kingdom which relate to the arbitration. (2) This section has effect subject to any contrary provision in the arbitration agreement and does not apply to any arbitration agreement between States. 10. — (1) This section applies to— (a) Admiralty proceedings; and (b) proceedings on any claim which could be made the subject of Admiralty proceedings. (2) A State is not immune as respects— (a) an action in rem against a ship belonging to that State; or (b) an action in personam for enforcing a claim in connection with such a ship, if, at the time when the cause of action arose, the ship was in use or intended for use for commercial purposes. (3) Where an action in rem is brought against a ship belonging to a State for enforcing a claim in connection with another ship belonging to that State, subsection (2)(a) above does not apply as respects the first-mentioned ship unless, at the time when the cause of action relating to the other ship arose, both ships were in use or intended for use for commercial purposes. (4) A State is not immune as respects— (a) an action in rem against a cargo belonging to that State if both the cargo and the ship carrying it were, at the time when the cause of action arose, in use or intended for use for commercial purposes; or (b) an action in personam for enforcing a claim in connection with such a cargo if the ship carrying it was then in use or intended for use as aforesaid. (5) In the foregoing provisions references to a ship or cargo belonging to a State include references to a ship or cargo in its possession or control or in which it claims an interest; and, subject to subsection (4) above, subsection (2) above applies to property other than a ship as it applies to a ship. (6) Sections 3 to 5 above do not apply to proceedings of the kind described in subsection (1) above if the State in question is a party to the Brussels Convention and the claim relates to the operation of a ship owned or operated by that State, the carriage of cargo or passengers on any such ship or the carriage of cargo owned by that State on any other ship. 11. A State is not immune as respects proceedings relating to its liability for— (a) value added tax, any duty of customs or excise or any agricultural levy; or (b) rates in respect of premises occupied by it for commercial purposes.

Procedure 12. — (1) Any writ or other document required to be served for instituting proceedings against a State shall be served by being transmitted through the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State and service shall be deemed to have been effected when the writ or document is received at the Ministry. (2) Any time for entering an appearance (whether prescribed by rules of court or otherwise) shall begin to run two months after the date on which the writ or document is received as aforesaid.

- 50 - (3) A State which appears in proceedings cannot thereafter object that subsection (1) above has not been complied with in the case of those proceedings. (4) No judgment in default of appearance shall be given against a State except on proof that subsection (1) above has been complied with and that the time for entering an appearance as extended by subsection (2) above has expired. (5) A copy of any judgment given against a State in default of appearance shall be transmitted through the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of that State and any time for applying to have the judgment set aside (whether prescribed by rules of court or otherwise) shall begin to run two months after the date on which the copy of the judgment is received at the Ministry. (6) Subsection (1) above does not prevent the service of a writ or other document in any manner to which the State has agreed and subsections (2) and (4) above do not apply where service is effected in any such manner. (7) This section shall not be construed as applying to proceedings against a State by way of counter-claim or to an action in rem; and subsection (1) above shall not be construed as affecting any rules of court whereby leave is required for the service of process outside the jurisdiction. 13. — (1) No penalty by way of committal or fine shall be imposed in respect of any failure or refusal by or on behalf of a State to disclose or produce any document or other information for the purposes of proceedings to which it is a party. (2) Subject to subsections (3) and (4) below— (a) relief shall not be given against a State by way of injunction or order for specific performance or for the recovery of land or other property; and (b) the property of a State shall not be subject to any process for the enforcement of a judgment or arbitration award or, in an action in rem, for its arrest, detention or sale. (3) Subsection (2) above does not prevent the giving of any relief or the issue of any process with the written consent of the State concerned; and any such consent (which may be contained in a prior agreement) may be expressed so as to apply to a limited extent or generally; but a provision merely submitting to the jurisdiction of the courts is not to be regarded as a consent for the purposes of this subsection. (4) Subsection (2)(b) above does not prevent the issue of any process in respect of property which is for the time being in use or intended for use for commercial purposes; but, in a case not falling within section 10 above, this subsection applies to property of a State party to the European Convention on State Immunity only if— (a) the process is for enforcing a judgment which is final within the meaning of section 18(1)(b) below and the State has made a declaration under Article 24 of the Convention; or (b) the process is for enforcing an arbitration award. (5) The head of a State’s diplomatic mission in the United Kingdom, or the person for the time being performing his functions, shall be deemed to have authority to give on behalf of the State any such consent as is mentioned in subsection (3) above and, for the purposes of subsection (4) above, his certificate to the effect that any property is not in use or intended for use by or on behalf of the State for commercial purposes shall be accepted as sufficient evidence of that fact unless the contrary is proved. (6) In the application of this section to Scotland— (a) the reference to “injunction” shall be construed as a reference to “interdict”; (b) for paragraph (b) of subsection (2) above there shall be substituted the following paragraph— “(b) the property of a State shall not be subject to any diligence for enforcing a judgment or order of a court or a decree arbitral or, in an action in rem, to arrestment or sale.”; and (c) any reference to “process” shall be construed as a reference to “diligence”, any reference to “the issue of any process” as a reference to “the doing of diligence” and the reference in subsection (4)(b) above to “an arbitration award” as a reference to “a decree arbitral”.

Supplementary provisions

- 51 - 14. — (1) The immunities and privileges conferred by this Part of this Act apply to any foreign or commonwealth State other than the United Kingdom; and references to a State include references to— (a) the sovereign or other head of that State in his public capacity; (b) the government of that State; and (c) any department of that government, but not to any entity (hereafter referred to as a “separate entity”) which is distinct from the executive organs of the government of the State and capable of suing or being sued. (2) A separate entity is immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the United Kingdom if, and only if— (a) the proceedings relate to anything done by it in the exercise of sovereign authority; and (b) the circumstances are such that a State (or, in the case of proceedings to which section 10 above applies, a State which is not a party to the Brussels Convention) would have been so immune. (3) If a separate entity (not being a State’s central bank or other monetary authority) submits to the jurisdiction in respect of proceedings in the case of which it is entitled to immunity by virtue of subsection (2) above, subsections (1) to (4) of section 13 above shall apply to it in respect of those proceedings as if references to a State were references to that entity. (4) Property of a State’s central bank or other monetary authority shall not be regarded for the purposes of subsection (4) of section 13 above as in use or intended for use for commercial purposes; and where any such bank or authority is a separate entity subsections (1) to (3) of that section shall apply to it as if references to a State were references to the bank or authority. (5) Section 12 above applies to proceedings against the constituent territories of a federal State; and Her Majesty may by Order in Council provide for the other provisions of this Part of this Act to apply to any such constituent territory specified in the Order as they apply to a State. (6) Where the provisions of this Part of this Act do not apply to a constituent territory by virtue of any such Order subsections (2) and (3) above shall apply to it as if it were a separate entity. 15. — (1) If it appears to Her Majesty that the immunities and privileges conferred by this Part of this Act in relation to any State— (a) exceed those accorded by the law of that State in relation to the United Kingdom; or (b) are less than those required by any treaty, convention or other international agreement to which that State and the United Kingdom are parties, Her Majesty may by Order in Council provide for restricting or, as the case may be, extending those immunities and privileges to such extent as appears to Her Majesty to be appropriate. (2) Any statutory instrument containing an Order under this section shall be subject to annulment in pursuance of a resolution of either House of Parliament. 16. — (1) This Part of this Act does not affect any immunity or privilege conferred by the Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 or the Consular Relations Act 1968; and— (a) section 4 above does not apply to proceedings concerning the employment of the members of a mission within the meaning of the Convention scheduled to the said Act of 1964 or of the members of a consular post within the meaning of the Convention scheduled to the said Act of 1968; (b) section 6(1) above does not apply to proceedings concerning a State’s title to or its possession of property used for the purposes of a diplomatic mission. (2) This Part of this Act does not apply to proceedings relating to anything done by or in relation to the armed forces of a State while present in the United Kingdom and, in particular, has effect subject to the Visiting Forces Act 1952. (3) This Part of this Act does not apply to proceedings to which section 17(6) of the Nuclear Installations Act 1965 applies. (4) This Part of this Act does not apply to criminal proceedings. (5) This Part of this Act does not apply to any proceedings relating to taxation other than those mentioned in section 11 above. 17. — (1) In this Part of this Act—

- 52 - “the Brussels Convention” means the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Concerning the Immunity of State-owned Ships signed in Brussels on 10th April 1926; “commercial purposes”means purposes of such transactions or activities as are mentioned in section 3(3) above; “ship” includes hovercraft. (2) In sections 2(2) and 13(3) above references to an agreement include references to a treaty, convention or other international agreement. (3) For the purposes of sections 3 to 8 above the territory of the United Kingdom shall be deemed to include any dependent territory in respect of which the United Kingdom is a party to the European Convention on State Immunity. (4) In sections 3(1), 4(1), 5 and 16(2) above references to the United Kingdom include references to its territorial waters and any area designated under section 1(7) of the Continental Shelf Act 1964. (5) In relation to Scotland in this Part of this Act “action in rem” means such an action only in relation to Admiralty proceedings.

PART II JUDGMENTS AGAINST UNITED KINGDOM IN CONVENTION STATES 18. — (1) This section applies to any judgment given against the United Kingdom by a court in another State party to the European Convention on State immunity, being a judgment— (a) given in proceedings in which the United Kingdom was not entitled to immunity by virtue of provisions corresponding to those of sections 2 to 11 above; and (b) which is final, that is to say, which is not or is no longer subject to appeal or, if given in default of appearance, liable to be set aside. (2) Subject to section 19 below, a judgment to which this section applies shall be recognised in any court in the United Kingdom as conclusive between the parties thereto in all proceedings founded on the same cause of action and may be relied on by way of defence or counter-claim in such proceedings. (3) Subsection (2) above (but not section 19 below) shall have effect also in relation to any settlement entered into by the United Kingdom before a court in another State party to the Convention which under the law of that State is treated as equivalent to a judgment. (4) In this section references to a court in a State party to the Convention include references to a court in any territory in respect of which it is a party. 19. — (1) A court need not give effect to section 18 above in the case of a judgment— (a) if to do so would be manifestly contrary to public policy or if any party to the proceedings in which the judgment was given had no adequate opportunity to present his case; or (b) if the judgment was given without provisions corresponding to those of section 12 above having been complied with and the United Kingdom has not entered an appearance or applied to have the judgment set aside. (2) A court need not give effect to section 18 above in the case of a judgment— (a) if proceedings between the same parties, based on the same facts and having the same purpose— (i) are pending before a court in the United Kingdom and were the first to be instituted; or (ii) are pending before a court in another State party to the Convention, were the first to be instituted and may result in a judgment to which that section will apply; or (b) if the result of the judgment is inconsistent with the result of another judgment given in proceedings between the same parties and— (i) the other judgment is by a court in the United Kingdom and either those proceedings were the first to be instituted or the judgment of that court was given before the first-mentioned judgment became final within the meaning of subsection (1)(b) of section 18 above; or (ii) the other judgment is by a court in another State party to the Convention and that section has already become applicable to it.

- 53 - (3) Where the judgment was given against the United Kingdom in proceedings in respect of which the United Kingdom was not entitled to immunity by virtue of a provision corresponding to section 6(2) above, a court need not give effect to section 18 above in respect of the judgment if the court that gave the judgment— (a) would not have had jurisdiction in the matter if it had applied rules of jurisdiction corresponding to those applicable to such matters in the United Kingdom; or (b) applied a law other than that indicated by the United Kingdom rules of private international law and would have reached a different conclusion if it had applied the law so indicated. (4) In subsection (2) above references to a court in the United Kingdom include references to a court in any dependent territory in respect of which the United Kingdom is a party to the Convention, and references to a court in another State party to the Convention include references to a court in any territory in respect of which it is a party.

PART III MISCELLANEOUS AND SUPPLEMENTARY 20. — (1) Subject to the provisions of this section and to any necessary modifications, the Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 shall apply to— (a) a sovereign or other head of State; (b) members of his family forming part of his household; and (c) his private servants, as it applies to the head of a diplomatic mission, to members of his family forming part of his household and to his private servants. (2) The immunities and privileges conferred by virtue of subsection (1)(a) and (b) above shall not be subject to the restrictions by reference to nationality or residence mentioned in Article 37(1) or 38 in Schedule 1 to the said Act of 1964. (3) Subject to any direction to the contrary by the Secretary of State, a person on whom immunities and privileges are conferred by virtue of subsection (1) above shall be entitled to the exemption conferred by section 8(3) of the Immigration Act 1971. (4) Except as respects value added tax and duties of customs or excise, this section does not affect any question whether a person is exempt from, or immune as respects proceedings relating to, taxation. (5) This section applies to the sovereign or other head of any State on which immunities and privileges are conferred by Part I of this Act and is without prejudice to the application of that Part to any such sovereign or head of State in his public capacity. 21. A certificate by or on behalf of the Secretary of State shall be conclusive evidence on any question— (a) whether any country is a State for the purposes of Part I of this Act, whether any territory is a constituent territory of a federal State for those purposes or as to the person or persons to be regarded for those purposes as the head or government of a State; (b) whether a State is a party to the Brussels Convention mentioned in Part I of this Act; (c) whether a State is a party to the European Convention on State Immunity, whether it has made a declaration under Article 24 of that Convention or as to the territories in respect of which the United Kingdom or any other State is a party; (d) whether, and if so when, a document has been served or received as mentioned in section 12(1) or (5) above. 22. — (1) In this Act “court” includes any tribunal or body exercising judicial functions; and references to the courts or law of the United Kingdom include references to the courts or law of any part of the United Kingdom. (2) In this Act references to entry of appearance and judgments in default of appearance include references to any corresponding procedures. (3) In this Act “the European Convention on State Immunity” means the Convention of that name signed in Basle on 16th May 1972. (4) In this Act “dependent territory” means—

- 54 - (a) any of the Channel Islands; (b) the Isle of Man; (c) any colony other than one for whose external relations a country other than the United Kingdom is responsible; or (d) any country or territory outside Her Majesty’s dominions in which Her Majesty has jurisdiction in right of the government of the United Kingdom. (5) Any power conferred by this Act to make an Order in Council includes power to vary or revoke a previous Order. 23. — (1) This Act may be cited as the State Immunity Act 1978. (2) Section 13 of the Administration of Justice (MiscellaneousProvisions) Act 1938 and section 7 of the M9 Law Reform(Miscellaneous Provisions)(Scotland) Act 1940 (which becomeunnecessary in consequence of Part I of this Act) are hereby repealed. (3) Subject to subsection (4) below, Parts I and II of this Act do not apply to proceedings in respect of matters that occurred before the date of the coming into force of this Act and, in particular— (a) sections 2(2) and 13(3) do not apply to any prior agreement, and (b) sections 3, 4 and 9 do not apply to any transaction, contract or arbitration agreement, entered into before that date. (4) Section 12 above applies to any proceedings instituted after the coming into force of this Act. (5) This Act shall come into force on such date as may be specified by an order made by the Lord Chancellor by statutory instrument. (6) This Act extends to Northern Ireland. (7) Her Majesty may by Order in Council extend any of the provisions of this Act, with or without modification, to any dependent territory.

- 55 - - 56 - Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite contro la tortura ed altri trattamenti e pene crudeli, inumani o degradanti (1985) [articoli estratti]

[www.un.org]

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Article 14 1. Each State Party shall ensure in its legal system that the victim of an act of torture obtains redress and has an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible. In the event of the death of the victim as a result of an act of torture, his dependents shall be entitled to compensation. 2. Nothing in this article shall affect any right of the victim or other person to compensation which may exist under national law.

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- 58 - Statuto della Corte penale internazionale (1998) [articoli estratti]

[www.icc-cpi.int]

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PART 3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW

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Article 25 - Individual criminal responsibility 1. The Court shall have jurisdiction over natural persons pursuant to this Statute. 2. A person who commits a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court shall be individually responsible and liable for punishment in accordance with this Statute. 3. In accordance with this Statute, a person shall be criminally responsible and liable for punishment for a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court if that person: (a) Commits such a crime, whether as an individual, jointly with another or through another person, regardless of whether that other person is criminally responsible; (b) Orders, solicits or induces the commission of such a crime which in fact occurs or is attempted; (c) For the purpose of facilitating the commission of such a crime, aids, abets or otherwise assists in its commission or its attempted commission, including providing the means for its commission; (d) In any other way contributes to the commission or attempted commission of such a crime by a group of persons acting with a common purpose. Such contribution shall be intentional and shall either: (i) Be made with the aim of furthering the criminal activity or criminal purpose of the group, where such activity or purpose involves the commission of a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court; or (ii) Be made in the knowledge of the intention of the group to commit the crime; (e) In respect of the crime of genocide, directly and publicly incites others to commit genocide; (f) Attempts to commit such a crime by taking action that commences its execution by means of a substantial step, but the crime does not occur because of circumstances independent of the person’s intentions. However, a person who abandons the effort to commit the crime or otherwise prevents the completion of the crime shall not be liable for punishment under this Statute for the attempt to commit that crime if that person completely and voluntarily gave up the criminal purpose. 4. No provision in this Statute relating to individual criminal responsibility shall affect the responsibility of States under international law.

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Article 27 - Irrelevance of official capacity 1. This Statute shall apply equally to all persons without any distinction based on official capacity. In particular, official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a person from criminal responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it, in and of itself, constitute a ground for reduction of sentence. 2. Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from exercising its jurisdiction over such a person.

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- 60 - PART 6. THE TRIAL

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Article 75 - Reparations to victims 1. The Court shall establish principles relating to reparations to, or in respect of, victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation. On this basis, in its decision the Court may, either upon request or on its own motion in exceptional circumstances, determine the scope and extent of any damage, loss and injury to, or in respect of, victims and will state the principles on which it is acting. 2. The Court may make an order directly against a convicted person specifying appropriate reparations to, or in respect of, victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation. Where appropriate, the Court may order that the award for reparations be made through the Trust Fund provided for in article 79. 3. Before making an order under this article, the Court may invite and shall take account of representations from or on behalf of the convicted person, victims, other interested persons or interested States. 4. In exercising its power under this article, the Court may, after a person is convicted of a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court, determine whether, in order to give effect to an order which it may make under this article, it is necessary to seek measures under article 93, paragraph 1. 5. A State Party shall give effect to a decision under this article as if the provisions of article 109 were applicable to this article. 6. Nothing in this article shall be interpreted as prejudicing the rights of victims under national or international law.

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PART 7. PENALTIES

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Article 79 - Trust Fund 1. A Trust Fund shall be established by decision of the Assembly of States Parties for the benefit of victims of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court, and of the families of such victims. 2. The Court may order money and other property collected through fines or forfeiture to be transferred, by order of the Court, to the Trust Fund. 3. The Trust Fund shall be managed according to criteria to be determined by the Assembly of States Parties.

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PART 9. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND JUDICIAL ASSISTANCE

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Article 88 - Availability of procedures under national law States Parties shall ensure that there are procedures available under their national law for all of the forms of cooperation which are specified under this Part.

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PART 10. ENFORCEMENT

Article 103 - Role of States in enforcement of sentences of imprisonment 1. (a) A sentence of imprisonment shall be served in a State designated by the Court from a list of States which have indicated to the Court their willingness to accept sentenced persons. (b) At the time of declaring its willingness to accept sentenced persons, a State may attach conditions to its acceptance as agreed by the Court and in accordance with this Part. (c) A State designated in a particular case shall promptly inform the Court whether it accepts the Court’s designation. 2. (a) The State of enforcement shall notify the Court of any circumstances, including the exercise of any conditions agreed under paragraph 1, which could materially affect the terms or extent of the imprisonment. The Court shall be given at least 45 days’ notice of any such known or foreseeable circumstances. During this period, the State of enforcement shall take no action that might prejudice its obligations under article 110. (b) Where the Court cannot agree to the circumstances referred to in subparagraph (a), it shall notify the State of enforcement and proceed in accordance with article 104, paragraph 1. 3. In exercising its discretion to make a designation under paragraph 1, the Court shall take into account the following: (a) The principle that States Parties should share the responsibility for enforcing sentences of imprisonment, in accordance with principles of equitable distribution, as provided in the Rules of Procedure and Evidence; (b) The application of widely accepted international treaty standards governing the treatment of prisoners; (c) The views of the sentenced person; (d) The nationality of the sentenced person; (e) Such other factors regarding the circumstances of the crime or the person sentenced, or the effective enforcement of the sentence, as may be appropriate in designating the State of enforcement. 4. If no State is designated under paragraph 1, the sentence of imprisonment shall be served in a prison facility made available by the host State, in accordance with the conditions set out in the headquarters agreement referred to in article 3, paragraph 2. In such a case, the costs arising out of the enforcement of a sentence of imprisonment shall be borne by the Court.

Article 104 - Change in designation of State of enforcement 1. The Court may, at any time, decide to transfer a sentenced person to a prison of another State. 2. A sentenced person may, at any time, apply to the Court to be transferred from the State of enforcement.

Article 105 - Enforcement of the sentence 1. Subject to conditions which a State may have specified in accordance with article 103, paragraph 1 (b), the sentence of imprisonment shall be binding on the States Parties, which shall in no case modify it. 2. The Court alone shall have the right to decide any application for appeal and revision. The State of enforcement shall not impede the making of any such application by a sentenced person.

- 62 - Article 106 - Supervision of enforcement of sentences and conditions of imprisonment 1. The enforcement of a sentence of imprisonment shall be subject to the supervision of the Court and shall be consistent with widely accepted international treaty standards governing treatment of prisoners. 2. The conditions of imprisonment shall be governed by the law of the State of enforcement and shall be consistent with widely accepted international treaty standards governing treatment of prisoners; in no case shall such conditions be more or less favourable than those available to prisoners convicted of similar offences in the State of enforcement. 3. Communications between a sentenced person and the Court shall be unimpeded and confidential.

Article 107 - Transfer of the person upon completion of sentence 1. Following completion of the sentence, a person who is not a national of the State of enforcement may, in accordance with the law of the State of enforcement, be transferred to a State which is obliged to receive him or her, or to another State which agrees to receive him or her, taking into account any wishes of the person to be transferred to that State, unless the State of enforcement authorizes the person to remain in its territory. 2. If no State bears the costs arising out of transferring the person to another State pursuant to paragraph 1, such costs shall be borne by the Court. 3. Subject to the provisions of article 108, the State of enforcement may also, in accordance with its national law, extradite or otherwise surrender the person to a State which has requested the extradition or surrender of the person for purposes of trial or enforcement of a sentence.

Article 108 - Limitation on the prosecution or punishment of other offences 1. A sentenced person in the custody of the State of enforcement shall not be subject to prosecution or punishment or to extradition to a third State for any conduct engaged in prior to that person’s delivery to the State of enforcement, unless such prosecution, punishment or extradition has been approved by the Court at the request of the State of enforcement. 2. The Court shall decide the matter after having heard the views of the sentenced person. 3. Paragraph 1 shall cease to apply if the sentenced person remains voluntarily for more than 30 days in the territory of the State of enforcement after having served the full sentence imposed by the Court, or returns to the territory of that State after having left it.

Article 109 - Enforcement of fines and forfeiture measures 1. States Parties shall give effect to fines or forfeitures ordered by the Court under Part 7, without prejudice to the rights of bona fide third parties, and in accordance with the procedure of their national law. 2. If a State Party is unable to give effect to an order for forfeiture, it shall take measures to recover the value of the proceeds, property or assets ordered by the Court to be forfeited, without prejudice to the rights of bona fide third parties. 3. Property, or the proceeds of the sale of real property or, where appropriate, the sale of other property, which is obtained by a State Party as a result of its enforcement of a judgement of the Court shall be transferred to the Court.

Article 110 - Review by the Court concerning reduction of sentence 1. The State of enforcement shall not release the person before expiry of the sentence pronounced by the Court. 2. The Court alone shall have the right to decide any reduction of sentence, and shall rule on the matter after having heard the person.

- 63 - 3. When the person has served two thirds of the sentence, or 25 years in the case of life imprisonment, the Court shall review the sentence to determine whether it should be reduced. Such a review shall not be conducted before that time. 4. In its review under paragraph 3, the Court may reduce the sentence if it finds that one or more of the following factors are present: (a) The early and continuing willingness of the person to cooperate with the Court in its investigations and prosecutions; (b) The voluntary assistance of the person in enabling the enforcement of the judgements and orders of the Court in other cases, and in particular providing assistance in locating assets subject to orders of fine, forfeiture or reparation which may be used for the benefit of victims; or (c) Other factors establishing a clear and significant change of circumstances sufficient to justify the reduction of sentence, as provided in the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. 5. If the Court determines in its initial review under paragraph 3 that it is not appropriate to reduce the sentence, it shall thereafter review the question of reduction of sentence at such intervals and applying such criteria as provided for in the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.

Article 111 - Escape If a convicted person escapes from custody and flees the State of enforcement, that State may, after consultation with the Court, request the person’s surrender from the State in which the person is located pursuant to existing bilateral or multilateral arrangements, or may request that the Court seek the person’s surrender, in accordance with Part 9. It may direct that the person be delivered to the State in which he or she was serving the sentence or to another State designated by the Court.

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- 64 - Progetto di articoli sulla responsabilità degli Stati per atti internazionalmente illeciti (2001)

[www.un.org/law/ilc/]

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- 80 - Legge 2 agosto 2002 n. 181, Disposizioni in materia di cooperazione con il Tribunale internazionale competente per gravi violazioni del diritto umanitario commesse nel territorio del Ruanda e Stati vicini

[www.parlamento.it]

- 81 - ART. 1. - Definizioni 1. Ai fini della presente legge: a) per "risoluzione" si intende la risoluzione n. 955/1994, integrata dalla risoluzione n. 1165/1998, adottata dal Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite l'8 novembre 1994 ai sensi del capitolo VII dello Statuto delle Nazioni Unite, firmato a San Francisco il 26 giugno 1945, reso esecutivo con legge 17 agosto 1957, n. 848; b) per "Tribunale internazionale" si intende il Tribunale internazionale istituito dalla risoluzione per giudicare i responsabili di crimini di genocidio e di altre gravi violazioni del diritto umanitario internazionale commesse nei territori del Ruanda e Stati vicini dal 1° gennaio 1994 al 31 dicembre 1994; c) per "statuto" si intende lo statuto del Tribunale internazionale adottato dal Consiglio di sicurezza con la risoluzione.

ART. 2. - Obbligo di cooperazione 1. Lo Stato italiano coopera con il Tribunale internazionale conformemente alle disposizioni della risoluzione, dello statuto e della presente legge. 2. L'autorità competente a ricevere le richieste di cooperazione del Tribunale internazionale previste dalla presente legge e a dare seguito ad esse è il Ministro della giustizia.

ART. 3. - Trasferimento dei procedimenti penali 1. Quando il Tribunale internazionale richiede, a norma dell'articolo 8, paragrafo 2, dello statuto, il trasferimento del procedimento penale pendente dinanzi ad un'autorità giudiziaria, il giudice dichiara con sentenza che non può ulteriormente procedersi per l'esistenza della giurisdizione prioritaria del Tribunale internazionale, sempre che ricorrano le seguenti condizioni: a) se il Tribunale internazionale procede per il medesimo fatto per il quale procede il giudice italiano; b) se il fatto rientra nella giurisdizione territoriale e temporale del Tribunale internazionale ai sensi dell'articolo 7 dello statuto. 2. Si applicano le disposizioni dell'articolo 127 del codice di procedura penale, con la partecipazione necessaria del difensore; il ricorso per cassazione ha effetto sospensivo. 3. Il giudice trasmette gli atti al Ministro della giustizia per l'inoltro al Tribunale internazionale. 4. Nel caso previsto dal comma 1 il corso della prescrizione rimane sospeso per non più di tre anni. La prescrizione riprende il suo corso se viene riaperto il procedimento a norma dell'articolo 4.

ART. 4. - Riapertura del procedimento nazionale 1. Il procedimento penale dinanzi all'autorità giudiziaria italiana è riaperto quando ricorre una delle seguenti ipotesi: a) se il procuratore del Tribunale internazionale decide, ai sensi dell'articolo 17 dello statuto, di non formulare l'atto di accusa; b) se il giudice del Tribunale internazionale decide, ai sensi dell'articolo 18 dello statuto, di non confermare l'atto di accusa; c) se il Tribunale internazionale dichiara la propria incompetenza. 2. Qualora ricorra una delle ipotesi indicate nel comma 1, il giudice per le indagini preliminari autorizza con decreto motivato la riapertura delle indagini su richiesta del pubblico ministero; in tale caso i termini per le indagini iniziano a decorrere nuovamente. Se è stata già esercitata l'azione penale, il giudice per le indagini preliminari ovvero il presidente del tribunale provvede alla rinnovazione dell'atto introduttivo della fase o del grado nei quali è stato deciso il trasferimento del processo penale a favore del Tribunale internazionale.

- 82 - ART. 5. - Divieto di nuovo giudizio 1. Una persona che è stata giudicata con sentenza definitiva del Tribunale internazionale non può essere di nuovo sottoposta a procedimento penale nel territorio nazionale per il medesimo fatto. 2. Si applicano in quanto compatibili le disposizioni dell'articolo 649 del codice di procedura penale.

ART. 6. - Comunicazioni e trasmissioni di atti 1. L'autorità giudiziaria comunica senza ritardo al Tribunale internazionale le iscrizioni nel registro previsto dall'articolo 335 del codice di procedura penale relative alle notizie di reato in ordine alle quali ritiene sussistere la giurisdizione concorrente del Tribunale internazionale. La comunicazione contiene, altresí, una sommaria esposizione dei fatti. 2. Qualora il Tribunale internazionale ne faccia domanda, al fine di valutare se richiedere il trasferimento del procedimento penale, l'autorità giudiziaria trasmette una sommaria esposizione dei fatti unitamente agli atti che non sono coperti dal segreto o a quelli dei quali il pubblico ministero consente la pubblicazione con decreto motivato.

ART. 7. - Riconoscimento della sentenza del Tribunale internazionale 1. Qualora, sulla base della dichiarazione di disponibilità espressa ai sensi dell'articolo 26 dello statuto, il Tribunale internazionale abbia indicato lo Stato come luogo di espiazione della pena, il Ministro della giustizia richiede il riconoscimento della sentenza del Tribunale internazionale. A tale scopo trasmette al procuratore generale presso la corte di appello di Roma la richiesta, unitamente alla traduzione in lingua italiana, con gli atti che vi siano allegati. Il procuratore generale promuove il riconoscimento con richiesta alla corte di appello. 2. La sentenza del Tribunale internazionale non può essere riconosciuta se ricorre una delle seguenti ipotesi: a) la sentenza non è divenuta irrevocabile a norma dello statuto e delle altre disposizioni che regolano l'attività del Tribunale internazionale; b) la sentenza contiene disposizioni contrarie ai princípi fondamentali dell'ordinamento giuridico dello Stato; c) il fatto per il quale è stata pronunciata la sentenza non è previsto come reato dalla legge italiana; d) per lo stesso fatto e nei confronti della stessa persona è stata pronunciata nello Stato sentenza irrevocabile. 3. La corte di appello di Roma delibera con sentenza in ordine al riconoscimento, osservate le forme previste dall'articolo 127 del codice di procedura penale. Si applica l'articolo 734, comma 2, del codice di procedura penale. 4. La corte di appello di Roma, quando pronuncia il riconoscimento, determina la pena che deve essere eseguita nello Stato. A tale fine converte la pena detentiva stabilita dal Tribunale internazionale nella pena della reclusione. In ogni caso la durata della pena non può eccedere quella di anni trenta di reclusione.

ART. 8. - Esecuzione della pena 1. Nel caso previsto dall'articolo 7 la pena è eseguita secondo la legge italiana. 2. Il controllo da parte del Tribunale internazionale ai sensi dell'articolo 26 dello statuto è esercitato sulla base di accordi con il Dipartimento dell'amministrazione penitenziaria del Ministero della giustizia.

ART. 9. - Provvedimenti relativi alla grazia 1. Nel caso previsto dall'articolo 8 il Ministro della giustizia, se ritiene che il condannato sia meritevole della grazia, la propone al presidente del Tribunale internazionale per la decisione ai sensi dell'articolo 27 dello statuto, trasmettendo gli atti dell'istruttoria espletata.

- 83 - ART. 10. - Cooperazione giudiziaria 1. Il Ministro della giustizia dà corso alle richieste formulate dal Tribunale internazionale a norma dell'articolo 28 dello statuto, trasmettendole per l'esecuzione al procuratore generale presso la corte di appello di Roma, salvo quanto previsto dal comma 6. 2. Qualora la richiesta abbia per oggetto una attività di indagine o di acquisizione di prove, il procuratore generale chiede alla corte di appello di dare esecuzione alla richiesta. 3. La corte di appello dà esecuzione alla richiesta con decreto, delegando il giudice per le indagini preliminari del luogo in cui gli atti devono essere compiuti. 4. Per il compimento degli atti richiesti si applicano le norme del codice di procedura penale, salva l'osservanza delle forme espressamente richieste dal Tribunale internazionale che non siano contrarie ai princípi dell'ordinamento giuridico dello Stato. 5. Se il Tribunale internazionale ne ha fatto domanda, l'autorità giudiziaria delegata lo informa della data e del luogo di esecuzione degli atti richiesti. Il procuratore e i giudici del Tribunale che lo richiedono sono ammessi a presenziare all'esecuzione degli atti e possono proporre domande e suggerire modalità esecutive. 6. Le citazioni e le altre notificazioni richieste dal Tribunale internazionale sono trasmesse al procuratore della Repubblica presso il tribunale del luogo in cui esse devono essere eseguite, il quale provvede senza ritardo. 7. Se il Tribunale internazionale ne fa richiesta, è disposto l'accompagnamento coattivo davanti ad esso del testimone, del perito o del consulente tecnico i quali, sebbene citati, non siano comparsi. Le spese dell'accompagnamento sono a carico dello Stato.

ART. 11. - Consegna di imputato 1. Quando la richiesta indicata nell'articolo 10, comma 1, ha per oggetto la consegna di un imputato al Tribunale internazionale, il procuratore generale, ricevuti gli atti, presenta senza ritardo la requisitoria alla corte di appello. La requisitoria è depositata nella cancelleria della corte di appello unitamente agli atti. Dell'avvenuto deposito è data comunicazione alle parti con l'avviso della data dell'udienza. 2. La corte di appello decide senza ritardo, con le forme dell'articolo 127 del codice di procedura penale, con la partecipazione necessaria del difensore, con sentenza. Tuttavia il ricorso per cassazione, che può essere proposto anche per il merito, ha effetto sospensivo. 3. La corte di appello pronuncia sentenza con la quale dichiara che non sussistono le condizioni per la consegna solo se ricorre una delle seguenti ipotesi: a) non è stato emesso dal Tribunale internazionale un provvedimento restrittivo della libertà personale; b) non vi è identità fisica tra la persona richiesta e quella oggetto della procedura di consegna; c) il fatto in relazione al quale la consegna è richiesta non è compreso nella giurisdizione temporale e territoriale del Tribunale internazionale; d) il fatto per il quale la consegna è richiesta non è previsto come reato dalla legge italiana; e) per lo stesso fatto e nei confronti della stessa persona è stata pronunciata nello Stato sentenza irrevocabile. 4. Si applica l'articolo 701, comma 2, del codice di procedura penale. 5. Il Ministro della giustizia provvede con decreto sulla richiesta della consegna senza ritardo dopo avere ricevuto comunicazione della scadenza del termine per l'impugnazione della sentenza della corte di appello o del deposito della sentenza della Corte di cassazione ovvero il verbale indicato nell'articolo 12, comma 3, contenente il consenso della persona alla consegna e prende accordi con il Tribunale internazionale circa il tempo, il luogo e le modalità della consegna. Si applica l'articolo 709, comma 1, del codice di procedura penale.

ART. 12. - Applicazione di misura cautelare ai fini della consegna 1. Il procuratore generale, ricevuti gli atti a norma dell'articolo 10, comma 1, richiede alla corte di appello l'applicazione di una misura cautelare coercitiva; se il Tribunale internazionale ha richiesto la custodia in carcere della persona ai sensi dell'articolo 28, paragrafo 2, lettera d),

- 84 - dello statuto, ovvero altra misura specifica, il procuratore generale richiede alla corte di appello l'applicazione esclusivamente di tale misura. 2. La corte di appello dispone con ordinanza la misura richiesta; può disporre una misura meno grave solo se il procuratore generale non ha espressamente richiesto di provvedere esclusivamente in ordine alla misura indicata. Si applica l'articolo 719 del codice di procedura penale. 3. Il presidente della corte di appello, al più presto e comunque entro cinque giorni dalla esecuzione della misura, provvede all'identificazione della persona e ne raccoglie l'eventuale consenso alla consegna, facendone menzione nel verbale. Il verbale che documenta il consenso è trasmesso al procuratore generale per l'ulteriore inoltro al Ministro della giustizia. Si applica l'articolo 717, comma 2, del codice di procedura penale. 4. La misura della custodia in carcere può essere sostituita quando ricorrono gravi motivi di salute. 5. Le misure cautelari sono revocate: a) se dall'inizio della loro esecuzione ovvero nel caso di applicazione provvisoria della misura cautelare a norma dell'articolo 13, dal momento in cui è pervenuta la richiesta di consegna sono decorsi venticinque giorni senza che la corte di appello si sia pronunciata sulla richiesta di consegna; b) se la corte di appello abbia pronunciato sentenza contraria alla consegna; c) se sono decorsi quindici giorni dalla scadenza dei termini indicati nell'articolo 11, comma 5, senza che il Ministro della giustizia abbia emesso il decreto con cui è disposta la consegna; d) se sono decorsi trenta giorni dal giorno fissato per la presa in consegna da parte del Tribunale internazionale, senza che questa sia avvenuta.

ART. 13. - Applicazione provvisoria di misura cautelare 1. Se il Tribunale internazionale ne fa domanda, l'applicazione della misura cautelare coercitiva può essere disposta provvisoriamente anche prima che la richiesta di consegna sia pervenuta, se: a) il Tribunale internazionale ha dichiarato che nei confronti della persona è stato emesso provvedimento restrittivo della libertà personale e che intende presentare richiesta di consegna; b) il Tribunale internazionale ha fornito la descrizione dei fatti, la specificazione del reato e gli elementi sufficienti per l'esatta identificazione della persona. 2. Ai fini dell'applicazione della misura si osservano le disposizioni dell'articolo 12. 3. Il Ministro della giustizia comunica immediatamente al Tribunale internazionale l'avvenuta esecuzione della misura cautelare. Essa è revocata se entro venti giorni dalla comunicazione non perviene la richiesta di consegna da parte del Tribunale internazionale.

ART. 14. - Arresto da parte della polizia giudiziaria 1. Nei casi di urgenza, la polizia giudiziaria può procedere all'arresto della persona nei confronti della quale il Tribunale internazionale ha formulato una domanda di applicazione di una misura cautelare coercitiva, se ricorrono le condizioni previste dall'articolo 13, comma 1. Essa provvede altresí al sequestro del corpo del reato e delle cose pertinenti al reato. 2. L'autorità che ha proceduto all'arresto ne informa immediatamente il Ministro della giustizia e al più presto, e comunque non oltre quarantotto ore, pone l'arrestato a disposizione del presidente della corte di appello del distretto in cui è avvenuto l'arresto, mediante la trasmissione del relativo verbale. 3. Quando non deve disporre la liberazione dell'arrestato, il presidente della corte di appello di cui al comma 2, entro quarantotto ore dal ricevimento del verbale, lo convalida con ordinanza disponendo l'applicazione di una misura cautelare coercitiva. I provvedimenti emessi e gli atti sono trasmessi senza ritardo alla corte di appello di Roma. 4. La misura cautelare coercitiva cessa di avere effetto se la corte di appello di Roma entro venti giorni dalla sua applicazione non provvede a norma dell'articolo 13. 5. Delle decisioni assunte la corte di appello di Roma informa senza ritardo il Ministro della giustizia.

- 85 - 6. Il Ministro della giustizia comunica immediatamente al Tribunale internazionale l'applicazione della misura coercitiva. Essa è revocata se entro venti giorni dalla comunicazione non perviene la richiesta di consegna da parte del Tribunale internazionale.

ART. 15. - Ruolo delle organizzazioni non governative 1. Lo Stato italiano favorisce la collaborazione delle organizzazioni non governative nazionali ed internazionali con il Tribunale internazionale, in particolare con riferimento alla diffusione presso il pubblico degli scopi e delle attività del Tribunale medesimo e alla raccolta e trasmissione di informazioni ai sensi dell'articolo 17, paragrafo 1, dello statuto. 2. Nella fase delle indagini preliminari nei procedimenti penali davanti all'autorità giudiziaria italiana relativi a fatti che sono ricompresi nella competenza del Tribunale internazionale, le organizzazioni indicate al comma 1 hanno facoltà di presentare memorie e indicare fonti ed elementi di prova.

ART. 16. - Modifiche al decreto-legge 28 dicembre 1993, n. 544, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 14 febbraio 1994, n. 120 1. Al decreto-legge 28 dicembre 1993, n. 544, convertito, con modificazioni, dalla legge 14 febbraio 1994, n. 120, sono apportate le seguenti modifiche: a) all'articolo 3, al comma 2, la parola: "; tuttavia" è sostituita dalle seguenti: ", con la partecipazione necessaria del difensore;"; b) all'articolo 5, il comma 2 è sostituito dal seguente: "2. Si applicano in quanto compatibili le disposizioni dell'articolo 649 del codice di procedura penale"; c) all'articolo 7, al comma 2, dopo la lettera a) è inserita la seguente: "a-bis) la sentenza contiene disposizioni contrarie ai princípi fondamentali dell'ordinamento giuridico dello Stato"; d) all'articolo 11, al comma 2, dopo le parole: "procedura penale" sono inserite le seguenti: ", con la partecipazione necessaria del difensore"; e) all'articolo 11, dopo il comma 3 è inserito il seguente: "3-bis. Si applica l'articolo 701, comma 2, del codice di procedura penale"; f) all'articolo 11, al comma 4, dopo le parole: "nell'articolo 12, comma 3," sono inserite le seguenti: "contenente il consenso della persona alla consegna". 2. Le disposizioni del comma 1 che prevedono la partecipazione necessaria del difensore non si applicano ai procedimenti in corso alla data di entrata in vigore della presente legge.

ART. 17. - Entrata in vigore 1. La presente legge entra in vigore il giorno successivo a quello della sua pubblicazione nella Gazzetta Ufficiale.

- 86 - Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sulle immunità giurisdizionali degli Stati e dei loro beni (2004)

[www.un.org]

- 87 - The States Parties to the present Convention, CONSIDERING that the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property are generally accepted as a principle of customary international law, HAVING IN MIND the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations, BELIEVING that an international convention on the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property would enhance the rule of law and legal certainty, particularly in dealings of States with natural or juridical persons, and would contribute to the codification and development of international law and the harmonization of practice in this area, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT developments in State practice with regard to the jurisdictional immunities of States and their property, AFFIRMING that the rules of customary international law continue to govern matters not regulated by the provisions of the present Convention, have agreed as follows:

PART I - INTRODUCTION

Article 1 - Scope of the present Convention The present Convention applies to the immunity of a State and its property from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State.

Article 2 - Use of terms 1. For the purposes of the present Convention: (a) “court” means any organ of a State, however named, entitled to exercise judicial functions; (b) “State” means: (i) the State and its various organs of government; (ii) constituent units of a federal State or political subdivisions of the State, which are entitled to perform acts in the exercise of sovereign authority, and are acting in that capacity; (iii) agencies or instrumentalities of the State or other entities, to the extent that they are entitled to perform and are actually performing acts in the exercise of sovereign authority of the State; (iv) representatives of the State acting in that capacity; (c) “commercial transaction” means: (i) any commercial contract or transaction for the sale of goods or supply of services; (ii) any contract for a loan or other transaction of a financial nature, including any obligation of guarantee or of indemnity in respect of any such loan or transaction; (iii) any other contract or transaction of a commercial, industrial, trading or professional nature, but not including a contract of employment of persons. 2. In determining whether a contract or transaction is a “commercial transaction” under paragraph 1 (c), reference should be made primarily to the nature of the contract or transaction, but its purpose should also be taken into account if the parties to the contract or transaction have so agreed, or if, in the practice of the State of the forum, that purpose is relevant to determining the non-commercial character of the contract or transaction. 3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 regarding the use of terms in the present Convention are without prejudice to the use of those terms or to the meanings which may be given to them in other international instruments or in the internal law of any State.

Article 3 - Privileges and immunities not affected by the present Convention 1. The present Convention is without prejudice to the privileges and immunities enjoyed by a State under international law in relation to the exercise of the functions of:

- 88 - (a) its diplomatic missions, consular posts, special missions, missions to international organizations or delegations to organs of international organizations or to international conferences; and (b) persons connected with them. 2. The present Convention is without prejudice to privileges and immunities accorded under international law to heads of State ratione personae . 3. The present Convention is without prejudice to the immunities enjoyed by a State under international law with respect to aircraft or space objects owned or operated by a State.

Article 4 - Non-retroactivity of the present Convention Without prejudice to the application of any rules set forth in the present Convention to which jurisdictional immunities of States and their property are subject under international law independently of the present Convention, the present Convention shall not apply to any question of jurisdictional immunities of States or their property arising in a proceeding instituted against a State before a court of another State prior to the entry into force of the present Convention for the States concerned.

PART II - GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Article 5 - State immunity A State enjoys immunity, in respect of itself and its property, from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State subject to the provisions of the present Convention.

Article 6 - Modalities for giving effect to State immunity 1. A State shall give effect to State immunity under article 5 by refraining from exercising jurisdiction in a proceeding before its courts against another State and to that end shall ensure that its courts determine on their own initiative that the immunity of that other State under article 5 is respected. 2. A proceeding before a court of a State shall be considered to have been instituted against another State if that other State: (a) is named as a party to that proceeding; or (b) is not named as a party to the proceeding but the proceeding in effect seeks to affect the property, rights, interests or activities of that other State.

Article 7 - Express consent to exercise of jurisdiction 1. A State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a proceeding before a court of another State with regard to a matter or case if it has expressly consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by the court with regard to the matter or case: (a) by international agreement; (b) in a written contract; or (c) by a declaration before the court or by a written communication in a specific proceeding. 2. Agreement by a State for the application of the law of another State shall not be interpreted as consent to the exercise of jurisdiction by the courts of that other State.

Article 8 - Effect of participation in a proceeding before a court 1. A State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction in a proceeding before a court of another State if it has: (a) itself instituted the proceeding; or (b) intervened in the proceeding or taken any other step relating to the merits. However, if the State satisfies the court that it could not have acquired knowledge of facts on which a claim to immunity can be based until after it took such a step, it can claim immunity based on those facts, provided it does so at the earliest possible moment.

- 89 - 2. A State shall not be considered to have consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by a court of another State if it intervenes in a proceeding or takes any other step for the sole purpose of: (a) invoking immunity; or (b) asserting a right or interest in property at issue in the proceeding. 3. The appearance of a representative of a State before a court of another State as a witness shall not be interpreted as consent by the former State to the exercise of jurisdiction by the court. 4. Failure on the part of a State to enter an appearance in a proceeding before a court of another State shall not be interpreted as consent by the former State to the exercise of jurisdiction by the court.

Article 9 - Counterclaims 1. A State instituting a proceeding before a court of another State cannot invoke immunity from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of any counterclaim arising out of the same legal relationship or facts as the principal claim. 2. A State intervening to present a claim in a proceeding before a court of another State cannot invoke immunity from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of any counterclaim arising out of the same legal relationship or facts as the claim presented by the State. 3. A State making a counterclaim in a proceeding instituted against it before a court of another State cannot invoke immunity from the jurisdiction of the court in respect of the principal claim.

PART III - PROCEEDINGS IN WHICH STATE IMMUNITY CANNOT BE INVOKED

Article 10 - Commercial transactions 1. If a State engages in a commercial transaction with a foreign natural or juridical person and, by virtue of the applicable rules of private international law, differences relating to the commercial transaction fall within the jurisdiction of a court of another State, the State cannot invoke immunity from that jurisdiction in a proceeding arising out of that commercial transaction. 2. Paragraph 1 does not apply: (a) in the case of a commercial transaction between States; or (b) if the parties to the commercial transaction have expressly agreed otherwise. 3. Where a State enterprise or other entity established by a State which has an independent legal personality and is capable of: (a) suing or being sued; and (b) acquiring, owning or possessing and disposing of property, including property which that State has authorized it to operate or manage, is involved in a proceeding which relates to a commercial transaction in which that entity is engaged, the immunity from jurisdiction enjoyed by that State shall not be affected.

Article 11 - Contracts of employment 1. Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to a contract of employment between the State and an individual for work performed or to be performed, in whole or in part, in the territory of that other State. 2. Paragraph 1 does not apply if: (a) the employee has been recruited to perform particular functions in the exercise of governmental authority; (b) the employee is: (i) a diplomatic agent, as defined in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961; (ii) a consular officer, as defined in the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963; (iii) a member of the diplomatic staff of a permanent mission to an international organization or of a special mission, or is recruited to represent a State at an international conference; or (iv) any other person enjoying diplomatic immunity;

- 90 - (c) the subject-matter of the proceeding is the recruitment, renewal of employment or reinstatement of an individual; (d) the subject-matter of the proceeding is the dismissal or termination of employment of an individual and, as determined by the head of State, the head of Government or the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the employer State, such a proceeding would interfere with the security interests of that State; (e) the employee is a national of the employer State at the time when the proceeding is instituted, unless this person has the permanent residence in the State of the forum; or (f) the employer State and the employee have otherwise agreed in writing, subject to any considerations of public policy conferring on the courts of the State of the forum exclusive jurisdiction by reason of the subject-matter of the proceeding.

Article 12 - Personal injuries and damage to property Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to pecuniary compensation for death or injury to the person, or damage to or loss of tangible property, caused by an act or omission which is alleged to be attributable to the State, if the act or omission occurred in whole or in part in the territory of that other State and if the author of the act or omission was present in that territory at the time of the act or omission.

Article 13 - Ownership, possession and use of property Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to the determination of: (a) any right or interest of the State in, or its possession or use of, or any obligation of the State arising out of its interest in, or its possession or use of, immovable property situated in the State of the forum; (b) any right or interest of the State in movable or immovable property arising by way of succession, gift or bona vacantia; or (c) any right or interest of the State in the administration of property, such as trust property, the estate of a bankrupt or the property of a company in the event of its winding up.

Article 14 - Intellectual and industrial property Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to: (a) the determination of any right of the State in a patent, industrial design, trade name or business name, trademark, copyright or any other form of intellectual or industrial property which enjoys a measure of legal protection, even if provisional, in the State of the forum; or (b) an alleged infringement by the State, in the territory of the State of the forum, of a right of the nature mentioned in subparagraph (a) which belongs to a third person and is protected in the State of the forum.

Article 15 - Participation in companies or other collective bodies 1. A State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to its participation in a company or other collective body, whether incorporated or unincorporated, being a proceeding concerning the relationship between the State and the body or the other participants therein, provided that the body: (a) has participants other than States or international organizations; and (b) is incorporated or constituted under the law of the State of the forum or has its seat or principal place of business in that State. 2. A State can, however, invoke immunity from jurisdiction in such a proceeding if the States concerned have so agreed or if the parties to the dispute have so provided by an agreement in

- 91 - writing or if the instrument establishing or regulating the body in question contains provisions to that effect.

Article 16 - Ships owned or operated by a State 1. Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State which owns or operates a ship cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to the operation of that ship if, at the time the cause of action arose, the ship was used for other than government non-commercial purposes. 2. Paragraph 1 does not apply to warships, or naval auxiliaries, nor does it apply to other vessels owned or operated by a State and used, for the time being, only on government non-commercial service. 3. Unless otherwise agreed between the States concerned, a State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to the carriage of cargo on board a ship owned or operated by that State if, at the time the cause of action arose, the ship was used for other than government non-commercial purposes. 4. Paragraph 3 does not apply to any cargo carried on board the ships referred to in paragraph 2, nor does it apply to any cargo owned by a State and used or intended for use exclusively for government non-commercial purposes. 5. States may plead all measures of defence, prescription and limitation of liability which are available to private ships and cargoes and their owners. 6. If in a proceeding there arises a question relating to the government and non-commercial character of a ship owned or operated by a State or cargo owned by a State, a certificate signed by a diplomatic representative or other competent authority of that State and communicated to the court shall serve as evidence of the character of that ship or cargo.

Article 17 - Effect of an arbitration agreement If a State enters into an agreement in writing with a foreign natural or juridical person to submit to arbitration differences relating to a commercial transaction, that State cannot invoke immunity from jurisdiction before a court of another State which is otherwise competent in a proceeding which relates to: (a) the validity, interpretation or application of the arbitration agreement; (b) the arbitration procedure; or (c) the confirmation or the setting aside of the award, unless the arbitration agreement otherwise provides.

PART IV - STATE IMMUNITY FROM MEASURES OF CONSTRAINT IN CONNECTION WITH PROCEEDINGS BEFORE A COURT

Article 18 - State immunity from pre-judgment measures of constraint No pre-judgment measures of constraint, such as attachment or arrest, against property of a State may be taken in connection with a proceeding before a court of another State unless and except to the extent that: (a) the State has expressly consented to the taking of such measures as indicated: (i) by international agreement; (ii) by an arbitration agreement or in a written contract; or (iii) by a declaration before the court or by a written communication after a dispute between the parties has arisen; or (b) the State has allocated or earmarked property for the satisfaction of the claim which is the object of that proceeding.

- 92 - Article 19 - State immunity from post-judgment measures of constraint No post-judgment measures of constraint, such as attachment, arrest or execution, against property of a State may be taken in connection with a proceeding before a court of another State unless and except to the extent that: (a) the State has expressly consented to the taking of such measures as indicated: (i) by international agreement; (ii) by an arbitration agreement or in a written contract; or (iii) by a declaration before the court or by a written communication after a dispute between the parties has arisen; or (b) the State has allocated or earmarked property for the satisfaction of the claim which is the object of that proceeding; or (c) it has been established that the property is specifically in use or intended for use by the State for other than government non-commercial purposes and is in the territory of the State of the forum, provided that post-judgment measures of constraint may only be taken against property that has a connection with the entity against which the proceeding was directed.

Article 20 - Effect of consent to jurisdiction to measures of constraint Where consent to the measures of constraint is required under articles 18 and 19, consent to the exercise of jurisdiction under article 7 shall not imply consent to the taking of measures of constraint.

Article 21 - Specific categories of property 1. The following categories, in particular, of property of a State shall not be considered as property specifically in use or intended for use by the State for other than government non- commercial purposes under article 19, subparagraph (c): (a) property, including any bank account, which is used or intended for use in the performance of the functions of the diplomatic mission of the State or its consular posts, special missions, missions to international organizations or delegations to organs of international organizations or to international conferences; (b) property of a military character or used or intended for use in the performance of military functions; (c) property of the central bank or other monetary authority of the State; (d) property forming part of the cultural heritage of the State or part of its archives and not placed or intended to be placed on sale; (e) property forming part of an exhibition of objects of scientific, cultural or historical interest and not placed or intended to be placed on sale. 2. Paragraph 1 is without prejudice to article 18 and article 19, subparagraphs (a) and (b).

PART V - MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Article 22 - Service of process 1. Service of process by writ or other document instituting a proceeding against a State shall be effected: (a) in accordance with any applicable international convention binding on the State of the forum and the State concerned; or (b) in accordance with any special arrangement for service between the claimant and the State concerned, if not precluded by the law of the State of the forum; or (c) in the absence of such a convention or special arrangement: (i) by transmission through diplomatic channels to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the State concerned; or (ii) by any other means accepted by the State concerned, if not precluded by the law of the State of the forum.

- 93 - 2. Service of process referred to in paragraph 1 (c) (i) is deemed to have been effected by receipt of the documents by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3. These documents shall be accompanied, if necessary, by a translation into the official language, or one of the official languages, of the State concerned. 4. Any State that enters an appearance on the merits in a proceeding instituted against it may not thereafter assert that service of process did not comply with the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3.

Article 23 - Default judgment 1. A default judgment shall not be rendered against a State unless the court has found that: (a) the requirements laid down in article 22, paragraphs 1 and 3, have been complied with; (b) a period of not less than four months has expired from the date on which the service of the writ or other document instituting a proceeding has been effected or deemed to have been effected in accordance with article 22, paragraphs 1 and 2; and (c) the present Convention does not preclude it from exercising jurisdiction. 2. A copy of any default judgment rendered against a State, accompanied if necessary by a translation into the official language or one of the official languages of the State concerned, shall be transmitted to it through one of the means specified in article 22, paragraph 1, and in accordance with the provisions of that paragraph. 3. The time-limit for applying to have a default judgment set aside shall not be less than four months and shall begin to run from the date on which the copy of the judgment is received or is deemed to have been received by the State concerned.

Article 24 - Privileges and immunities during court proceedings 1. Any failure or refusal by a State to comply with an order of a court of another State enjoining it to perform or refrain from performing a specific act or to produce any document or disclose any other information for the purposes of a proceeding shall entail no consequences other than those which may result from such conduct in relation to the merits of the case. In particular, no fine or penalty shall be imposed on the State by reason of such failure or refusal. 2. A State shall not be required to provide any security, bond or deposit, however described, to guarantee the payment of judicial costs or expenses in any proceeding to which it is a respondent party before a court of another State.

PART VI - FINAL CLAUSES

Article 25 - Annex The annex to the present Convention forms an integral part of the Convention.

Article 26 - Other international agreements Nothing in the present Convention shall affect the rights and obligations of States Parties under existing international agreements which relate to matters dealt with in the present Convention as between the parties to those agreements.

Article 27 - Settlement of disputes 1. States Parties shall endeavour to settle disputes concerning the interpretation or application of the present Convention through negotiation. 2. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the present Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation within six months shall, at the request of any of those States Parties, be submitted to arbitration. If, six months after the date of the request for arbitration, those States Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any of those States Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in accordance with the Statute of the Court.

- 94 - 3. Each State Party may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Convention, declare that it does not consider itself bound by paragraph 2. The other States Parties shall not be bound by paragraph 2 with respect to any State Party which has made such a declaration. 4. Any State Party that has made a declaration in accordance with paragraph 3 may at any time withdraw that declaration by notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 28 - Signature The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States until 17 January 2007, at United Nations Headquarters, New York.

Article 29 - Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession 1. The present Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. 2. The present Convention shall remain open for accession by any State. 3. The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 30 - Entry into force 1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day following the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. 2. For each State ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the present Convention after the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

Article 31 - Denunciation 1. Any State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. 2. Denunciation shall take effect one year following the date on which notification is received by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The present Convention shall, however, continue to apply to any question of jurisdictional immunities of States or their property arising in a proceeding instituted against a State before a court of another State prior to the date on which the denunciation takes effect for any of the States concerned. 3. The denunciation shall not in any way affect the duty of any State Party to fulfil any obligation embodied in the present Convention to which it would be subject under international law independently of the present Convention.

Article 32 - Depositary and notifications 1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated the depositary of the present Convention. 2. As depositary of the present Convention, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall inform all States of the following: (a) signatures of the present Convention and the deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession or notifications of denunciation, in accordance with articles 29 and 31; (b) the date on which the present Convention will enter into force, in accordance with article 30; (c) any acts, notifications or communications relating to the present Convention.

Article 33 - Authentic texts The Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the present Convention are equally authentic.

- 95 - Annex to the Convention

UNDERSTANDINGS WITH RESPECT TO CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF THE CONVENTION

The present annex is for the purpose of setting out understandings relating to the provisions concerned.

With respect to article 10 The term “immunity” in article 10 is to be understood in the context of the present Convention as a whole. Article 10, paragraph 3, does not prejudge the question of “piercing the corporate veil”, questions relating to a situation where a State entity has deliberately misrepresented its financial position or subsequently reduced its assets to avoid satisfying a claim, or other related issues.

With respect to article 11 The reference in article 11, paragraph 2 (d), to the “security interests” of the employer State is intended primarily to address matters of national security and the security of diplomatic missions and consular posts. Under article 41 of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and article 55 of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, all persons referred to in those articles have the duty to respect the laws and regulations, including labour laws, of the host country. At the same time, under article 38 of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and article 71 of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the receiving State has a duty to exercise its jurisdiction in such a manner as not to interfere unduly with the performance of the functions of the mission or the consular post.

With respect to articles 13 and 14 The expression “determination” is used to refer not only to the ascertainment or verification of the existence of the rights protected, but also to the evaluation or assessment of the substance, including content, scope and extent, of such rights.

With respect to article 17 The expression “commercial transaction” includes investment matters.

With respect to article 19 The expression “entity” in subparagraph (c) means the State as an independent legal personality, a constituent unit of a federal State, a subdivision of a State, an agency or instrumentality of a State or other entity, which enjoys independent legal personality. The words “property that has a connection with the entity” in subparagraph (c) are to be understood as broader than ownership or possession. Article 19 does not prejudge the question of “piercing the corporate veil”, questions relating to a situation where a State entity has deliberately misrepresented its financial position or subsequently reduced its assets to avoid satisfying a claim, or other related issues.

- 96 - Accordo tra le Nazioni Unite e la Repubblica Italiana sull’esecuzione delle decisioni del Tribunale penale per il Ruanda (2004)

[www.un.org/ictr]

- 97 - The Government of the Italian Republic (hereinafter called the "requested State") and The United Nations acting through the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (hereinafter called "the Tribunal") RECALLING Article 26 of the Statute of the Tribunal annexed to Security Council resolution 955 (1994) of 8 November 1994, according to which imprisonment of persons sentenced by the Tribunal shall be served in Rwanda or in any of the States on a list of States which have indicated to the Security Council their willingness to accept convicted persons; CONSIDERING Italian Law n. 181 of 2 August 2002 relating to cooperation between the Government of Italy and the Tribunal; NOTING the willingness of the requested State to enforce sentences imposed by the Tribunal; RECALLING the provisions of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, approved by Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2067 (LXII) of 13 May 1977, the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment adopted by General Assembly resolution 43/173 of 9 December 1988, and the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/111 of 14 December 1990; IN ORDER to give effect to the judgments and sentences of the Tribunal; HAVE AGREED as follows:

Article 1 - Purpose and Scope of the Agreement This Agreement shall govern matters relating to or arising out of all requests to the requested State to enforce sentences imposed by the Tribunal.

Article 2 - Procedure 1. A request to the Government of Italy to enforce a sentence shall be made by the Registrar of the Tribunal (hereinafter "the Registrar") with the approval of the President of the Tribunal (hereinafter “ the President”). 2. When making the request, the Registrar shall provide the following documents to the Minister of Justice of the requested State (hereinafter ”the Minister of Justice”): a) a certified copy of the final judgment; b) a statement indicating how much of the sentence has already been served, including information on any pre-trial detention; c) when appropriate, any medical or psychological reports on the convicted person, any recommendation for his/her further treatment in the requested State and any other factor relevant to the enforcement of the sentence. 3. The Minister of Justice shall submit the request to the competent national authorities, in accordance with Italian laws and particularly in conformity with Article 7, par. 1. of “Provision on Cooperation with the International Tribunal having the required capacity to judge for heavy violations of the humanitarian law committed on the Rwanda territory and its nearby States” (Law of 2 August 2002, n. 181, hereinafter designated as “Provisions on cooperation matters”. 4. The competent national authorities of the requested State shall promptly decide upon the request of the Registrar, in accordance with Article 7, par. 2, 3 and 4 of the “Provisions n cooperation matters”.

Article 3 - Enforcement 1. In enforcing the sentence pronounced by the Tribunal, the competent national authorities of the requested State shall be bound by the duration of the sentence so pronounced. 2. The conditions of imprisonment shall be governed by the law of the requested State, in accordance with Article 8, par. 1, of the “Provisions on cooperation matters”, subject to the supervision of the Tribunal, as provided for in Article 8, par. 2, of the already mentioned “Provisions on cooperation matters” and in Articles 6, 7, 8 and 9, par. 2 and 3, of this Agreement. 3. If, pursuant to the applicable national law of the requested State, the convicted person is eligible for non-custodial measures or working activities outside the prison or is entitled to

- 98 - benefit from conditional release, the Minister of Justice shall notify the President of the Tribunal. 4. If the President of the Tribunal, in consultation with the judges, does not consider that the application to the convicted person of one of the measures mentioned in paragraph 3 above is appropriate, the Registrar shall immediately notify the Minister of Justice who, pursuant to Article 10 of this Agreement, will provide for the transfer of the convicted person to the Tribunal. 5. Conditions of imprisonment shall be compatible with the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the Body of Principles for the protection of all persons under any form of detention or imprisonment and the Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners.

Article 4 - Transfer of the convicted person The Registrar shall make appropriate arrangements for the transfer of the convicted person from the Tribunal to the competent authorities of the requested State. Prior to his/her transfer, the convicted person shall be informed by the Registrar of the contents of this Agreement.

Article 5 - Non-bis-in-idem The convicted person shall not be tried before a court of the requested State for acts constituting serious violations of international humanitarian law under the Statute of the Tribunal for which he/she has already been tried by the Tribunal.

Article 6 - Inspection 1. Following arrangements with the competent authorities of the Ministry of Justice according to Article 8, par. 2, of the “Provisions on cooperation matters”, the Minister of Justice shall allow the inspection of the conditions of detention and treatment of the convicted persons at any time and on a periodic basis by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The frequency of such visits shall be determined by the ICRC. The ICRC shall submit a confidential report based on the findings of these inspections to the Minister of Justice and to the President of the Tribunal. 2. The Minister of Justice and the President of the Tribunal shall consult each other on the findings of the reports referred to in paragraph 1. The President of the Tribunal may thereafter request the Minister of Justice to report to him/her any changes in the conditions of detention suggested by the ICRC.

Article 7 - Information 1. The Minister of Justice shall immediately notify the President: a) If the convicted person has deceased; b) If the convicted person has escaped from custody; c) Two months prior to the completion of the sentence 2. Notwithstanding the previous paragraph, the President of the Tribunal and the Minister of Justice shall consult each other on all matters relating to the enforcement of the sentence, upon the request of either party.

Article 8 - Pardon and Commutation of sentence 1. If, pursuant to the applicable national law of the requested State, the convicted person is eligible for pardon or commutation of the sentence, the Minister of Justice shall notify the Registrar accordingly. 2. If the President of the Tribunal, in consultation with the judges, does not consider that the application to the convicted person of one of the measures mentioned in paragraph 1 above is appropriate, the Registrar shall immediately notify the Minister of Justice who, pursuant to Article 10 of this Agreement, will provide for the transfer of the convicted person to the Tribunal.

- 99 - Article 9 - Termination of enforcement 1. The enforcement of the sentence shall cease: a) When the sentence has been completed; b) Upon the decease of the convicted person; c) Upon pardon of the convicted person; d) Following a decision of the Tribunal, as referred to in paragraph 2. 2. The Tribunal may at any time decide to request the termination of the enforcement of the sentence in the requested State and transfer the convicted person to another State or to the Tribunal. 3. The competent authorities of the requested State shall terminate the enforcement of the sentence as soon as it is informed by the Registrar of any decision or measure as a result of which the sentence ceases to be enforceable.

Article 10 - Impossibility to enforce sentence If, at any time after the decision has been taken to enforce a sentence, further enforcement has, for any legal or practical reason, become impossible, the Minister of Justice shall promptly so inform the Registrar. The Registrar shall make the appropriate arrangements for the transfer of the convicted person. The competent authorities of the requested State shall allow for at least sixty (60) days following the notification before taking other measures on the matter.

Article 11 - Costs The Tribunal shall bear the expenses related to the transfer of the convicted person to and from the requested State, unless the parties agree otherwise. The requested State shall pay all other expenses incurred in the enforcement of the sentence.

Article 12 - Entry into force This Agreement shall enter into force after the Government of the Italian Republic has notified the United Nations of completion of all its relevant internal procedures.

Article 13 - Duration of the Agreement 1. This Agreement shall remain in force as long as sentences of the Tribunal are being enforced by the requested State under the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 2. Upon consultation, either of the parties may terminate this Agreement, with two months' prior notice. This Agreement shall not be terminated before the sentences to which this Agreement applies have been completed or terminated and, if applicable, before the transfer of the convicted person as provided for in Article 10 has been effected.

- 100 -