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Leaf Spot Characteristics of Phomopsis Durionis on Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murray) and Latent Infection of the Pathogen
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume 64 22 Number 1, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201664010185 LEAF SPOT CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOMOPSIS DURIONIS ON DURIAN (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURRAY) AND LATENT INFECTION OF THE PATHOGEN Veeranee Tongsri1, Pattavipha Songkumarn1, Somsiri Sangchote1 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Abstract TONGSRI VEERANEE, SONGKUMARN PATTAVIPHA, SANGCHOTE SOMSIRI. 2016. Leaf Spot Characteristics of Phomopsis Durionis on Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murray) and Latent Infection of the Pathogen. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 64(1): 185–193. A survey of leaf spot disease on durian caused by Phomopsis durionis was conducted in durian growing areas in eastern Thailand, Chanthaburi and Trat provinces. It was found that lesions with yellow halos on both mature and young leaves are variable in sizes (1–10 mm in diameter). In this study, nine morphologically distinct isolates of Phomopsis were obtained from durian leaf spots. Some of them produced small number of pycnidia on potato dextrose agar a er incubation for 30 days. Artifi cial inoculation on wounded leaves of durian seedlings, resulted in the production of browning areas with yellow halos and pycnidium formation at 13 days and 20 days a er inoculation, respectively. Furthermore, red-brown spots with yellow halos on leaf tissues were observed at 32 days a er inoculation. High density of Phomopsis was observed in durian symptomless leaves and fl owers indicated the latent infection of the pathogen in the fi elds. Interestingly, crude extract of durian leaf with preformed substances demonstrated inhibition of spore germination and germ tube growth of the pathogen, Phomopsis sp., on water agar. -
Why Mushrooms Have Evolved to Be So Promiscuous: Insights from Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns
fungal biology reviews 29 (2015) 167e178 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fbr Review Why mushrooms have evolved to be so promiscuous: Insights from evolutionary and ecological patterns Timothy Y. JAMES* Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA article info abstract Article history: Agaricomycetes, the mushrooms, are considered to have a promiscuous mating system, Received 27 May 2015 because most populations have a large number of mating types. This diversity of mating Received in revised form types ensures a high outcrossing efficiency, the probability of encountering a compatible 17 October 2015 mate when mating at random, because nearly every homokaryotic genotype is compatible Accepted 23 October 2015 with every other. Here I summarize the data from mating type surveys and genetic analysis of mating type loci and ask what evolutionary and ecological factors have promoted pro- Keywords: miscuity. Outcrossing efficiency is equally high in both bipolar and tetrapolar species Genomic conflict with a median value of 0.967 in Agaricomycetes. The sessile nature of the homokaryotic Homeodomain mycelium coupled with frequent long distance dispersal could account for selection favor- Outbreeding potential ing a high outcrossing efficiency as opportunities for choosing mates may be minimal. Pheromone receptor Consistent with a role of mating type in mediating cytoplasmic-nuclear genomic conflict, Agaricomycetes have evolved away from a haploid yeast phase towards hyphal fusions that display reciprocal nuclear migration after mating rather than cytoplasmic fusion. Importantly, the evolution of this mating behavior is precisely timed with the onset of diversification of mating type alleles at the pheromone/receptor mating type loci that are known to control reciprocal nuclear migration during mating. -
Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). -
Studies of the Laboulbeniomycetes: Diversity, Evolution, and Patterns of Speciation
Studies of the Laboulbeniomycetes: Diversity, Evolution, and Patterns of Speciation The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:40049989 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA ! STUDIES OF THE LABOULBENIOMYCETES: DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, AND PATTERNS OF SPECIATION A dissertation presented by DANNY HAELEWATERS to THE DEPARTMENT OF ORGANISMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Biology HARVARD UNIVERSITY Cambridge, Massachusetts April 2018 ! ! © 2018 – Danny Haelewaters All rights reserved. ! ! Dissertation Advisor: Professor Donald H. Pfister Danny Haelewaters STUDIES OF THE LABOULBENIOMYCETES: DIVERSITY, EVOLUTION, AND PATTERNS OF SPECIATION ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1: Laboulbeniales is one of the most morphologically and ecologically distinct orders of Ascomycota. These microscopic fungi are characterized by an ectoparasitic lifestyle on arthropods, determinate growth, lack of asexual state, high species richness and intractability to culture. DNA extraction and PCR amplification have proven difficult for multiple reasons. DNA isolation techniques and commercially available kits are tested enabling efficient and rapid genetic analysis of Laboulbeniales fungi. Success rates for the different techniques on different taxa are presented and discussed in the light of difficulties with micromanipulation, preservation techniques and negative results. CHAPTER 2: The class Laboulbeniomycetes comprises biotrophic parasites associated with arthropods and fungi. -
Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds IX
buchcover_ Fungicides VII#83F05 17.06.2020 16:32 Uhr Seite 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Proceedings of the 19th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium on Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Com- pounds 2019 The tri-annual Reinhardsbrunn Symposia have a longstan- ding tradition and are the most important international H.B. Deising, B. Fraaije, A. Mehl, meetings focusing on fungicide science today. Participants H.B. Deising, B. Fraaije, A. Mehl E.C. Oerke, H. Sierotzki, G. Stammler E.C. Oerke, H. Sierotzki, G. Stammler from twenty-four different countries around the globe presented more than one hundred outstanding contributi- ons, covering topics like different modes of fungicide resistance, resistance monitoring and management in Modern Fungicides and different areas around the world, new applications and technologies, biorational fungicides and biocontrol, and Antifungal Compounds IX regulatory aspects. Highlighting these exciting scientific topics, the outstanding contributions of all presenters at the symposium demonstrated the excellence not only of experienced but also of young scientists in an increasingly important field of plant protection. Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds IX Proceedings of the 19th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium April 7 – 11, 2019 Friedrichroda, Germany ISBN: 978-3-941261-16-7 urn:nbn:de:0294-sp-2020-reinh-8 buchcover_ Fungicides VII#83F05 17.06.2020 16:32 Uhr Seite 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Proceedings of the 19th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium on Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Com- pounds 2019 The tri-annual Reinhardsbrunn Symposia have a longstan- ding tradition and are the most important international H.B. Deising, B. Fraaije, A. -
Biocontrol of Stemphylium Vesicarium and Pleospora Allii on Pear by Bacillus Subtilis and Trichoderma Spp.: Preventative and Curative Effects on Inoculum Production
agronomy Article Biocontrol of Stemphylium vesicarium and Pleospora allii on Pear by Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma spp.: Preventative and Curative Effects on Inoculum Production Concepció Moragrega , Alba Carmona and Isidre Llorente * Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-XaRTA-CIDSAV, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (A.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Trials under controlled and field conditions were conducted to establish the effect of strategies of application of biological control agents (BCAs) in the reduction of Stemphylium vesicarium and Pleospora allii inoculum production on pear leaf debris. Six BCAs based on different strains of Trichoderma spp. (Tr1, Tr2) and Bacillus subtilis (Bs1, Bs2, Bs3 and Bs4) were evaluated. Two strategies were tested in controlled experiments: application before (preventative strategy) or after (curative strategy) pear leaf debris colonization by S. vesicarium, evaluating the growth inhibition and sporulation of S. vesicarium and the pseudothecia production of P. allii. When the BCAs were applied preventatively, the efficacy of treatments based on B. subtilis was higher than those based on Trichoderma spp. in controlling the pathogen colonization, but that of controlling the inoculum Citation: Moragrega, C.; production of S. vesicarium and P. allii was similar. However, when the BCAs were applied curatively, Carmona, A.; Llorente, I. Biocontrol Trichoderma based products were more effective. In field trials, Trichoderma spp. Tr1 and B. subtlilis of Stemphylium vesicarium and Bs1 produced a consistent 45–50% decrease in the number of S. vesicarium conidia trapped compared Pleospora allii on Pear by Bacillus to the non-treated control. -
Newsletter Alaska Entomological Society
Newsletter of the Alaska Entomological Society Volume 12, Issue 1, March 2019 In this issue: Some food items of introduced Alaska blackfish (Dallia pectoralis T. H. Bean, 1880) in Kenai, Alaska8 Announcements . .1 Two new records of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Arthropods potentially associated with spruce from Alaska . 11 (Picea spp.) in Interior Alaska . .2 Changes in soil fungal communities in response to A second Alaska record for Polix coloradella (Wals- invasion by Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758 ingham, 1888) (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Oe- at Stormy Lake, Nikiski, Alaska . 12 cophoridae), the “Skunk Moth” . .5 Review of the twelfth annual meeting . 19 Announcements New research to assess the risk of ticks tat suitability and probabilistic establishment model to dis- cover the climatic limits and probability of tick survival and tick-borne pathogens in Alaska in Alaska. For more information on ticks in Alaska and to learn how you can Submit-A-Tick, please visit: https: The geographic range of many tick species has expanded //dec.alaska.gov/eh/vet/ticks (website is in develop- substantially due to changes in climate, land use, and an- ment) or contact Dr. Micah Hahn ([email protected]). imal and human movement. With Alaska trending to- wards longer summers and milder winters, there is grow- ing concern about ticks surviving further north. Recent th passive surveillance efforts in Alaska have revealed that 69 Western Forest Insect Work Confer- non-native ticks—some with significant medical and vet- ence erinary importance—are present in the state. There is a new collaborative effort between the University of Alaska, The 69th Western Forest Insect Work Conference will the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the Of- be held April 22–25 2019 in Anchorage, Alaska at fice of the State Veterinarian to understand the risk of the Anchorage Marriott Downtown. -
University of California Santa Cruz Responding to An
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENT PLANT PEST-PATHOGEN COMPLEX ACROSS SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SCALES A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES with an emphasis in ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY by Shannon Colleen Lynch December 2020 The Dissertation of Shannon Colleen Lynch is approved: Professor Gregory S. Gilbert, chair Professor Stacy M. Philpott Professor Andrew Szasz Professor Ingrid M. Parker Quentin Williams Acting Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Shannon Colleen Lynch 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Abstract x Dedication xiii Acknowledgements xiv Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 References 10 Chapter 2 – Host Evolutionary Relationships Explain 12 Tree Mortality Caused by a Generalist Pest– Pathogen Complex References 38 Chapter 3 – Microbiome Variation Across a 66 Phylogeographic Range of Tree Hosts Affected by an Emergent Pest–Pathogen Complex References 110 Chapter 4 – On Collaborative Governance: Building Consensus on 180 Priorities to Manage Invasive Species Through Collective Action References 243 iii LIST OF TABLES Chapter 2 Table I Insect vectors and corresponding fungal pathogens causing 47 Fusarium dieback on tree hosts in California, Israel, and South Africa. Table II Phylogenetic signal for each host type measured by D statistic. 48 Table SI Native range and infested distribution of tree and shrub FD- 49 ISHB host species. Chapter 3 Table I Study site attributes. 124 Table II Mean and median richness of microbiota in wood samples 128 collected from FD-ISHB host trees. Table III Fungal endophyte-Fusarium in vitro interaction outcomes. -
Mating-Type Locus Organization and Mating-Type Chromosome Differentiation in the Bipolar Edible Button Mushroom Agaricus Bisporus
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Mating-Type Locus Organization and Mating-Type Chromosome Differentiation in the Bipolar Edible Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus Marie Foulongne-Oriol 1 , Ozgur Taskent 2, Ursula Kües 3, Anton S. M. Sonnenberg 4, Arend F. van Peer 4 and Tatiana Giraud 2,* 1 INRAE, MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; [email protected] 2 Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Bâtiment 360, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; [email protected] 3 Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; [email protected] 4 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] (A.S.M.S.); [email protected] (A.F.v.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In heterothallic basidiomycete fungi, sexual compatibility is restricted by mating types, typically controlled by two loci: PR, encoding pheromone precursors and pheromone receptors, and HD, encoding two types of homeodomain transcription factors. We analysed the single mating-type locus of the commercial button mushroom variety, Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus, and of the related Citation: Foulongne-Oriol, M.; variety burnettii. We identified the location of the mating-type locus using genetic map and genome Taskent, O.; Kües, U.; Sonnenberg, information, corresponding to the HD locus, the PR locus having lost its mating-type role. We A.S.M.; van Peer, A.F.; Giraud, T. -
Forming Basidiomycete Coprinopsis Cinerea, Optimized by a High
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genome editing in the mushroom- forming basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea, optimized by a high- Received: 21 June 2016 Accepted: 8 March 2017 throughput transformation system Published: xx xx xxxx Shigeo S. Sugano1, Hiroko Suzuki1, Eisuke Shimokita1,2, Hirofumi Chiba1,3, Sumihare Noji1, Yuriko Osakabe1,3 & Keishi Osakabe 1,3 Mushroom-forming basidiomycetes produce a wide range of metabolites and have great value not only as food but also as an important global natural resource. Here, we demonstrate CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in the model species Coprinopsis cinerea. Using a high-throughput reporter assay with cryopreserved protoplasts, we identified a novel promoter,CcDED1 pro, with seven times stronger activity in this assay than the conventional promoter GPD2. To develop highly efficient genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in C. cinerea, we used the CcDED1pro to express Cas9 and a U6-snRNA promoter from C. cinerea to express gRNA. Finally, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated GFP mutagenesis was performed in a stable GFP expression line. Individual genome-edited lines were isolated, and loss of GFP function was detected in hyphae and fruiting body primordia. This novel method of high-throughput CRISPR/Cas9- based genome editing using cryopreserved protoplasts should be a powerful tool in the study of edible mushrooms. Mushroom-forming basidiomycetes are unique in that they develop a three-dimensional organized fruiting body useful for the production of a wide range of secondary metabolites as well as supplying food globally. Coprinopsis cinerea is a model basidiomycete species commonly used to study fruiting body development1, 2 and has been screened for functional genes regulating fruiting body development3. -
The Fungi Constitute a Major Eukary- Members of the Monophyletic Kingdom Fungi ( Fig
American Journal of Botany 98(3): 426–438. 2011. T HE FUNGI: 1, 2, 3 … 5.1 MILLION SPECIES? 1 Meredith Blackwell 2 Department of Biological Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 USA • Premise of the study: Fungi are major decomposers in certain ecosystems and essential associates of many organisms. They provide enzymes and drugs and serve as experimental organisms. In 1991, a landmark paper estimated that there are 1.5 million fungi on the Earth. Because only 70 000 fungi had been described at that time, the estimate has been the impetus to search for previously unknown fungi. Fungal habitats include soil, water, and organisms that may harbor large numbers of understudied fungi, estimated to outnumber plants by at least 6 to 1. More recent estimates based on high-throughput sequencing methods suggest that as many as 5.1 million fungal species exist. • Methods: Technological advances make it possible to apply molecular methods to develop a stable classifi cation and to dis- cover and identify fungal taxa. • Key results: Molecular methods have dramatically increased our knowledge of Fungi in less than 20 years, revealing a mono- phyletic kingdom and increased diversity among early-diverging lineages. Mycologists are making signifi cant advances in species discovery, but many fungi remain to be discovered. • Conclusions: Fungi are essential to the survival of many groups of organisms with which they form associations. They also attract attention as predators of invertebrate animals, pathogens of potatoes and rice and humans and bats, killers of frogs and crayfi sh, producers of secondary metabolites to lower cholesterol, and subjects of prize-winning research. -
Grapevine Trunk Diseases Associated with Fungi from the Diaporthaceae Family in Croatian Vineyards*
Kaliterna J, et al. CROATIAN DIAPORTHACEAE-RELATED GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2012;63:471-479 471 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2226 Scientifi c Paper GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH FUNGI FROM THE DIAPORTHACEAE FAMILY IN CROATIAN VINEYARDS* Joško KALITERNA1, Tihomir MILIČEVIĆ1, and Bogdan CVJETKOVIĆ2 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb1, University of Applied Sciences “Marko Marulić”, Knin2, Croatia Received in February 2012 CrossChecked in August 2012 Accepted in September 2012 Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) have a variety of symptoms and causes. The latter include fungal species from the family Diaporthaceae. The aim of our study was to determine Diaporthaceae species present in the woody parts of grapevines sampled from 12 vine-growing coastal and continental areas of Croatia. The fungi were isolated from diseased wood, and cultures analysed for phenotype (morphology and pathogenicity) and DNA sequence (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2). Most isolates were identifi ed as Phomopsis viticola, followed by Diaporthe neotheicola and Diaporthe eres. This is the fi rst report of Diaporthe eres as a pathogen on grapevine in the world, while for Diaporthe neotheicola this is the fi rst report in Croatia. Pathogenicity trials confi rmed Phomopsis viticola as a strong and Diaporthe neotheicola as a weak pathogen. Diaporthe eres turned out to be a moderate pathogen, which implies that the species could have a more important role in the aetiology of GTD. KEY WORDS: Diaporthe, Diaporthe eres, Diaporthe neotheicola, Croatia, pathogenicity, Phomopsis, Phomopsis viticola In Croatia, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is cultivated M. Fisch., and Togninia minima (Tul.