Student Christian Movement THE NECESSITY OF ART, Contributors: Percy Dearmer (Editor), A. IDEALS AND REALITIES IN EUROPE. By Margaret Clutton Brock, J. Middleton Murry, A. S. Duncan-Jones, A. W. Pollard, Malcolm Wrong, M.A., Travelling Secretary of the World’s Student Christian Federation, 28. 6d. net. With Map. Spencer, Second Edition, Demy 8yo. 7s. 6d. net. THE DOCTRINE OF THE IN- Contents: Europe before the War; The Frontiers of Post-War Europe; Within FALLIBLE BOOK.By Charles Gore, the Post-War States; The Life of the Individual; States and internationalCo-opera- “This volumeis on its critical side a vigorous pro- tion; Co-operation between Peoples; Religion in Post-War Europe,etc. test against that view of art which has been character D.D., sometime Bishop of Oxford, with a istically expressed in the Encyclopedia Britannica: Miss Wrong has written the book we have wanted for along time. To most of ‘Aesthetic experience has beenandstill is confinedto a section by Professor H. R. Mackintosh, D.D., us the European situation is either an abstract problem or else a hopeless tangle in small number of persons—a sortof Inxuriousfringe to which we clutch at odd threads. But to Miss Wrong, Europe is not a name ‘but a life." In strong oppositionto this plutocratic and arti- New College, Edinburgh. Second Edition. family in which she lives and which she knows intimately and loves +» The result is ficial indulgencein the ' fine arts’ is the positionof the 18, net, a bookfull of living facts; the fasts we have wanted to know but have not known."— authors of this book."—Hibbert Journal. Christian World. “A statementsuch as that provided bythis little book has been wantedfor sometime. The argumentis A STUDY OF THE MIND OF set forth with great lucidity and frankness."—The FIFTH BDITION. ‘ Times Literary Supplement. CHRISTIANITY AND THE RACE PROBLEM. By CHRIST. By David Jenks ofthe Society J. H. Oldham, M.A., Secretary of the International Missionary ofthe Sacred Mission. Authorof ‘A Study FORCES OF THE SPIRIT: The Council, Editor of The International Review of Missions, etc. of Intercession,” “The Fulfilment of the Seed and the Nations, By Frank Len- 7s. 6d. net. ; paper, 38.6d. net. Church.” 4s. 6d. net. wood, M.A. 2s. 6d. net. Based upon a careful examination of the Bible this “Mr. Oldbam from his position and experience, writes on this matter with real book goes on to discuss the application of the mind of “*A bookthat grips. The writer hasa rare command authority; and this book deserves very careful study, It is a strong and serious con- Christ to modernlife in the Church, society and the of simple, arresting language andofvivid metaphor . . . tribution to one of the most pressing of all problems."—Saturday Review. one eet Pre-eminently a book of encouragementfor hours wh individual. we are depressed withthe world's weight of material- ism and unbelief.”—Friend, THE PROBLEM OF THE GROSS. THE ROAD TO CHRISTENDOM. By H, T.Jacka, Mp} By VernonF.Storr, M.A., Canon of West- THE PATH OF DISCIPLESHIP. as, 6d. net. minster, Second Revised Edition. 4s. net ; By Muriel G, E. Harris. 4s, net ; paper, An earnest end able effort to find a path out of the jungle of present-day con- fusions . ., Miss Jacka rightly holds that everything depends on what the generation paper, 2s. 6d. net. 2s, Od. net, growing up among us will think and do, and her book makes a special appeal to “No fact is more central in Christianity than the “ Unpretending asthis book isin form, in substance teachers. It ig to be hoped thatit will find iis way into the hands of many of them,”"— fact of the Cross, yet none creates more difficulties. The it is one ofthe most helpful we know. Every line of it Expository Times. Atonementis a puzzle to many, and not least to the makes plain that the writer is giving us the fruits of her younger men and womenofto-day, who in their search own experience ... Feeling and thought go hand in for truth are determined to be honest, and are notpre- hand throughoutthe book, andthis marksits strength,"” pared to accepta traditional theology withouttestingits —Churchof Gazette, Dr. Fosdick's latest book. statements and seeking to discover their real core of living truth."—From the Introduction. THE MODERN USE OF THE BIBLE, By Dr. Harry MORE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE Emerson Fosdick, author of The Meaning of Prayer, etc. Second Miss Lily Dougall’s last work, CHRISTIAN LIFE. By T.W. Pym, Edition. 6s. net. GOD’S WAY WITH MAN. An D.S.0., M.A. A Sequel to “ Psychology i a File iethe coeatnat book Dr. Fosdick has published, and, if I mistake not, will Exploration of the Method of the Divine and the Christian Life,” now in its seventh Evworthive to itsbewoight ie greatestin gokk"service,Daily ateghenheIt nt es o> Suaesiy weritien. » «Tt Working suggested by the Facts of History edition, completing 21,000 copies. 48, net ; and Science. By Lily Dougall, with Portrait, paper, 2s. 6d, net, and Biographical Note by Canon B. H. “Mx, Pym hasreally given us one of the most A NEW BOOK BY DR. T. R, GLOVER. wholesomeof recent works on Christian psychology, Streeter, D.D. 4s, net. It is neither technical nor involved, It is characterised Authorof " The Jesus of History.” etc. 4 “Here is a key book, which puts one into touch throughout by a comonm sense and faith that are with a remarkable womanwho hada deep vision of the delightful."—Record. PAUL OF TARSUS. Demy 8vo. 256 pp. gs. net. spiritual life and of God's way with man , . Canon . Streeter's delighiful biographical sketch gives one some ideaof the powerful influence which Miss Dougall exert- ed on a notable group of men, and the whole book is a real tonic,"—Public Opinion, Please write for detailed Publication List 32, ‘Russell Square, London, W.C.1

Tuts book has been prepared under the auspices of REBUILDING EUROPE the World’s Student Christian Federation—a federation of the Student Christian Movements of Australia, Canada, China, Denmark, , , , Great Britain and Ireland, , India, Burma and Ceylon, , Japan, Korea, The , New Zealand, , Philippine Islands, , South Africa, , , and the United States of America, having its headquarters at 16 Boulevard des Philosophes, Geneva, Switzerland.

Central receiving and distributingheadguartersae Geneva From countries contributing reliel—p— , Jo countries receiving relief -->| Scale ofMiles 2 & 9 100-200-300 460 o rl § wy f Moscow UNITED a 2 KINGDOM a“ CANADA

UNITED STATES —

BRITISH WEST INDIES)

PERU

CHILE Le CHINA BRAZIL

SS] vapan URUGUAY

ARGENTINE. Kk

Lisbonb

E G Yor ro

_ SOUTH AFRICA \ c A i AUSTRALIA ZEALAND

GEOGRAPHIAvoeaL SO/ILETSTREET CONDONECF Map showing Countries from which Students have contritted Relief and those in which it has been Administered.

- REBUILDING EUROPE

The Student Chapter in Post-War Reconstruction

” BY RUTH ROUSE FORMERLY TRAVELLING SECRETARY OF THE WORLD'S STUDENT CHRISTIAN FEDERATION

WITH A FOREWORD BY Dre. JOHN R. MOTT

LONDON STUDENT CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT 32 RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C.1 1925

TO

ALL THOSE STUDENTS, PROFESSORS, AND THEIR FRIENDS,

WHOSE GENEROUS AND UNTIRING HELP HAS First published June 1925 MADE POSSIBLE THE WORK OF EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF, IN AFFECTIONATE AND GRATEFUL FELLOWSHIP,

THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED,

a Pruntep in Grear Barra sy Richarp CLay & Sons, Limits, BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.

AUTHOR’S PREFACE Turis book is not a history of European Student Relief. It is a story told in pictures ; an attempt to throw on the screen a few episodes in a great adven- ture. To some, pictures have little meaning unless seen in their historical setting. All those should seek illumination on our picture record in the chronological statement given in the Appendix. Students of the history of the movement, or those who wish to pursue the tale as it unfolds in the future, can obtain further literature or copies of Vox Studentium, the international student magazine issued by European Student Relief, by applying to the Headquarters, 16 Boulevard des Philosophes, Geneva. The basic principle of European Student Relief is, and has always been, co-operation, and our Head- quarters at Geneva have steadily set a high standard in co-operative effort. In nothing has this been more manifest than in the scrupulous care with which Geneva has shared vital information with every section of the field. The writing of this book would have been impossible apart from the news service supplied us weekly and almost daily from Geneva over a period of four and a half years. For this constant supply of news, as well as for invaluable vil AUTHOR’S PREFACE counsel, documentation and correction during the writing of the book, I would record my deep grati- tude to my friend and fellow worker, Conrad Hoff- Be and to all his colleagues in the Geneva ce. Ror Wimbledon, May 1925. u Rouse. FOREWORD

Amonc all ofthe multitude of works’ of bene- ficence which have done so muchto relieve the suffering, gloom, pessimism, and bitterness of the recent fateful years, there has been no enterprise which has been attended with more immediate encouraging results, or which shines out with greater promise for the coming day, than the fascinating co-operative undertaking of the students of the world known as European Student Relief. Whether we consider the vastness of the area and the depth of the need to which this ministry ex- tended,or theliterally world-wide range of unselfish co-operation enlisted, or the marked creative and inventive ability manifested in the great variety or and adaptation of ways and means employed, EES the efficiency and economy of administration both of resources of money and of kind : in the gathering and in their distribution, or the spirit generated and communicated in every part of the effort, the con- duct and achievement of this high endeavour have been truly notable. However, that which dis- tinguishes this campaign of practical helpfulness and of international goodwill has been the insight and wisdom manifested in concentrating the un- selfish energies of the students of so many lands viii ix FOREWORD FOREWORD upontherelief of their comrades in the universities, whose behalf this great ministry has been carried on; colleges, and higher schools throughout the zones but many may have overlooked the inestimable of the world’s deepest need. values which have come to the students who have Great results have been achieved in the effort to been permitted to render this service. Discerning accomplish the objects which have been directly in observers have recognised the growing need in the view from the very beginning, that is, the meeting universities and colleges of the lands outside the of crying and pressing physical needs and economic fields of devastation and suffering of some task vast necessities, and the preservation from decadence of enough to appeal to the imagination of students, the imperilled intellectual life of so many centres difficult and exacting enough to call out tKeir latent of learning and influence. In the judgment of energies, absorbing enough to save them from many, however, even greater have been the indirect themselves, tragic enough to startle them from their results or by-products. It would be difficult to indifference and love of ease and from growing over-state the tremendous importance of the habits of softness, luxury, and extravagance, and ministry to the spirit of an entire generation of overwhelming enough to draw them closely together studying youth—a generation on whomhavesettled in unselfish effort and to deepen their knowledge greater weights of responsibility than on any of God. ‘To an encouraging degree this need has generation of students the world has ever known. been met, and this outlet has been afforded in The preservation of their highest ideals, the safe- the pathway of carrying out the programme of guarding of the springs of their faith and spiritual European Student Relief. vitality, and the maintenance of their confidence in It is most fortunate that Miss Rouse has consented the integrity and unselfishness of their comrades of to write the story of this campaign of friendship. other lands constitute assets that, though imponder- It was to her that the vision of the need and of the able, are simply priceless. opportunity first came, and, what is more important, This great outpouring of practical sympathy, she was obedient to the vision. More than any friendliness andlove affords a fresh and an appealing other person she has spanned in her planning and apologetic to a most critical and inquiring genera- action the entire undertaking. She has been in- tion. Not only a great common suffering, but fluentially related to every stage of the evolution of likewise a great commonsacrifice to meet that suffer- its policy. Her many years of service in the World 5 ing, have served to unify and weld an enduring Student Christian Federation, the body which from comradeship and fellowship of the largest poten- the beginning has been officially responsible for tialities. European Student Relief, made possible the prompt All will readily recognise the many benefits which and adequate mobilising of the forces of the student such an undertaking has brought to the students on world. She has, therefore, brought to the prepara-

x xi

tt percmemantet FOREWORD tion of this record intimate knowledgeofall the fields and forces concerned, and a power of comprehension and sympathy and a prophetic insight which have enabled her to communicate through these interest- ing and inspiring pages a sense of the far-reaching significance of this remarkable ministry. What will CONTENTS yet prove to be at once the most far-reaching and Pace highly multiplying product of European Student Autuor’s Preracr vii Relief is the weaving of countless strands of friendship between the hearts of those who to- Foreworp sy Dr. Joun R. Morr morrow are to furnish so largely the leadership of the nations and races of mankind. Through all CHAPTER I this wonderful international generosity, activity and service on the part of the students of all lands, Hair tue Srupenr Wortp iw Ruins . a training ground has beenafforded for preparing a Post-War Europe and the Universities. generation to deal more helpfully and successfully than their predecessors with the great and innumer- CHAPTER IL able issues involved in counteracting the startling Tue Orner Harr Waxes ro Action . 14 development of divisive forces in the field of in- A Study in European Student Relief Origins. dustrial, international, and inter-racial relations. CHAPTER IIL Joun R. Morr. Tue Launcnine or European Sruvent Retier BL Four Years of Storm.

CHAPTER IV Tue Frienpty Hanp i ‘ ¢ F 37, The Student Friendship Picture Gallery.

CHAPTER V An InrernationaL AWAKENING ; . 53 Student Fducation through World Intercourse. xili xii CONTENTS CONTENTS

CHAPTER XIIT CHAPTER VI PAGE PAGE Wuy Save Russian Srupenrs? 158 ‘THe Power-Housé . 5 : é ; i ‘ 63 How the Work was Done. The Great Adventure.

CHAPTER XIV CHAPTER VIL Humanity anp tHe Humanities 174 Consrruction . é i LU : ‘i 80 The Relief of Intellectual Famine. The Saving of a Young State,

CHAPTER XV CHAPTER VIIL European Srupent Rewer Discovers [rseur 188 RECONSTRUCTION 5 ‘ é 4 5 aoe A Trio of Student Conferences. The Saving of an Old Culture. CHAPTER XVI CHAPTER IX ‘Tue Increasinc Purpose . 203 Founpation Layinc a c ‘ 3 : TOS Europe Ten Years Hence. Reconstruction through Student Co-operative Self-help. APPENDIX I 216 CHAPTER X Sources anp Amounts or ConrripuTions RECONCILIATION, : 4 : x : » 119 APPENDIX II Breaking Down the Wails of Partition. Amounts Disrrisutsep

CHAPTER XI Cyronotocy. 220 WeeckaGe or Satvace? . ; < 3 ls sc E33 The Problemof the Retugee Student. Invex . 223

CHAPTER XII ‘Yue Super-Rerucre Progtem . : z f + 145 Whole Nations on the Move. XIV ILLUSTRATIONS To face page Map showing Countries from which Students CHAPTER I have Contributed Relief and those in which it has been Administered . iii HALF THE STUDENT WORLD IN RUINS I (4) Breakfast in Technical High School, Vienna 16 Post-War Europe and the Universities (4) Clothing Department in Vienna ‘ a 16 Il. (2) Geneva Students Despatching Results of Clothing A yew poster on the College notice-board. Raid 4 ‘:: :‘ Crowds of students round it. What is this figure () Arrival of American Friendship Ship at Ham- which arrests their gaze? A youth in ragged burg ; é $ 3 ‘ workingclothes, books underhis arm,strides forward Ti. (a) Student Barracks in Warsaw, provided by Euro- with uplifted face; behind him lies the shell- pean Student Relief destroyed town, a shattered church and ruined (6) Café where Seventy Ukrainian Students were homes, beneath his feet a rusty tangle of barbed Quartered at Prague wire and splintered wood; his eyes are dark with Iv. (a) German Students Gathering Potatoes sorrow for the destruction behind him, but on he (2) German Students in Potassium Mine marches, hands clenched and teeth set, as one who sees before him a task to fulfil. Beneath is the ‘The Bread Line outside the Studentsky Domov, legend: “Struggling on! Is it nothing to you Prague, in Winter . 128 if he fails? + VI. (a) Work Students in Studying during Rest Hour . 144 Over just such ruins andin just such wise did John, (4) Russian Refugee Students as Builders 144 Hans, Jani, Ivan and Jean march back to the univer- Vil. Five Hostels built for themselves by Students ot sities after the war. Zagreb, Yugo-Slavia 160 What a world of wretchedness lay around them in the year 1920! Appalling misery in the broad, VIII. ‘Thirty-three Nations at European Student belt lying between the Baltic and the Black Sea— Relief Conference, Parad, Hungary 192 1 The poster described was issued in the autumn of 1920 by the Student Friendship Fund of the United States when appealing to the American Universities and Colleges on behalf of European students. It is reproduced on the cover of this volume. xvi B I

REBUILDING EUROPE HALF THE STUDENT WORLD IN RUINS misery greater in extent and intensity than the Disease, famine and destruction have always been modern world had ever before witnessed. In the fruits of war, though never on such ascale, but this the new Baltic States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the war brought a new confusion—complete economic , , Hungary, Rumania, Montenegro, disorganisation and wild currency conditions, the Albania, —to say nothing of Russia to the east cause of which not even finance experts and econo- and Armenia to the south—food and clothing were mists can fathom, much less proclaim a cure. All insufficient to make life itself tolerable; disease, inducement to economy, national or individual, bereavement and suffering were present in practi- was gone: money was mad and might sink to a cally every household. From this belt of suffering, quarter of its vajue in a single day. ‘lhe’one fatal typhus and cholera were sweeping westward, threat- folly was to save. No longer did men bid their ening the world: the Horsemen of famine and wives make their hard-earned money go as far as death rode side by side with pestilence: millions possible. Instead they said: “’Take my pay and, perished of starvation or under-nourishmentall over for God’ssake, get rid of it at once.” Europe: the tasks of the new era were faced by All these factors of horror and misery were found peoples incredibly weakened by disease and want. throughout Central and South-eastern Europe. Europe must be rebuilt. Where was the material ? Common to every country were death, pestilence, ‘Two broad belts >f complete destruction traversed famine and economic confusion. Millions of home- the Continent—the eastern area of devastation less refugees were moving to and fro amongst the from the Gulf of Finland to the Sea of Marmora, nations. Europe was one vast unity of suffering, the western from the Dutch border to Switzerland; and to many it seemed that the world confronted at least $190,000,000,000 (£40,000,000,000) had been one great problem: Europe in ruins—can she be expended by the nations on destruction ; thousands rebuilt ? of cities and villages and millions of homes were “The one great problem.” If this indeed were razed to the ground; factories were destroyed, true and the problem were one, the world’s brains mines flooded and ruined, forests and orchards cut and the world’s goodwill might find a way out, down, the raw material for reconstruction gone. but to rebuild Europe means not one, but scores of Rebuilding there must be, but where were the separate reconstruction problems, Warring groups builders? Of the young and strong, ten million of builders are scrambling for the same scant: were in their graves; at least twenty million had material to build their national edifices; they are been wounded; millions more of the fathers and like men who after an earthquake rebuild theircity, mothers of the next generation were unfit from each putting up his house where and how he will, want or disease ; the oncoming race is permanently without co-operation, without thought for the needs enfeebled by under-nourishment. of the future and without care for beauty or order. 2 3 REBUILDING EUROPE HALF THE STUDENT WORLD IN RUINS Look at the strange new map of Europe! Leave are subsidised by governments to explore fresh aside the west and the neutral lands, and consider means of destruction. ‘The end of the Great War the rebuilding of Central and South-eastern Europe. has not ended war. Since the Armistice, Poland In that area, you have first of all five completely and Russia have invaded each other, has had new states, Estonia, , Lithuania, Poland and heavy losses in Morocco, the Greek defeat by Czechoslovakia. It is not rebuilding that these has changed the face of the Near East: wars need, but building from the very foundation. between Sweden and Finland, Albania and Serbia, Next, three states, Rumania, , and the Italy and Yugo-Slavia, Italy and Greece have Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, with been only just -averted: rumours of war have territory so greatly enlarged, embracing elements of caused mobilisation again and again: revolutions national life so completely new, that they too must and attempted and counter-revolutions, have begin their building from the bottom upwards. shaken Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hungary, Italy, ‘Then—a far more complicated problem—/ive states, Greece and Turkey. Large areas in Germany have Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Turkey, been under occupation since the Armistice and there so reduced in area and population that their old have been fresh occupations: plebiscite areas or experience goes but little way towards the problem undecided questions in UpperSilesia, Vilno, Memel, of their reconstruction. Of these, Germany, Teschen, Schleswig, Burgenland, Odenburg, Fiume, Austria and Hungary represent twogreat and ancient Danzig, the Saar and the Dodecanese have kept cultures, whose loss would be the world’s disaster : large populations in the war atmosphere. they must refashion the framework which can en- All these factors have involved frontier settlements shrine their national life and gifts. Overshadowing and race andreligious questions; minorities of all them all, stands the veiled mystery of the East, sorts demand their own schools, their own languages Soviet Russia, entering into no combination, an and freedom in the practice of their own religion. element ever to be reckoned with, an unknown Majorities and minorities have changed places, factor disturbing every calculation. and long experience as the under-dog has proved All these lands, as regards things material, were one no preparation for a gracious interpretation of the in misery and suffering, but each, as regards mental réle of upper-dog. Anti-Semitism is more rampant and spiritual factors, was and is a separate problem. far than before the war, and in countries where the Post-war divisions are clearer and stronger than Jew has for long led an undisturbed existence, those in our childhood’s atlas: the United States to-day there is open talk of massacres. In addition of Europe are not yet on the map. Instead, to general scarcity and economic confusion, the Europeis still a series of armed camps, a new race redistribution of areas and the creation of new for armaments has begun,the great brains of science states under the Peace Treaties have planted 4 5 WORLD IN RUINS REBUILDING EUROPE HALF THE STUDENT and has helped Greece to customs barriers across trade-routes open for cen- Hungary and Austria absorb over a million refugees. ca turies, and have cut off nations from their natural Relief Missions have sources of food supply and raw material. All this National and international on an unheard-of scale, Red Cross Societies, and muchelse has fed the flames of racial and national operated War Save the Children, the Friends, the Imperial bitterness, till their lurid light is reflected from every American Relief Fund, the Near East Relief, the angle of European affairs. Nations new and old the Australian Common- are separated as never before by hatred and bad blood. Relief Administration, wealth Fund for Stricken Europe, andothers. mouth Reconstruction was in every mind and The world addressed itself promptly to the task back, it much advance was made, but looking of salvage and reconstruction in Europe. Con- and was seems as if one key to the world’s problem gresses of all kinds considered how to rebuild her. or oe strangely neglected. To rebuild Europe, London, Paris, Cannes, Genoa, Brussels, and Wash- buil a anything else, the first requisite 1s trained ington have all put forward different schemes, skilled labour to come. _Relie attacking the problem from different angles— and a due supply of with all their ardour seemed to miss this reduction of armaments, settlement of reparations, Missions officers, point: they specialised on babies, children, inter-allied debts, or security. Councils of Ambas- or the aged: soon the sadors and conferences of finance experts have all widows, the middle-class of stratified relief began to show itself. had adviceto give. weakness futility The Save the Children Fund discovered the Governments maderelief their own responsibility. began to of saving a nation of infant orphans, and Italy and the Argentine Republic voted large sums declared it save the adult: other relief agencies for relief of suffering in Austria: by June 1920 the them leader- useless to save the masses, if you leave British Government had allocated nearly fourteen the Children” was merged in million pounds for relief and reconstruction in less. ‘The cry of “ Save adults ; the dominant note became a Europe and the Near East: the United States a call to save the cry for leadership and a call to save the saviours. Government placed one hundred million dollars the nations, These saviours, the future leaders of at Herbert Hoover’s disposalfor distribution through places, for the most part massed in definite the American Relief Administration in Central were of group organised in distinct groups and capable Europe. ‘The League of Nations has made solid nations lay action. The key to the salvation of the contributions to reconstruction. It repatriated the nurseries of nearly three million prisoners of war, drew a so obviously in the universities, strange thattill 1920 there was sanitary cordon from the Baltic to the Black Sea future leadership: no corporate eflort to save students. i and stopped the westward advance of typhus, were demandingtrained men from cholera and plague, has stabilised the currency of The new lands i 6

REBUILDING EUROPE HALF THE STUDENT WORLD IN RUINS every faculty. Teachers were the first necessity— in pre-war study in their own languages and in their own Poland and Russia eighty per cent. the people were illiterate—Doctors, of national universities. In all lands, students found Sanitary Nurses, and titanic tasks expected of them: they were ee experts were needed to repel the onslaught of the raging prepare for their task of saving their country. But epidemics, and bring a famine- weakened, tuberculous in what condition did they find themselves? generation back to health, Engineers and Architects They were homeless. In five years countless to build railroads, bridges, houses had been destroyed, but scarcely a house roads and_ houses, Lawyers for Economists administration, built. The housing problemstill fills the press of for finance, Agricultural experts the returning to settle every land in Furaqpe. Students sleeping in‘ railway refugees on the land. Where could such leaders be obtained stations or on a staircase, envied those who had a unless from well-organised corner in a crowded garret and were glad when a and well-equipped universities? needed The old lands kindly navvy left a sewer open where they might all these elements to replace the specialists slain, and shelter at night. : to guide the nation as she sought paths. True, compared new They were: starving. A refugee student in with the new lands, they Switzerland was found to have eaten just ten meals needed fewer leaders in each department, their but in in a whole month; thousands thought a cup of more complicated situations, they more were even cocoa andslice of bread enoughto see them through dependent on the right kind of Reconstruction leadership, the day ; and one meal a day was a normal thing. is a harder task than construction, and the They were naked or not much better. ‘Three moan of every old land in the grip war lethargy of post- men in freezing cold, had one pair of shoes and two was “ Why have we no strong men?” The new strong great-coats between them: one went to ee young blood to be infused into the exhausted leadership one stayed in bed, the other studied in the secon of these old lands must come from one chief great-coat. ‘No underclothes, no overcoats, no source, the universities. The rebuilding of every socks, no blankets, nothing but an old uniform State in Europe, new or old, was dependent on is the refrain of every report. one thing, the reintegration of the life of their universities, . They were diceased = enfeebled. The Chorus In every of testimony repeats a hundred times: ae country of Central Europe, students, men and women, per cent. tuberculous, no baths, no soap, stomac were pouring back into the universities from troubles from bad teeth, universal under-nourish- the armies or from war work. In the new lands, ment.” Worn out with their war _ experiences, thousands of young men and women found themselves students could not even devote their remaining for the first time in their strength to their studies. Eighty per cent. at et country’s history with the Opportunity of advanced of the students in Central Europe must earn as wel 8 9 REBUILDING EUROPE HALF THE STUDENT WORLD IN RUINS as study. Many were unfit for hard manual labour, students: the burning devotion of her students is even when they could obtain it; their work was each nation’s hope, but the patriotism of her future unorganised and badly paid, and life became one leaders passes. easily into a Chauvinist nationalism. long struggle to earn enough to keep body and soul Bitterer in many lands than all their physical together and retain some time and strength for suffering is their sense of isolation. ‘* Does everyone mental effort. hate us? Does everyone despise us? Does no Not merely the fate of the individual student was one care to know ourside of the case?” Burning at stake, but the life of the university itself as an with a sense of wrong, brooding over each national intellectual and spiritual force. On the one hand, or racial slight and injustice, seeing no Hope but professors and men of learning were starved both in another war, and in that hope nursing hatred, physically and mentally, for since 1914 the univer- such are even now many of the future leaders of the sities of Central Europe and Russia had been com- nations. Others are less bitter but more despairing : pletely cut off from the books and discoveries these see no hope in war and at the same time no published in other lands, and the professors could sign in the nations of the love that alone can avertit. give no fresh progressive lead to their pupils. On What of the Other Half, the students in more the other hand, the student was sorely tempted to fortunate lands? There too, in 1920, the men from quit the weary struggle for higher education in the trenches and the women from their war work favour of more remunerative occupation. ‘The were pouring back to the universities. Most were university was in danger either of becoming the absorbed in their own struggle. Families impover- preserve of the sons and daughtersof the profiteer, ished by the war could no longer sendtheir sons and or of accepting such Government support for its daughters to college. Life was a struggle to get students as would mean the surrender of academic through the university, followed by desperate com- freedom to some form of political domination. petition for a livelihood in face of widespread We have portrayed no nightmare imaginations; unemployment. Many, sick of war, plunged into just such things as these were thecold, bare realities all kinds of amusement to wooforgetfulness. ‘There of ordinary,everyday university existence throughout were those who still harboured a grudge against Central and South-eastern Europe. What hope the ex-enemy, but ignoranceandindifference, rather of rebuilding Europe when the future leaders and than prejudice, was the prevailing condition. Pre- . their training grounds were in such case? Moreover occupied with themselves and with the upbuilding the worst is yet to tell. As with nations, so with of their ownnations, their eyes never turned to the their students, their bitterest sufferings are in the condition of students elsewhere. region of the spirit, not the body or even the mind. A gloomy outlook! Is there no break in the The danger zone of Europe is the hearts of the clouds?) Does not that youth striding forward 10 Ir REBUILDING EUROPE HALF THE STUDENT WORLD IN RUINS over the ruins of his world descry in the distance the world, were only just born. No national another student hastening towards him with the organisation had left the ranks of the Federation, outstretched hand of friendship? Is there no though it included movements in almost all the chance of winning these battalions of future leaders belligerent countries. Could the Federation perhaps to turn their forces into a joint crusade against want salvage the wreck of European university life and and misery and a joint effort to rebuild not Europe save the future builders of Europe? Could it only but the world? Yes, there are gleams of hope. sounda call loud enough to rouse the whole student Student life to-day is marked by generation conscious- world to the fact that half of it was in danger of ness. Older people on both sides of the war have perishing of hunger,and cold? It could at least made a mess of it and the world—no hope from try. This book is the story of the attemptandits them: youth must help youth to build a new results. world. 'Timidly in many lands post-war students were looking over barriers, anxious to meet the man with whom they had fought and to explore his mind, hoping that perchance he and they might work things out together, but not knowing how to reach him. Was there a bridge-builder? There was at least one group whichfor a quarter of a century past had steadily proclaimed that the hope of the world lay in international friendship and the international action of students. ‘The World’s Student Christian Federation, born in 1895 and now including 300,000 students from forty different nations, North, South, Fast and West, had always preached thesolidarity of the student world, had conceived of the univer- sities as “ Strategic Points in the World’s Conquest,” and had aimed at uniting students for world tasks in the name of Jesus Christ. Of the few international student societies in existence before the war this fellowship alone had survived the shock of battle. Other international student societies, destined to play an important part amongst the universities of 12 3 THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION large grain and potato fields, practically the entire sugar supply and the chief coal mines: Hungary kept her rich wheat plain, Italy took copper and quicksilver, iron and coal mines, and Yugo-Slavia cattle stock. CHAPTER II Austria, with a population of six millions, was THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION left in possession of a top-heavy capital city of two million inhabitants, much beautiful but agricul- A Study in European Student Relief Origins turally unprofitable mountain scenery, and afew luxury manufactures. “Cut off from all their former Inpra in time of famine, the ruins of Adana sources of food supply and raw material, the entire French towns under air-raid bombardment, devas- population of the cities and many of the country tated war areas, San Iranciscoafter the earthquake people were dependent for their very life on the prisoners-of-war camps, internment camps, refugee charity of foreigners. Vienna was in the hands of camps—I have seen them all, but Vienna as I saw missions, Military, Reparations, Political and Relief it February 1920 remains burnt in my memory as Missionsofall kinds and nationalities. No Austrians a yet nearer thing to Hell. but a few profiteers could buy sufficient food in the We spent a month there, twoof us, the author of open market: the whole adult population was fed this book, then a travelling secretary of the World’s in a system of kitchens magnificently organised Student Christian Federation, and Eleanora Iredale by a Viennese Committee, and supplied by grants soon to lead the relief effort of British students. of food from the Government and the various Each day brought us realisation of some new aspect missions: any hitch in transport threatened the of hopeless misery. Vienna, in 1913 the queen very life of the city; a dock strike in Holland hung city, the intellectual, artistic and commercial centre up the relief trains, and was declared off only just of Middle Europe, was revealed as the unwieldy in time to save Vienna. Practically every face capital of a small and anomalous State in a pro- showed the curious grey hue of famine, boys of cess of pitiless disintegration. The formation of seventeen looked like children of ten, mutilated the new States from the territory of the old men begged in the street, disease of all sorts found Austro-Hungarian Monarchy had planted political an easy prey, and at the moment of our visit, frontiers and tariff barriers between the new Austria Spanish influenza was sweeping thecity. and her sources of supply: with Galicia went the All this was on the surface; beneath lay deeper oil wells, and Poland exported no oil to Austria : suffering, that profound conviction that there was with Bohemia and Moravia departed to Czecho- no way out, which made the real horror of the 4 Le) REBUILDING EUROPE

situation. Vienna was a wreck slowly but inevit- ably sinking. What of her students? Quickly it dawned onusthat in a city where eachrelief mission was centring on a special task, students were the | only class for whom nothing was done. First, an | Englishman in the Military Mission told me of crowds of women students who came to him, begging for a job in his office to save them from starvation or worse. Next came the shock of hearing that amongst the members of the Student Christian Movement within a few weeks, one had shot himself, unable to endure suffering any longer, another, utterly exhausted by woodcutting in the , near-by forests and dragging in logs for sale, had = Se Cinuna, awunee wisoo gone to bed on Christmas Eve, and was found four cara IN reerelieng omg Gaees kv) A Stee“or Barn days later dead from sheer weakness and inanition. aa At length came a womanstudent to tell me, at See se my special request, something of women student conditions. She impressed on me again and again, “Ym muchbetter off than most, I live at home.” Her easier life meant housework at home, six hours a day in an office, fitting in lectures and study where possible, and when that was over, finding food to buy and cooking it, no new clothes since before the war, the old ones so neatly mended and grace- fully worn as at first to hide their worn-out state. She had no gloves, so did not manage to hide the ugly sores on her hands: I wormed it out of her that the doctor had prescribed ointment, but that to buy it would have meant the price of several | meals. Despair, suicide, one meal a day or less, no | underclothing, no overcoats, broken shoes in the winter slush, sleeping in restaurants or lavatories, 16 | | Crorminc DerarrmMent in VIENNA. | See pp. 23 and 44.

THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION all these things the commonplace of life among the 1§,000 men and women in the universities and colleges of Vienna, 1,400 of whom were women: and over it all, hanging like a pall, the feeling that nobody cared. “They would care if they knew, and know they shall.” A broadcasting station was ready for our use. As a World’s Student Christian Federation secretary, I knew that each of the forty national movements in touch with us was a receiving station by meansof which the cry of need could be retrans- ‘mitted to more than two hundred thousand mem- bers, and through them to hundreds of thousands more. An 8.0.5. call must be sent without delay. A never-to-be-forgotten group of the presidents of the women students’ societies in Vienna University met in my room to supply data for our appeal and to draw up a memorandum on the economic posi- tion of women students. In a wonderful way this gathering foreshadowed the international and student fellowship of which it was the precursor. The five women in that chilly room had never come together before and frankly owned that they hated to meet. They represented the German National Student Society, two Jewish associations, the Socialist Union and the Catholic Student Society, and were the heirs of age-long racial, political and religious antipathies. ‘They had one point of union and one only—the grim fact that, allowing nothing for clothes, baths or medicines, Kr. 500 ($2:25 ; 10 shillings) was a woman student’s monthly existence minimum, that their members almost without exception must earn as well as study, Cc 17 REBUILDING EUROPE THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION and that none could possibly earn more than 57,000 ($10,000; £2,200) plan for the summer. Kr. 300 a month. Night after night we lay awake, wondering what 1 crossed the Rubicon, pledged the students of the response would be or whether indeed there happier lands to send help, and asked what help would be a response at all. Students the world was needed most. Their practical suggestions were over rebuked our want of faith. Before the fertile, but they did not come at once. Comrade- autumn, Austria’s ex-enemies, her allies and the ship was the thing they welcomed first—‘* We must neutral lands had joined hands to raise for her take it; we cannot do otherwise, and we would universities nearly {7,000 in money and goods. rather take it from comrades.” ‘Then a truly First came a letter from Holland. ‘The Student prophetic word—“ Our turn will come when we Christian Movement there was faced with a large are on our feet again: then we will invite invalid deficit: a money gift seemed impossible, but in students to our Austrian health resorts and nurse answer to our §.0.8. they promptly turned an them back to health.” The last European Student enterprising undergraduate loose on the mercantile Relief report shows Swiss Francs 13,000 ($2,280 = community for ten days. ‘This youth combines £520) contributed by Austria for German students, the strong points of a burglar and a diplomat. At and tells of invalid German students invited there Whitsuntide he was able to attach five trucks to in the summer of 1924.1 a Red Cross train for Vienna, containing sugar, Would the Other Half of the student world fish, potatoes, soap, cocoa, flour and cereals, cheese, respond ? condensed milk. bales of cloth, lard and oil; in all, Our highest hopes had risen to a Swiss Francs $15,000 ({3,000) worth of goods: 2,000 guilders given by Dutch students paid the transport. His ‘A real difficulty in our effort to make vivid to forty-two method was simple—he believes in direct action nations what each one has contributed is the fact that European Student Relief has dealt with twenty-seven different currencies. ——bystrategy or sheer cheek get into the presence An explanation of the system adopted in financial statements of the chief Director and you will get whatever may therefore be helpful. Where the Geneva Headquarters of you want. The biggest sugar concern yielded him European Student Relief are concerned, amounts of money ten tons of sugar, cloth merchants gave him cloth received or expended are given in Swiss francs and are translated into American dollars and pounds sterling. Where any one and tailors made it up for him free, the Fishmongers’ countryis concerned, amounts of moneyare stated in the currency Union decreed that every member should give him of the country and translated into their value in dollars or pounds. a barrel of herrings and every farmer round his Where such explanation seems unnecessary, the amount is given home town laid a sack or two of potatoes at his in the currency of the country alone. ‘The rate of exchange, as feet. One Dutch student had raised more than between Berne, New York, and London used in the financial statements in the text of the book will be $1:00 = Swiss Francs we had hoped for from the whole world. 5°70; £1 = Swiss Francs 24°65. Good news from Britain followed quickly. A 18 19. REBUILDING EUROPE THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION great asset both in Austria and at home was the French women students sent Fr. 1,000 and boxes presence in the Friends’ Mission in Vienna of the of clothing, soap and books. late Agnes Murray, daughter of Professor Gilbert It was no surprise to us when a cable from Murray. Her urgent appeal to her parents to America brought us $2,000, and a second,later on, rouse Oxford on behalf of Viennese professors and another $5,000. The cable came from Dr. Mott, students was the starting-point of the Oxford the General Secretary of the Federation (trust him Committee for the Help of Universities of Central to see and seize an opportunity like this for Europe. Soon the British Student Christian Move- service !); and the leaders of the American Student ment wrote to us their intention to give vigorous Christian Movement, campaign-weary though they backing to the Universities’ Committee which was were, girded their loins for fresh action in the fall. quickly formed under the Imperial War Relief The Other Half was roused and awake. ‘The Fund. A lightning campaign was launched in a , forward move of the forces of student friendship few universities and colleges, and the summer had begun. term, in spite of all its handicaps, brought in over £2,000. Meantime in Vienna, we Federation workers were Surprise after surprise came pouring in, and busy preparing a scheme of co-operation with the always joyful ones. Austrian students were their Friends’ Mission on behalf of Austrian students. ex-enemies, but that made no difference to the The Friends guaranteed $4,500 (£1,000), lent several Italians, nor did the desperate economic conditions workers, first and foremost Donald Grant, andall of Italy. The Italian Student Christian Movement their machinery of transport and book-keeping. proposed a joint effort to other student unions. The Federation produced the money and supplies ‘Twelve responded, including the Catholic, the brought in by our $.O.S., and secured Mrs. Warner Anticlerical, the Socialist, Scientific, Athletic, and and other workers. The University authorities Musical Societies, and by means of garden parties gave the use of offices, store-rooms, buffets and and concerts they raised 5,000 lire, which they buffet equipment in the University buildings. divided between Dalmatia and Vienna. We had Donald Grant contributed a varied experience of never dreamed of large help from South Africa : Student Christian Movement work in and but the Movement there published our appeal in reconstruction work with the Friends in France Dutch and English as soon as received and b and Austria; Mrs. Warner, whose husband had been October collected £1,400. India responded by killed in France, brought to Tommy’s ex-enemies the very first mail and by autumn raised {150. a rich knowledge of the needs and ways of masculine The German Student Christian Movement, out of youth, acquired by four years’ Y.M.C.A. work with the depths of their own poverty, sent Mk. 1,100. the British Army. This combination operated 20 2r REBUILDING EUROPE THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION veryill. successfully until the autumn, when the whole work, The next is a man, obviously town, under the leadership of Donald Grant, was taken St.— My parents live in a small T have two over by the European Student Relief of the World’s where my father is a bank clerk. before the Student Christian Federation. little sisters. I was a student medical course. Howthey set to work to feed the Viennese student war, and I came back to my let Mrs, Warnerrelate. I share a garret with another| student. R.W.—“ What do you live on?” St—*I work in a restaurant kitchen from six till Scene I. eleven p.m., and I have a disablement pension Place. Offices of the Student Relief in Vienna of Kr. 100 (4o"cent.; 25.) per month. I have University. an Army certificate stating that I am sixty in Time. 9.30 a.m. Six days a week, 1920. per cent. unfit, suffering from tuberculosis A long queue of men and women students both lungs, due to exposure in the Pripet bring stands patiently outside a closed door, on Marshes.” R.W.—“See our doctor, and which appears a notice stating that appli- is report.” cations for a daily breakfast, costing 50 hellers ae a on. To help therelief workers, been (half a farthing), would be received, and committees of students have already es requesting each applicant to bring certain formed, representative of all sections in state and university papers. Ten o’clock: University, faculties, religions, political parties and races, thus guarding against any partiality. the door opens to the first four; each finds of himself at a table, faced by a Relief Worker. ‘After heartbreaking eliminations, the list cards Relief Worker (reading papers presented nominations is posted up and breakfast list by a woman student)—“'Tell me a little are issued, good for thirty days. The and is about yourself.” St.—‘* My father is a watch- contains about twelve hundred names days. maker: I have six brothers and sisters, two the centre of anxious crowds for several earning a little; the two youngest are tuber- cular. Our home was devastated in 1915, Scene II. when the Russians advanced into Poland, and the University we fled to Vienna.” R.W.—‘ Do you earn Place. A buffet, looking on to is anything?” St.—T give lessons, but pupils Quadrangle. ime. Any morning between 7.30 and 9.30. are hard to find.” R.W.—What will you women a Thebuffet e filled with men and do when you have finished?” St.—‘*Go round small back to Poland and teach.” students,sitting in groups of four 23 22 REBUILDING EUROPE THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION white tables, talking, and sometimes laughing, o’clock. but real laughter I wish I could write and thank all is rarely heard. A fierce- looking youth, the students of other countries who | have with hair en brosse, sits just inside the door, contributed to help me and myfriendsin the punching breakfast tickets and collecting fifty hellers University. They will never know how each from the incomers, grateful... before these proceed to the counter women where two medical students preside over rich cocoa cups of Let us now watch clothing distributions, once and large slices of white bread, more A big notice through Mrs. Warner’s eyes: on the wall tactfully announces i that the breakfasts are provided by fellow- He : June 23rd, 1920. students all over the world as a token of “The ‘ Norwegian sympathy and fellowship. clothing’ is my great joy. Norway sent us somebig cases of second- € toom contains a heterogeneous crowd— hand clothes, boots and hats. We stored Germans, Austrians, Poles, Hungarians, the Czechs, cases in the University basement, and when Slavs, Serbs, Bulgars, ‘Turks, Christians, Agnostics, Jews, we hear of a particularly needy student, I Bolshevists, Monarchists, Repub- licans, Socialists, take him there to choose a garment. We have Anarchists, Physical need thirty precious pairs is the one factor that of boots for the neediest unites them! This of 12,000 students! It is almost painful relief, administered by the representatives to fellow students, of see their excitement whenactually allowed to awakens a feeling that they are in some Utopia, where choose a good suit or overcoat, and to try on prejudice and party several pairs of boots and finally differences have no place, and leave hugging where kindliness a parcel of clothes. No looking-glass, of and cheer are the orderof the hour, course, but glass doors do nearly as_well, and usually I have to make up their minds Evinocur. what they look best in. Among the boots there are Extract from a woman student’s letter. five very good brown pairs; I thought they Dear Gyazpice Frau, would be chosen first—but no! I asked one man whyhepreferred a rather worn black pair I am writing to you during an Anatomy lecture, because to the beautiful brown ones, and he said he I must tell you that this is the first morning was afraid to look like a profiteer ! Poor boy ! I have been’ at the breakfasts, and it A suit is, in most cases, no use without is also the first morning for over a shirt that I a year too; the old uniforms are tightly buttoned have not felt ill and faint by twelve 24 up to their chins. And I had to learn that 25 REBUILDING EUROPE THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION they very often hesitated to try on boots, wood-cutting camp arranged in the Wiener Wald because they have no socksat all. that summer. “The sale to women students was huge fun ! In a nice large hall, the Herr Regierungsrat “'The notion was that students might earn had had long rowsoftables arranged as counters. money and health for themselves by felling Great bales of excellent strong serge, black, trees to supply the Vienna hospitals with navy, green and dull red, were on sale, and a cheap fuel in the coalless winter ahead. A splendid assortment of blouses of varied sizes Baron conveniently ordered by the Government and colours; you could buy either two blouses, to clear his forest, and grow corn, provided the or a summerdress length of pretty pink cotton ground. Next, “the War Office turned up or one blouse and a loose flannel dress. One trumps and tents and crockery and’ pots and hundred and eighteen students were admitted pans, including a field kitchen captured from out of 124 who applied. Each one bought all the Russians. The food came through the she could; the total cost was Kr. 150-200 young pirate in Holland. Behold the camp (80 c.; 45.). It was pathetic to see what a equipped; would the students play up? Some gorgeous surprise the whole sale was. They folk said ‘No,’ but not a bit of it : Jots applied, never dreamed of anything half so wonderful.” the only trouble being that even a very lenient medical exam. meant forty per cent. rejected These feeding and clothing operations are typical as completely unfit. of later student relief in eighteen other countries. “ About 150 tons of wood were cut and It was on Viennawetried our ’prentice hand. By stacked by forty students in five weeks ; not the end of the term the work hadspread to all the bad, considering the weather, their medical colleges in Vienna and to Graz and Innsbruck unfitness and short hours. The energetic Universities and the Leoben School of Mines. earned Kr. 200 a week, and a few Hercules The Vienna workers early grasped the importance Kr. 400, and some voluntarily did overtime. of self-help. To guard against the danger of The Foresters, who superintended operations, student pauperisation and of encouraging parents were altogethersatisfied with the work done, to pay their sons’ and daughters’ fees and hope though these very Foresters originally threat- Relief would feed them, the Student Committees ened to strike, if ‘ miserable students from the very soon passed a resolution, copied later in land city were introduced into their forests,’ and after land, that no first-year student should receive only the prompt action of the British Repara- relief. Practically every student in Austria was at tions Committee, in commandeering a bit of that time as an individual doing wage-carning work, the forest, saved the situation. but the first co-operative self-help effort was a “So the hospitals are 150 tons of wood to 26 27 REBUILDING EUROPE THE OTHER HALF WAKES TO ACTION

the good this winter, and the Vienna public are not polite), I explained it was no use their will eat the bread the Baron will grow on his acting like this—I didn’t know who was Jew cleared ground! And the students have put and who Gentile and didn’t wish to—either by a reserve of strength and money against the we worked for all or none—if they turned cruel winter coming, and, better still, have anybody out, I should also go with the food. learnt to work with their hands, and like it ! All the aggressors were very polite, except one. oe‘The Scheme is a Pp perfect Omnibnibus of f VariedVarie I told his companions kindly to help him and themselves out. Then followed a scene with a bleeding-headed boy who was brought, to us A struggle on the race question was inevitable for first aid. - Outside the University, thousands and was precipitated early. Women students had of Germansheld the entrance against thousands sunk their differences in the cause of relief and of Jews, with soldiers to preserve equality. brought in the dawn ofstudent fellowship; but This morning the University was closed by the men took longer to convince. One quarter of police. Only a back door open for Staff, the students in Vienna were alien refugees from our cardholders and Examination candidates. Poland, the Ukraine, Rumania and Hungary—the Breakfast was orderly and pleasant, with both large majority were Jews from Galicia, loathed by Jew and Gentile present. There have been the German Austrian alike for their race and’ their many arrests and somesevere casualties. Ours desperate poverty. ‘“ Impartial administration ” is the only normal proceeding in the Uni- was our slogan. It soon led us into battle. The versity. The newspapers gave our work a day before our breakfasts opened, the students vote of complete confidence for impartiality.” belonging to the Deutsch National (German National) party wrecked the Jewish student Mensa Their demonstrations were overcome by our a clarioncall for subsequent disorders, Mrs. Warner demonstration. Later on, our best helper among describes our first breakfast :— the German Austrian students was the leader of the attack that morning. The victory in thefirst “At our breakfast all was peace till about of many such skirmishes was with Goodwill. Student g a.m., when a small band of stick-bearing relief in Austria was carried on for four years. A Deutsch National students came into the review of its history shows that the final victory all buffet (I was in sole charge) shouting and along the line lay with student fellowship. Listen being aggressive. In my calmest manner I to testimony from Hofrat Dr. Friedrich Hertz, of walked up to them with a large smile and the State Department, Vienna, a well-known my sixteen words of German (three of which publicist and economist. 28 29 REBUILDING EUROPE May 1921. “orThe student relief work organised by the World’s Student Christian Federation is of much more permanent importance than mere charity. ‘Thousands of hopeful young people CHAPTER IIT are being saved from extreme misery which otherwise would break their mental and moral THE LAUNCHING OF EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF energy. If they should succumb, it would mean the disappearance of forces indispensable Four Years of Storm Yi for reconstruction. It would lead to a tre- mendous breakdown of culture in Austria ‘Tue tale of Austrian need and half the student which would react on other countries. ‘The world’s response is but a curtain-raiser introducing work is a wonderful manifestation of a truly the drama of student relief. The raising of the Christian spirit for bringing about reconcilia- curtain revealed student need quite as urgent tion and brotherly co-operation. In Austria, throughout the Baltic States, Germany, Poland, mostof the students are imbued with a narrow- Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Russia, the Balkans, Asia minded nationalism, though this was never Minor and ‘Turkey. ‘The World’s Student Christian much directed against other nations, but Federation had broadcasted an S.O.5. for one coun- mainly against their compatriots of other races. try and begunthe salvage of one wreck. The logic During the war the students were, of course, of its history and genius compelled it to attack a taught a great many prejudices against the larger problem. In 1920, the Federation was the other side, and the Peace Treaty was only too only world-wide student society in existence; it apt to foster hatred against their enemies. If, was pledged by its constitution to “ further those nevertheless, such feelings have never become efforts on behalf of the welfare of students in body, predominant among our students this is due mind and spirit, which are in harmonywith the to the admirable example given by our organisa- Christian purpose”: its student organisations in tion. I sincerely believe that it will bring forty different nations provided at once the means about a very far-reaching change in many of mobilising the goodwill of many different nations students who have hitherto followed the path and creeds, and some basis of operation ready to of hatred and violence instead of goodwill hand in every famine-stricken country: for years and peace.” its national movements had been carrying onrelief work amongst refugee and otherwise destitute students, and it had amongst its leaders men and 30 31 REBUILDING EUROPE EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF women of proved experience in relief and recon- “ Principles we shall follow in Relief. struction, 1. Every relief scheme we launch will be as The Federation General Committee met in St. far as possible on sound economic lines, no Beatenberg, Switzerland, August 1920: a Com- student being helped without most careful mission on Student Relief reported after careful examination of his financial and other needs; and personal investigation all over Europe (in self-help will be, in every possible way, en- Budapest alone 3,000 students answered a question- couraged and pauperisation avoided ; students naire), and a mandate was given to the Federation will be brought into productive work for the by the representatives of the Student Christian benefit of their coyntry. ge Movements of thirty-nine different nations “to 2. We hope to ‘co-operate with , existing summonstudents the world over to strenuous united agencies both in raising money and in adminis- effort on behalf of the vast number of students in tration on the field, and to avoid over-lapping. Central Europe who to-day are homeless, sick, Our aim is, by careful correlation of effort, almost without clothes and practically starving.” to secure the maximumrelief for the maximum The Federation appointed a special Committee number of students in so far as we may do so to promote this effort, christened it European (a) without endangering the principle of self- Student Relief, laid down the principles of work help, (b) without losing sight of the importance to be followed, declared Sw. Fr. 57,000,000 of developing humanpersonal contacts. ‘ ($1,000,000; £220,000) to be the minimum sum 3. In every field where we raise money, in which could meet the coming year’s need, budgeted every field where we administer relief, we shall carefully for a year’s work in nineteen different try to work in accordance with the national countries, determined on Headquarters in Geneva, spirit and methods, and as far as possible to and called Conrad Hoffmann to be the General make use of indigenous workers and agencies. Executive Secretary of the whole scheme. ‘Two 4. Relief will be administered impartially or three weeks later it had selected Field Repre- without regard to race, nationality, or creed, sentatives for the main fields of operation and had or any othercriterion than proven need.” planned with the students of many of the more (Extract from the first Bulletin of European fortunate lands to launch campaigns on behalf of Student Relief, October 1920.) student relief as early as possible in the autumn. The Beatenberg minutes of European Student Every one of these principles has proved again and Relief, re-read after four years, show remarkable again a guide through manypitfalls and difficulties foresight as to the principles on which relief work in country after country. f should be conducted :— Mingled with all this wisdom is what seems, in 32 D 33 REBUILDING EUROPE EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF the light of subsequent events, a curious blindness the Baltic States, Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia as to the real scope of the enterprise on which the and Hungary, using for this purpose the American Federation had embarked. With naive dogmatism, student contribution towards the E.$.R. and more the minutes assure the world that relief will close besides. European Student Relief carries on cloth- down in July r921: “ Our aim is to meet a purely ing, housing and intellectual relief operations in all temporary emergency.” In autumn 1921, in 1922, areas, and student feeding in Germany, ‘Turkey and and again in 1923, “ positively the last appeal was Asia Minor. By July, through this joint effort, presented.” Each year, however, this “ tempo- 67,460 students are receiving a daily meal. rary, strictly emergency work” revealed its far Next the Year of Famine, 1921-1922. In Central from temporary implications and consequences,till Europe the need is a8 acute as ever; suddenly the to-day it stands revealed as a four-act drama. closed door of Russia is flung open by famine; ‘Throughout the academic years 1920-1924 not for Geneva launchesits Russian venture, and by the end a moment could European Student Relief slacken of the yearis feeding 16,000 Russian students. its attempt to salvage a student world shaken by The Year of the Sword follows the Year of Famine. the earthquake of war, followed by the dire succes- The autumn of 1922 opens with the Greek debacle sion of tidal wave,fire, pestilence, and famine. in Asia Minor. Every Christian studentis either a First the Year of Beginnings. By January 1921, prisoner of war, dead, lost or in exile. The E.S.R. Geneva is working at top speed, and student relief starts rescue work in Salonica and in Athens. operations have begun in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Meantime, the first great landslide of the German Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Turkey and Asia Minor mark reduces the German student world to ruin. and are in full swing in Austria. In Germany, the The Ruhrinvasion intensifies the crisis by increasing E.S.R. by March takes over the daily feeding of disorganisation and unemployment and bitterness 20,000 students. ‘The sudden demobilisation of the of spirit. With the German mark crash the cur- armies of Polandsends a horde of starving, homeless rencies of surrounding nations. The plight of the students into her six universities, while the defeat refugees is worse than ever; on their behalf, the of the counter-revolutionary armies in Russia and E.S.R. enters three new fields—Greece, Bulgaria other post-war catastrophes add 20,000 destitute and Jugoslavia. Russian conditions demand in- refugees to the student population of Central creased relief till the E.S.R. is feeding 31,000 Europe. Russian students daily. The tackling of this huge task is only made At last there are signs of fairer weather. possible by the co-operation of the American Relief Still, even the Year of Returning Calm begins like Administration, which in April 1921 assumes,till the its predecessor with two mighty disasters. In end of the academic year, the student feeding in September 1923, the earthquake in Japan destroys 34 35 REBUILDING EUROPE Tokyo and Yokohama and Wipes out university buildings, student quarters andlibraries. European Student Relief enters Japan by sending money for the purchase of books. In Germany the mark descends to unheard-of depths, and only the prompt action of E.S.R. in raising for Germanyfive times CHAPTER IV her budget quota saves certain universities from closing down. Nevertheless, by the end ofthe THE FRIENDLY HAND yearthe crisis in Central Europe is past. Only in The Student Friendship Picture Gallery~.’ Russia and amongst Russian student refugees does the E.S.R. continue emergency work. At last the Untess indeed Sumerian tablets or Maya monu- Geneva Office draws breath and reviews four ments produce fresh evidence, European Student stormy years. A Report, in July 1924, summarises Relief has proved the Preacher wrong. ‘There is the results of European Student Relief to date. a new thing under the sun. Where before in the world’s history have the students of every land In terms of Finance and Material Aid : united their forces in a joint crusade against Want ? Swiss Francs 10,755,600 ($1,900,000 Study thesolid facts, set forth, signed and audited ; £437,200) in our accounts (pp. 216-19). The University has been raised; 42 countries have joinedin this world of forty-two countries, thirty-seven figuring as relief effort through some action of their student giving countries and nineteen as receiving countries, bodies ; 19 of these countries have received relief ; between October 1st, 1920 and June 3oth, 1924, 25,000,000 meals have been given. has raised and disbursed Sw. Fr. 10,755,600 1,900,000; 200). Ln terms of manhood and womanhood and the future leadership of the nations what has been accomplished ONoe ‘hook onwards and see gold, by European Student Relief the following chapters silver and copper transmuted into cocoa, shoes, will reveal. shirts, beans, coal, roof repairs, clothing | repairs, sweaters, potatoes, underlinen, “ wood, ointment, oil, fine flour and wheat, cattle and sheep, horses and chariots [or ‘shall we say frozen meat and transport ?] and the bodies and souls of men.” Look backwardsalso, Money represents more than the things it buys,it is a sacrament : it betokensits source and all the cost of mining and minting. 37 REBUILDING EUROPE THE FRIENDLY HAND

The source of European Student Relief funds was studies, we, women-students of the Foyer Inter- finely symbolised by the Student Friendship Fund national of Paris—French, Americans, Serbs, of the United States in their campaign poster for Swiss, Poles, Russians, English—feel it a duty the year 1922-1923, a “Friendly Hand” out- and an honourto stretch out to you the hand stretched from a sheaf of the nations’ flags bound of sisters. United in a spirit of international together in a mass of mingled colour—the yellow solidarity, we turn to you, sure of finding in of gold, the white of sincerity, the green of hope your thought an echo of ours. We believe the blue of aspiration and the red of sacrifice. ‘The in the réle which University women may play records in Geneva are one great picture-gallery of in the destiny of each country, and thereby various phases of what John R. Mottcalls “ this ex- in that of the world; we wish ardently you tensive and perfectly marvelloussacrificial service.” may enjoy those material conditions indis- We can show you, alas, but one or two examples pensableto liberty of work, thought, and action.” out of hundreds representing each National or Studentrelief work has always appealed to mixed International School. communities of foreign students. The Student Tue Scnoou or Heroism anp Sacririce Movement House in London, with its 1,200 mem- bers, half of them foreigners and almostall struggling Scene: The Restaurant of the Foyer International for an education, raised in one year £1,000. Foreign / Boulevard St. Michel, Paris. : students in Germany combined in an effort to Time: Autumn 1920. Women students of many relieve their Germanfellow-students, and the Munich nationalities, not a few of them refugees group despatched an American, a Dutchman and a andall poor, hastening in and out to lunch. Englishman on a money-raising tour in the Spanish At the desk sits a Polish girl, earning her way as universities, resulting in 40,000 pesetas ($7,200 ; cashier. She heard an appeal for Vienna students £1,600). the day before and has lain awakeall night wondering Scene: The Shanghai Young Women’s Christian what she can do to help. Over a money- box, she Association Building. has posted a notice: “ /’e can eat: in Vienna, they Time : November 1920. Famine raging in China, cannot.” Fr. 67 were in the box before lunch was 20,000,000 sufferers. over; and soon the Foyer sent Fr. 1,000 to Vienna, A Chinese woman student returned from seeing with the greeting :— European conditions, presents the E.S.R. appeal © “ Dear to the Chinese National Student Y.W.C.A. com- ee Fetitow-StTupentsa oF VIENNA, Knowing under what heroic and un- mittee, composed of both Chinese and foreign happy conditions you are carrying women. The foreign womenreject as fantastic the on your 38 39 REBUILDING EUROPE THE FRIENDLY HAND idea of a Chinese contribution. “ Are not Chinese oriental girls already going contribution comes from the Dutch East without meat and even bread Indies—Sw. Fr. 4,500 ($800; £180). in the schools for famine relief in China?” The Chinese are unanimously for it, and a gift is sent Time: The dinner witha letter, “ hour in Indiana Central Brethren, we make known unto you College, U.S.A. how that in much proofof affliction the abundance Place: The Dining of their joy and Hall, empty, with tables bare. their deep poverty abounded unto The 175 students the riches of their are en masse in the College liberality.” No! that’s an old Chapel hearing about letter telling of a studentrelief, and praying for relief campaign in South-eastern the students Europe for famine-stricken of the world. As almost all ate work- Asia. This is the letter ing their way through college and are. Asia sent to South-east Europe already sup- : porting a missionary in the Philippines, their response “Students of China are greatly indebted to to the E.S.R. appeal is to go without dinner every other countries. The sum we can send will other day for ten days—their collective sacrifice of perhaps be very small indeed, but it expresses five dinners produces $200°00. the interest and sympathy wefeel for students The students of the United States have in four in other lands. Weappreciate keenly belonging years raised nearly Sw. Fr. 6,978,000 ($1,224,000; to the World Movement.” £285,000) for European Student Relief. Sub- tracting the American Relief Administration gifts A letter to Mrs. in S. K. Datta, the patron saint of 1921, this is close on one-half of the whole sum studentrelief in India. : raised by the students of the world; including the A.R.A. “4 Country Mission School in Bengal feeding, to which students contributed largely, it is very nearly two-thirds of the whole. “ May, 1922. ‘This vast accomplishment represents in large part “T send you Rupees 33 ($11; £2 9s.) for just such sacrifices as that of Indiana Central the E.S.R. from the Boys’ and Girls’ Boarding College, not the gifts of millionaires or corporations. Schools here. The girls gave up the balance Certain of these have made substantial and welcome of their outings fund, and the boys gave R. 3 contributions, but the bulk of the huge gift they had made by their gardens: they are betokens new clothes not bought, football matches children of very poor village folk, and have no not seen, car fares saved, eating of “ Austrian break- money to give. They’ve already contributed fasts,” i.¢., a cup of cocoa and slice of bread, and to Russian Relief.” money hard-earnedby tens of thousands of American students. The East has given generously. The latest It is questionable, however, 4o whether, even with all 41 a REBUILDING EUROPE THE FRIENDLY HAND this, the most real sacrifice of America for student Y.W.C.A. operated directly, and through eight relief is seen in such incidents. A yet more heroic regional organisations pushed the Student Friendship réle was played by the leaders of the Student Fund in eight great divisions of the United States. Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A., who, in summer 1924, In 1922, the “ Friendly Hand”poster aimed to awaken faced the question of launchingtheir eighth successive in the American student the consciousness that he Student Friendship Appeal to the American belonged to a world-wide student fellowship of Colleges. In 1916-1917, the Student Friendship service. ‘This year, the American Student Pilgrim- Fund was already a familiar sound in American ages’ of Friendship to Europe were launched, and student ears. ‘That year, they gave $182,000 for the the special feature of the appeal was personal work amongst prisoners of war on both sides, testimony from those who had seen the need for carried on by the Y.M.C.A. In 1917-1919, they themselves. Next year, growing international gave $1,295,000 for the same great effort to save friendship fostered a desire to break down barriers millions of young men from despair and demoralisa- between the nations. The Student Friendship tion and for the Y.M.C.A. work in their own Army campaign was merged in a campaign for education and Navy. By 1920, it required a high grade of in world brotherhood, and an endeavourto discover courage to revive the Student Friendship Fund,this and combat the causes of war. time on behalf of starving European students, yet Few who have not visited America can realise they did it, and with fertile imagination devised the difficulty of money-raising campaignsin so vast each year and sometimes twice a year a_ fresh a country, three thousand miles wide and twelve campaign with original methods. g times the size of pre-war Germany, or the number In 1920, Herbert Hoover, in the midst ofhis of speakers required to bring a message to more nation-wide campaign for American Relief Adminis- than a thousand universities and colleges. The tration child feeding in Europe, joined forces with speakers must be both numerous and strong, if the American Student Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A, they are to rouse 600,000 students, remote in spirit in broadcasting an appeal to college men and women from the rest of the world, largely preoccupied with for $1,000,000 to save “one hundred thousand of university and national interests and sixty per cent. your fellow-students in Europe.” Every class of of them busy earning their way throughcollege. educational institution was canvassed—Universities, Let it not be forgotten that the very men and Colleges, Normal Schools, High Schools and Private women who planned these campaigns were also Schools. ‘Thefirst year’s gift was a response to sheer raising the budget for the regular work of the need. Inthefall of 1921, the appeal wasto save the Student Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A. in America, and intellectual life of Europe—‘ the Light must not appealing to colleges which were already giving with Fail.” That year, the Student Y.M.C.A. and the characteristic liberality of the American student 42 43 REBUILDING EUROPE THE FRIENDLY HAND to other forms of social and religious work. ‘The between February 1921 and December 1924, good American women’s colleges during this period quality stuff too; the casual stranger must wonder raised a huge sum in support of Women’s Christian why well-clothed Dutchmen seem to swarm in Colleges in the East. Never once have those every university of Central Europe. Switzerland, leaders pleaded that their bit was done, but with too, scored a huge success with White Rag Raids, keen insight into the need and opportunity for when every citizeness willing to contribute hung a service, they have pressed home successive appeals white streamer from her window. In America a to generation after generation of students. It is a special appeal to men in Y.M.C.A.hostels resulted record of incomparable courage and determination. in 5,000 complete ‘suits sent to Russia for students, each with a return post-card attached with the ‘Tue Gattery or ImacinaTion anv Resource donor’s name and address, thus creating a personal link between American Pictures which tell a story are out of fashion and Russian. Between their clothing raids and their money to-day, but in our gallery are some very fine gifts, the National Student examples and quite up to date instyle. Relief Committee in Holland, in which practically the whole student Scene: The streets of Delft, Holland; motor body of 9,000 men and women co-operated, raised trucks tearing roundthe city, four to six tall young over Sw. Fr. 100 ($18; £4) per head, per student, men in each, students from the famous engineering Holland holds the record for per capita giving; no school. At each house, they dash in and out to add other country is anywhere near her; she stands an overcoat or a few collars to the ever-growing third on the list in actual amount. Her overhead heap of sweaters, trousers, skirts, jumpers, boots, expenditure has been less than two per cent. hats, which loads the truck. A day of fun for the men! ‘The share of the womenstudents was less Scene: Thestreets of Tokyo, Japan. amusing. They spent a solid week in brushing and Girls in the pleated-skirt costume of the Japanese cleaning clothing and matching shoes. The whole woman student are offering lilies of the valley for effort resultedin sixty-five balesof clothing dispatched sale at the doors of hotels and gently explaining to tosomestudentrelief field and a few hundred guilders foreign visitors the case of the starving European from housewives with no clothes to spare. The student. Some bought, but few knew anything coming of these raiders had been announced by of European Student Relief, till past came a group circular, every citizen knew his last winter suit was of husky American boys, the University of California required of him and that he must stand and deliver. baseball team on tour in Japan. “ Sure—we know Raids like these produced Sw. Fr. 612,000 all about it: the Student Friendship Fund got ($108,000; £25,000) worth of Dutch clothing after us back homein Berkeley.” They bought a 4 45 REBUILDING EUROPE THE FRIENDLY HAND lot. The notion of this graceful raid was picked Scene: Auckland, New Zealand. up by these Japanese women students from the “A certain. liveliness” around the twenty-two Student Service Bulletin, where they read of the extinct volcanoes which adorn the city. Has one wild masked band of Maoris, Cowboys, Pierrettes of them broken out? No! but a “ work day ” has and Contadine from the London colleges who been proclaimed by the powers that guide the stormed Piccadilly and the Strand one evening and destinies of European Student Relief in New cleared the theatres and restaurants of £400 for the Zealand. Weeks of discussion, sneers, smiles Universities’ Relief Committee. notices everywhere, harassed committee-men and then—scrubbing, whitewashing a fowlhouse, frosty, starlit night in the Middle West ‘digging Scene: A out logs and stumps,-planting cabbages of America. and darning by students in dungarees and gym.-suits, of white-robed girls and gowned men football A crowd jerseys and aprons—a crowd of homes Christmascarols around a pine tree on the turned singing inside out and upside down. Dirty of Kansas University. Under the pine work, but All- Campus Black becomes the New Zealander! None of Friendship stands, as yet unlit. com- tree the Altar plained, all paid, some overpaid. tree is a blaze of candlelight, and a candle Result: over The £70 in Auckland, and £520 dispatched to Geneva too in thousands of windows in the little shines from the four university centres of the Dominion. "varsity city. ‘They are all Friendship Candles, tied with the Varsity colours, sold by the Kansas Univer- Scene : ‘The lounge, Suvretta House, St. sity students for the relief of European students. Moritz, the Chancellor‘of Switzerland, after dinner. An international The great moment comes when crowd. Girls gift thus raised, handing round leaflet setting the University receives the $1,500 forth the following appeal. and lights the Friendship Candles on the Altar : the crowd moves off to serenade the windows where Over the Hills—Not Far Away. burn. This imaginative the Friendship Candles Good snow; many degrees of frost ceremony has become the Christmas tradition at mean shines Kansas University; its beautiful symbolism For You For the Student across ocean as well as campus. The first gift At the the best of all Winter Sports In all University Centres in went largely to Hungary. On the walls of Centres: ; Central Europe : University hangs a picture painted for Kansas Blue skies ; snow just right for Grey skies; raw cold; univer- University by a Hungarian, in which the candle-lit skiing. sity without heat, light or the background of ‘ water. Christmas tree glowing against A hugeappetite and four on the bowed head square A huge appetite, and the day’s the United States map shines meals a day. work on one cup of cocoa and of a Magyarstudentin his cold, dark garret. a slice of bread. 46 47 a REBUILDING EUROPE

Too hot in winter sports kit in Shivering in his old uniform, no that blazing sun. socks, bad boots, no under- clothes, no overcoat. Work out ofsight, out of mind, Work sixteen hours, study plus manual labour. Home at dusk to roaring logs Fromice-cold classroom through and central heating, dinner, icy streets to ice-cold bed. dancing, andso to bed. That “ perfectly fit” feeling of That ‘“‘ down and out” feeling courage and cheer. that leads to despair and suicide, An Englishman representing the Universities Committee of the Imperial War Relief Fundrises andbriefly sets forth student relief as the key to the salvage of Europe. Guests, restive at first, become all ears. Results: £700 from French, Germans,

Russians, Dutch, Americans and British, plus a See p. 45. large gift of cotton cloth from an English manu- facturer and 1,000 cigars from a German, French and Germans are seen discussing the situation together. Most remarkable of all, M. Bon, the large-hearted proprietor, asks that it be done again anotheryear! Tue Gariery or Personat Grrts If you care for “ genre” pictures, here are some little gems from every nationalschool. If A refugee Armenian boy’s cherished stamp , m Nh collection sent in from Smyrna; Czech Kr. go MX Ue from two Czech women students, themselves recently helped by E.S.R., for some Armenian refugee students in Athens; Kr. 1,000 from Crown Prince Olaf of Norway, a freshman at the University of Kristiania (we beg pardon—Oslo); $3:00 from a negro charwoman in Toronto University, pressed 48 ; Loy rericaN Frrenpsuip Sup at Hampure. See p. 50. THE FRIENDLY HAND into the hand of a Federation secretary for “ those poor students in Europe”; an Irish girl’s gold bangle, her only piece of jewellery, dropped into the E.8.R. collecting plate; a diamond tiara, her weddinggift, sold by an English graduate to open the first relief mensa in Budapest; yet another tiara worth $6,000 (£1,300), the gift of a Hungarian Archduke ; an Indian girl in a mission boarding- school doing coolie-work for a whole term.t6 earn a rupee or so for student relief; a refund of the several weeks’ hotel bill presented to an E.S.R. worker as a parting gift by the German hotel proprietor, “because of your work for German students”; $Mex. 700 (£70) from the Chinese Minister of Transport; £22 from a South African boy at the Stellenbosch High School, who organised a football match with a small admission fee (the whole school, 250 boys, raised £200 in June 1923) ; a samovar, secured by a group of Russian refugee students in Prague, and raffled to send money to starving students in Russia; a collection made by students at a boxing match in Buenos Ayres; two Parsee students in London organising a Loan Art Exhibition on behalf of European Student Relief and spendingseveral vacationsvisiting relief centres or raising money: an appeal inserted by their father in a‘newspaper in Bombay, their homecity; and hundredsofotherfine examples.

Tue Gatrery or Stitt Lire Some people detest pictures of crockery and dead fish. The E.S.R. loves to look at dead fish, especially sardines donein oils, and has a magnificent 5 49 REBUILDING EUROPE THE FRIENDLY HAND collection of Still Life. We can assure you that Piles of warm winter clothing in the picturesque the ficld finds the following examples quite to lounge of the Shakespeare Hut, London. Hundreds moderntaste. of members of the Indian Student Club, before Cocoa, 213 tous, given by British manufacturers quitting London fogs for their own sunny strands, through the Universities Committee. Said an give their warm winter suits for European students. Austrian engineering student calmly to the author at The Universities’ Committee has learnt to reckon the cocoa breakfast in the Technical School, Vienna: on their generous help—they combine with the “This cup of cocoa and bread are so nourishing, Russian Student Union to organise Russian Concerts one can work on them till bed-time,” and hundreds on the Shakespearg Hutstage, for refugee-students. of other students literally did so. In the deepest Tue Scuoot or Memory Drawinc financial depression, Geneva could at least always reckon on English Cocoa Companies sending Some of the best European Student Relief pic- “another five tons of cocoa per Miss Iredale,” not tures are painted from memory. to speak of jam, bacon, bolts of cloth, tons and tons South Africa, with only 3,000 university students, of biscuits and over 2,000 tons of clothing. ‘The gave over Sw. Fr. 4o ($7°:00; £1 tos.) per head, Dutchfood pirate has a serious rival in Miss Iredale. despite a period of appalling economic depression, when the fruit crops failed. Much money came Crates, barrels and bales piled high on a Hamburg from schoolboys and girls. When the launching quay, the steamer Hansa in the background. ‘This of European Student Relief was decided on at is the American Student Friendship Ship, dispatched Beatenberg in 1920, it was not without opposition to Germany on Thanksgiving Day 1923, with 300 from hard-headed men: a block of the new countries, tons of flour, meat, fat and corned beef for the the U.S.A., Canada, Australiaand New Zealand, de- GermanStudent Wirtschaftshilfe. A smaller cargo murred, feared pauperisation, ‘‘ doubted the need.” followed later. It arrived on Christmas Eve, and South Africa was the exception. She aloneof these by New Year the contents were in sixty university happy new lands could turn the eye of memory to storerooms. ‘To celebrate the occasion the Hamburg schools and colleges, struggling through the priva- American line, which had given free transport, gave tions and difficulties of post-war reconstruction. a dinner in Berlin, where the President and Prime Marguerite Kriel, who roused South Africa on Minister were present, and Ex-Chancellor Cuno, behalf of European students, lost her college years in the name of the German people, thanked Conrad through the war of 1899-1901. The other new Hoffmann, as representing the American students, lands were open to conviction: they went, saw for for their self-sacrificing work on behalf of the themselves and did nobly, but South Africa, with Germanuniversities. the smallest number of students, began first, and 50 St REBUILDING EUROPE

amongst these new countries still holds a per capita record, Serbian students know thelot of refugees in France, Switzerland and Britain, where their nation was in exile, 1915-1919. Burnt in their memories are CHAPTER V mountain marches and concentration camps, danger, cold, starvation and disease, but memory also holds AN INTERNATIONAL AWAKENING for them the generous help of the French and British Governments with scholarships, Serbian Student Education through World Intercourse Student Hostels, Clubs and Restaurants opened for them by Student Movements, and a welcome Arrer an hour spent in ranging through the and manyfriendships in Western schools, universities crowded picture gallery of European Student Relief and homes. They do not forget: life in Yugo- what is your main impression? Close your eyes, Slavia is an uphill struggle even yet, but its forget the details and see what stands out. A great Government and universities have in their turn gift to the starving from the student world united, welcomed 2,000 Russian student refugees, and the but surely also a still greater thing received by students have raised Sw. Fr. 12,216 for them and those who gave. The reaction on the giving for student relief work in Irkutsk and Astrakhan. nations proves a thousand times over that it is But Serbian students can forget as well as remem- more blessed to give than receive. ber and can do a friendly turn to their ex-enemies. “ Whogives himself with his alms, feeds three : Recently a party of thirty Austrian students under- Himself, his hungering neighbour, and Me.” took a pilgrimage through the Balkans, to Constanti- The student giver has without question fed nople. Dr. Milan Nenaditch, the Serbian E.S.R. has received at least one gift of representative in himself and Belgrade, secured free visas for all inestimable value: a vast international education. of them and reduced railway fares through Yugo- on the educational meaning of the fact Slavia, and Serbian students Reflect and professors arranged that in the first year of European Student Relief, a special reception of welcome for the Austrian on its behalf were launched and carried delegation campaigns in Belgrade. The contacts made pro- in the universities of no less than twenty- duced a through movementofreciprocalfriendship,especially three different lands, each organised largely by for scientific work, and a monthlater a delegation and each involving education, pub- of undergraduates Serbian professors and students started for a visit licity and the raising of money andgifts in kind : to Vienna. that, already in the summer of 1920, university 52 53 REBUILDING EUROPE AN INTERNATIONAL AWAKENING men and womenfrom the endsof the earth, Ameri- and Yugo-Slavia, a kind of geography not a. can, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, South learned at school. Frontier questionsand appeals African, Indian and Japanese student leaders, visited from minorities mean speedy additions to the Central Europe, and formed links of understanding students’ knowledge of modernhistory. friendship with their fellow-students; and again, It is due to the student reliefappeal, and to that that in the same year nearly one hundred Euro- in certain countries the universities pean alone, that Student Relief representatives and voluntary have for the first time become conscious of the workers from at least twenty different nationalities solidarity of student life. Charles Hurrey a his Were sent into relief areas of Europe. There they secretary presented ,stu ent remained tours as a Federation for periods varying from three months to relief in Peru, CKile, the Argentine, Uruguay and four years, giving that living demonstration of Brazil, Cuba, Jamaica, Spain, andEgypt student friendship from other lands, which proved resultant gifts. South America has given < the with strongest factor of all in bringing about inter- all Sw. Fr. 59,515 ($10,442; £2,415). No one o national understanding. Small wonder that to-day those countries had ever before taken part in a the students in Buenos Aires, Argentina, know joint student enterprise with other nations. New more of Saratov, Brno and Zagreb than they did of Zealand, Australia, China and Jamaica, all declare Rio four years ago. Far New Zealand specialised that their fellowship in the studentrelief movement onrelief to most distant Tomsk and hasobtained at has meant far more to them than their gifts can least a glimpse of the Russian problem both in mean to needy lands. An Indian woman writes :— Siberia and amongst the refugees. Students in “The appeal is one that calls very strongly Java can tell you the racial divisions in the universi- to Indian students. It is an opportunity to ties of Latvia and Estonia. Negro students in South Africa can give you points on the university show a tangible expression of their sense of brotherhood. Young India must have a share situation in Prussia, The gifts of China, Japan and that we may India to Austria and Germany have put the Orient in the sufferings of the world, of the whole. Our on the map for the students of Central Europe. realise that we are a part Mastering the distinction between a low-valuta students must feel that, though we are so national development, we and a high-valuta country and thedetails of student taken up with our have international relationships too that bring . self-help organisations in Serbia or Estonia gives a rich training in economics. To make aneffective us privileges as well as responsibility. We do not know enough about other lands. relief appeal involves ability to distinguish without fail between the Baltics and the Balkans and to Much of this education is incidental, but from pronounce and spell with assurance, Czechoslovakia the beginning certain countries, notably the United 54 55 REBUILDING EUROPE AN INTERNATIONAL AWAKENING States, have seen in the appeal of European Student Relief Friendship from America to Europe has sent scores a heaven-sent means of international educa- of American students during their summer vacations tion. If the American undergraduate national is inter- through the universities of Central Europe. ee in outlook to-day—andheis so increasingly —he pilgrimages have generated so much knowledge an owes it largely to the education in fellowship world good-will on both sides of the Atlantic that the given him by the Student Friendship American Student Movement has been encouraged Fund. Conference after conference of students in to attempt the far more difficult Americantasks in America, while sending greetings through Student their the Pacific area, and to send pilgrimages to those Friendship Fundto the students of Europe, special countries with which America has causes of have madeit clear that they “ desire to strengthen friction. The pilgrimage to Japan and the ae the bonds of friendship and brotherhood students with grimage to Mexico havealready taken place, wit in Europe and to increase the spiritual solidarity benefit to strained relations. of students everywhere.” To quote other American groups :— The studentsin the giving countries have received “We not only an international education, but also an recommend to the Student Friendship experience of the richness of international ed Fund that it parallel propaganda and educa- an experience not merely intellectual but spiritual. tion for securing funds with an equally vigorous If the E.S.R. has saved a hundred thousand students attempt to enlist students in an earnest search from hunger, it has saved a hundred thousand more for the causes of this protracted emergency; from nationalselfishness and international ignorance the aimbeing to develop an enlightened opinion and prejudice. An American student writes to as to constructive measures for the fundamental Conrad Hoffmann after one of the pilgrimages :— reconstruction of European society, “We recommend that the Council of Chris- “T can’t even now state what it has all tian Associations, through its World Education meant to me. I wish there were some way to Committee, produce a new type of permanent let our American students, with all their education work so that the assumingoffinancial enthusiasm and fine ability and resource, have obligation a look into the heart of the people of Europe, may be the natural result of deep concernfor international causes.” such as we had. It would makeall the differ- ence in the attitude of the next generation Theinternational educationof students in America towards world affairs. Regardless of thechance las not been mere theory. Students have been I had of seeing Europe for the first time, to turned into the laboratory to experiment for them- see you fellows and the spirit in which you selves. In three successive years, a Pilgrimage of serve was worth the trip. It was the greatest 56 57 REBUILDING EUROPE AN INTERNATIONAL AWAKENING experience of my life. Oh, how I envy you the E.S.R. motto ‘Ut omnes unum sint,’! is the opportunity! One man’s life in Europe occupying me profoundly.” now, if rightly directed, counts for ten. We shall pull hard here in America to make our Holland, Switzerland, Sweden and Finland in own investment in Europe.” like manner contributed to their own international education through hundreds of such summer Quite as fruitful in international good-will and visitors. understanding as the pilgrimages have been invita- But the educative effect of student friendship tions to invalid students to pass the summervacation effort has gone far beyond the limits of the Uni- abroad. Denmark has led in this direction. Be- versity Campus. Students have led out their own tween 1921 and 1923, 418 invalid students from nationsinto the relief enterprise, and more than one eight different countries were received in Denmark big national effort is the result. Remote in the and entertained in Danish student homes. The South Pacific, the citizens of Australia were vastly main difficulty of the scheme turned out to be that sceptical concerning Europe’s needs. So were her the families that received the students for the first students, till some of them went and saw for them- half of their visit refused to let them go to those selves. General appeals for starving millions and who had invited them for the second half. Danish appeals for studentrelief alike fell on deafears,till homes gladly. welcomed German students as their the Geneva Office of European Student Relief com- guests. Bear in mind that the old enmity between mandeered a student and his wife just returning Germany and Denmark, aroused again last year to Australia from study in , and induced through the plebiscite in Schleswig, is still alive them to include Central Europe on their homeward and you will realise what this means. One German journey. Arrived in Australia, the Wisewoulds girl wrote :— saw a bigger thing to do than money-raising for European Student Relief only. Backed by the ““T enjoy these weeks here deeply and grate- Student Movement, and in co-operation with a fully. I enjoy them like a summerfairy tale relief worker of the Society of Friends, they deter- and am drawing from them so much strength mined to rouse the whole Commonwealth for and sunshine that I can scarcely endure this relief. The Australian Commonwealth Fund for sun too long. We seven German students were depressed in body and mind, but our stay 1 Ut Omnes Unum Sint—That They May All Be One—was early adopted as the motto of European Student Relief. The in ‘Denmark is like a wonderful refreshing evice of the scroll with the motto inscribed thereon, uniting the fountain, like a single radiant summer day. two hemispheres of the globe was designed by a Czech woman This personal experience, the realisation of student. 58 §9 REBUILDING EUROPE AN INTERNATIONAL AWAKENING Stricken Europe was the result. It was inaugurated Fund. The universities’ by the Imperial War Relief wife of the Governor-General in the most public in the strategic cosmopolitan appeal so educated the British meeting ever held in Melbourne of work for students that the Imperial ‘Yown Hall. Roman importance Catholics, Jews and Protes- War Relief Fund gave large grants to student tants united, the Employers’ Federation and the relief. National education has been a very distinct ‘Trades’ Hall Council stood together in the appeal. student relief appeal, and we cantrace ‘The Fund co-ordinated result of the all effort for the variousrelief out an interesting development of relief motive in societies, and in eighteen months produced no less people. In 1920-21 the Universities than £250,000 for the the British Imperial War Relief Fund, Committee } raised, nearly £32,465 in money and the Save the Children, Red Cross, Friends and other money waseasy and starving relief societies, kind; but in that year This co-operative effort has linked made a special appeal. Next year, after together the most Austria diverse elements in a whole the boom of 1920, a period of depression set in continent for a piece of humane international throughout the business world. “ We are con- service. No separate appeal was made for student fronted,” said Lloyd George in October 1921, relief, but incidentally Geneva received from the Britain “with the worst period of unemployment Australian Fund money and gifts in kind to the seen for probably a hundred years.” Never- amount of Sw. has Fr. 88,117 ($15,500; £3,600), includ- Universities Committee was able to ing thirty tons of beef theless the and fifty-two tons of flour raise £34,683, mostly for famine-stricken students for students in Russia. in Russia. ‘The business depression and unemploy- In Holland, the student relief enterprise united continued, yet in 1922-23 there was raised the whole student ment body. On the National Com- £29,223, this time almost exclusively for Germany, mittee for Student Relief all sections of the student in 1923-24, £22,208 for Germany and for world and again were represented, the old student corps as refugees. sh well as the younger organisations, the Roman Britain’s ex- Catholics This continued giving towards as well as the Jews, the Student Christian enemies was due partly to a belief that unemploy- Movement as well as the confessional and liberal ment and distress at home depended on economic organisations—a remarkable victory, so they say, conditions in Central Europe, but also to a grow- over the separatist tendencies of the Dutch ing sense of international solidarity. To this the character. universities’ appeal has undoubtedly contributed. In Great Britain also, the appeal to students was In 1922, Mr. C. P. Blacker, a young Oxford graduate, made in combination with a nation-wide effort. led a pilgrimage of British students through Central Money wasraised for European Student Relief for for three years by the Universities’ Committee of 1 Of these various sums, by far the larger part wasallocated the distribution by European Student Relief. 60 61 REBUILDING EUROPE Europe. ‘The result was a remarkably able pamph- let from his pen, “ Central European Universities after the War,” which so impressed a leadin London banker with the soundness of its peironde information and suggestions that he presented a CHAPTER VI copy of it to every member of the House of Com- mons and the House of Lords. An appeal in the _ THE POWER-HOUSE Manchester Guardian brought in £5,000 for German students and professors. Special appeals to gradu- How the Work was Done nt aces, to literary men, to doctors, and through Anglican and Free Church pulpits, spread inter- In a war-stricken and divided world, it requires national education through wide circles of the a mighty cause to bring the leaders of the nations people and lifted them out ofselfish considerations to agreement on any given point. Student relief into a new sense of common humanity with all has proved big enough to do it: it appeals to great nations. human instincts and therefore to great men and ‘The stone dropped into the world’s ocean at women. Studythelist of those who have appealed Vienna in 1920 has sent ripples to its farthest shore. for it by word and pen, those who have worked on its behalf, those who have sung and played forit. You find there statesmen—{of what varied parties and interests !)—Masaryk and Benes; Rathenau, Ebert and Michaelis; Horthy and the Archduke Joseph; Herriot (the French ex-Premier studied E.S.R. work while in Russia, and backed our appeal in Lyons during his mayoralty); Woodrow Wilson, Harding, Hughes and Hoover (the whole range of American statesmanship); Chengting Wang, Dr. Inazo Nitobe and General Smuts; financiers— Hugo Stinnes, Frank Vanderlip, Warburgs, Barings and Barclays; in the arts—Chaliapin, John Gals- worthy, Clausen, Rothenstein, Augustus John, A. C. Benson, Albert Sammons and Pavlova; in the combined realms of statesmanship and social reform— Lord Bryce, Lord Cecil, Dr. Nansen and Jane 62 63

i i REBUILDING EUROPE THE POWER-HOUSE Addams; in the religious world—Deissmann and have been associated with him in the Geneva Anton Lang, Archbishop Sdderblom of Uppsala, Office a truly international force: Swiss, Russian, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sherwood Eddy, German, English, Scotch, American, Dutch and David Cairns, William ‘Temple, Dean Inge and Danish workers have all lent a hand. Dr. Garvie. The tale of the men of learning and A strong Field Representative was next secured science andthe leaders of the League of Nations who for each relief area. Policy as regards foreign workers believe in the European Student Relief belongs was guided by the principle “‘ In every field we shall elsewhere. try to work in accordance with the national spirit What is it which has won the confidence of these and as far as possjble to make use of indigenous leaders of the modern world? Chiefly, we think, workers and agencies.” In remorseless pursuit of the character and methods of the men and women this ideal, Field Representatives and their foreign through whom the Student Friendly Hand has helpers were withdrawn as soon as ever respon- operated both at Headquarters and in the fields. sibility could be undertaken by some indigenous Geneva is the power-house of studentrelief. Some student body. By autumn 1924 Russia alone think organisation dull: but the Geneva plant retained foreign representatives. Every other field both uses and generates man-power, and even to had become autonomous in administration, and those whose boy passion for seeing wheels go round Conrad Hoffmann and Donald Grant are now is dead, this chapter will speak in termsoflife. supervising the whole work from Geneva. The Headquarters opened Autumn 1920, with The men and women at the helm of European Conrad Hoffmann as Executive General Secretary, Student Relief have had hard problems to solve. Lewis Dunn as his Associate; and Louis Hess, the Let us study a few of these. Swiss, as Finance Comptroller. The two first had wide experience in relief administration through Problem I, Financial four years of service in the American Y.M.C.A. work for prisoners of war. Conrad Hoffmann _ This problem is set to the Geneva staff each brought from the prison camps to studentrelief a Septemberin their annual mathematics examination. unique experience, for he was the only American Given. (a) The opening of universities in the citizen allowed to remain at large in Germany and relieved areas in September; to carry on his work after the United States entered (b) A giving constituency in univer- the war. From March 1917 to the Armistice, he sities at the ends of the earth directed a lonely work of friendly service there which cannot start campaigns which has given him invaluable links in a score of before October, and which produce lands. In the course of four years’ work, there moneyat earliest in December; 64 F 65 REBUILDING EUROPE THE POWER-HOUSE (c) An empty treasury at Geneva and Geneva’s motto (we do not commend it) was orders from the Federation never “No money, no holidays” ; the summer vacations to contract debts. usually saw them launch some money-raising scheme Question. How deal with nineteen fields to save an autumn bankruptcy. In summer 1922, clamouring to open student feed- they put through an exhibit at Oberammergau. ing, and with the Field Repre- Anton Lang appealed on behalf of the E.S.R., sentative, who demonstratesclearly and hundreds of people, touched by the vision of that he can save you sixty per the World’s Greatest Love, saw something of that cent. if you will only let him Love’s reflection {jn student relief and. ‘helped. have money at once to buy food That same summer whenthecolleges. were closed, and fuel before prices go up? came Harold Gibson’s $.0.S. cable from Moscow :—

“Starving or not starving postpone opening till “ Hundreds of students without boots and the money comes in.” No such obvious solution ! clothes—winter approaching, collect and dis- Usually we opened promptly on something like the patch immediately every possible garment and scale intended. Shall we let Chancellors of the inch of material—desperately urgent.” Exchequersinto our secrets? International finance operates in a round world; the Southern Hemi- The London office kept open, and on the most sphere puts on campaigns when the North is in hopelessly holiday week in the year rushed an vacation. Geneva sends cables of appeal to the appeal into scores of newspapers and hundreds of January Student Summer Conferences in Australia pulpits in England, Scotland and Wales : it brought and NewZealand, with excellent results during their in fifty tons of clothing, which were off to Russia winter season, June to August. Another secret-— early in September. universities have an innocent way of holding up Geneva never contracted money debts, but their contributions till “‘ we can send in something despite all their ingenuity and self-sacrifice they really worth while”: hence large sums frequently could not escape heart-breaking tasks. After the come in too late for the current academic year. first six months of work, seeing that half the year Like the Snark, who got up so late that had gone, and that of the Sw. Fr. 5,700,000 “ He would frequently breakfast at afternoon tea, ($1,000,000; £220,000) budgeted, not more than Anddine on the following day,” a fifth had come in, it was Geneva’s grim duty to tell the Field Representatives that there must students in the relieved lands often consume spring be a four-fifths cut in their allocations all round. contributions the following autumn. Six months later Geneva faced another crisis. 66 67 REBUILDING EUROPE THE POWER-HOUSE Russia opened suddenly and Geneva presented an persuade the lands which had been feeding Austrian ultimatum to the contributing student world :— students for a year past and had appealed and “The Russian universities are open with planned accordingly, to transfer their gifts to other 150,000 students. Every student is half areas. Add to such difficulties, the ever-shifting starved. We could begin work to-morrow but cyclones and anti-cyclones in European weather, and for one thing—we have not the money. ask yourself what you would do when Veneguay, £60,000 is needed for Russia alone. Russia having carefully budgeted and appealed for the cannot be relieved at the expense of those to starving Bessageorgian refugee students in Marzig, whom we are already pledged.” displayed distinct. annoyance on discovering later that her beneficiaries had disappeared to someless Britain and America responded in a gallant expensive land. effort. Within two months, student relief repre- Talking of exchange, all honour to our Comp- sentatives had entered Russia, but those two months troller, who operated in twenty-seven currencies were for Geneva a time of grinding anxiety lest the and kept his head and our books, while dollars shot student world shouldlet slip the day of opportunity. to astronomic heights, and marks to the depths of the pit, when valutas swayed up and downlike the Problem II waves of the sea, and delay of an hour in despatch Given. "The natural desire of each country to of money to the fields might mean large sums earmark for the most recent or most lost or gained. Finance experts have paid tribute picturesque appeal and the universal to Geneva’s administration: “This work is the distaste for the drab necessities of most promising in its results of any undertaking in overhead. human welfare . . . the intelligence of the work Question. How finance unpopular but deserving which is being done is almost beyond challenge,” causes ? is the verdict of Frank Vanderlip, the well-known American banker and author of What Next in “No man can serve two masters,” but Geneva Europe? after examining our work minutely, both had to serve forty-two, and combine efficiency of in Geneva and thefield. The actual overhead cost administration with their demands that their free- of the E.S.R. 1920-24. was between seven and eight . dom and even their fancies should be respected. per cent., astonishingly low, considering that relief When the American Relief Administration in 1921

EE was administered in nineteen different countries, madeits generous and life-saving offer to undertake

NIE and always with a purpose in the matter of staff all student feeding in Austria, Hungary, Poland “not to lose sight of the importance of developing and the Baltics, it was Geneva’s delicate task to human personal contacts.”

aSpRR 68 69 EEE RAT REBUILDING EUROPE THE POWER-HOUSE the fault lies with the non-Anglo-Saxon countries, Problem III. Publicity and Liaison Work which,in spite of repeated appeals, would oz produce With this the writer wrestled personally till representatives of their own. Do you see in the December 1922, when it was taken over by Robert daily papers that the leaders of the American Relief Best, holder of a Journalist Fellowship from the Administration and of the All British Russian Columbia University, who generously put his Famine Relief have declared that famine in services at the disposal of Geneva. Between us, Russia is over? At once circulate authoritative we produced forty-two pamphlets and nineteen evidence to show that the need amongst Russian numbers of the Student Service Bulletin. students is unfortunately by no means at -an end. The task was no easy one. How appeal at once Other problem§of efficient liaison work are those to the countries which respond best to a showerof of staff. How keep in effective touch with forty- snappy leaflets, and those which prefer a single two countries at once? With only one secretary exhaustive treatise? We urged each country to free to travel, how can he deal with a crisis in Con- produce its own publicity and supplied them with stantinople on February 4, and address a mass material to make up in national taste. How appeal meeting of students in Trondhjem on February 5? at one and the same time to the man who fears How get the year’s work in Europe opened up you are bolstering up Bolshevism in Russia, and the promptly andefficiently in September when America man who is convinced you are supporting reaction declares that the fate of her fall campaign depends in Hungary ; to those who refuse to help ex-enemies on her keeping Conrad Hoffmann in the universities and those who will not help anyone else; to the there till December? woman whogives only to feed the starving, and the educational enthusiast, who “likes to give bright Problem IV. Co-operation boys a chance to go to college”; to people whose Co-operation was a cardinal principle in Geneva’s whole motive is religious and to those who see charter. “We hope to co-operate with existing religious propaganda behind each pair of socks? agencies both in raising money and in administration Whataneagle look-out must be kept for innumer- on the field and to avord overlapping. Our aimis, by able possibilities of misunderstanding! Do you careful correlation of effort, to secure the maximum receive daily complaints that all the officers and relief for the maximum number of students.” ; Field Representatives are members of the ever- With certain bodies, co-operation has presented aggressive and interpenetrating Anglo-Saxon race? few problems and many joys. ‘The Friends co- Then publish frequent evidence of the international operated with the Federation in starting the work make-up of the staff, and find means to convey in Austria and began the student feeding in Ger- without offence that, in so far as the chargeis true, many, handing it over to European Student Relief

7° 71 REBUILDING EUROPE THE POWER-HOUSE when it was ready to take it on. Co-operation with to happy relations with both, and in the case of the American Relief Administration, both in Central the Confederation to definite schemes of co- Europe and Russia, has brought immense gain, operation. It was the Confederation which in through their marvellously efficient system of pursuance of a scheme of co-operation with distribution and transport and their long-experienced European Student Relief originally sent into Russia workers. The Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A.have helped Dr. Hermod Lannung of Denmark, one of the withthe loan of workers and otherfacilities all along strongest representatives who ever operated under the line. Red Cross societies of many nations, the E.S.R. ‘The Confederation has been represented have given stores of clothing and blankets; the in Geneva at different times by J. J. Schokking Save the Children Fund has provided storage room of Holland, Eric Carstens of Denmark, and is at and other help. Such co-operationlies in the very present represented by M. Habicht of Switzerland. nature of these societies and their ideals. More remarkable is the list of societies with a Geneva’s story is a great one: but possibly the distinctly denominational or national character Field Representatives performed yet more difficult which have entrusted to us, without conditions, tasks. ‘They. were flung into unfamiliar countries, large sums of money for administration: the Joint and always into disordered and complicatedsitu- Distribution Board (the American Jewish Relief ations, Sloughs of Despond, Cretan Labyrinths: organisation) and various other American foun- nothing was simple but their orders from Head- dations, the Pan Baptist Union, the Imperial War quarters: get to work, and at once produce a Relief Fund of Great Britain and the Australian complete student relief organisation in working Commonwealth Fund. order on approved E.S.R. principles. Some few, Student international organisations have pro- assigned to the larger fields—Olaf Pedersen in vided the most delicate problems in co-operation Poland, or Margaret Quayle in Czechoslovakia— with which Geneva has had to deal, notably the were fortunate enough to have no other task: in Conféderation Internationale des Etudiants and “smaller fields, the burden was shouldered by heroes Pax Romana, the Roman Catholic student inter- already doing a full man’s job or several women’s— nationale. These societies, though founded only American Y.M. and Y.W.C.A. secretaries, like since the war and younger by a quarterofa century Ruth Rule in Riga and Huntley Dupré in Prague , than the World’s Student Christian Federation, and many others, College Professors like Ralph have rightly felt impelled to take a share in student Harlow in Smyrna, Student Movement Secretaries relief, even before they had overcometheir initial like Alexander Nikitin in Bulgaria or Suzanne de problems oforganisation, Exchange of plans and Dietrich in France. What do we not owe to such delegates at conferences and committees have led men and women andtheinstitutions that gave us 72 i REBUILDING EUROPE THE POWER-HOUSE freely of their time and strength? Their work is the result of the Karl Putsch, the Czechs and in every sense priceless, Serbians were mobilised on the Hungarian frontiers, What was a Field Representative’s job? What and the Hungarian authorities were in the last wasit not? ‘They acquired strange tongues, made mood to give facilities to Slav students desirous of bricks without straw, cups out of milk tins and first- crossing their territory. But the E.S.R. magicians class local administrators out of boys who did not waved their wands; the Hungarian consuls visaed know a cheque from an invoice. They cut down the Russian passports, the Hungarian Government trees, ran Loan-Banks, lectured on the literature provided railway cars, albeit the cars containing of their native land, organised training conferences, their explosive cargo of Russians were closed and promoted concert tours, set up printing presses, sealed, and made the transit under police éscort: “wandered” with the Wandervégel, and played No Man’s Land on either frontier was crossed the réle of Thomas Cook. They were, of course, under the white flag: at last the Russians were safe interpreters and couriers to Student Pilgrimages in Prague, having suffered nothing worse than three and to hundreds ofcasual visitors. ‘They bought weeks delay at Belgrade, and a shortage of bread railway andoperatickets, made out tourschedules, and water on their caged journey across Hungary. met trains, and took visitors out to meals. An Field Representatives sent reports to Geneva, exhausting and time-consuming business, but all put up posters in mensas explaining the inter- those visitors saw something of E.S.R. work, and national character of the student gifts, kept in round the corner lay great rewards. An American touch with contributing countries, and saw to it millionaire in hopeless difficulties with the Customs that the students in Brestovi¢ or Vilnograd did not on the border of Yugo-Slavia was rescued by one of thank the School of Tropical Agriculture in Kam- our workers, and conducted across Hungary. Belief schatka for the gifts of the Naval Academy of in European Student Relief efficiency became a Timbuctoo, They had to be statesmen and diplo- foundation article in that American’s creed and mats and Christians. ‘They operated in Monarchies, very practically he showed it. Republics, Plebiscite Areas, Occupied Areas and His rescue was but a minorincident in that great Free Cities. ‘They dealt with governments, some E.S.R. Odyssey, when in October 1921 the Field Red and some White, but nearly always blue and Representatives in ‘Turkey, Hungary and Czecho- very often green. From all alike, they obtained slovakia combined to help in the transport of 1500 free transport and importation of goods, free pass- Russian refugee students from Constantinople to ports and visas, and often barracks, kitchens, cooking Prague across Hungary. ‘The Russian students were utensils, crockery and a hundred other aids to on their way from Constantinople just at the time the reduction of overhead. They held their own that ex-king Karl left Switzerland for Hungary. As with Excellencies, Magnificences, Presidents of 74 75 REBUILDING EUROPE THE POWER-HOUSE Republics, Banks, Railway and Steamship systems tary workers, who came from three months to a and Chambers of Commerce, Ambassadors, Heads year, often entirely at their own charges and never of Military and Reparations Missions, as well as as salaried workers. Eighteen different nation- with those still more august personages, the under- alities contributed 127 of these workers: such an graduate presidents of National Student Unions. international staff proved a primefactor in breaking Of course they had their faults; a very usual down internal racial, religious and social difficulties. and lovable weakness amongst them was their pas- Poland had at one time a Danish Field Representa- sionate attachment to the land of their adoption tive, with Canadian, American, French, Swedish and belief in the superiority of its students in and English helpers: there were successions of intellect and independence. This was all to the Rhodes Scholars from Oxford, American, Austra- good in the country concerned, but fostered the Jasian and Canadian: in Warsaw, a French woman persistent illusion of each nation that “ other lands doctor from Paris and a Swedish woman polyglot hold out their hands for charity and cry aloud: ‘from Uppsala: in Berlin, the Japanese, who we weep in silence’; a familiar formula, respon- specialised on raising money from Japanesetourists: sible for murderous impulses on the part of students American, British and South African womenspecial- proud of their self-help activities in the lands thus ists on women’s problems who did so much to win traduced and for little short of civil war between the confidence and co-operation of Polish, Austrian Field Representatives, and German women students: in Hungary, the But there’s another side! Our Canadian repre- Australian anthropologist and the woman History sentative in Poland, Captain Chambers, British Research scholar from Dublin: in Vienna, the Army officer, Polish linguist and strong pro-Pole, fiery artist with that unartist-like aptitude for when speaking in Canadian and American Uni- business (be was Scotch) and the German, Dutch, versities, valiantly defended the appeal for student Scotch and English girls, who backed up Donald feeding in Germany, sometimes in the face of Grant in Austria. considerable opposition: Dr. Reinhold Schairer, Never did work bring such quick returns. All the German head of the Wirtschaftshilfe, at the these have their reward in the love and personal very height of Germany’s most desperate economic friendship of hundreds of students: they want no crisis, time and again raised his voice at Committees other, and will tell you it is far more than they to plead for the continuance of student relief in deserve. Yet the E.S.R. is glad, on their behalf Russia. and its own, of certain public honours which have fallen to their lot—the university honours given No Field Representative carried these loads them by ancient seats of learning: Donald Grant, alone: there early developed a system of volun- for instance, is an Honorary Member of the Uni- 76 77 REBUILDING EUROPE THE POWER-HOUSE versity of Graz, the University of Innsbruck and ancient history of the Magyars, but History knows the Commercial High School in Vienna, while the not his name. Hesits with bent head, his deep University of Vienna has conferred on him its monkish hood concealing his features. Anonymus Gold Medal, a very rare distinction, But more is a fitting picture of these unknown men and significant of their real work than any public testi- women who to-day in their own flesh and blood monials, are the beautiful illuminated addresses of are writing the student chapter in post-war recon- thanks, which are the proudest possession of homes struction. ‘To ‘all such, with love and honour, this at the ends of the earth, and the files at Geneva, book.is dedicated. crammed with letters from various fields begging that their Field Representative may be allowed to remain with them “ just a little longer.”

All those fellow-workers, Field Representatives, Geneva Secretaries and helpers have laid stones in the building of European Student Relief, and their names are written on her memorial tablets. But with them toiled ten thousand workmen, whose names are found on no roll of honour: the men and women of every country, who stood by the E.S.R. from the first, students and professors, whose self-sacrificing work alone madepossible the national accomplishments we have yet to tell—the boys who washed and waited,the girls who sewed and repaired, the women students who rose at 3 a.m. daily to sweep out the relief rooms; the students, who dealt out clothes, kept accounts and records, served on committees, and did every other unappetising job. Again and again, though almost starving themselves and giving many hours weekly to relief, these students would refuse any help for themselves. In the beautiful City Park in Budapest you will find a statue ofa monk. It is Anonymus, “ notary to the most glorious King Bela”; he wrote the 78 79

CHAPTER VII CONSTRUCTION The Saving of a Young State

“ Are there not too many students?” “ Is not European Student Relief creating an intellectual proletariat?’ Familiar echoes from every meeting ever held on behalf of student relief. Healthy criticism is good, but be it known that “too few Srupent Barracks 1n Warsaw, provipep sy Evrovean Srupent students,” not “ too many,” was theoriginal danger Seep. $5. Revie. in certain lands where student relief has done the soundest constructive service. Such lands were the new states, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czecho- slovakia and Poland. In all these, the first necessity for the reconstruction of national life was a large increase of educated leadership. Poland affords a striking example. Before the war there was a strong Polish nation- ality, but no Polish State. Germany, Austria and Russia each held a part of the former Poland. Suddenly there appeared on the map, the new Poland, a country of close on 150,000 square miles and over 27,000,000 inhabitants, a people reunited in a day after 150 years of separation. Our first post-war visit to Poland, March 1920, left us with an overwhelming impression of the wonder of resurrected Poland. After eighteen months of reunited national life the Poles were seemingly as 80

Caré wuere Seventy Ukrainian Srupenrs Were QuaRTERED aT See pp. 13475. Pracue. CONSTRUCTION one as if the three divisions had never been. One symbol of Polish unity we saw hourly as we motored over the far-flung battlefields. During Poles the war, had perforce fought in three armies, In the war cemeteries, the Russians and Germans are buried apart, but the Poles out of every army are buried together. Unity and patriotism are great assets to a people, but to build a modern state, other factors are needed. Consider a few of the New Poland’s problems. Poland was a devastated country. The battling German, Austrian and Russian armies had swayed backwards and forwards ‘bringing over her, havoc and destitution. Destruction in the devastated area of France was worse, of course, but was not co-extensive with the country, as was it in Poland. Disease followed the armies, cholera and typhus epidemics swept large areas. Every State Department must be built up from the beginning—Education, Justice, Army, ‘Trans- ort and Communications, Health, Foreign Affairs, Witanceaeyesian Officials had been Russians and Germans and Austrians, and Poland started without trained administrators. She had inherited three currencies, all variously depreciated and depreciating: even since she unified her the system, Polish currency has had a wild career, and has plunged to the depths with the successive descents of the German mark. Race, minority and frontier questions have agi- tated her continuously and her troubles with German, Ukrainian and Russian racial minorities were com- plicated by the fact that she was a Roman Catholic G 81 REBUILDING EUROPE CONSTRUCTION and Greek leadeet dealing with large Greek Catholic ao wheels of nationallife and kee power, considerable ae populations and a quite ois ce urgent need of doctors. Orthodox putsall Dy group. But the Jewish question ana a, where typhus wasraging, there Protestant world’s was ° in the shade. Over one-third of the eae aut Aes 150,000 of the population others and a found in the New Poland, and four aryaa ob nurses and teachers of Jews are Pole hygiene— of her population is Jewish. The Cees = : re to be hunted with half millions politically care and regards the Jew as an insidious enemyboth its basis, the roads, Pathe and economically, and, whatever dg at| dese =erteemines—eei a national ee existence of this opinion constitutes students to train for a walk the streets. ae , danger. You may see it as you +8 cultural students to exploré the rich Christian shop. after shop is labelled, “A oil and get her refugees back on the ina Shop , sociologiSociologists Only Christians admitted.” and economists.i Above all she needed left undefined or plebiscite areas teachers. Before the war, 80 pe Versailles Lithuan- Poland and her German, Czech, esonatte In 1919, he limeclean YMCA between dispute mat and Ukrainian neighbours, each frontier an in the Polish army ; when peace was ian intense racial ae giving rise to economic trouble and : a Ao there was scarcely a soldier who brought ae bitterness on both sides. The Armistice i - They would studyin the front-line she was con- ae 2 no cessation of fighting to Poland, inert, when the snow was two Soviet Russia until ae tinuously involved in war with n the ground. Such a people deserves a reached Kiev, a no 1920; early in 1920, Polish armies school system, but it was all to late were within nine Speer and in August, Bolshevist armies in pre-war times, except in Austriar of the Treaty of et Dent miles of Warsaw. ‘The signing pee inPolish was not permitted : difficulties—how Raed Riga brought a fresh succession of an, a Polish educational system was no and deal with ae a reabsorb the demobilised armies, cera University in Warsaw was to to pour in. In a ip bor the hordes of refugees that began otted by the Poles. Polish students in the backwash . eae autumn, 1921, Poland was receiving would attend the universities in 1915—nearly oe of the German invasion of Russia emberg (Lwow), but otherwise and only now foe 2,000,000 Poles driven into Russia, abroad, preferably in French-speakin destitution, a to return. ‘They were jn utter et suffered in the war, the Wacsate allowed in 1,000,000 = ee : while on top of them came crowding was removed by the Russians in 191 Russian refugees fleeing from famine. ae a ow remained untouched. By 1920, ae desperate was in the clearly the key to the situation ate nee had opened Universities a d Very educated g universities : Poland must have enough chools in Warsaw, Poznan (Posen) a 82 83 REBUILDING EUROPE CONSTRUCTION

oe an Agricultural School in Bromberg Twelve hundred demobilised students Vilno, and houseless—sleeping in railway stations and while a private Catholic University had been started streets. ‘They have no underwear, few clothes, at Lublin. There are now 36,000 students in these a quarter are women. He oom Imperative help be sent immedi- institutions, of whom over ately, Polish students have always been a strong national de leurs asset. They have, of course, les défauts Few clothes is less than the bare truth. One da Chauvin- qualités: their patriotism is apt to run to came an §.O.5. from a group of demobilised students, accustomed ism. For ten decades they have been whose uniforms had been taken from them, and who it hard to be in any revolution going, and have found ie pee waked in their tents till help came ! this generation to grasp that the patriotic duty of relief worker’s diary in 1921” contaiontain: is eschew party agitation, leave of students is to extract :— Z os politics to their elders, and settle down to their studies. But it must never be forgotten that it was o Terribly cold. Bought a lot of sweaters they who, throughout the period of dismemberment, cheap. Enjoyed giving sweaters to fifteen men kept alive the nationalspirit. From the eighteenth without overcoats. Some had only a cotton century onwards successive generations of students, shirt under a thin army blouse. 'T., a medical and maintained secret societies with high national keeps himself weaving baskets at Mk. 30 per ethical aims: students, especially women students, diem (10 c.: 5d.). Onepairof trousers, boots taught the peasants the history and poetry of their in holes and soles quite through. Offered to land. Polish women-students are fervent patriots. have them mended, if he came and borrowed a In Not a few fought in the Women’s Legion. pair of mine, but he hasn’t turned up.” (A no Krakow, they petitioned after the war that week later.) “ Cameacross 'T., and took him woman should be allowed to enter the university to my digs for a sweater. Got those boots off who had not done some form of war service. agenesis himat last. As I suspected, he would not come Bystarting these new universities and supporting because he has no socks, and has had none these the ancient foundations, the Polish Government three freezing months.” its belief in students as the saviours of the showed As for housing, Conrad Hoffmann, with all his country, but the case of these saviours was hard. till experience in prison camps during the war, stated’ Demobilisation did not take place in Poland It precipitated a deliberately: “In none of them did I see housing two years after the Armistice. : Student Relief summons to conditions worse than in some student hostels in crisis; the European Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.” Of Poland. was a cable received in Geneva, enter Poland a worker declared that in other lands the students’ December 1920, from Warsaw :— 84 85

= REBUILDING EUROPE CONSTRUCTION ambition was to get out of barracks into hostels, Russia, no teaching in Polish had been permitted : in Poland, to get out of the streets into barracks. in consequence, almost no scientific literature existed For women, the sordid misery and danger of their in the Polish language and text-books of all kinds homeless condition was appalling. Women students had to be secured from abroad in foreign languages. were sleeping in the railway waiting-rooms amongst Clearly the European Student Relief task involved, rows of demobilised soldiers on the floor: if a first of all, emergencyrelief to save the builders of friendly soul intervened to offer them a bed, it was Poland, then, the fostering of sound constructive often a prostitute. What wonder that some of schemes of self-help, which shouldas soon as possible these women committed suicide. Here is a story, make these builders independent of foreign aid. labelled Not a case of exceptional need :-— The E.S.R. was fortunate from the beginning inits workers and in the wonderful co-operation secured at “ X. is a medical student. She gets up from various societies. ‘The first two Field Repre- 2 o'clock. Then 6 o'clock; lectures 6.30 to sentatives, both Canadians, W. J. Rose and Captain one hour’s break, when, if very quick, she can Chambers of the Y.M.C.A., are lovers of Poland Work get to the students’ kitchen. Practical and speak fluent Polish—not hard for them to from 3 to 8. At 8, if she has money, she sups establish contacts. ‘The British Friends had already the at the students’ kitchen. She sleeps on aided students by helping to equip student hostels sofa in the dining-room of a family, andcannot the and kitchens, and from them cameto the E.S.R.its go to bed until they have finished with medical officer, Dr. Haigh, afterwards League of does night room. ‘To earn boardandfees, she Nations Medical Representative in Russia. ‘The nursing in a hospital every other night, when The American Y.M.C.A. lent workers, their finance she gets two eggs, $ lb. of bread and tea. comptroller’s help, and many other facilities ; hours night when not nursing, she sleeps a few while, throughtheir foyers and sports, they provided in some friend’s room until the dining-room and the non-relief social element, which did so much to is free. Her study must be done at night complete the healing work of primary relief. From she has nowhere to doit.” April 1921 for a year, the American Relief Adminis- Even for the clothed and sheltered, study was no tration took over the supplyingof food to the student easy matter. In Krakow, the students in the mensas. Technical College were without a pair of com- European Student Relief itself, betweea January ' passes, while, in Warsaw, there was one microscope 1g21 and June 1922, expended $80,000 (£17,000) to 1,673 medical students, practically no text-books in Poland; this meant amongst other things that or histology and pathology slides, and a great each month it supplied 23,000 cocoa and bread shortage of test-tubes. Under Germany and breakfasts and 3,600 other meals and provided 256 86 87 REBUILDING EUROPE CONSTRUCTION invalid students with special rations. During the is the one way to avoid typhus, and a special feature whole eighteen months 19,322 articles of clothing, was provision of free soap and securing of cheap including 1,330 overcoats, 1,992 suits, 4,160 pairs bath tickets from the municipality. ‘The builder of stockings and socks and 2,100 pairs of shoes, were of New Poland had at least a chance of mens sana in supplied to 11,412 students: 4,064 books were sup- corpore sano. plied to libraries, and 4,296 to individuals or groups. More constructivestill were the self-help activities Best of all, 1,442 students were provided with to be described later,t which had all the advantage housing, 400 in the Koszary Blocha in Warsaw, a of the natural bent of the nation. With the hatred huge barracks given by the Government and made of charity which marks the Polish character, and over into student quarters by the E.S.R., hundreds the eagerness"of. the Pole to be independent of morein hostels secured and equipped in Vilno. foreign aid, it is not surprising that by July 1924, Every bit of this emergency relief work was in a the Polish student body, throughits representatives, most real sense constructive: it saved the physical declared itself in need of no further help. The and mentalhealth of a builder of Poland, and helped builders of the New Poland have been saved for to turn himout to do his full duty as a citizen. their task and their keen minds have seized the But there were aspects of studentrelief still more essential significance of the constructive work constructive, for example, service to student health. accomplished. ‘They have often voiced their grati- Six years of military service, followed by hard study tude, but never more beautifully than in a farewell under starvation conditions, left the young intelli- address from the President of the Lwow Student gentsia of Poland a prey to epidemic disease, cholera Society to Mrs. Mortimer Earle of European and typhus and the white scourge, tuberculosis. Student Relief, and Mr. Gwynne of the American The Student Relief Health Department, first under Relief Administration :— Dr. Haigh’s skilled guidance, and later under Dr. “You came to us just when the Polish Dora Riviére of France, worked out a scheme for the medical assistance of students, in which the student returned from the war where he had Medical Faculty, the Student Co-operative, the fulfilled with glory his duty to his resurrected European Student Relief, the Municipality and country, and wonhis citizenship. He returned, the Student Sick Benefit Society co-operated in not knowing where he should lay his head, nor securing a health examinationof students, medicines, how he should live. It was then that, from special nourishment, and in the case of tuberculous a far-off land, the American Relief Administra- students treatment at Zakopane in the Student tion arrived, stretching out to us a hand with a cup of milk and a piece of bread. Hundreds Sanatorium, which had previously been established by the Polish student organisation. Cleanliness 1 See pp. 107-8. 88 89 REBUILDING EUROPE CONSTRUCTION of students were nourished and tided over those foot of war. In the words of our Polish hard times of preparation for better conditions poet :-— by the noble help of America. She kept them “Can it be that outof this fearful storm at their studies and gave them back to our Which devastates the world, country, trained for useful citizenship. Notonly ruins will appear, “ Somewhat later European Student Relief Notonly burnt-out ashes, But in this struggle of giants began her work in this town. She started a Evil will at last be conquered? magazine for clothing, renovated the students’ And, instead of it, will God dormitories and the Polytechnic kitchens, and Reside in the human temple? ” created a Home for WomenStudents, a place full of joy and freedom, enabling our academic And with the Poles so speak from their hearts sisters to fulfil their plans for scientific and thousands of sensitive and patriotic students, in social work, and develop a future Polish woman- Czechoslovakia, the Baltic and the Balkan States, hood. We are grateful above all for the way who have welcomed the helping hand of students in which she helped us—so straightforwardly from other lands in their task of building the life and heartily, so simply and modestly, so that of these new countries. we felt every moment that it was the help of our own comrades, only more fortunate than we, because their countries had never been trod by the foot of war. She did not under- estimate that great thing—the value of co- operating with people rather than dispensing things over their heads. ‘There remains for her, besides our gratitude, a real affection. “The spiritual benefits we have experienced are greater than the material welfare, for by this latter man does not live alone. ‘To both organisations we are above all thankful that their action awakened the Christian idea of goodwill among men. said ‘ awakened,’ for we are of a generation which had to see with young eyes the majesty of human_ beings stamped upon and shamefully debased by the go RECONSTRUCTION had saved for years to relieve their student son from all material cares. Life lay before him full of hope as he entered the free, merry atmosphere of university life. University years CHAPTER VIII were the crowning point of a life-time, looked back to with delight. At the University a RECONSTRUCTION festal splendour was brought into the German’s The Saving of an Old Culture otherwise earnest and laboriouslife.” Prorrssor Rupouir+Eucken. “ Wuart memories we have of our ownstudent days, that time offullest liberty and freedom Thus do two great Germans depict the typical from care. Still do the old songs ring in our Germanstudent of pre-war days. A glorious time ears ! had Fritz, the corps student of 1914, with his colours, ‘Where are they, who from joy’s high-road his mensur, his kneipen. He was a good student Ne’er turned their feet, but onward strode ? too, and was preparing a thesis with the germ of Empty their purse, yet wine and mirth something of a discovery in it, but he was free from Had crowned those lads the Lords of earth.’ material cares. Even had he wished to work with or his hands, university regulations discouraged or ‘The Philistines’ heart to us unbent, even forbade it. His horizon was bounded by his They saw in the student what freedom meant.’ nation and his class: he was a pleasant, sociable “The old order has passed away. That fellow, but without were Auslander, Juden und time is gone for ever. ‘Old Heidelberg, the Sozialdemokraten. He died at the front in 1915. glorious,’ is in its grave. The ugly fact must In 1924, it is his younger brother Max who is be faced.” writing his thesis. Could the two meet, Fritz Ex-Cuancettor Mrcwastis. would fail to recognise him as a student. Max is a good student too, but his hands are rough and “ University days were an important part scarred, he spends his vacation in a factory or coal of life in Germany : students had spent a long mine, his holiday pals are miners, he is that new time at school, where they were forced to thing, a Work-Student; his point of view would endure many restrictions. All the greater seem to Fritz so curious; last spring, instead of their joy when given full freedom of life; the buying a new suit, he wentto an international camp, boundless realm of knowledge was theirs to where he met Frenchmen, Englishmen, negroes, and choose from as they would. Often parents Jews, with whom he discussed international and gz 93 REBUILDING EUROPE RECONSTRUCTION interracial questions in the same free way that he good and cheap—a mystery, till he picked up in discusses economics and politics with the miners. mensa a little the Truly leaflet called Studentengemeinschaft, an economic and social gulf between Fritz explaining a fellowship and Max! of students in forty lands, How did Max travel from Old Heidel- whereby the students berg to New? who had, shared with those who hadn’t; the Europaische Studenthilfe it was Virst._ came the Work-mandate. of Hunger. In called. Perhaps, after all, the Auslinder was 1920, Max, recently demobilised, eager to take all bad. not his share in the rebuilding of Germany, Step found twoin the evolution of Max was the himself in the university world with 80,000 to coming others, Germany in December 1920 of Henry Not for him corps colours: he had his old field. Field Representative Israel, grey of the E.S.R., a German- uniform and a broken pair of boots: he speaking American, threatened was with expert knowledge of with tuberculosis from exposure in the co-operatives. trenches His quick mind soon grasped the : no help for him from home—no money cardinal points for in the German student situation. food. University regulations might forbid manual Just for the moment work; the crisis was met, for since Professors might tell him it was infra dig. s Octoberthe British the and American Friends had been stern school of war had taught him the “ Root, carrying on student Hog, feeding on a large scale, till at or Die” philosophy, and it was a choice length they were between making cheap or free meals pos- work and starvation for him and his sible for 17,000 generation; men and women in thirty-two one quarter of the German students universities. But the were living on E.S.R. stood pledged to take half the existence minimum or less : over this feeding in in Berlin 1,400 March from the Friends? students were without a roof over Mission, and the Ides their of March approachedswiftly heads, sleeping in the streets, in sewers, in and surely. railway Long-continued feeding on this waiting-rooms, while forty per cent. of generous and magnificent them scale was obviously impos- were doing wage-earning work as waiters, sible. If German culture were to be saved, the coal heavers, conductors, navvies, night watchmen, German students printers, must do it themselves. The builders, or what not. Jobs were scarce, salvage of German university ten applicants life depended on the for every place: in Frankfurt, the development of a complete student seeking system of student self- work found himself competing with help such as would render student life independent 20,000 unemployed. Max wasfifty per cent. unfit, and self-supporting. and his struggle to earn affected the quality of his By April 1921 the mental E.S.R. had taken over from the output, while his day’s earnings would Quakers entire responsibility scarcely buy his food. for all but one of the One thing cheered him up student feeding stations. in the —the dinner at the student meantime Henry mensa was strangely Israel had proceeded to rally every o4 possible ally to 95 REBUILDING EUROPE the self-help ideal. From the first he had mag- nificent support. Ex-Chancellor Michaelis, Ger- many’s greatest food control expert, was chairman of the new scheme, and backed it with the weight of his unique experience and deep convictions. The German Student Christian Movement con- tributed to the new movement the machinery of their Studentendienst (student service), a war organisa- tion, through which they had developed anefficient system of co-operative buying and distribution. Mostsignificant of all was the birth of the Wirt- schaftshilfe in February, the Economic Self-Help department of the newly organised Deutsche Studentenschaft, to which body every German student automatically belongs. ‘Thus the German SS, German student world started on the road to independence, Srupents Garuerine Pe equipped with an organ directed to self-help, machinery for buying and distribution and the best expert advice and service their land could give. The day of decision soon dawned. At Erlangen, July 1921, the Deutsche Studentenschaft held its first conference. ‘There Max was brought face to face with a momentous choice: Werkstudent oder Bettelstudent 2? Work student or pauper? Which will you be? Excellenz Michaelis and Dr. Reinhold Schairer, the managing director of the Wirtschaft- shilfe, challenged the Germanstudent world. The university life of Germany, the pride and glory of the Fatherland, is at stake. Unless the student community becomes a self-supporting student state, one of three disasters will befall Germany—either the universities will become the preserve of the very rich—life in them a luxury for the sons and 96 See Chap. VIII, RECONSTRUCTION daughters of the hated Schieber (profiteer); or students must remain permanently the recipients of foreign aid—perish the thought ; or State support on a wide scale will condemn students to some form of political subjection, and rob the universities of academic freedom. How grave is this danger experience in Russia has already shown. Max and his fellow-students did not hesitate. The idea of the student state caught their imagination. To a man they voted that every student shouldstrive to learn a trade and if possible exercise it during at least a year of his academic course, and that every student should earn his year’s support at the university by work during the summer vacation. The Erlangen resolutions were a turning point in German academic history, but all knew, as they took these decisions, that their fate hung by a thread. The Damocles sword of the Trades’ Union hung over the head of the student state idea. In not a few lands student proposals to enter the labour market have met with determined opposition from the Unions; co-operative self-help schemes have again and again been wrecked on the Union shoal, and here were German students proposing to enter the ranks of labour in a body. However, Trades’ Union leaders were invited to Erlangen, and German labour, to its everlasting credit, met the effort of the Wirtschaftshilfe with a reasoned welcome :—

“Even though we think that the students are still against us politically, in the after-war crisis Germany needs everybit of trained brain H 97 ‘ REBUILDING EUROPE RECONSTRUCTION power that can be brought together. Russia labourers, hewing coal, blasting rocks, or wielding killed the old professors off, but we value their the pick and shovel or the spade. Max went up scientific knowledge above their political with a number of fellow-students to Spitzbergen opinion. Andsince the students are suffering to work in the coal-mines there. A reporter saw so much and are now within one or two years a group of them reading Goethe together in their of their goal, even though there are so many off hours. ‘The work was hard, but the Norwegians unemployed in Germany, weare willing to put paid well and Max earned his support for one 20,000 students into the trades. In this way winter’s study. all parts of our people will get to know each But the main co-operative service of the Wirt- other, and opportunity and desire for uni- schaftshilfe was done in term time, through the versity education may become universal.” establishment of a co-operative economic unit in fifty-six universities and technical high schools. Twenty months later at Tiibingen, the Wirt- Max needs winter work as well as summer; the schaftshilfe held its second conference. Herr Knoll, Employment Bureau finds him a part-time job. He the Federation Secretary of the German General does so many hours a week in the Typewriting Trades’ Union, was again there, facilitating many Department, He knows a fair amount of English a discussion by some timely suggestion from his and picked up Norwegian in Spitzbergen, so the long experience. His judgment on the student Interpreting and Translation Office gives him work labour experiment was conclusive: ‘The Work translating Norwegian finance documents for Ger- Student is a social achievement which we may man firms, and acting as interpreter to English greet whole-heartedly, the factor which will bridge business men on tour. Some of his friends earn the chasm between workers and students. Even their way in the Printing Office and Bookbindery, after understandingis reached, differences of political where text-books, pamphlets and catalogues, etc., opinion will continue, but the Work Student will are turned out both for the university and business bring fair play into political life.” firms ; a Soda-Water Factory, run by student labour, The Trades’ Union door was open, and the employs a large number, and students do all the students at once fell to building up the student waiting and washing up in the Student Mensas. state. That very summer, 17,000 students spent The majority of the students eat in these mensas, the vacation on farms, in factories or mines, or on where good plain food is served sixty per cent. canal construction: the next summer, the number cheaper than in the restaurants. The Wirtschaft- rose to 60,000. ‘Think of it—at least three-quarters shilfe has a Central Buying Agency, whereby food- of the German student body spending the three stuffs and other materials are bought in bulk for months’ vacation as navvies, miners, or farm local centres, so when Max wants a collar or a pair 98 99 REBUILDING EUROPE RECONSTRUCTION of shoes, a pencil or a mathematical instrument, he clothing and underwear, the Banks have given can buy these at half price in the Student Co-oper- credits to the Darlehnskasse and have guaranteed ative Store. Books he cannot afford to buy, but various student enterprises, while the Government the Exchange Library supplies him with the neces- has madeconsiderable grants—in 1924 to the amount sary text-books on loan. The Lodging Register of 2,700,000 Gold marks ($750,000 ; £160,000). finds him a room with three other men, and sees No section of the German people stands aloof. to it that the landlady does not charge an exorbitant The peasants in Wurttemberg one year gave 67,000 rent: and when tuberculosis is threatening again, eggs to the Tiibingen Co-operative, besides the he goes to the Health Clinic and Dispensary for total potato supply required by the kitelens. The advice gratis. Last term the doctor said there was students have responded by giving concerts and no need for Davos, to which advanced cases are sent popular lectures in the villages. The work of the to a student sanatorium, and simply ordered him Wirtschaftshilfe is a mighty united effort of the to drop his typewriting, and work instead in the whole people to secure leaders to rebuild their Student Garden, which supplies fresh vegetables national life, and is proving a unifying force in cheap for the student mensas. the life of Germany. . Max is now near the end of his course; the Wirtschaftshilfe jealously guards the last year or Without help from abroad, however, and apart six monthsbefore the final examinations for uninter- from student friendship support, German culture rupted intellectual work. He has paid a fixed sum was doomed. The German students, proud and each term into the Student Loan Bank, Darlebns- independent, looked this fact in the face, and feeling, kasse, and will now receive a loan setting him free like the Austrian students, “ We had rather take it for six months’ clear study without financial worry. from comrades,” welcomed the friendly aid of This Wirtschaftshilfe is truly a national institu- students in other lands. ‘The first work of European tion. It has been made possible not alone by Student Relief was to promote, strengthen and student work and ‘Trade Union help, but also by counsel the newly-formed Wirtschaftshilfe ; till it the close co-operation of German industrial and got under way, the self-help of German students banking circles, whose leading personalities are was individual and therefore wasteful : co-operative represented on its Executive Council. Mine owners self-help through the Wirtschaftshilfe wasscientific have provided coal free of charge for student can- and economical. ‘The machine once in going order, teens, chinaware for 20,000 students comes from the further help of the E.S.R. consisted in greasing ceramic plants, typewriter manufacturers have the wheels, wherever they were going heavily. It supplied one hundred machines free to the ‘Type- advanced money to buy food and fuel before prices writing Department, textile industries contribute went up, supplied one local unit with an electro- 100 101 REBUILDING EUROPE RECONSTRUCTION typing press for the duplicating of lectures, another no coal to openits kitchens, and the with new steam kettles mark descended for the kitchen, provided to fantastic depths with madvelocity. The author working clothes and rooming quarters for a thousand was students in Berlin one day when the mark between break- when they were entering a new brown fast and supper coal-mine dropped to one-quarter its value ; field, helped with funds for supervision the foreigner changed and for Self-Help only enough money to buy Training Conferences and in a the next meal, and the hundred other price of tramway tickets ways. went up during a single So well car-ride. did the Wirtschaftshilfe function that in In boththesecrises, April 1922, nothing saved the situation the Germans confidently looked for- but the prompt action of students ward to taking their in other lands share in student relief in on the appeal of Geneva. Supplies of food Russia. Vain hope. The downfall and of the German fuel were hurried in, budget calculations were mark was at hand and the flung mainservice of European to the winds, and in 1923-24, Germany Student Relief—the repeated receivedfive rescue of the Wirt- times what had been assigned her. schaftshilfe from shipwreck—was Britain, Hol- yet to come. In land, Sweden, South Africa and Finland July 1922, the mark was 4oo to all made the American dollar, special efforts, and Thanksgiving Day, in August 1,000, in September 1923, saw 2,000, in October the dispatch of the first Friendship Ship from the 3,000, on November st, 4,358, and by November students gth, of the U.S.A. to the students of Germany 9,000. Put into terms of Max, this means (cf. p. that 50). The Wirtschaftshilfe never stopped our friend, having earned by three months’ functioning, vacation and the wreck of the German student work what he fully believed would carry state was twice averted. him through the academic year, found in October Great as has been such help, the biggest result that his summer earnings were already halved in of student relief in Germany has been the stimulus purchasing value, and in November, that what he given by foreign student help to home effort. To still retained was reduced by nine-tenths. Decem- avert ber the tragedy of the shrinkage of hard-earned saw his last mark gone, even before the occupa- summersavings, European tion of the Ruhr Student Relief obtained completed the ruin of German permission from the Government student hopes. to do what was Hundredsoffactories where students otherwise illegal; students were permitted had found vacation employment to use were closed down the E.S.R. as a bank, to convert their savings for lack of raw material into , from the Ruhr, thousands foreign currency and so to protect themselves of students left the universities, and the rest faced against the devaluation of the mark. With no loss the nightmare of an Easter vacation without work. to its own treasury, the E.S.R. bought from In autumn 1923, a similar grim situation faced the the students such marks as it needed for its own students of Germany. The Wirtschaftshilfe had work, and arranged moreover for an exchange of 102 103 REBUILDING EUROPE currency between students and foreign tourists in Germany. The co-operation of students of other lands wardedoff an otherwise inevitable crash and saved the German student state. That was in 1923. In CHAPTER IX the spring of 1925, as this book goes to press, comes the wonderful news that the Wirtschaftshilfe in FOUNDATION-LAYING Germany is planning in 1926 to pay into the coffers of European Student Relief Sw. Fr. 57,000 Reconstruction through Student Co-operative ($10,000; £2200) as a first instalment of the » _ Self-Help ‘. refund they hope to make of the money expended Tue weaving of self-help into the fabric of on the relief of German students during the past four years, European studentlife is a great positive accomplish- ment and is, up to date, the outstanding achieve- ment of European Student Relief. True, the first aim of this student friendship movementwas rescue, the relief of primary emergency need, but rescue, however spectacular, is a negative result. Emer- gency relief is a palliative, necessary, of course, just as the holding of the thumb on the severed artery is necessary till the surgeon arrives. Co-operative self-help is the surgeon of European student life after the colossal accident of war. Nothing like it has ever been seen before. True, studentself-help is no new idea; summer vacation work on farms has been the tradition of Scottish student life for centuries: fifty to sixty per cent. of American and Canadian students earn their way, in whole or part, through college; in 1920, the - University of Latvia was closed from ten to four daily, because eighty per cent. of the body was working during those hours. Even student co- operatives are not entirely new: the Bratnia Pomoc, or Brotherly Help in Poland, antedated 104 105 REBUILDING EUROPE FOUNDATION-LAYING European Student Relief. The Student Co-opera- shops, a shoe-making business (the student Centrum tive in Zagreb, Yugo-Slavia, has just celebrated its shoeis popular all over Budapest), men’s and women’s fiftieth anniversary, but in no country, till the last hat shops, weaving looms, electrical repairs, a print- four years has co-operative student effort come to ing office, bookbinding, woodwork,fine art leather dominate every side of universitylife. and needlework shops. The Student Co-operative Germany is not alone in this matter. She providesthe Store has three branches in Budapest, and one in best illustrationof self-help achievement, each of the other four university cities. Its turnover for, starting further back than other nations, she is $171,600 (£40,000) per annum; eight per cent. has gone a longer distance. Prejudice amongst professors net profit is used for capitalisation and ten per cent. and otherleaders against students engag- for reduction of price to student buyers. The ing in manual labour was even stronger than else- Student Self-Help printing plant up to date has where, yet it is just in Germany that all classes of society printed and published sixty-one books, of which have united to make possible the co-operative 51,500 copies have been issued and sold to students self-help of the future rebuilders of the nation. at an average reduction of forty-three per cent. But in other countries, as far as students are con- They printedthefirst book on veterinary diseases ever cerned, there has been the samespirit of indepen- published in Hurigary, a large two-volume book dence, the same hatred of mere charity, expressing profusely illustrated. : itself by the same methods and producing the same Look at Poland. Here in promoting co-operative revolutionary results, for what we see is indeed a self-help European StudentRelief had the advantage revolution. And whata revolution! of the natural bent of the nation. Polish students havespecialised in co-operatives, and already, before It is a thoroughgoing revolution, co-extensive with relief got to work, co-operatives had been organised the university life of Central Europe. in each university, under the national student ‘Take Hungary, a country where students had never co-operative—Bratnia Pomoc (Brotherly Help). dreamed of working with their hands, yet from the Independence marks the Polish student character. first, self-help enterprises interested Mefbosz, the Practically every student was doing wage-earning student body corresponding to the Deutsche Studen- work at least five hours a day. As regards clothing tenschaft. In co-operation with the E.S.R. Repre- relief, the students, in spite of their bitter need, sentative, a special relicf committee was formed, insisted nothing should be given away. Each representing forty-three studentsocieties in Budapest student gave an I.0.U. for what he could not pay and the provinces. By 1923, there were in operation and eighty per cent. were redeemed within three under student management and with partial student months. ‘The most effective way of securing for labour a student cinema, shoe and watch repair the Polish student the complete independence he 106 107 REBUILDING EUROPE desired was by greasing the wheels of the various FOUNDATION-LAYING enterprises of Bratnia Pomoc—book exchanges, had begun local self-help printing presses, a bakery, shoe and clothing repair activities earlier. ‘The shops, etc. Leoben students themselves mined practically all the-coal used to heat the university buildings. Both “In 1921 some students in the Polytechnic groups have a student-built union and hostel. In at Warsaw started a small factory in a cellar, Vienna, shoe repair shops with student employees where they made various chemical products, have beenestablished, as well as an efficient printing shoe polish, soap and ink, with student labour, plant. The latter has grown so rapidly that two In time other branches were added, bookbind- shifts of students, are necessary to handle the many ing, a carpenter’s shop, etc., and the affair orders. ; Z became a student co-operative. In 1922, the Government requested tenders for 30,000 kilo It is an economic revolution. It provides the one of shoe polish for the army. The Warsaw conclusive answerto the charge so constantly brought Student Co-operative tender was accepted, against studentrelief of pauperising the intellectual but they needed 20,000,000 Mks. for raw classes. A student with a handicraft is free from material and wages. The E.S.R. lent them fear of starvation to-day and knows that after the equivalent sum in dollars. In two months graduation, should his profession be overcrowded, the contract was fulfilled, the loan repaid, and he can fall back on his trade. Such an organisation a profit of 9,000,000 Mks. made by the Student as the Wirtschaftshilfe frees the present generation Co-operative. With this they installed a new of students and all generations to come from boiler and rebuilt their shops. Soon they political or economic dependence. Professors and secured a large contract order from the Warsaw students united in the Wirtschaftshilfe can defend magistracy for toilet soap; their soap became truth and academic freedom against political recognised as the best in Poland, and they now pressure, whether from governments or industrial supply soap to all the State Hospitals.” magnates or labour combinations. More than once in time Austria early began self-help, of national crisis have national student but was slow in leaders appealed co-operative developments, perhaps to European Student Relief to because, in the defend them earlier stages, such a very large proportion, from some form of political domination at least by supporting eighty per cent., of the students their co-operatives. were doing individual Again constructive wage-earning work. It has made rapid self-help furnishes the only progress possible solution on since the establishment of a National Student economic lines for the difficult Self- problem of the support, Help organisation. Graz and Leoben, however, present and future, of the 20,000 refugee students 108 in Europe to-day. Other students may have something to fall back upon. 109 REBUILDING EUROPE FOUNDATION-LAYING It is a whole man’s work and a touchstone for therefore, has appreciation for the burdens of every quality—energy, carefulness, resolution. the present-day need and poverty.” It ennobles and makes you self-reliant, capable Outside the university, of judgment and conscious of the dignity of the student entry into labour.” the labour world abolishes unhealthy distinctions between class and class, teaches young men and women It is a social revolution. from different circles to know each other, Within the university, and co-operative self-help bands them together in effort for the social organisation has swept away redemption the former distinctions of the whole community and nation. between the corps student A thousand and the non-corps letters from our German friend Max and man and has bound together the men rich and poor, the first-year of his generation attest their profound and the fourth-year and joyful students into a living fellowship. The belief in the far-reaching social and spirit of national results this fellowship is shown in an address of the self-help movement. Let by theofficers them speak :-— of the Wirtschaftshilfe to younger students ;— “To-day hate and envy are strong in our “So far as possible help yourself; no one people, because we do not know and under- shall deprive you of your greatest treasure or stand each other. We need to go amongst heritage—your need. Germany requires men working men, that they may get to know us and —they thrive we and grow strong in the battle them, so that we can say what we think to against adversity. We students, who are at each other. If this is the earnest desire it is the head of our self-help enterprises to-day, easy to becomefriends with workmen. Every have fought our battle to victory, we are now Work-student knows this from experience. on the look-out to bring help to you at such “In the factory, with its men and machines, time when you threaten to collapse. Poverty we get at essentials. This apparently soulless is merciless and annihilates whoeverfalls victim whole of men and machines resolves itself into to it. The task of the Student Self-Help little separate working communities. Two of | Committees is to lighten the battle that the us are set on a particular piece of work and so col- become fighter may come out victorious. Our comrades. That is a discovery. After ° league who has exerted himself to the maximum, two months working together, my co-worker he is the one we wish to help, and wetrust he suddenly said to me, quite naturally, ‘Comrade will permit us. The spirit which should Max ’—nothing more. . . . Just as during the prevail is that of recognition of the friend who war men were brought together through has himself gone through thebattle, and who, bearing a common burden, so in the factory 112 1 113 REBUILDING EUROPE FOUNDATION-LAYING there is fellowship in work and common suffer- part of a bridge-builder. ing. You should see us breakfasting Again and again a Work- together, student, from and then going home his knowledge of both sides, has been talking and laughing. able to mediate between The barriers have fallen slowly employer and employed but surely. I andso to avert catastrophe. have the same clothing as they, am as poor as they, and have the same strenuous time. It is helping to revolutionise Friendship has sprung up of itself international relation- because we ships. The international are swimming together in the same effect of co-operative stream of studentself-help work life. . . . New youth is flowing is nearly as marked as its through my social and veins; a new humanity economic significance. It is’ student is springing up, just self-help which has converted as it used to spring up, but was then the New World of converted younger nations to into ununderstandable,stiff, a belief in the value of student mummy-like men, relief in the Old. A marked called ‘die Gebildeten.’ ... But obstacle to world here, on student fellowship wasthe rootedidea of the foundation of the sharing of a commonlife, the students of North America and Australasia that is being built up a living community of those students in Central Europe were glad who, poor and destitute, seek protection in enough to accept their fellowship. gifts but unwilling to do a hand’s turn to help themselves. Hunger had thrust the European “The hard work the student does benefits studentfirst into labour, and then into co-operative the nation at large. If to-day you go through self-help : but the grotesque notion of Canada and any mines, you will be surprised at the mutual New Zealand that he wouldrather starve than work understanding between worker and student. still persisted, and neither printed nor spoken During two years as a miner, I encountered not testimony availed to uproot it. The students of a single fellow worker who was permanent'y California or New South Wales trust no evidence antagonistic. On the contrary, the miners but that of their own eyes, but when once Pilgrim- offered hearty comradeship to those who came ages, Relief Conferences and personal visits had to work as inexperienced men. They would opened those eyes to the actual facts, they realised point out all dangers. Mining makes for at last, that the new countries contain nothing to comradeship and mutual help, and if your parallel co-operative self-help as practised to-day ° working mate recognises that you from’ the by Old World students. university are doing yourlevel best to emulate An extraordinary development in understanding him, his comradeship does not change.” was the result on bothsides. Students whogave, studied the Such comradeship enables the student economic conditions in the relieved to play the countries. Students who received, 114 gained increasing 115 REBUILDING EUROPE FOUNDATION-LAYING knowledge concerning the severe economic con- existed, but now standing on its own feet it ditions prevailing in the relieving countries, and looks with confidence into the future. The thus was wrought out a powerful sense of comrade- co-operation between the two organisations ship in a common sacrificial task. Many things was the very best from the beginning. Even have been in dispute at the European Student now, when we are independent and European Relief international conferences. On one thing StudentRelief has given up its seat in Austria, the delegates have invariably been unanimous, we still see in the latter our best friend, to namely on the imperative necessity and the inter- whom we may always apply for advice and aid national value of co-operative self-help. Their if need commands. The students of-German- convictions are summed up by a German student Austria joyfully co-operate with the world- leader :— wide organisation of student relief, towards attainmentofits great ideals.”’ “The urgency of economic interdependence forges iron bands around the peoples of the The relieved countries are now repaying world and in defiance ofall differences their compels debt to more fortunate lands by extending to to co-operative service. European Student Relief has gained for them the idea of co-operative self-help activity. itself undying merit in In Rumania, the dissemination of this a national Student Self-Help Com- consciousness. In A leading co-operation with like-minded mittee is now definitely organised. students of other newspaper has raised 4,500,000 lei ($25,000; countries, we German students hope to help £5,500) and has thrown open its columns for an our own country and at the same time do our aggressive educational campaign for student self- share towards the recovery of the world.” help and the work-student idea. ‘The Committee The President of the Student Economic Co- includes Government ministers, leading business operative in Austria, quite recently gave an American men and the most prominent educators and repre- journalist the Austrian student verdict on the result sentative students. French student leaders are of self-help activity on the international ideals of petitioning Geneva to start a comprehensive scheme the student body. of co-operative self-help for the large Russian student refugee community in the French universi- July, 1924. ties, with the possibility of extending the plan to “ Our Economic Co-operative was founded needy French students. Indians are hoping that under the auspices of European Student Relief their country may profit by the great idea and and strongly supported by it. Without its an Indian student leader has asked that a six great aid our Co-operative would never have months’ tour may be arranged for him in Europe, 116 117 REBUILDING EUROPE that he may study the whole subject in relation to Indian students. The Rector of the Turkish University in Constantinople has asked Geneva to send a representative next autumn to give a series of lectures in the university on student self-help. In Germany, the Gymnasia and other CHAPTER X middle schools are beginning to plan co-operative self-help organisations, and in Leipzig, Tiibingen RECONCILIATION and Darmstadt, there are already the germs down the Walls of Partition of Middle School Economic Co-operatives. Breaking you saving students to fly at cach The path of student co-operative self-help has “Aren’r other’s throats? Is not European Student Relief become a high road. It surmountsfirst the barrier to raise up the protagonists of the between student and student, next the wall between merely helping class and class, until, the lesson of interdependence next great war?” within the nation once learnt, the road sweeps In sixty different lands it has been our privilege on across national boundaries and divisions till to study student conditions and thought. A uni- it becomes a great highway of international versity is false to its very name if it is not a place co-operation and goodwill. of ali-embracing understanding and therefore of goodwill, but pre-war experience taught us that universities in Europe, as elsewhere, were very far from being a reconciling force in the world. In many cases they were strongholds of a Chauvinist nationalism, breeding groundsofnational prejudices, - distrusts and phobias. The war and post-war developments have merely tended to strengthen these characteristics. European Student Relief, operating in an area where every cause of inter-. national andinterracial irritation was raised to the nth power, was faced from thefirst with the choice between working along lines of race and religious sectionalism or fighting for its principle of “ im- partial administration without regard to race, wation- 118 119 REBUILDING EUROPE RECONCILIATION ality or creed or any other criterion than Inthe proven need.” about us there!” Hungary had minority troubles name of student fellowship it maintained principle, and its North, South, East and West with Slovaks, Croats, from the dull grey seed of impartialit has sprung a golden Carpathian Ruthenians, Rumanians, Saxons and harvest of goodwill. : One chapter only of the fascinating Slovenes; each race cherished its own bitterness written. story can be against the ruling Magyar. ‘These minorities being Hungary is chosen, not students because’ Magyar for the most part Slav, the Hungarians hated Russia, alone amongst the nations the path have nee the great Slav power, and were always disposed to of goodwill, but because Hungary matter of international in the support Austrian policy against the Slavic Serbs, relations, like Germany in the matter of self-help, starting so closely related to the Croats, that uncomfortable peculiar from a portion of element in the ‘body politic of Hungaty. ‘The difficulty, has made a striking tlungary advance. Semitic question was always troublesome, and 1s a country fiercely and of its history: justly proud specially so in the University of Budapest, where the Magyars regard themselves the saviours as the student population was roughly one-third of European civilisation from Turk, . ew the Catholic, one-third Protestant and one-third Jewish. and have a burning patriotism and Tace Hungary’s post-war experiences have intensified every race question a hundredfold. Under the “ Aimeta patrie O 5 Magyar; Peace Treaties, Hungary was reduced to one-third D’un amour,fier, jaloux, beau.” its former dimensions and population. ‘Transyl- They are vania, with its forests, wealth, university and ancient a race of musicians and poets, the barrier Despite Magyar traditions, was transferred to Rumania, of their difficult language, Hungarian education stands high, and the and Hungary filled with Transylvanian refugee sities Hungarian univer- have produced teachers and functionaries. ‘To Czechoslovakia there scientists whose discoveries me meant much to the world, passed much Northern territory, and with it n pre-war valuable sugar-beet land and mineral resources. times, national and racial were always i ‘The Northern frontier is now within thirty miles to the fore. A grudging Saresarctip with Austria in the Monarchy of Budapest, which could thus be shelled by modern the produced dislike of German languageandall things artillery from foreign soil. Yugo-Slavia was given preliminary Germanic. One question was always asked Hungary’s port, Fiume,with its valuable hinterland, visitor: of the foreion rich cattle-grazing country, and certain rights in “Do you understand that Hungar not belong to Austria?” daa coal mines. Even with Austria there was strain To a statement chee the last stopping place had been over the Burgenland border question. Fresh dis- Teaction Vienna, the instant was “Don’t believe anything trust of the Jews resulted from the Bolshevist they say regime under Bela Kun, since many of the Bol- 120 121 REBUILDING EUROPE RECONCILIATION shevist leaders were Jewish. All this intensified national refugee students were living in railway trucks, or feeling, and in 1920-21, the country was plastered barracks. with Anti-Treaty propaganda. On every vacant space, the Nem Nem Soha (No, No, Never) “ One group were ina factory. Families are poster proclaimed its message of irredentism. in one part, blind ex-soldiers in another, and poster The showed a blood-red map of Hungary with in one room fifty technical students. They its lost sections detached, and beneath the Nem must walk to the Polytechnic, one hour and a Nem Soha legend. half distant. Cots in two rows crowded to- Into this scarcely peaceful atmosphere came gether. Bed. linen practically unknown. A January in 1921, a certain serene and gentle American few tables with drawings and designsin: process. magician, Ray Legate. Terrible conditions existed No heat: a dozen men studying in bed to amongst the 20,000 students in Budapest, Debreczen keep warm. Windows mostly covered with andother university centres, especially amongst the burlap and old bedding to keep out cold: the 6,000 who were refugees from transferred territory very day of our visit, the fellows had refused Actual hunger was less than in Austria, for Hungar a good supply of wood, because between them retains / her wheatfields. Food was to be ian they couldn’t raise the money necessary. though at starvation prices, but clothing “Out of twenty-one men’s hostels visited, only housing and conditions were appalling. Extracts from six report a bathroom: withthe invariable com- early cables and letters are Uluminating :— ment, ‘owing to lack of coal, not used. ‘ Coal vacations’ in universities and schools occurred “We must clothe 5,000 men immediately several times.” with warm underwear, sweaters, socks 2,000 and pairs of shoes.” “ We are letting these Actual emergency relief work proceeded along poor devils freeze—hereit is snowingevery day. the usual lines, and was specially strong on student cold and wet.” “In three daysfifteen womén self-help and Government co-operation, Mr. visited all the women’s hostels : they found Legate worked in the closest co-operation with 300 girls in a literally indescribable state of Mefhosz, the national student organisation, cor- destitution, 400 other suffering. In many responding to the Deutsche Studentenschaft. cases their shoes are in pieces and they have Government confidence was speedily established. uo underwear. Many have worn out the feet By August 1921, the Government was supplying of their stockings, but still wear the legs to relief in the proportion of five crowns to every conceal the bare skin above their boots.” one contributed by the E.S.R., the Education Department had taken over full responsibility for Manystudents were sleeping in the parks. The student housing, laboratory equipment, all feeding, 122 123 REBUILDING EUROPE RECONCILIATION and a direct contribution of two crowns to four million organisation should be put on the Student See for foreign books and periodicals. Student European Committee met with No, No, Never opposit 7 Relief retained only clothing, under-nourished feeding of The invitation to the first E.S.R. ee students, the promotion help of self. Conference which was to be held in sas, activities and systematised intellectual But, relief. Czechoslovakia, was refused by one ee without question, the and characteristic most outstanding isation. ‘‘The students of Czechoslova - i e student relief developments flushed with victory, hopeful, optimistic, ra uote Hungary have been in in the improvement of inter- Weare defeated, discouraged, deapondents ie national and interracial relationships. no blinking There was utterly impossible for us to go into a oe a the special point of difficulty. universities The Wesimply have not the humanstrengt - pot were full of the Nem one-quarter Nem Soha spirit ; Mefhosz, however, took a wider view an a ge of the students were refugees Koloszvar (Cluj) from the invitation, but, even so, cabled at t - and Poszony (Bratislava) Uni- moment to Geneva—* Can EuropeanStudent Re i versities, transferred respectively Czechoslovakia to Rumania and ensure the safety of the Hungarian etal n ; they were living under impossible Czechoslovakia from ope sa by the police? conditions, and burning with a sense of grievance. efused to start till reassured. As for the Jews, ever since demonstrations the war, anti-Semitic eat something worked. In 1923, it was roe and riots have tended to break itself which invited the E.S.R. Internationa oe in the universities out ; there have been movements ference to Parad, Hungary, got the perennest2 exclude Jewish students to altogether, and a strict co-operate, with free visas, reduced railway ee numerus clausus is enforced, Theissue and a royal reception. Here the vet stu pe was joined at once, appeals Oneofthe earliest not merely met, but entertained and ees for student relief for Hungary a student, came from Rumanians, Czechs, Yugo-Slavs, Russians, eae who arrived in London with of “ Christian a long list and Jews, and moreover put Cheinielase oe es oe student societies ” in Hungary, as having done a Yecua oe ce “being a Christian which, organisation, European Student erence was the film ta ya Relief must help.” Knowledge gained in Hungary on the spot cue Company, and widely exhibited ee revealed at once that these societies were Christian in one sense only—they excluded par sions ceceand conferenceothwi thslesaadCennites, Jews. The principle of impartial expounded distribution was Theone summer, eeee to a bewildered and unconvinced student. Later, iation in Cluj, Rumania, a re of t a Proposal by Mr. Legate Maceeas body in Koloszvar ee Budapest that a in Tepresentative of the Jewish student attended the summer conference of the Stude 124 125 REBUILDING EUROPE RECONCILIATION Christian Movement in Rumania, and consented on Mefhosz, hid himself behind an array of ae to become a constituent part of that movement, petent Hungarian student friends, and was ae the one Hungarian Association amongst several to withdraw long before they were willing to let Rumanian, him go. What has wrought the change? Certainly not rest begets trust, and the Magyar aia that political difficulties and grievances have trusting Ray Legate, soon ventured themse we on appeared. dis- Hungary has been kept in an almost the international bridge he was steadily buil ae continuous state of agitation, by such Contact once established, confidence in the goo as occurrences the two Karl incursions, with consequent mobil- faith of men of other nations and races began to isation on the frontiers of neighbouring states, as follow. The samé’ student who came to London well as by minority and sequestration questions with the list of ‘‘ Christian” societies, was the transferred in territories, Certainly not that the very man who, on his return some months pea Magyar student 1s less patriotic and devoted overbore all opposition to the appointment 2 4 less or ready to defend his country’s cause—in short, Jewish student on the Relief ans ti less essentially a Magyar. later, as Chairman of a Committee on the Inter- The cause lies deep. It is in the response of national Student Outlook at the ‘Turnov Conference, Hungarian the student heart to a noble, if difficult he pushed for a strong resolution on the ae in many and ways unpalatable, ideal. Hungarian students of good international relatianships. Sea y have seen thespirit of European Student Relief his fellow-students as to the cause of his volteface, work, at and they have seen that it is good. From he attributed it to contact with World’s Student the beginning of student relief it has demon- Christian Federation ideals in the Student Move- strated to them the richness of life that ment House in London. “There I met ee through comes international contact. Ray Legate is ians. We did not shake hands, but we talked a American, an but he has never had an then we talked again. I found out that ae colleague. American From the first he maintained that the they are human beings and they discovered a best work could be done by an international not such a bad fellow.” "The sequel to the ae his staff_— foreign co-workers were Irish, English, Aus- on behalf of the Jews is interesting. The Jewis tralian and Afrikander, a practical demonstration students in Budapest wrote :— to the Hungarian that there existed a world-wide student fellowship and that help came from many “With heartfelt thanks we note that the nations, who had fought them in battle. Still World’s Student Christian Federation wishes more potent was his genius for co-operation and to extend its noble workofassistance to Jewish friendship. From the first he thrust responsibility university youth. In view of the fact that 126 127 _ REBUILDING EUROPE

Hungarian youth of the Jewish religion are at present helped by the Joint Distribution Committee of America, supported exclusively by Jews, we beg you to distribute ourshare of the gifts at your disposal to our needy Christian

colleagues.” WINTER.

Impartial as regards race, European Student 1n Relief was equally impartial as regards religion: in 1N Hungary it helped Roman Catholics, Reformed, se, Lutherans, Unitarians, Greek Catholics,

Greek Pracue, Orthodox andJewsalike, and this too awoke friendly v, understanding. One of the letters which interprets most beautifully the reconciling force of the work Domov, came from the Catholic Women Student Union, y “ Szent-Margit.” “The war and the following years were a temptation to weakenourfaith in brotherhood. STUDENTSKY

Everything beautiful, noble and good seemed to THE be lost. In our isolation, tortured by physical needs, it was hard not to ask a sign of Christian love, and to exist without any cheer of humanity OUTSIDE and understanding.

“Our tightly-fastened hands drove us to Line very despair, when your hands reached us and brought faith, love and hope. Liberated from Breap part of our sufferings and dark thoughts, we

accepted with increased appreciation yourhelp. Tue You not only met our material needs in an unexpected generous way, but gave back our belief in a big human community, which, like you, will lead us all to a union of mankind, in 133

the way pointed out by Christ. Jesus Christ f. 128 See RECONCILIATION was born again in our hearts—and you were the men who brought the message to us. “We profoundly hope that the time will soon come when we can show you our thank- fulness, not only by mere words, but by activity and facts.”

Magyar students have seen practical proofs that co-operation, friepdship and love can. produce greater results than hatred and force, Not a few of the refugee students from ‘Transylvania, though in terrible destitution, were the children of well- to-do parents. They were cut off from all means of receiving letters or money from home. The British Minister in Hungary and Mr. Legate together negotiated an arrangement with the Hun- garian and Rumanian Governments, by which money and letters might’ pass between refugee students and their parents, thus relieving infinite suffering and anxiety and lifting a burden off student relief finance. In 1922, a large group of Magyarstudents visited Germany. Mefhosz, not European Student Relief, was responsible for this tour, but Mr. Legate had ‘given some help in the matter of securing passports and visas. ‘This gave rise, incidentally, to a storm in the Berlin diplomatic teacup. The first night the Hungarians were entertained at the opera, General Ludendorff, who chanced to be present, addressed them as his ‘‘ comrades in arms.” ‘The E.S.R. Representative in Berlin was, at that time, an Englishman ; next morning he was on the carpet at the British Embassy, as the French Ambassador K 129 REBUILDING EUROPE RECONCILIATION was demanding explanations of the British, as to that you are seeing snapshots from but one country why the E.S.R. was encouraging those Magyar- out of forty-two, and that in many lands such pictures German militarist demonstrations. Very different have been taken. Wherever Hungary has made an was the Hungarian verdict on the studentrelief advance, it has been to meet an advance on the share in this tour, as shownin letters addressed to other side. Already you can see the reconciling Mr. Legate by the presidents of Mefhosz :— force of European Student Relief affecting govern- “On our return to Budapest we wish to ments. What students think to-day, governments express to you again our deepest gratitude for will think to-morrow. A few years ago in a certain many kindnesses shown the Hungarian Student country, distracted by race and minority problems, Exchange project in connection with our return three students, able and distinguished, and friends trip. When we observed how you succeeded throughout their school and university years, were in a brief five minutes to secure for us the planning their future. “I shall be Minister of visas to pass through Czechoslovakia free of Justice,” said A. “T’ll leave it to you,” said B, charge from a Government which we know is “Tl be Finance Minister.” Said C, “ You'll have antagonistic to us, we appreciated the impos- me in the Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs.” ing international connections of the World’s Boys’ talk, but all three have been Presidents of Student Christian Federation. the National Student Union of their land and carry “Tn connection with this exchange we have weight in public affairs even now, despite their seen the importanceof reciprocal understanding youth. Already such men and women have con- among the peoples of Europe, and in the name futed the theory that students are incurably of the entire Hungarian student body we Chauvinist : later on, when they control Govern- promise that we too will not neglect to hasten ment policy, they may give the lie to the idea that to the aid of students of other countries with war between nationsis eternally inevitable. Mean- the samespirit of love and consideration which time, they pursue their mission of friendship. was shown us through your kind assistance. Hungarian students may not be ahead of other We have learned to comprehend that with peace- lands in international goodwill, but they certainly ful means, such as you utilise, one can accom- surpass very manyofusin their gracious and graceful plish far more than with force, and we have been manner of expressing their heartfelt convictions. coming to the firm conviction that we too must The farewell message of the Hungarian leader to utilise and work with these instruments of peace.” the delegates at the Parad Student Relief con- ference voiced the heart and mind of the students Dothese examples seem but'slight ?- Perhaps—but of many other nations concerning the international if slight, they are nevertheless significant. Remember ei of students to-day :— 130 131 REBUILDING EUROPE “You have thanked us. It is we who must thank you. You have brought us so much and shown us so much that we had nearly forgotten. You have shown us that Christian love and human’kindness still are facts in the world. We thank you for that. CHAPTER XI “Tt is still dark in Europe. We mustlight WRECKAGE OR SALVAGE many fires like TTurnov and Parad, and not let them go out. We must nurse them in The Problem of the Refugee our hearts, carry them back to our own people, and then watch for the morning light.” “You want to see the most significant piece of social work in Prague? Allright. I'll take you to the Studentsky Domov,” said a European Student Relief worker to a group of foreign students early in 1922. “’That’s the Domov, that long two-storey building with two wings. It was given by American students last year, through the Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A., to the students of Czechoslovakia— there’s a men’s wing and a women’s wing, reading- rooms, bathrooms, a dispensary, an assembly hall, and downstairs, kitchens and hugecafeteria, largely run by student labour, and a restaurantseating 350 at once. ‘There are about 30,000 students in Czechoslovakia, and of those 24,000 are in Prague.” *‘What’s that immense queue, four abreast, waiting shivering in the snow?” asked a British student. “ 'That’s the bread line: the men and women with cheap tickets, waiting to get into the cafeteria ; they'll get a good meal, but it’s their only one in most cases. No, they’re not Czechs, most of them. Last year the Czech students did need E.S.R. help, but Czechoslovakia, alone amongst the new states, is making ends meet, and Czechoslovakia was the 132 133 REBUILDING EUROPE WRECKAGE OR SALVAGE first country to give the E.$.R. the joyful news “ Besides the Russians, there are in Czechoslovakia that the native students were on their feet. These nearly 2,000 Ukrainian refugee students in even are refugee students: look at their old uniforms harder case, for the Government has done much their Russian student blouses. Theyare a museum less for them; they are men with a nationality, but of Slavic ethnology. Just look—Russians, White without a nation. Talk to them and they’ll educate Russians, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes you on the Ukrainia of the future, and what they Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians, Bessarabians, Tusatian are training themselves to do for her. As you go Sorbs and Podkarparthian Rus——” “But who round Europe you will meet two or three thousand in the world ?” “Sorry, no time to explain more of these Ukrainian students, some from now, but all Slavs, anyway. Poland and others from the Federation of Soviet i “There are nearly 2,500 Russian students in Republics. Then there are in Prague 3,000 Yugo- Prague, most of them from Denikin’s or Wrangel’s Slavs and a lot of Bulgarians, not refugees; they army. Early in 1921 they found themselves in are here because of the deficiencies of university ghastly destitution in Poland or Constantinople. education in their homelands. The Czech Government, with extraordinary gener- “That building in the corneris a special E.S.R. osity, promised support and facilities for study to self-help concern. Come in and see the refugee 2,000. Do you see this man? He walked all the students, shoemaking, tailoring, doing laundry work, way from Constantinople to Prague, he was so and making charming toys: ‘That boy there cleaned keen to study. ‘That other white, thin boy is and polished shoes all last week: when he gothis the nephew of a famous Russian general, and in the pay he said, ‘I must run and buy tickets for the army since he wasfifteen, till he camehere eighteen mensa: I can pay for them myself, and get off the months ago. He hasn’t heard a word from his feeding list.’ Czech students gave the refugees a people since then, and doesn’t know whether they’re fine lead in sclf-help. Last year, when the housing alive. He’s beaten all the Czech students in problem was so desperate, an E.S.R. worker sug- electrical technology, but the doctor says he can’t gested students should build their own houses. survive, unless he gets better nourishment. They The idea caught on like wild fire, President Masaryk live in suchterrible dens. You see, Prague has gave Kr. 4,000,000 from his seventieth birthday gave twice the population it had before the war, and present from the nation, the Municipality and ' the housing problem is ghastly; last year many of the land, the Red Cross supplied equipment, the Czech students were sleeping in telephone the students gave the labour. With their own booths or on benches in the park: one of the hands they built the Letna Colony, nine beautiful 750 students. toughest jobs the E.S.R. tackled here ippi and attractive wooden hostels to hold barracks for students. Ee Only those may live in them who have worked so 134 135 REBUILDING EUROPE WRECKAGE OR SALVAGE many hours on them, but 3,000 took part, the men work of the year, suggestion was made that building, the women cooking for the builders and various members of political parties speak at doing light carpentry, while whole classes of boys the Domoythis coming year. Several students from the Middle Schools spent days at a time protested, and a German begged in the most hauling cinders. Students had never before been known heartfelt style that the newly-won peace and to do manual work; and on Saturdays and friendliness among students be not disturbed Sundays hundreds of citizens poured out to Letna by political discussions. The students of and gladly paid an entrance fee to see this blazing Studentsky Domov had outgrownthepolitical novelty. We'll go andsee it this afternoon. Czech enmities of yesterday and had bound them- students are immensely proud of it. But they’ve selves together on a broader foundation. His rivals now. The Mining students in Leoben, speech was applaudedto the echo byall nation- Austria, have built themselves .a hostel and the alities. Students here are thinking for them- Yugo-Slavs have built a charming‘ colony’ in Zagreb. selves along lines of friendship rather than hate.’ “Meantime comeinside! his is the Assembly Hall, cram-full. No! not for a lecture. Each “No! The Domovis the gift of the American chair’s a man’s study: they’ve no other place to Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A., not of European Student work. There are more nations represented here : Relief. The E.S.R. contribution to the refugees Germans—there are 5,000 German students in in Czechoslovakia has gone into cheapening meals, Prague, citizens of Czechoslovakia—Magyars, Jews, providing clothing, equipping barracks and into besides assorted Slavs as per the bread line. constructive self-help. But, of course, the loan Nowhere in the world to-day are students of so of quarters and other facilities in the Domov have many different nations flung together in such close been of inestimable help. Without the beautiful proximity as in the Domov. Some have feared dispensary presented to the Domovby the American explosions. ‘There’s intense political tension be- Methodist Mission, European Student Relief could tween Czechs, Germans and Magyars. It was never have carried out its searching investigations with fear and trembling that the experiment was into the health of students, on which certain forms tried of putting eighteen different nationalities on of relief were based. The social and spiritual the Student Relief Committee and other com- atmosphere of the Domov finishes the salvage work _ mittees whose activities centred in the Domov, Student Relief begins, and turns desperate and but after ten months, Edith May, the E.S.R. broken boys and girls into men and women of representative at that time, declared :— hope and strength.” “

REBUILDING EUROPE WRECKAGE OR SALVAGE ported him in large numbers in those Y.M.C.A. sets before us the refugee transformation scene in Trade Schools in Germany and Bulgaria, which these universities :— were of such immense value, secured him employ- ment, provided a roof over his head and clothes on “‘T have never seen humanbeingsliving in his back, repatriated him where possible, mended such misery. They were the most unhappy his teeth, his clothes and his shoes, and sent him human mortals 1 ever met outside of prison- to a sanatorium. Perhaps the greatest triumph camps. Despite physical sufferings, there was was the mighty effort which secured permission no semblance of organisation about them, no for Russian refugees studying in Germany to earn self-help and no spirit for co-operation. The money during the summer by working in the words ‘home* and ‘homeland’ brought to devastated area in France. them a flood of memories which for sheer A constant element of difficulty is the shifting horror would startle a Dante. The press was of the refugee population in pursuit of facilities painting in lurid pictures the famine where for study and cheap living. Before the war their comrades and kin were dying. All in Switzerland was the refugee’s resort; in Geneva all, a most hopeless body, so much so that it no less than 82 per cent. of the students were non- would probably have been useless for E.S.R. Swiss. Switzerland became one of the most ex- to attempt relief had it not been that the pensive lands in Europe, and in 1920-21 the refugee friendship of the Yugo-Slavs had taken definite tide flowed to low-valuta lands like Germany and form. Excellent Serbian Committees were Austria, or to Czechoslovakia and Yugo-Slavia, where organised to help them, and the Kingdom of Governments were generous. Germany and Czecho- the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes granted a slovakia became appallingly expensive, and by 1924 stipendium of 400 dinars a month to about the current was reversed and set strongly towards 1,200 of them, The extraordinary generosity lrance, where the Government is now giving of this on the part of a poor Government can nearly Fr. 1,000,000 annually in subsidies to Russian only be realised when it is understood that students. the Government was already helping 40,000 Everywhere the presence of the refugee’s friend other Russian refugees. Even with the stipend, is the difference between heaven and hell, but the condition of the refugees was gloomy; , nowhere more so than in Yugo-Slavia. By 1922, the existence-minimum for a student was there were nearly 2,000 Russian refugee students 1,200 dinars a month, so all refugee students in the universities of Belgrade, Zagreb, Ljubljana must earn two-thirds of their living. They and Skoplje. Ray Legate, who superintended were herded together in damp cellars and our work in the Balkans as well as in Hungary, ruined barracks. 140 141 REBUILDING EUROPE WRECKAGE OR SALVAGE “As for their health, fifty per cent. are ten Honours Students were men helped by tuberculous. Their teeth are appalling. Out the E.S.R. All refugee students who receive of 76 refugee students in one centre, the the Government subsidy voluntarily pay seven physician reports that §2 require dental treat- dinars a month to a fund to aid their less ment—246 teeth to plug, 113 to remove and fortunate colleagues. 11 to treat. ‘Teeth are as bad relatively “ Best of, all is the new spirit—joy, friendli- amongst the whole 2,000. My! how their ness and goodwill, and gratitude. I could hardly black snags haunt my memory. Happily, a believe my eyes and ears. On every hand shipment of dental supplies and instruments students saying to me, ‘Remember thefirst is en route, a gift from British students. When time you came’to us, and now see!’ we think of diseases caused by decayed teeth, “In Zagreb, they took meto see their Club- we appreciate the importance of dental repair, study-hall-dining-room-theatre. Last time I but even work so vital could not be undertaken was here, in the basement of this old building, hitherto, because of the dire necessity of were coal bins, the rooms under ground had housing, clothing and feeding. never been floored. We furnished the lumber “To-day, through joint effort on the part and the whitewash. The students went to of the Government, the local Relief Com- work. ‘The rooms were floored, the walls mittee and fellow students all over the world, whitewashed and wired for electric lights. the situation is utterly changed. ‘There is a No windows,onlyfive small ventilators opening well-organised Russian Student Society in each through the sidewalk. Now this is the dining- university, effectively promotingself-help enter- room, and twice a day the students stand in prises for better lodging, feeding, clothing and queue, waiting for their turn to eat. About supplies, and employment bureaux for part- 200 refugees get their meals each day. After time work during term and for summer em- the meal it is a study hall until the next meal. ployment, largely in making roads. In Belgrade, In the evening it is reception room, game there are now four hostels for men and four room, library, study hall, dance hall and for women. As to clothing, two years ago theatre. ‘The walls are covered with wrapping aboutall they had was ragged army uniforms; paper, on whichtheartist students have drawn to-day all are dressed in civilian clothes. ‘True pictures of Russian scenery andlife. it is all secondhand, but most is quite decent. “Tn Belgrade I attended their first Grand They are making splendid progress in their Ball, from 8.30 p.m. to 6 a.m. Grand it studies and win more than half the prizes of certainly was, though I saw no diamonds or the university. ‘This year three out of the pearls. ‘There were no flowers except what 142 143 REBUILDING EUROPE the girls had made from paper. The music was furnished by a student playing the piano; refreshments consisted of brown bread, apples and cocoa, thanks to our English friends. ‘The ballroom was our newest restaurant, and though it was raining, the men took the girls home on foot. As I left, seventeen men waded through the sloppy streets to say good-bye and wish me a Merry Christmas. ‘ Please thank every- one who has helped us. Weare all so happy; we live in another world now!’ ”

Work Srupents 1n Estonia Srupyinc purine Rest-Hovr.

Russian Rerucee Srupenrs as Bur.pers. See Chap. XI. 144 CHAPTER XII THE SUPER-REFUGEE PROBLEM Wbole Nations on the Move European Student Relief is a misnomer. ‘The true meaning of E.S.R. is Everywhere Student Relief. Since its beginning its work has been extended into four continents. It has given books to Russian students in internment camps in North Africa ‘and relief to native students suffering through drought in South Africa. In America, the Student Friendship Fund has set aside large sums for refu- gees in the United States, while as for Asia, we have relieved students in Siberia, in Tomsk and Irkutsk, and have sent books to the university libraries of Japan. From theveryfirst moment of our existence we were helping students in Asia Minor. Rebuilding Europeis a colossal task, yet imagina- tion can compass the rebuilding of a ruin. But the Near East is not a ruin, it is chaos. Can one rebuild chaos? In Europe, we have been dealing with the nation and the refugee. In the Near East, we are dealing with the refugee nation. In Europe, the task of relief and reconstruction is to deal with the results of war for four and a half years, in the Near East, with the aftermath of war L 145 REBUILDING EUROPE THE SUPER-REFUGEE PROBLEM for fourteen years. From 1909 onwards to 1923, testified to an educational awakening amongst the through the Turko-Italian war, the Montenegrin Turks, both men and women. trouble, the two Balkan Wars, the Great War, the The Great War had made confusion worse con- A war between Turkey and Greece, the roar of cannon founded in Asia Minor, and wise men saw in such was scarcely ever stilled. In Europe, the horrors of institutions as the above the only chance of the deportations were bad enough, but in the Near creation of such leadership as could bring order East, the recurring deportations denote wholesale out of the Near East chaos. No sooner had the massacre, the slaughter of men and the carrying idea been mooted of relief from the students of off of women into a captivity worse than death. other lands, than Near East professors and Presidents Race antagonism poisons the life of Europe, but of Colleges unmasked their batteries of appeal and in the Near East it has pursued its deadly work, cabled for ten times their allotted share of the not for centuries but for millenniums. Moslem student relief budget. Typical is a letter from versus Christian, Jew versus Arab, Greek and Smyrna, January, 1921. Armenian versus Turk—age-long race and religious strife is there entrenched, “The students of Asia Minor have given There is a bright spot in Near East darkness. up all thought of education. Their homes are For decades, educational movements have been in ruins, their families lie dead, their fellow bringing in the dawn. solid factor for enlighten- students have been massacred by thousands. ment throughout the Turkish Empire were the Our colleges have been uprooted in some colleges and schools of the divers nationalities and places, and only black and ruined walls remain. churches, Greek, Bulgarian, Armenian, and, of From one of our finest colleges over two course, the new universities of liberated Greece, hundred students were massacred and thirteen Bulgaria and Serbia. Then there is the romance of the faculty, some after fearful torture. of the American colleges, Robert College and the There is hardly a student in Asia Minor, Women’s College in Constantinople, the Inter- especially among the Armenians and Greeks, national College at Smyrna, the American University whohas not lost dear ones and homeand often at Beyrout, and a host of colleges and schools in health from war,prison, massacre and starvation. the interior. Bulgaria owed its freedom and its “* Never in history has the Near East needed - progressive forces to graduates of Robert College, an adequate trained leadership as to-day. ‘The only one example of streams of light shed abroad only hope of solution of the baffling problem by these imaginative gifts of the American people. of this landlies essentially in the kind of leader- Of late, national Turkish institutions, the Ottoman ship weare seeking to produce ; in these colleges University in Constantinople and others, have (i.e. the American) all nationalities sit side by 146 147 REBUILDING EUROPE THE SUPER-REFUGEE PROBLEM side in the classrooms and play together in the refugee studentsin representative Turkish, Armenian same teams. Lack of funds is keeping away and Greek colleges and in the American institu- the very finest young men and women. ‘This tions. Here, as in Europe, the E.S.R. helped is still the danger spot of the world. Only a without regard to creed or race, and Christian good crop of righteous men and women can Moslem and Jew, oppressor and oppressed, con- smother the evil.” quered and conqueror,all alike entered the student The problem was essentially a refugee problem, fellowship of giving and receiving. Yes, giving as with all the features of that problem so familiar in well as receiving, for Near East students out of the Europe. On the top of this mass of misery in late depths of their poverty and need have +given. In 1920 came in the flood of Russian student refugees. 1920, students in the International College, Smyrna The counter-revolutionary armies of Koltchak, collected 110 Turkish pounds for Chinese famine Denikin and Wrangel had been defeated: the relief, as well as gathering stamps to be sold for remnants of Wrangel’s army poured into the students in Europe, while in 1923, in Constantinople Balkans and Turkey, fleeing from Soviet Russia. and Beyrout, money was raised by both Turkish Their ghastly situation is depicted by Henry Louis and Christian students for relief in Russia and Henriod, just then in Constantinople as a Federation Germany. secretary :— Gloomy indeed was the situation in the Near East in 1920-22, but there was at least a hope “ Russian refugees, mostly in uniform, at of reconstruction and a little light in the darkness. every step: the wounded dragging along, Then came a blackness engulfing all. In September selling newspapers, boot-laces ; rows of Russian 1922, an edifice of civilisation which had women, Mongols, Tartars and Europeans, selling endured for 3,000 years fell crash upon crash. The debécle jewels, clothes, anything for a bit of food. of the Greek armies, the advance of the Turk There they stand all day long, feet in mud, the burning of Smyrna, the sudden order to pierced by glacial wind,resigned,silent, amongst all Christians to quit Turkish soil, sent a million them 2,000 to 3,000 students. Fortunately refugees trekking along the shores of the Agean few women students, as their situation is the to Salonica, or scrambling for transport on the most tragic of all. Recently a health officer Smyrna quays, and perishing of hunger, cold and found several Russian women students in epidemics, in the island camps, or crushing into houses of prostitution. Aninfernal situation.” Athens. Then came the peace negotiations and European Student Relief mobilised every possible the wholesale exchange of populations. resource on behalf of Russians, Greeks, Armenians _ Nothing like this in the history of the world: and Turks, and selected for help the neediest in a few short weeks, the Greek colonies, founded 148 149 REBUILDING EUROPE THE SUPER-REFUGEE PROBLEM centuries before the Christian era along the shores interior, “deported” as of military age, or a of Asia Minor, wiped out; the Christian com- refugee in Athens, or the islands. Of the sheer munities founded by St. Paul and St. John gone; Dantesque horror of what these men and women the last traces destroyed of the life of that world passed through, only their actual stories can give as we have knownit in classical literature, the Old even a faint notion. We have hundreds. ‘Testament and the New Testament. ‘The famous X. Y., an Armenian, was a “ professional refugee,” exile stories of the world, the Jewish exile to Babylon, in the language of relief societies, a man uprooted even the huge movement of refugee populations time after time by war, famine, deportation and during the Great War, pale into insignificance massacre. Think of the unutterable misery con- beside this deportation of whole peoples, never to veyed by this cold phrase. : return. ‘The story of their sufferings by forced march, by starvation, cold and disease is told else- “He is nineteen years old and a college where—you have seen them at the cinema, moving sophomore. He speaks Turkish, Armenian, on and on, old men, women andchildren. ‘There Arabic, English, French, and German. During is a great story still to be written of the wonderful the Armenian deportation in 1916 his whole mobilisation of rescue effort in the Near East family were taken. His father was killed, before by the relief organisations of America, Britain and the eyes of his mother, four brothers, twosisters other lands. In that story the outstanding chapter and himself, by flogging and by being dragged will concern the League of Nations action under behind a wagon with a rope round his neck. Dr. Nansen, and the mighty united effort, by As a result of what she had witnessed his which the pluck and determination of the Greek mother committed suicide by throwing herself Government combined with the resources of the into the Euphrates. Later, all the brothers League have succeeded in settling over a million and sisters died of starvation in the Arabian people on the land, thus adding one-sixth to the desert. For fifteen days X. Y. escaped by population of Greece. This tale can deal only hiding among the dead, taking their clothes with the tragic crash of student life and hope and to keep himself warm and eating raw animal the share of European Student Relief in saving a flesh to keep from starving. Fortunately he remnant. fell into the hands of Arabs who took him as The Christian student life of Asia Minor was a slave, in which capacity he served for four literally wiped out, and with it the greater part years. Hearing that the English had taken of Near East education. Within a day or two of over Syria, he escaped from the Arabs and, the burning of Smyrna, every Christian student by hiding during the day and fleeing at night, and professor was either dead, or on his way to the he arrived at Haleb, Syria. From there he 150 151 REBUILDING EUROPE THE SUPER-REFUGEE PROBLEM

went to Cilicia. There the Protestant Church In they came by the hundred, these men and took him in and sent him to St. Paul’s College, women, students belonging to the Federation and Tarsus. Two years later he went to the student relief fellowship, suddenly cast on the International College at Smyrna. During the world. The large majority of the refugees were great crisis there, he was able to escape to women and children. In Athens alone from one the girls’ college and from there through the American college in Smyrna were 150 girls. Bitter terrified people to the quay. Here he dodged cold had already set in. They had nothing but the Turkish soldiers, threw off his clothes and, the minimum of summerclothing required to cover though fired at in the water, swam to a boat them—all else had been stolen—nothing beyond, on which he escaped to Athens. not even a comb. .The Greek girls, once they were decently clothed, had a chance of getting V. was a Greek girl of seventeen studying in Smyrna. jobs, but many were Armenians, who could not even speak Greek, and these student girls were but “Whenthe awful smoke of burning Smyrna a tiny fraction of an immense mass of destitute was everywhere and people could not hide unemployed and unemployable women. themselves any further in the houses, we got Already in Athens and Constantinople the Euro- out of our house, my mother,sister and myself pean Student Relief had been giving special relief and followed the other crowds. We sheltered to Russian and other refugees. The news of the in the Greek cemetery for many days. ‘There Smyrna disaster had scarcely reached Geneva when the scene was awful. Thesoldiers and civilians cables began to beg and offer help on behalf of were robbing, beating and dishonouring the stranded students. The first task was to gather girls. Many times I was beaten and robbed. the students into Athens from the concentration At last, under custody of ten armed soldiers, camps in Salonica, Mytilene and Crete. A fine they took me away. On the way they asked spirit some of them had shownthere, helping to me to give them money. I told them I had organise relief and getting up gamesfor the children. no more left. They started beating me in Several thousand were soon concentrated in Athens ; such a way that I lost consciousness. When I a motley crew of Greeks, Turks, Syrians, Armenians, came to after five hours I found myself naked Russians and Persians. with no clothes on me atall, exposed to the European Student Relief worked through the cold. I then hid for two days in the ruins, American Y.M.C.A., which lodged the men first in whenat last my sister begged a French officer a garage and later in army tents in the open-air to embark us on a French boat to Mytilene, cinemaof the university. The Y.W.C.A. provided having lost our morality and our health.” shelter for the girls and clothed them against the 152 153 REBUILDING EUROPE THE SUPER-REFUGEE PROBLEM winter cold. All were given one meal a daytill free of cost. It has persuaded the Ministry of employment could be found for them. Their Relief to give 120,000 drachmas ($2000; £444) future was carefully studied. Those near the end to purchase text-books for refugee students. of their course were given opportunity to complete It is interesting to read the verdict of an it. A. was a brilliant graduate of the Evangelical Athenian Greek student on their work :— School in Smyrna, the oldest Greek school in Asia Minor. An American womanstudent studying in “The refugee students who one and a half England, though far from wealthy, sent a generous years ago were like the debris of a shipwreck subscription which was used to send A. to complete scattered on a rocky shore make up now the his studies in Berlin. Certain American colleges most active,groups which commandthe respect opened their doors, each adopting a few Near East of the Athens community and of the Govern- refugees, and their lucky guests were despatched ment. In every case the Greek Student from Greece. Refugee Union is recognised by all official Very hard was the case of the Armenians who authorities as the most trustworthy student could not speak Greek, and of the Russian refugee organisation. ‘The members of its adminis- students already in Greece before the disaster, trative council are giving muchtime to looking who were thrown out of their hard-won employ- after the interests of their colleagues, though ment when the Greek refugees came in. The their time is so taken up with study and with Y.W.C.A. did much for the Armenian girls in work for their own maintenance.” teaching them trades and getting them employ- : ment. The main body of Greek refugee students The black night is passing away: once more it is the student were,afterall, in their motherland, and after a hard whois helping to bring in the dawn. struggle found a footing and a life work in Greece. Refugee Student Relief work has been likened European Student Relief, as usual, has done its by many to pouring water into a bag with holes. work through self-help organisation, and the Greek On the face of it the task seems hopeless. A man Student Refugee Union was soon formed. It without a country; a man without a future; what insists on two hours’ self-supporting work daily meaning can. his life have? What share has he in and good academic recordfrom all students receiving rebuilding the world? The salvage of the refugee relief. It has secured free registration from the is without question the hardest task of European’ university authorities for 375 refugee students, Student Relief, but once saved and restored to hope part support from the Governmentfor 300 students, and work, the refugeeis a factor of great significance a special grant for fifty particularly needy students in reconstruction. and permission for all suchto sit their examinations Where repatriation is possible, or where, as in 154 155 REBUILDING EUROPE THE SUPER-REFUGEE PROBLEM the case of Greece and Hungary, heis a refugee in a message for students his motherland, he provides the finest of leadership in many lands. From far-off Hawaii comesa letter for his country. Refugee students from declaring that nothing has stirred the spiritual life of the cosmopolitan student and Serbia who were relieved and helped through bodyof the World’s Student Christian Federation during that island—Hawaiians, Americans, Japanese, Portuguese, Chinese, the War in France, Switzerland and Britain, are Mexicans—so much as visits from Russian many of them occupying positions of the highest refugee students passing through on their way from China to importance in their own land. Even during the America. The refugee diaspora time of his exile, the refugee can do a work of con- of modern Europe is assuredly not without purpose. structive service for the land that shelters him and In thefirst century of the Christian era the Jewish diaspora in the for the world. Where refugees of many nations Near East produced are gathered together, as in the Studentsky Domoyv Paul of Tarsus and a message of life to both Asia in Prague, the Foyer International in Paris or the and Europe. The twentieth century diaspora Student Movement House in London, such a group from the Near East and Russia may produce men who provides a laboratory of international relationships in like manner will bring ee light andlife to the world. wherein experiments of all kinds in international goodwill can be carried on by native and foreign students together. Rightly handled, the refugee student has been a great factor in quickening the development of international fellowship amongst students. His share in this quickening of international goodwill is active as well as passive. From Serbia, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria has comethe testimony of the students of those lands that the presence of Russian students in their midst has meant the quickeningof the spirituallife of the native students. In 1920, a former secretary of the Russian Student Christian Movement was found in destitution in Constantinople selling bread on the Galata Bridge. He was helped on to his feet again, and to-dayheis the chief Christian leader amongst both Russian and Bulgarian students in Bulgaria, a man with 156 157 WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS? Student relief operated in Russia in two sections, a division determined notby the wish of the students in any country, but by the peculiar circumstances of the United States of America. The American Relief Administration decided CHAPTER XIII to continue in Russia the noble work it had done in Europe. It seemed WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS ? clear that an arrangement by whichall contributions raised in America should go through this channel The Great Adventure and be administered by Americans would result in wider co-operation and the raising of far larger Tue great adventure of European Student Relief sums than would otherwise be possible in the must now be told. Russia is its largest investment, United States. An American section of European perhapsits highest success, perhaps its worst failure, Student Relief in Russia thus became a necessity, in any case its greatest enigma. Fromthe first, and to lead it there went to Russia some of the the E.S.R. contemplated work in Russia, but in choicest Student Young Men’s and Young Women’s 1920 it stood before a closed door. ‘The univer- Christian Association workers. Their group was sities of Russia were cut off; and as the students led by Mr. E. C. Colton and by Miss Marcia Dunham, of other lands gazed towards Russia they saw only who had already done yeomanservice as the E.S.R. the face of the Soviet Sphinx. Suddenly,in summer Field Representative in the Baltic States. The 1921, the veil began to part, drawn aside by the Nansen Mission headed up all relief organisations gaunt hand of Famine. ‘The harvest failed, thirty other than American and, under its wing, worked million people were in the throes of hunger, and the international section of European Student at least half a million, in spite of all relief effort, Relief, administering the fundsraisedin all countries actually died of starvation, to take no account of other than the United States. The two sections those who died of disease and under-nourishment. workedin the closest harmony and divided the field Dr. Nansen, as High Commissioner of the Inter- between them, the Americans working in the west national Committee for the Relief of Russia, made in the large cities of Petrograd, Moscow, Kiev, his appeal to the Governments through the League Odessa and Ekaterinoslav, the International Section of Nations and sent a direct and urgent plea to working in the east in the smaller provincial uni- European Student Relief for “ your help to rescue versities. the Russian youth decimated by famine. In They found behind the veil twenty universities January 1922, student relief entered Russia: with 160,000 students functioning ‘in the area it remained there till April 1925. covered by Soviet republics, the pre-war number 158 159 REBUILDING EUROPE bothof universities and students doubled, and eight universities, Samara, Saratov, Kazan, Rostov, Sim- feropol, Ekaterinoslav, Odessa and Astrakhan, in the actual famine area. Just such conditions of misery prevailed everywhere amongst students as we have described elsewhere, only by all testimony many times worse. The average lot of the students

in Central Europe was one meal a day. One meal a Yuco-Suavia. daywas not an uncommonpre-warcondition amongst Russian students; now,like the rest of the populace,

they were eating roots, leaves, grass and even some- Zacres,

times blue clay. The soberest relief workers or testify that cases of cannibalism were found again and again amongst the starving populace.

““We saw many houses where the people STUDEN1

had all died, and there will be very many more sy of these. ‘They have eaten all the cats and dogs, have pounded up their bones to mix with the grass for bread, and there are a good

many cases of cannibalism. In a village I THEMseLves visited the Famine Committee combat this by

removing the bodies as quickly as possible, ror andif anything is being cooked, looking into

the pots to see whether whatis there is human. Buitr Parents have killed and eaten their children. Weare used to dead bodies lying in the streets.

‘There were twenty in one by our house a few Hosters days ago. 1 don’t mind them so much—their agony is over.” Tive

As for c’-* ing, many students faced the bitter 236. cold of a northern Russian winter barefoot and in p. unspeakable rags. Out of 3,600 students examined See 160 WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS? in Odessa, 17 per cent. had one set of underclothing or less, 6 per cent. had no overcoat, 52 per cent. were in desperate need of new shoes, 30 per cent. had gone through the winter without heat in their rooms. ‘The clothing simply was not there. The item for clothes has disappeared from the budget of professors and students for years. In autumn 1921, thousands of students in Moscow faced the opening of the new college year without living quarters. ‘Twogirls were foundliving in a fowl- house, ten foot by seven, in which they could not stand upright. They had seized it and cleanedit up after its late inhabitants; a man had taken over a goat-house ; a professor was living and studying under a staircase. Health conditions were ‘and are appalling. ‘The doctors in chargeof the student clinic at Kharkoy claimed that after careful examina- tion, 43 per cent. of the students had tuberculosis. At Kiev 12 per cent. showed open tuberculosis, and out of 1,833 students personally examined 47 per cent. were found to have some contagious illness or disease requiring long, special and system- atic treatment, and only 20 per cent. were in fair health. As for facilities for study, there was almost com- plete absence ofthe primary necessities—ink, pencils, paper, pens. “ ‘That is what we write on,” said a professor from Russia, pointing to a ragged scrap, of brown wrapping paper. Certain universities well equipped with scientific instruments such as microscopes, were paralysed both in teaching and experiment because of the complete absence of some small necessity such as covering glasses for M 161 REBUILDING EUROPE WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS? slides or litmus paper. A student who had finished out tools, and a new race of educated agriculturists his course at the Agricultural School two years was imperative. before had received no diploma because he had not completed some experiment in a chemical laboratory Into this land of famine and misery the student involving only two weeks’ work. His turn had not relief was launched. Russia represents the greatest yet come round. Lack of fuel meant paralysis of investment made by the mead student fellowship laboratory work, through the absence of heat, light on behalf of any country. Between March 1922 and water. and July 1924, European Student Relief expended Even to-day in Leningrad, so short of modern in Russia Sw. Frs. 3,550,025, ($623,000; £145,000). books are the libraries that “it is no uncommon Ofthis sum Sw. F¥s. 2,647,603 came from America, thing to see a line of students half a block long and Sw.Frs. 875,422 from other countries. Holland outside the public library, waiting to get in for the specialised on Kazan, New Zealand on ‘Tomsk. first chance at some badly needed volume. Students More workers from more nations have gone to wanting books must often wait two months. In Russia than to any other country. In addition the great library of the university, 20,000 appli- to the American staff of six men and three women. cants for books were refused last year ; in the Mining Holland, England, Scotland, Germany, Sweden, Institute, the library hours were changed till the Denmark, Norway, Hungary and Switzerland sent evening, as so many students were cutting their twelve workers in all. Student relief remained morning lectures to wait in queues for text-books. longer in Russia than in any other land. America Clubsof thirty students are formed to buy and share has been there for three and a half years, the Inter- one book.” national Section was there for more than two. The Government were making at least a deter- At least ten million meals have been served to mined effort for education. They were conscious students in seventeen centres. At the height of of Russia’s need for builders; epidemic conditions the feeding operations a meal was being served demanded doctors ; the paralysis of transport called daily to 31,000 students, i.e. one out of everyfive. for engineers; the railways—always insufficient for Hundreds of tons of clothing were distributed. Russia’s demands—had only 14 per cent. of their To deal with the appalling health conditions, five pre-warrolling-stock and trains, and 50 per cent. free dispensaries have been maintained for students of that was in the hands of the American Relief and professors, where in all 291,000 treatments and Administration for the transport of supplies. One prescriptions were given. cause of the famine was the breakdown of the The largest proportional service has been given Russian agricultural system. Russian agriculture to professors, for whose relief an American donor was carried on by antiquated methods with worn- has given two sums totalling $200,000. The 162 163 REBUILDING EUROPE WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS?

American Section has given economic help—fuel, Swedish woman married to a Russian, who lost food, clothing and medical aid to at least one- her husband in the revolution, and determined to third of the registered university professors and live for his country,the fine courage of Dr. Lannung, their dependents. the Dane, whobeganhis career in Russia with typhus, Such mighty efforts as these were only possible the astonishing ingenuity and resource of lonely through co-operation. ‘The Nansen Mission, the boys dealing with situations which would have Save the Children Fund, the Swedish and Belgian tested an explorer or a diplomat. Whattales could Red Cross, the Imperial War Relief workers in be told of mushroom raids by the student body to Russia each lent a hand in various ways to keep the kitchens going when supplies had not the International Section, and the work of the arrived and of wonderful barter business to secure Americans had all the benefit of American Relief fresh vegetables and to produce a balanced ration Administration’s most efficient’ machinery and of 1,100 calories. facilities, as well as large A.R.A. gifts of medical ‘The strain on the workers from other lands was supplies and hospital equipment. ‘The Soviet tremendous. It was not producedbythedifficulty Government by agreement helped with free trans- of transport and so forth, inherent in the Russian port on railways during thefirst eighteen months, system, nor even by organisation troubles created by and with kitchen buildings and their equipment the irregularities of the lovable Russian student and localstaff. with his loose notions of time and value. The Russia was not only the largest investment of essential strain resulted from the atmosphere in student relief, but also its greatest adventure. which their work had to be done. They were face No other country has so called forth heroism, to face with a Government frankly determined to resource and endurance, in no other country have proletariatise the universities and increasingly success- the workers run the samerisks to health and personal ful in suppressing the elements amongboth professors freedom. ‘Think of the difficulties of administering and students unfavourable to their religious and a field which stretched from Leningrad to Odessa, political views. This they did by successive so- 1,000 miles, and from Kiev to Irkutsk and Astrakhan, called cleansings of the universities, more or less 2,500 miles. It embraced work in seventeen centres, effective. In addition the workers had to bear including five in the Ukraine. But the adventure up against repeated efforts to secure relief for one wascarried through, thoughit took all they had to particular section. On this point they could not do it—thepreviousrelief experience of the Americans yield. What was at stake was the principle of holding on with dogged pluck year after year, the impartiality of distribution, on which European dash and resource of the English Harold Gibson Student Relief has always laid such greatstress, carrying the work as far as Tomsk, the heroism of the and, in all other countries, successfully. Struggle 164, 165 REBUILDING EUROPE WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS? was inevitable when the two parties concerned This is the true Russian spirit. The Russian were on the one hand authorities determined to has a passion for service and sacrifice. It shows make the university subserve their political and itself just now in his devotion to the rebuilding of religious aims, and on the other an organisation Russia. In 1921 the Pedagogical Faculty at Samara equally determined to secure that all students University was to be closed. Manyofthe students alike should receive help on the ground of need were receiving a food allowance from the Govern- and for no other reason. The Communist Party ment or from the Swedish Red Cross. For four could not regard with enthusiasm the service and months 1,618 students sold instead of eating their achievements of an organisation which, to use the rations and gave the money to keep their Faculty phrase of a Party leader, was not able “to give open. This took place during the severest time 100 per cent. recognition to the existing student of famine in one of the worst districts. In Ekaterino- machinery.” slay, when first offered assistance, the students Russia remains an enigma. It is hard indeed to of the Mining Institute said, “ Our students are form a final judgmentas to the results of the Russian in need, but we are not dying in the streets as we work. Certain things are clear: student relief were several months ago. If you know of cities has saved a multitude of men and women for the where students suffer more than here, reduce the rebuilding of their country. The Russian student gift to us and give it to them.” At Kharkov, has always been worth saving and worth serving. since relief funds would not permit the feeding of Hehasa passion for knowledge. Take the medical all really needy students, four hundred paired off student who says :— in twos to share the one meal a day. Certain foreign relief agencies have by preference “My choice of the Medical Faculty was employedstudentsasrelief workers,finding amongst determined by the poor sanitary conditions them ‘a high standard of honesty and devotion. of my country. In my search for work I The enormous health investigation and preventive have offered my services to hundredsofcitizens medical work done with the help of the E.S.R. in their places of business for only a piece of for students in the universities, notably in the mag- bread. From one of these, when he noticed nificent student-run clinics in Kharkov and Kiev, my weakened condition, I received the answer, could never have been done apart from many hours ‘¥Forsake Science.’ But never shall I forsake work each week given freely by the advanced that which has been the chief object of my life, medical students and doctors. In Moscow the and for which I nearly lost it; I shall die medical students were organised in groups to care therefore within the walls of the University for the refugees coming in from the famine and with the knowledge that I die in a Sanctuary.” epidemic areas. Many of these future doctors 166 167 REBUILDING EUROPE WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS? succumbed to typhus and cholera while thus working special gifts from America. On April 2nd, 1925, for their fellow countrymen. a letter was received by the head of the American Just such students European Student Relief has Section of E.S.R. from the Chairmanof the Foreign saved, literally by the thousand, from death by Relief Commission of the Soviet Government :— starvation, cold or epidemic disease, a gift of incal- culable value for the rebuilding of Russia. But “Youroffersofrelief to the scientific workers here comes the question: how many of these and students of the Union of Soviet Republics, capable and self-sacrificing students will be per- after consideration by the interested institu- mitted to take part in the rebuildingof their country ? tions, have been, unfortunately, recognised There is no blinking the fact that numbers of such as inacceptable. students are discriminated against for party con- I take this opportunity to express to the siderations, and that some of those, whom student American section of E.S.R. gratitude for the relief has saved, have been forced to leave the work of relief which it has carried on.” university within a few months of graduation The few remaining and thus not only injured in their American student relief career, but workers at once left Russia. deprived of the chance of serving their country. t is such facts as these, and not a conviction This is one phase of the enigma. Having saved that the need was over, which induced countries some some of those who might best rebuild Russia, will to decide in 1923 that they ought no they be allowed to do their work? 4 . longer to raise money for Russian Student Relief. The second great question concerns relationships It is the samefacts which caused the E.S.R. at length, with other lands. In the nineteen countries in and very regretfully, to close down general student whichthe E.S.R. has sownrelief, there has sprung feeding, since impartial distribution had become up a harvest of understanding and goodwill towards practically impossible. other nations. Howfar is this the case in Russia? In the autumn of1924 the American Section was Certainly there were communicated to thousands still operating in Russia, carrying on a limited of professors and students, over and beyond physical thoughstill generous programme, supported almost help, incalculably large resources of fresh morale. entirely by American money, but the work was Each E.S.R. limited kitchen has meant windows kept open, to medical help, including kitchens for west, south and east, looking invalid students, towards the students and to intellectual help, including who have made the kitchen possible. As Ivan the supply of books and instruments to students and Katinka entered the student kitchen each day and the desperately needed material relief for pro- for their one precious meal, a placard with the fessors and their families, made possible by the following message greeted them :— 168 169

REBUILDING EUROPE WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS? “European Student Relief unites the efforts “Russian feudal monarchy kept away all of the students of the educational institutions Russia from western European civilisation, and universities of thirty-four different coun- and this bad politicy left awayall tartars more tries of North America, South America, Western than any others. The last revolutions of Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia in giving Russia made free Tartars and the way to help to colleagues in need in Europe as well as civilisation were opened. ‘Tartarian youngs Russia. did all they could to get education and to go “Christians, Jews and persons not belonging to the universties, and very many ‘Tartarian to any religion have madepossible the organisa- youngs are studying in Kazan., but to our tion of studentkitchens. In this way they wish unhappyness the calamity which overcovered to express to their colleagues their feelings of Russia put us to very difficult position to keep sympathy and goodwill, and also to demon- on in the youneversities and all of us are obliged strate the sentiment of friendship which in to pass our time mostly for searching picies the whole world unites student youth.” of bread in order nor to dy from hungerness. But all our tryings because of the general The tides of gratitude rose as high here as else- calamity can’t give any goodresult, and there- where. The heart of Russia has spoken through fore we are seeking the people who come from innumerable utterances such as these :— far away attenging their helping hands to Russians specially to youngs.” “The pain and suffering of the last years withered our soul and weakened our brain “T beg you to convey to our friends my and body. The energy for mental work is assurance that their participation in the vicissi- gone away. The struggle for life now in Russia tudes of the fate of Russian scholars has always is very hard, and many, manyofourcolleagues deeply touched me and many of my friends. are gone for ever to the best World. But ‘Their heartfelt sympathy has been a source of we do not capitulate. We are going, deadly moral warmth whichhasbeennoless protection tired, forward to the sun of free science and art. against the snow storms of life than are the Feelings of sympathy and thanks warm our loads of heating wood which you provide so hearts. We shall never forget the transatlantic generously to fight against our February frosts.” friends who give us support in so difficult a Every such tribute means a link between the moment. Also great is our hope. Now is student forces of Russia and those of other lands. coming the happy day, when we can add some- The windows that have been kept open look both thing to the treasures of mankind’s culture.” ways, and studentsall over the world gaze into Russia 170 171 REBUILDING EUROPE WHY SAVE RUSSIAN STUDENTS ? through those windows with friendly eyes, eager to in the handsof one party that they do notcontribute learn moreof herstudentlife. Not students only, but to academic freedom, the proudfruit of co-operative professors and learned men look to European Student self-help elsewhere. Students of Russia have been Relief as giving them unique knowledge of certain denied the international fellowship so richly pro- sides of Russian science. The British Medical vided by intercourse betweenthe different national Journal has recently published a series of articles self-help organisations. In other ways, too, they on health conditions in Russia to-day. ‘The author, have been cut off from the fellowship which has Dr. Horsley Gantt, obtained all his facts from the come to other students through the European medical work of the E.S.R. Student Relief ; for example, no student drom Russia Intellectual relief has reforged the link between has so far attended a E.S.R. International Con- scholar and scholar. Suddenly Ivan and Katinka ference. find their libraries supplied with new foreign text- This tale of Russia is different from the story of books from abroad, or full of Russian text-books other lands. Studentrelief has taken a great risk printed on the precious paper given by Swedish and made an act of faith. In the spirit of its students. Rostov professors carried on experiment student fellowship, it entered Russia, and it with has instruments provided by a $700 gift from a extendedor limited its work in accordance with its Japanese professor. Russian students and professors settled principles. No one of the workers who have do not forget the friends who have supplied them been inside Russia will dogmatise as to the result. with the tools of the mind. Such intellectual The riddle of the Russian Sphinxis not solved, but help keeps open the channel of goodwill. True of this much we may be sure, that, when the full the intellectual exchange is but partial, for onl; story of the European Student Relief work in Russia books on science and technology and kindred sub- can be told, the results in every realm, physical, jects can enter Russia freely, but Light is always intellectual and spiritual, will be found far more Light. commensurate with the effort put forth than the Yes, the harvest of goodwill from the seed of present record can convey. The seed of unselfish relief has certainly appeared in Russia, but just as service rendered in the spirit of Christ cannot but certainly the prevailing conditions have prevented bearfruit. certain developments of international goodwill that the European Student Relief has rejoiced over elsewhere. Co-operative self-help, such as has been developed in Germany, Poland and otherlands, is impossible in Russia. Self-help organisations there, with oneortwobrilliant exceptions,are so completely 172 173 HUMANITY AND THE HUMANITIES

League of Nations, and Memberof the Commission on Intellectual Co-operation. Now hear the West :— “The conditions in European universities CHAPTER XIV make it imperative that we undertake at the earliest possible moment to meet their needs. HUMANITY AND THE HUMANITIES ‘There are over 100,000 students and professors, whoin the whole upset of economic equilibrium The Relief of Intellectual Famine are suffering greatly, and unless we’ can bring them adequate food, fuel, clothing and housing and universities “ Srupents are the seed, facilities, we shall see a decadence in the intel- intellectual harvest the seed-bed of the new lectual fibre of Europe. We have a strong obli- renew and make grow the that shall feed, gation toward these universities for the great forces of mankind. knowledge and the moral services they have rendered in the past in adding there is a humble “Ina little village of Japan to our store of knowledge. ‘To allow these of peasants go on tomb where thousands institutions to disintegrate would be a disaster to one who, in a pilgrimage to pay respect not only to their own nations, but to the whole preferred to famine year, some 200 years ago, civilised world.” starve himself to death rather than consume the grain intended for seed. His corpse was found So wrote Herbert Hoover in November 1920, clinging to a bag of rice with instructions for to American students on behalf of European uni- its use. versities. Thus do two strong men from the ends “T associate this story with the effort of of the earth sum up that philosophy of the European Student Relief. Those who endorse relationship of humanity to the humanities, which its work and come to the rescue of students is the basis of all relief of intellectual famine. are dealing with living organisms, with seeds “The seed must be saved.” To sow the seed of which have definite years of vitality. The learning’s harvest has ever been the proud task of work must be done before it is too late to aid the universities, but the Great War left them, in keeping up the light of knowledge which is heavily depleted both in seed and sowers. dangerously flickering.” In 1919-20 the universities were crammed with students, but sadly lacking in every other element So speaks the East in the person of Dr. Inazo of academic life. As for professors, many of the Nitobe, Under Secretary General, Secretariat of the most brilliant were gone: Lammasch, the Austrian 174 A75 REBUILDING EUROPE HUMANITY AND THE HUMANITIES authority on International Law, Troeltsch, the test-tubes or dissecting aprons. To possess great German theologian, Eugene ‘Trubetskoy, a book became an unattainable dream. In Prague the Russian philosopher, these are but a few of those 250 Russian refugees shared one medical book: who died by war or post-war hardship: a thousand they met to hear it read aloud. Professors lecturers and privat dozents perished by the sword, must lecture, teach, inspire, minus all fresh leaving distinguished work unfinished : the hundred material and knowledge and without specimens for demon- thousand student names on the memorial tablets stration. Dissection was sometimes taught by of European universities mean masterpieces of blackboard diagram only. In the University of literature and art, or discoveries in science the world Riga, thesole source of young leadership for the will never see. new Republic of Latviti,in 1920 there were 4,500 students Of the old universities, some, like Louvain, had and eleven faculties, five entirely new. The labora- seen their world-famous libraries or laboratories tories of Chemistry were partly closed, for lack of destroyed; others, like that of Dorpat, had their means, the Anatomical Section could not bu equipment removed; still others, like Koloszvar, formaline to preserve bodies, the Medical Faculty retained their equipment, but hadlost their students had no clinics, and the Agricultural, Philological to the ranks of refugees. Such old universities and Philosophical Faculties no auxiliary institutions. and the newones called into being by the necessities Strong men who endured with wonderful forti. of new countries mean a long list of institutions tude privations for themselves broke down where whose academic life must be built up from the very the children of their brain were threatened with foundation: Riga, Tartu (Dorpat), Kovno, Vilno, extinction. “ Sir, come down ere my child die,” Lublin, Poznan, Warsaw, Ljubljana, Skoplje, Rostov is the appeal of men whose discoveries have healed Don, Simferopol and others. All universities and enlightened the world. Universities, the light- started the new era with deteriorated or defective houses of learning, which have always shared their equipment or with none at all. The universities treasures with the universities of other lands and in the Central Powers, Poland, the Baltic States and opened their doors freely to foreign students, faced Russia were without the books or periodicals pub- the extinction of their own flame. Such a university lished since August 1914 in the Allied world. As was Vienna. In 1921, Donald Grant writes of the late as 1922 we searched the Seminar of Economics plight of Austrian learning :— Library at Dresden for American or British periodicals, and found not single one. “Research in the English Department Students must make bricks without straw, and stopped for lack of books; in Meteorology, prepare for their examinations minus paper, ink, because instruments cannot be renewed pens, pencils, drawing-boards, logarithm tables, Egyptological excavations at Gizeh, 176 Archeo- N 7. REBUILDING EUROPE HUMANITY AND THE HUMANITIES Asia Minor, logical excavations in Ephesus, “There is an absolute famine in all books Geographical, Geological and Botanical research and laboratory supplies. Every university Welt- I in Adria, all stopped for lack of funds: have been in, the professors, though hungry Plant Kingdom’ stein’s ‘Philogeny of the and with scarcely any clothes, have said: We Botanical and his Report of the results of the can manage with what food and clothing we Expedition in Brazil, Dopsche’s researches in have [I am absolutely certain they cannot !] of these Economic and Social History, none but help us do our work; get us some scientific of paper can be published, because the price journals, some recent books and some laboratory has risen seventy times. The Radium Institute equipment!’ They have nothing;* everything larger in Vienna, which generously lent the is of valiie.- The Chemical Society recently of part of the radium for the experiments sent out someBritish scientific journals. When can scarcely carry Ramsay and Rutherford, I told some professors of their arrival, their on. For library and apparatus it has a normal eagerness to see them was like the eagerness endowmentof Kr.2,000. Fortelephoneservice of the children in the famine areas to get alone Kr. 1,480 must be paid to-day. bread.” “Dr. Rudolph Poesch, Professor of Anthro- pology, died March 1921, leaving unfinished In spite of all, these professors have done con- structive thinking a great work on Bushmen, the result of four and valuable research; we have in our hands a Catalogue years’ travel in Australia, the South Seas and of at least a thousand scientific works South Africa, and the compilation of the results produced in Russia since the out- break of war. of research in the prisoners of war camps in Germany and Austria, where he measured “Professors of one university completed over 10,000 Russians, South Europeans, North some valuable mathematical work and it was Africans, Indians and East Asiatics, collecting essential that it should be published. They be given unique material, which can never now could not even get any paper, but at last the to the world.” Government gave sufficient to produce an edition of fifty copies. Having got the paper, Russia provided even more heartrending con- they foundto their dismay that not only would ditions. ‘The very man whothusdescribed Austria’s thecost of printing be more than the total of later, plight, writing from Russia a few months their pooled resources, but that it was impos- declares that the poverty of the Austrian labor- sible to obtain the necessary mathematical type. of atories cannot be compared with the destitution At last they found an old lithograph stone. :— Russia, and our Field Representative writes They got the machine into working order, set 178 179 REBUILDING EUROPE HUMANITY AND THE HUMANITIES the letter type, and undismayed by the endless intellectual relief has been given in Russia. The labour involved, one of their number, with huge work done for professors by the American exquisite care and surprising skill, wrote on Section has already been described. The Inter- the stone page after page of mathematical national Section gave considerable supplies of books formule until the whole was finished.” and laboratory equipment, besides distributing 400 suits of clothing from the Belgian Red Cross to ‘The world would indeed havelost, if such men professors in Rostov and Novocherkask, and helping hadbeenleft to starve. The call was heard: Oxford, to administer the Nansen food parcels for professors. Cambridge and other British universities sent help Though manyof these efforts have been initiated apart to Vienna professors. Scandinavian and Dutch from European StudentRelief, it has again and again universities poured in supplies. The American been called in to help in their administration. 'The Relief Administration and other American Funds Committee on Intellectual Co-operation has called spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on therelief “attention to the results obtained in the field of of professors ; governments and universities, ¢.g., the intellectual mutual existence by International Sorbonne,sent large gifts of books ; the Universities Student Associations, especially by the European Library of Britain in four years has sent nearly Student Relief branch of the World’s Student 100,000 books and periodicals to ten European Christian Federation,” and has urged its twelve countries. A new phase began when, in September affiliated National Committees to get into touch 1921, the League of Nations, by a resolution of the with the said E.S.R. Second Assembly, founded the Committee on Intel- In 1920 every Hungarian institution of higher lectual Co-operation“ to examineinto international learning was broadcasting its own particular appeal questions regarding intellectual co-operation.” throughout the learned world, with appalling Bergson, Einstein, Bannerjea of Calcutta, Gilbert results in confusion, irritation, waste and over- Murray, and Madame Bonnevie of Oslo, are members lapping. The Government of Hungary issued of this committee; it has published a series of stringent regulations that appeals from universities brochures on intellectual conditions in various and learned societies were not to be sent abroad lands and has done very much to co-ordinate the except through the E.S.R. Field Representative, efforts of various institutions and societies for intel- andthat he wasto be the sole agentfor the distribu-. lectual relief. The position of learning in Europe tion of the gifts sent in in answer to such appeals. to-day, thoughstill critical, is no longer desperate. In a hundred ways the Jack-of-all-trades at Humanityis salvaging the wreck of the humanities. Geneva has relieved intellectual famine. It secured What has been the share of the student relief a gift from Swedenof forty tons of paper for print- fellowship in all this? Its largest direct service to ing text-books in Russia, procured hectographing 180 18r REBUILDING EUROPE HUMANITY AND THE HUMANITIES machines for multiplying university lectures in protractors marked with half degrees; compass Estonia in default of books, helped to establish sets and boxwoodrules. In no case could such university presses run by students, in Poland, instruments be obtained on the open market — Austria, Germany and Hungary. It has even uti- for muchless than double the price we charge ; lised the odder results of its clothing raids to moreover, in most cases, they could not have supply the professor with the boiled shirt, so neces- been obtained at all; they are simply not in sary for his attendanceatofficial functions, and the existence in Poland.” music student with the opera cloak essential to her about appearance on the concert platform. In October 1924, comes news from Prague students :— ‘To students the main benefit has been the supply the meaning of such work to refugee of books and instruments at rates within the student “We received from Geneva $1,000 and a purse. How such help was administered and what special gift of £50 from New Zealand students. it means, is shown by a letter from Poland dated expended on our libraries for 1921 :— ‘This we have Russian refugee students, paying rent and buying “Serious are the difficulties under which 253 volumes for Prague, 369 for Brno and 158 of the universities are labouring because of the for Pribram, all selected by Committees lack of the most elementary resources. professors and students working together. The Recently to I made a trip to Berlin, carrying with melists library in Brno is the only one available the of desiderata. Wehave definite assurance from the 7oo Russian students. In Prague, during the Polish Foreign Office that all such supplies Russian library served 41,851 people showing can be imported free. The matter was more the year. All books have book-plates The effect created difficult in Berlin, but permission to export by whom they were given. was obtained by the E.$.R. Office there. by the New Zealand gift is surprisingly great. New Zealand seems so far off that men here “To appreciate what this means to the have been deeply touched by this very material intellectual life of Poland you should have been evidence of the brotherhood of students in our Office at the time the first shipment throughout the world. Nothing could. have of scalpels, forceps, and compasses arrived ; you helped more beneficially or roused more sincere should have seen the joy with which the Rector gratitude.” of a University and the Dean of a Medical Faculty, and others equally distinguished, ‘Thushasthe self-denial of students and professors handled and fondled those simple supplies : the world over saved the seed ofintellectual life. wooden triangles with angles of 90, 60, and 30; The seed saved has now been sown, and already 182 183 REBUILDING EUROPE HUMANITY AND THE HUMANITIES there are signs of the harvest to come. America was at that time gave with generosity living by sharpening knives to maintain Pirquet’s Children’s and razor-blades and Clinic in eating E.S.R. dinners. Vienna. Pirquet, the Austrian, gave full He has since become research facilities and professor at a university every help to the English in another newstate. Y. bacteriologist, Dr. was still an under- Harriet Chick, for investigations graduate, a Russian refugee concerning the student, also cause of rickets, both infantile and helped by the E.S.R. Both adult. Their discoveries are devoting them- are bringing healing to selves to scientific research the slums of great which may have an cities all over the world, a fine important bearing illustration of on the future development the fruit of the co-operation of several of mankind.” countries in intellectual relief. Studentrelief cannot as yet show suchstriking results, but the beginnings Theseed saved and sownis bringingin a spiritual of harvest are there. harvest quite as significant as the intellectual. Lord Few could follow the reasonings of Simon Cecil in 1922, addressing the Congress of the Niewiaski, a Polish student, as he contended for his Universities of the British Empire, urged them to Doctorate in Physical Science at Geneva University, continue on the theme “ Contribution 4 Détude de la Peroxyda- “The great work done in past ages by the tion de POxyde a’Azote et de la Recuperation des Gaz Nitreux.” But the dedication of his thesis is easily universities in keeping alive by the interchange understood :— of learning the idea of the essential unity of mankind. There is no such thing as national “ Homage & Pactivité de la Fédération Uni- learning; world learning is the only thing verselle des Associations Chrétiennes @’E tudiants, worth considering. When Einstein comes we de PEntr-aide Universitaire Européenne et de do not inquire whether he is German, Austrian son représentant en Suisse, M. Henri Fohannot.” or Swiss. We only know him as one of the greatest leaders of scientific He never and philosophic would havelived to take his degree, had thought. Learningis oneof the great unifying not M.Johannotsteppedin to save him. forces of the world.” “The Proceedings of the Royal Society, European Student Relief Great Britain, had had a share in | in 1922, contain a paper by a revealing the distinguished reality and world-wide extent of this professor, who pays tribute to fellowship in the pursuit the of knowledge. Letters collaboration in experiment of Messrs. of appeal X. and signed by menof science, records of hard Y. in the University of Tartu, Estonia. work on Student Relief Committees, X., an assistant contain the in his research laboratory, names of many luminaries in the present-day 184 185 REBUILDING EUROPE HUMANITY AND THE HUMANITIES firmament of learning. Einstein expounded the peoples and our common interest in science Theory of Relativity for the first time in England makes me venture to send you this request, at King’s College, London, and the proceeds of the although one does not delight to take upon crowded gathering went to the Universities’ Relief oneself the part of the pleader, but povert Committee: Madame Curie backed the appeal and love break iron.” F : Bae in France for studentrelief in Poland: the Com- mittee in Vienna which administered the Oxford Theletter is counter-signed by Adolf Deissmann, University gifts in 1920 contained the names of von Dobschutz and Rudolf Eucken. Clement Pirquet, Auer Welsbach and Sigmund Propagandists made great play with the Mani- Freud: J. M. Keynes, Sir William Beveridge and festoes of University professors on both sides of other economists back the E.S.R.effort as essentially the Great War. The hatred and misunderstanding sound: Ernest Rutherford, William Bragg, J. J. of those documents are surely cancelled by the love ‘Thomsonanda score of other menoflearning signed and fellowship revealed in these olive-crowned the Letter of Appeal to Graduate Members of the Manifestoes of Relief. This work is of eternal Universities of Great Britain and Ireland: in the value. One of the last letters written by Lord United States, Paul E. Monroe, Professor of Educa- Bryce, scholar, statesman and seer, was addressed tion at Columbia University, Stephen Duggan of to a meeting in Cambridge University on behalf the International Institute of Education, President of European Student Relief. He told them that Farrand of Cornell, President Hibben of Princeton, “such help will be prized and remembered. It President McCracken of Vassar, President Pendleton will continue to have a moral value when the need of Wellesley have given their whole-hearted backing for material succour has passed away.” to the Student Friendship Fund. Even now wesee his prophecy fulfilled. Austrian From Germany comes a letter written by Ernst learning has already written her gratitude to America Troeltsch, shortly before his death; it contains a across the skies. Vienna University, in recognition plea to European Student Relief, in view of the of Hoover’s services to Austria and to Austrian desperate conditions in Germany before Christmas professors, has named the little planet 932, dis- 1923. covered in Vienna, Hooveria. Rarely is it given to man to “ paint with brushes of comet’s “Your work answers to the spirit of the hair” ; the E.S.R. records are not Xmas Evangel: I send you doubly hearty written in thestars,’ but on the fleshy tablets of ten thousand hearts wishes for the festival of Christendom. that have knownthe joy of fellowship renewed. desire to associate with this the request that you will resume your noble enterprise for our students. The essential unity of the Christian 186 “187 REBUILDING EUROPE STUDENT RELIEF DISCOVERS ITSELF Australasians, Scandinavians, Dutch and Swiss. Re- Physical Director, and Harold Abraham, of Cam- ligions were almost as various as nations ; Catholic, bridge, Olympic Games Hundred Yards Champion. Protestant, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, What could you do when you found yourself Mohammedan and Jew and those withoutreligion. sharing a sack of straw with a man whoselanguage ‘The crowd was anything but a group of pacifists. you had taken an oath never to speak, or partner Leaders not merely of national, but even of national- in a three-legged race with one of a nationality ist student groups were present. The chairmen of which your vow forbad you to touch? All dis- the national student bodies of Austria, Poland, tinctions had disappeared by the time the folk-song Czechoslovakia and Hungary and of the repre- evening and the “ stunt” night arrived. ' sentative body of Russian immigrant students in Without distinction of nationality or race the Europe were there, as well as prominent leaders of conference was divided into Commissions on Student the Deutsche Studentenschaft. Not content with Economic Organisation, Self-help, Russian Student bringing such combustible elements into juxta- ‘Relief, the Relation of Student Relief to Inter- position, Geneva adopted the unheard-of course of national Fellowship and World Peace and so forth. initiating a conference without the faintest trace Work on these commissions kept the delegates hard of programme and ofleaving the entire arrange- at it, exploring each other’s minds and experience, ments to the student delegates. If the E.S.R. while the Exhibition, where each nation, underits student conference was to find a common voice, ownflag, showed charts, pictures and specimens of that voice must be a student voice, uninfluenced its achievementsjn self-help, contributed to inter- by older opinion. Everything was left to the national illumination. students—the election of officers, the time-table, The result was a revelation. For nearly two the sports, the appointment of commissions, and so years the E.S.R. had been pouring a new element forth. It is perhaps the greatest honour that has into the waters of student life. At Turnov, of a ever fallen to Conrad Hoffmann’s lot that they sudden, there was crystallisation in the form of unanimously appointed him chairman. a world-wide student fellowship. Turnov did not The mixing process began at once and was create this fellowship: it merely revealed what radical enough. Delegates were for the most part had been gradually wrought out by two years of complete strangers, and the large majority were solid work by the students of forty-two lands. ex-enemies, one of the other. The men were Together, by co-operation and sacrifice, they had dumped in the class-rooms of the Sokol House raised nearly six million Swiss francs, had saved (Gymnasium Club), there to sleep, if they could, from despair, disease and deterioration at least in serried rows. Athletic sports continued the 75,000 studentsin fifteen lands and one hundred and mixing process, led by an American Y.M.C.A. twenty universities, and, best of all, had made an 190 I9t

REBUILDING EUROPE epoch-making discovery—co-operative self-help, the 8z only solution of student economic problems. waa Now came the revelation—We are one; there ed is no distinction between relieving and relieved \ beHO countries. All have been moved by the same ot v \ NAZI spirit to deeds of comradeship and sacrifice. It is oz Huncary,

Be », together that we have accomplished a common ze work, though we knewit not. It is together—and | eB this time consciously—that we face our new and | ee Pak. heavier task—the saving of the students of Russia.” | ae NN Every nation present put itself on record as deter- ITNAS w mined to do its utmost to meet the awful need of WwW Russian students. ‘Think what this meant from ConFerenct, men and women two-thirds of whom came from ll)

lands where conditions of little less than famine | Wt Revizr severity still prevailed. ra ‘The new sense of comradeship revealed itself in a hundred ways. The Slavs helped to sing each

ke Srupent other’s folk-songs, though the group included = Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Bulgarians and Ww Serbians. The Russian Relief Commission’s appeal Oo for united action was signed by a Russian chairman European and a Polish secretary. Miracles these. What the =

old and wise had declared impossible and contrary Ns aT

to humannature, a peculiarly humanlot of students ST were doing with conviction. ‘The Japanese delegate Na’ gave expression to their joyful newsense of unity ee in the words of an old Japanese poem :— “ Several are the pathways from the foot of the mountains | To the summit where all meet and enjoytogether the crystal —_| moon.” Victory for the idea of international fellowship was, however, not lightly won. There were not

192 EUROPEAN

STUDENT RELIEF DISCOVERS ITSELF wanting the sceptical and pessimistic. The discus- sion on European StudentRelief and its relationship to international fellowship and world peace was introduced by a man convinced that :— “ International fellowship and world peace are impossible as far as students are concerned. Students of all people are the strongest in their national sentiment, the most full of prejudice against other nations. Thé.E.S.R. should confirie itself to giving purely material aid and strive to save the intellectual life of Europe so that men of learning may produce the full intellectual fruit of each land, even though,as these menoflearning think out their national problems, they will probably emphasise hate of other lands.” This man was a neutral. He was answered by the Chairman of the National Student organisation in Austria :— “The Conference was called together to discuss economic and material matters, but weall realise that it has and must have back of it a spiritual background. War is possible only because we do not understand each other. Without changing our ideals we cannot hope to understand one another. Had we under- stood one another we might have prevented war. Whatuse to save ten to twenty thousand students if in twenty or thirty years we go to waragain and kill those whom we have saved ? The presumed task of this conference is economic, Its real task is moral.” ° 193 REBUILDING EUROPE STUDENT RELIEF DISCOVERS ITSELF The appeal which finally carried the day was motto. Before Turnoy, international brotherhood that of a Rhodes Scholar and ex-service man had been, at most, a far-off doubtful ideal: at from Australia — Turnoy, it was a real and searching experience— world is languishing to-day for the since Turnov it has become for many a truth, for “The which life must be laid down. want of a friendly gesture. Up to now the A dramatic moment quickened the awakened power of the mailed fist has held sway in sense of world fellowship, when at the last meeting Europe. We bring you, by means of the E.S.R., the power of the open hand. Take a cable arrived from Pekin, where, twelve thousand miles away, in China, the World’s Student Christian courage at this sign. Let our motto be: Student arms around the world and hands across Federation Conferenice-was meeting. Eight hundred the sea.” studentrepresentativesof thirty nations, the Oriental lands being largely represented, had deliberated the The attitude of Turnov towards international same questions and had come to identically the questions was finally crystallised in a resolution * same conclusions as the students at Turnov. The which has proved to be the Magna Carta of student cable announced their decision to continue Euro- international goodwill and understanding :— pean Student Relief, to make a mighty effort to “This Conference realises the contribution save students in Russia and the Russian refugees the European Student Relief has made and to promote by every possible meansthe further which development of co-operative self-help. towards the ideal of international understand- ing. It therefore recommends that its relief “Tasks in hoursof insight willed work be carried on in exactly the same spirit Can be in hoursof gloom fulfilled.” as heretofore. Moreover, feeling the import- ance of universal student relief, it urges the Student representatives of many lands united at E.S.R. to look forward to taking up the task Turnov had taken on themselves heavier tasks, both of a world student relief, and to put before material and spiritual, than they knew. The next the whole student world the claim of inter- E.S.R. Conference was welcomed by the Hungarian national responsibility.” student body at Parad, July 1923. Before it assembled there had taken place two mighty dis- Henceforth no longer was studentrelief the work asters to student life—the first landslide of the of students in certain lands for their less fortunate German mark and the Greek debacle in Asia Minor brothers and sisters, it was a world student move- —each bringing to European Student Relief huge ment. From this time on “Ut Omnes Unum responsibilitics in addition to those already assumed Sintbecame consciously as well as formally its in Russia. The Parad Conference confirmed the 194 195 REBUILDING EUROPE STUDENT RELIEF DISCOVERS ITSELF international position taken up at Turnovy, this time without serious opposition. But though theo- nations, there are men and womenlike our- retical opposition was absent, the real difficulties selves who try as we do to bring some happiness to international fellowship were far more clearly and fellowship into the world. Let us never manifest than at Turnov. At Turnov there had forget that. We cannot rely upon older people been but one breeze of strife; Parad was a succes- to bring in a better fellowship, but we young sion of storms. ‘The night before the Conference men and women can do it if we only dare. began the Secretary of the Hungarian Mefhosz Let us dare.” challenged two Magyar students who had failed in _ The Germanleader stood up to speak: “T have courtesy to their Rumanian guests and nearly little to say. I can"only express my deepest thank- had to fight two duels. The German delegation fulness to——”he stepped towards the Frenchman at first refused to remain with the Conference and grasped his hand. It was like clear shining because they would have to meet the French. » after rain. “ Now I know whatthe knights of the The Commission on Minorities was a scene of Round Table felt when they saw the Holy Grail,” constant demonstration on the part of the Jews said the South Africangirl, while the Russian refugee against the numerus clausus and of anti-Semitic leader declared, “ When it was said, ‘ We can if we counter demonstration. The Ukrainians used ex- dare,’ I was sceptical, but next minute they had pressions in their report which enraged the Poles. done it.” ‘The Turkish delegate declared her faith and nation ‘There was other progress at Parad. The com- insulted by the Greek. missions faced the realities of student life, however It was well that the stormsarose and that students disagreeable, and dealt fairly and squarely with from the thirty-three nations represented had to concrete situations—the pressing difficulties of face the real difficulties. All this made the more refugees and immigrants, the rights of minorities— significant the confirming of the Turnoy Magna the last a supremely delicate question, considering that Carta, and the events of the first and last meetings. almost every race group there either was, or The leader of the German delegation opened the had been, a minority under the rule of some other first meeting by a bitter attack on the French Ration represented in the room. Reality was im- policy in the Ruhr. It was faithfully translated parted to the discussions by a sympathetic recog- into French by the French delegate. As the last nition of the difficulties in giving lands, struggling evening meeting drew to a close, that Frenchman as these were with almost universal economic depres- made a quiet but passionate appeal :— sion. The conference was welded together by the “We have seen here that, on the otherside sense of commonsacrifice. Very of the great iron wall raised now between our significant was the proposal of Doctor Mikecz of Hungary, 196 President of the Mefhosz, 197

REBUILDING EUROPE STUDENT RELIEF DISCOVERS ITSELF that the resolutions passed at Parad should be the pressure of the student world for the con- submitted to the assemblies of all national student tinuance of European Student Relief, There was a bodies for their ratification or criticism. This was clear demand for further developmentsof co-opera- actually done by Hungary, and is a clear indication tion and fellowship and a clear conviction that the of the place which European Student Relief has E.S.R. provided the atmosphere and spirit in which come to occupy in the student world. Significant, alone such developments could take place. A too, was the demand that the voice of this new strong wish was expressed that European Student student fellowship should have a regular means of Relief should change its name to something which expression and the request that the E.$.R. should moreclearly indicated its world sphere and purpose. publish an international student paper. Eversince The final resolution confirmed the Turnoy and Parad, Vox Studentium, edited by Donald Grant, Parad motions on international questions :— has provided the student world with “an open forum” for the expression of student opinion. “The Conference feels that the time is Vox has taken the place of Student Relief publicity. passing when the collection of money to the The E.S.R. no longer writes about the student same extent as heretofore will be needed, but world. It has its own voice and writes about it expresses the desire that the organisation itself as it will. shall continue in some form to express the ideal of international comradeship and mutual The third Conference of the E.S.R. was on responsibility of students in their cultural Germansoil, at beautiful in the tasks which it has previously expressed in Bavarian Alps, July 1924. Just as the Czech and material relief.” Hungarian Govaninents had done, so the German authorities gave formal expression of welcome to the The phrase “ cultural co-operation ” involves an world student fellowship and all possible privileges effort to relieve spiritual as well as intellectual as regards transportation and passports. needs. A note timidly sounded before was this The Conference was as mixed as ever, but it time heard more clearly. One feature of the faced a new situation, At length the longed-for Elmau programme was a series of addresses from improvement in student economic conditions had different national standpoints, German, Slav, 5 come. Land after land was able to announce that they needed no further help; the emergency 1 This wish was fulfilled when in May, 1925, the General Committee decided that from henceforth the name European student relief task was over; Russia and the Student Relief should be changed to refugees alone still required aid; the pressure of International Student Service. In French, it will be called as heretofore, PEntr’aide Universitaire, famine conditions was removed. Not so, however, in German, Weltstudentenwerk. 158 199 REBUILDING EUROPE STUDENT RELIEF DISCOVERS ITSELF English, Indian, American and Hungarian on The “There is no longer any Ideal of the University, The ideals as set unified ideal of forth differed culture amongst us. It has been destroyed in many ways, but all demanded from the by univer- materialism, scepticism and undue specialisa- sities emphasisonservice as the motive of education tion. Students to-day face this crisis with and a training for service through character build- ing. full understanding. ‘They know that they The Germans and Russians went further, cannot and made escape the ordeal. They must go clear that true education was impossible through it apart from religion, unflinching to the end, for it is while the Findings on The in essencea religiouscrisis. Ideal of the University declared Christian theology, that “no education philosophy, natural science is complete which does not allow and art all confirm Opportunity for this reading Of the situation : they the fullest development of man’s spiritual all have nature their contribution to make. Out and capacities.’ The student fellowship of this com- is not pelling search for the Absolute emerges our ashamed to admit that it is seeking a Weltan- new schauung, attitude to life, in the light of which all a fundamental philosophy of life, in the various harmony with questionings about the meaning which it can work out its destiny. of life Interesting have, for us, content, direction and sidelights on the Elmau Conference value. were The whole student body is unanimous given by the Conference of the Deutsche in the Studentenschaft, conviction that our fellowship is chal- the whole body of German students lenged from Germany, to a great moral achievement, of which Czechoslovakia and Austria, which the foundations was held immediately afterwards must be: purity of mind at Innsbruck. A and body, together with self-discipline German professor proposed a motion and a condemning sense of responsibility; service European Student Relief and left in anger of our people because as a social obligation; the spirit of the Conference refused to ratify sacrifice and it. He said he the true courage of heroism, as our knew nothing about the E.S.R. and had duty to never met the Fatherland for the sake of Mankind.” one of its leaders, but one thing he did know, it had introduced into Germany a dangerous maga- The fourth Conference zine, Vox Studentium, of European Student subversive of true German Relief is yet to come. It will national ideals amongst be held in Switzer- students. A remarkable land, August 1925. If prophecy series of resolutions on may be ventured, university reform passed the Swiss Conference will be still more by this same student conference definite in at Innsbruck its facing of vital questions. By demand from makes clear that German national student ideals many student are quarters the fourth Conference will not so far apart from those of the Elmau again consider the Conference :— Ideal of the University, this time definitely in connection with international 200 201

REBUILDING EUROPE relationships, and will endeavour to discover “ the fundamentals essential to overcome the obstacles of race, nationality and so forth, which stand in the way of real international co-operation and understanding.” Students are openly seeking a spiritual foundation strong enough to carry the CHAPTER XVI temple of international goodwill which they frankly desire to build. THE INCREASING PURPOSE

Truly a long distance has been travelled since Europe Ten Years Hence’ that momentthree years ago when seventy students Look backwards and consider the mighty results were dumped with their baggage on the platform when one small action sets a chain of cause and at Turnoy, doubtfully eyeing each other and full effect in motion. In 1914 the sound of a shot of nervous apprehension as to whether they could fired in a small Bosnian town reverberated through possibly live for a week together without explosion. the world; its sound was carried on by the roar of cannontill half the world wasin ruins. In 1920 a thought was thrown into the midst of a small group of women students in Austria. Like a stone dropped in the ocean of the student world, this thought of comradeship and lovehascarried ripples to the furthest shore and has set in motion tides of healing waters which have brought health and renewal to the world’s academic life. What if that stone had not been dropped into the waters of world student thought? To seek the answer to this question will give us some idea of what the real work of European Student Relief has been. Look forward and ask another question. What of Europe ten years hence? How far will the world in 1935 show marks of European Student Relief? The Japanese at Turnov pictured the world to-day as a huge block of marble, the material for a great work of new creation to be done by our student 202 203 REBUILDING EUROPE THE INCREASING PURPOSE fellowship. What is that fellowship carving on of their sons and daughters in building the new this great stone? Theartists of the new age are states and rebuilding the old. The last five years the young men and womenofto-day, free from the have seen thousands of future builders saved from trammels of old tradition. ‘Theirs is the sculptor’s starvation, physical and mental—from cold and task to work on the block of marble and together disease. In lands like Poland, where before the to carve thereon their ideal of the world as one; wareighty per cent. of the population wasilliterate this must be the masterpiece of the present there will be a universal system of schools with generation of students. trained teachers. Land will be redeemed through The réle of prophet is a dangerous one, yet cer- new methods ofagriculture taught to the ‘peasants tain things concerning 1935 we can assert with a by students. Alieady the students from the Agri- measure of confidence. The block of marble will cultural Schools of Russia are spending their vaca- show the shaping influence of the student move- tions helping the peasantsin the fields and teaching ment expressed in the E.S.R. University life ten them improved methods of cultivation. Voices years hencewill be fuller and freer. The extension that might have been silenced in death or in the of the work-student system to land after land will sheer struggle for bread will be heard from the have secured the freedom of the universities from pulpit or the professor’s chair, bringing guidance the sway of political parties and freedom to enter and inspiration; a new generation of healthy university life for every worthy student. Men and children, endowed not only with the brains of women from every class of society and from every their student parents, but with healthy bodies, school of thought will receive training together for will owe their chanceoflife and leadership to what the leadership of their country. We have seen the was donein their university years for the physical students of the intelligentsia reading Goethe in and mental health of their fathers and mothers. the coal mine. We shall see the coal miner in the The world will be richer by many a discovery university teaching his fellow students of the in- made by those whom the E.S.R. has saved. A telligentsia to read his life and understand his Russian ‘university, even while paralysed by famine thought. i ce conditions, produced a scientist who discovered No longer will an economic or political crisis insulin simultaneously with, if not before, Doctor of necessity cause the closing of the universities Banting of Toronto. The cure for cancer, and for the debarring of thousands of students from tuberculosis, for typhus is yet unknown, and millions their chance to build their country. The rebuilding await release from these scourges. By 1935 some of the lands of Central Europe will be further student, himself saved fromstarvation in a student advanced by far than would have been possible, had kitchen, may have released millions from the fear not the E.S.R. secured to them the devoted service and torture of cancer. The exchange of thought 204 205 REBUILDING EUROPE THE INCREASING PURPOSE between men of learning is open once moreand of all international student societies, The work of blood is flowing back to the starved brains of pro- the European Student Relief already has brought fessors. Some fruit of intellectual relief, a book results beyond its own immediate circle. The given to a university library, some foreign scientific international standpoint of the Student Forum in magazine sent to a professor, may have started a the United States owes much direct inspiration to train of thought and discovery which will give the the visits ofits pioneers to the Turnov Conference and world an effective weapon against tuberculosis. other conferences of the World’s Student By 1935, personalities trained and inspired in the Christian Federation. Both the Conféderation student friendship movement will be working out Internationale des Etudiants and the Pax Romana the vision they have gained, in many a post of would allow that their efforts for student relief owe national and international significance. By their much to the example of the European Student means, social and reconciling influences will pass Relief. with freedom and rapidity from one land to another. Such things concerning 1935 we do venture to Already, important national, social and religious prophesy, but why not much more than those ? organisations in divers lands have discovered the Shall we dream for a moment of what may be? finance secretary they have been seeking, in some Students of the world united can put through a man or woman who first showed money-raising big thing; this we have scen. May they not accomplish gifts in work for the E.S.R. Already in the Secre- far greater things if, in the same spirit tariat of the League of Nations, and in great inter- as they have already shown, they turn to yet more national social and religious movements you can difficult and critical tasks ? find men and women who got their first training Even now the students at the European Student Relief in international work in some university campaign Conferences begin to talk of a united effort launched on behalf of European students. When, a to discover and combat the causes of war. May few monthssince, a group of far-sighted men and it not be that by 1935 a new generation of leaders womenwishedto establish a Club House in Geneva now in the university will have actually succeeded where the students of the nations, as they gather i) concrete instances in averting war? Not long since, in that home of international idealism, may learn in one of the South American Republics, to know eachotherinclose social relations, it was the voice of a youngerleader, raised on a boundary to the European Student Relief office that they question against war and in favour ofarbitration turned for help and begged a share of Conrad with a neighbouring country, carried a hostile Senate Hoffmann’s time to guide the new enterprise. with him. That man had met the students of Their dream is that this Club may grow to a build- the other nation concerned, in a student camp like ing which will become the home and headquarters Turnovten years before, and had there registered 206 207 REBUILDING EUROPE THE INCREASING PURPOSE a vow that if ever he got the chance to avert wa between the two countries, he would do so at ae our white students this year a demonstration of great, costs. Many such vows are made at studentrelie! generous, self-sacrificing action Friendship in this conferences. May we not hope soon to see o Fund, which s0 uniquely binds together all all-inclusive League of Nations made possible the different nations and races of the efforts of those who have belonged to the fu the world.” League of Youth they have found in European Already through student relief many Student Relief? \ lands have Western ee students of to-day face questions even realised something of the spiritual message the more burning than those between the Deere East can bring them, and the has realised East ‘To-day the race problemis the crucial question o the fellowship of the West through helping to meet the world. It will be so in greater measure in its material need. There are definite plans 1935. Three great race questions ae, at ay in hand for a Pan-Pacific Student Conference,called by the World’s Student moment plunge the world into war. They conta’ i Federation Christian possibilities of precipitating catastrophe even mor to consider race relationships. these beginnings If all potent than disputes between nations and Hae are pursued in the spirit of Turnoy and Parad, may we not hope that ten the race frictions round the Pacific Basin, the students years hence working together may begin to contribute problem of Black and White, and the age-long ste Some between Jew and Gentile. Yet in the cause of answer to the great riddle of race? The other great strife centre lies in the student relief we have seen, albeit under et of domain industry, In Germanyat least the difficulties, Jew and Gentile working together, ac! is beginning Work Student and white contributing to each other’s welfare. to bridge the gulf between employed and employer. In those countries to which the Work Student idea has spread—andit “T would not urge the cause of student widely—there is spreading will the Work Student and relief upon you so strongly,” writes a white rades in mine his com- leader to the chief secretary of the Coloure! or factory help towards the solution of this question, Student Young Men’s Christian Associations as burning a one as that of race, and closely connected in the United States, “if I did not feel ut therewith, : Dreams, do you say? Well, then, the issues at stake in the realm of international- realities. let us face They are bad enough. The ism and the whole problem of teeca tific brains best scien- of the world’s youthare to-day employed dealing are so acute. God only cory a by Governments might be the result if your coloured students, not for the rebuilding of world, but for the with all their poverty and difficulties, gave the discovery of fresh means of destruction. One 208 Government aloneis budgeting Pp 209 REBUILDING EUROPE THE INCREASING PURPOSE $920,000 (£200,000) yearly for military explosives An effort to meet the urgent call of the research. But yesterday, in recruiting for the Anti- countries new to their universities for students in Aircraft Force, the London newspapers described sufficient numbers to supply the immediate needs a gas bomb which in nine minutes can destroy all of those countries’ reconstruction has resulted life in a city five miles square. Fear, suspicion and in what is, for the present needs, a serious over-produc- hatred are anything but dead. In country after tion of qualified men and womenincertain country fierce nationalist demonstrations are taking fessions. pro- ‘The carrying out of the task, which place in which embittered students play a leading remains still to be. done amongst refugees and in the part. Each nation proclaims its love of peace and relief of intellectual famine,is hampered bydifficul- readiness to take measures to secure peace, always ties which arise between competing student inter- provided, of course, that their own special grievance national bodies. To make a lengthy catalogue is first removed. Old systems of diplomacy and of difficulties is only too easy and such a catalogue balance of power are being revived and strengthened, tepresents grimrealities. The future in country after countrya militarist reaction appears must be faced with these realities held steadily full in view. to be gaining ground, class war is openly proclaimed Nevertheless, let no one mock at our and worked for, scorn and mockery await those dreams. In 1920,realities as grim as those to-day were who declare their belief in the possibility of world by faced those who initiated European Student Relief, progress towards international and_inter-racial The cynic told them that students could never eace, Z raise for relief one-tenth of what as a matter of E The record of European Student Relief has given fact they have raised. The sceptic assured them cause to thank God and take courage, but there, that the Work Student was impossible, and too, confession must be made of failure to overcome pro- claimed his conviction that the work of difficulties and accomplish urgent tasks. The sal- student relief would inevitably be wrecked by nationalist vage of the refugee studentfrom starvation and or racial hatreds. But students of many lands despair has been a great thing, but we face the united to prove the sceptics wrong and to do far ugly fact that there is grave danger that the 600 more than the most ardentofthe faithful dared to Russian refugee students whoare leavingthe univer- dream. sities of Central Europe this year will join the European Student Relief was a venture ranks of the unemployed. ‘The difficulty of finding of faith. Its sponsors took great risks, and their professional work for them in the countries which faith has been rewarded. They have found in have trained them is very great, seeing that the the world around them a reaching out after just such things hope of their carly return to Russia must be as they longed to see, and signs of hope in every abandoned. direction. To-day is a day when men desire to 210 aur REBUILDING EUROPE THE INCREASING PURPOSE know each other. Travel agencies are multiplying to provide a meeting ground where the loyal in every land—you hear of a new one each week. members of other world student Men and women would go and see for themselves. organisations may work together in circle still wider To-day is a day of world organisations of every than their own? _ “We can if we will” has been kind, commercial, scientific, student, labour and the note sounded time and again by students in E.S.R. conferences. what-not, and most of these world organisations, “If we will! ‘What can bend thoughlimited in their operation by their political, the student will towards reconciliation and word peace? religious or economic affiliations, are yet in their What can energise that will in the face own way reaching out towards understanding and of enormous difficulties and problems that friendship. seem insoluble ? What can secure that each succeeding In their midst is the fellowship of European generation shall feel that the subtler ills of mind Student Relief. Openly and avowedly the child and spirit are as desperate and yet as possible of remedy of the World’s Student Christian Federation, it as the materialills of 1920? No hope unless a continued has from the beginning drawn into its work men dynamic is discovered, but a desire for such and women of every religious affiliation or of dynamic a is a new and hopeful sign in the student none, and has dispensed their contributions without world. A new note has been heard of late in regard to national, political or religious considera- European Student Relief conferences, a tions. Inits historical development, it has escaped note of desire for a spititual—nay, more, a religious— manyof the difficulties which hamper other world conception of the world, strong student organisations in carrying out rapid and enough to bear up the student as he faces his large international and inter-racial developments. world tasks. In- creasingly thereis heard in such gatherings testimony European Student Relief is an attitude, a spirit, a to a sense of guidance and a dawning belief that programmeof service, not an organisation. It has there is a goal which this student fellowship was no membership, it is never called upon to deal with created to reach. here is, moreover, a the affiliation of national organisations and can consciousness growing that there is power available to make pursue its work of fellowship and co-operation possible the attainmentof that goal. unfettered by questions of affiliation and scope Students one by one have felt an with which the basis of other world organisations impulse to some task of rebuilding; following the inward call, rightly compels them to deal. Men and women of they have found themselves in touch with some all political parties and of all churches and religions groupof like vision. One group, have found themselves able to take part in it with intent on recon- struction, has opened a window through no strain on their conscience and loyalties. May an old wall looking eastwards; another has fashioned it not be that this fellowship came into existence doorway a through which can come the ministers of 212 213

a REBUILDING EUROPE hope ; other groups have made windowsof painted glass, or have adorned a wall with mosaics or with carving; others have shaped mighty pillars of marble or granite; yet others have cut downtrees and prepared the timbered beams. Only slowly has the knowledge dawned on them that each and all are working out a purpose, the Plan of the Divine Architect, for a temple whose beauty and grandeur they as yet but faintly apprehend. Not yet is the purposefulfilled for which they have been called to work, even the outlines of the plan are not yet clear, but they have seen enoughof the purpose oftheir labour to assure them that the Hand which APPENDICES has so far traced the plan for their several groups, will showthem,as a united company, an Increasing Purpose. They rejoice that they have accom- plished something ‘for the Rebuilding of Europe, they are glad indeed that they have shared in writing the Student Chapter of Post-War Recon- struction, they believe that in the task they are attempting they are part of an Increasing Purpose, not for Europe only, but for the world. ‘Through doubt and discouragement and through the long night when the vision is hid fromtheir eyes, this faith sustains them. “With aching hands and bleeding feet We dig and heap, lay stone on stone; We bear the burden and the heat Of the long day, and wish *twere done, Not till the hours of light return All we have built do we discern.”

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| | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | |* | | | _ |— ou) CHRONOLOGY February. Beginning of European Student Relief in Estonia and Turkey and Asia Minor. March. Beginningof operations in Latvia and for refugee students EUROPEAN STUDENT RELIEF in France. March 1—April 15. Assumption ofstudent feeding operationsby CHRONOLOGY the American Relief Administration in the Baltic States, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland with the funds 1920. furnished by American students. February. Visit of Woman Secretary of World’s Student March 28—31. Conference of Student Relief Field Represen- Christian Federation to Vienna, followed by an appeal to the tatives in Prague. ‘ Movement connected with the Federation for the relief of April 15. Full programme,including student feeding, provision needy Austrian students. \ of clothing, boois, housing and promotionofself-help schemes, March. Relief operations on behalf of needy students in Vienna in operation in Poland, the Baltic States, Germany, Czecho- begun by the Federation in co-operation withthe Society of slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Asia Minor, France and Friends. 3 Switzerland. March—September. Operations continued and enlarged in June 2—6. Decision to continue European Student Relief for Austria: the Federation extends student relief work to academic year 1921-1922, made by the Executive Committee Hungary. of the World’s Student Christian Federation at Hardenbroek, Summer. Relief work on behalfof foreign students in Switzerland Holland. continued by the Federation. Student Relief begun by the Summer. Visitation of relief fields by American, Australian Society of Friends in Germany andby the American Y.M.C.A. and British student leaders. in Czechoslovakia and Poland. September. SecondField Representatives’ Conference in Warsaw. August 7. Conference of the World’s Student Christian Federa- European Student Relief enters Lithuania. tion at Beatenberg, Switzerland, Decision made that the December. Dr. Nansen makes special appeal to European Federation launcha student relief programme in Asia Minor StudentRelief on behalf of famine-stricken students in Russia. and Turkey, Austria, the Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, foreign students in Switzer- 1922. Germany, Hungary, Poland,and for January. E. C. Colton goes to Russia to organise the American land and France. Appeal madetostudents all over the world onbehalf of this newly-formed European Student Relief. Section of European Student Relief. September—November. Organisation of campaigns for funds April. Donald Grantgoes to Russia to organise the International and supplies in different countries. Organisation of the relief Section of European StudentRelief. in the respective fields. Openingof the Central Office April 1—12. Pekin Conference of the Federation—decision to efforts continue Student Relief for academic year 1922-1923. for European Student Relief in Geneva. fi October 1. Beginning of enlarged relief operations in dustria April 8—16. Conference at Turnow in Czechoslovakia—the first under European Student Relief. student conference called by European Student Relief for December 20. Beginning of active operations of the Geneva discussion of student relief future and programme. of the Executive Secretary and Summer, StudentFriendship Pilgrimage from America. Blacker Headquarters with arrival Student Party from England. European Student Relief Associate. 1921. exhibit at Oberammergau. January. Beginning of European Student Relicf in Poland and September. Special relief measures for Smyrna student refugees in Greece and Near East. Initiation of Student Relief work Germany ; expansion of operations in Hungary. for refugees in Bulgaria, Yugo-Slavia and Rumania, 220 221 REBUILDING EUROPE INDEX 1923. February—March. Studentfeeding operations in Russia at their Amunican Relief Administration, 6, 7, 3. Foyer International, 38, 150 highest level ; 31,450 receiving a daily meal. sits 42-08, 74,72,87,89, 139,163, 164" 18 France, 21, 38, 8, 11 117, 138, 140, Anti‘semitisin’ 196 5, 82, 121, 124, 191 Friends, 7,'21~1, 59, 60, 71, 87, 95 lay 19—26. Meeting of European Student Relief Committee. Appeals and campaigns, 4, 30, 33 98-4 » ‘Friendship Fund, 1, 38, 42, 43, 45, 56, Decision to continuerelief for 1923-1924. 4, 67, 117, 1745, 180, 185-6 1454 186, 209 Argentine, 6, 49, 55 ——=Snip,'s0, 103 June 14—24. Second European Student Relief Conference in Armenians, 48, 151-4 Asia Minor, 34-5, 145-57 Galicia, 14, 28, 83, 138 Parad, Hungary. Athens, 35, 149-55 Geneva, 140, 184, 206 Australia, 51, $5, 39,6 —— H:Q,vi, 18, 32, 64-73, 188 July. First Issue of Vox Studentium. Australian Commonwealth Fund, 7, 59, Germaniy, 48, 20, 34-6, 39, 59, 58, 61, 92- September. Earthquake in Japan. European Student Relief 60, 72 104, 106, 118, 129, 140, 176, 182," 186, Austria, 4, 14 30,ah 38, 196-200,209 sends money for restorationof libraries in ‘Tokyo. 175-182, 184, 1 78, 108, 136, Gibson, Harold, 67, 46 October, 1923—March, 1924. Development of relief work for Baltic States, 35, a 176 Government relief,'6, 27, 52, 25, 88, 103, Beatenberg, 32, 51 123, 149-1, 154-5, 19 Russian professors made possible by special gifts from America. Belgrade, $2, 140-4 Grant, Donald,34, 22, 65,77, 172, 198 Berlin, 77, 94, Fos, 129,182 raz, 26, 78, 1 1924. Beyrout, 146, 1 Great Brdalh,620, 30, 60, 6, 67,68,103, May. Withdrawal of the International Section of European Bratnia Pomoc,’ 05, 107-8 142, 156, 180 Bryce, Lord, 63, 187 Greeee, 4, 35, 149-36 Student Relief from Russia. Budapest,32, 49, 78, 106-7, 121-4, 130 Bulgaria, ', 35, 135, 140, 146, 156 Hamburg-Amerika Line, 50 July 24-31. ‘Third European Student Relief Conference held at Bulletiny #8295,46" 70 Hawaii, 138, 157 Elmau, Germany. California, 45, 12 Henriod, L., 148 H/ August. Meeting of the General Committee of the World’s ecil, Lord,‘03, 18 6. a Chesibees ‘capt, 76, 87 190,Conrad,206 vii, 32, $0, 64, 65, 72, Student Christian Federation and the Executive Committee China, 39) 40, 49, 35, Clothing, need"9, 8%, 195123, 166 9, 4-51 $9) 60, 103, 163 of the E.S.R. at High Leigh, England. Decide to continue —wollected,44-5,'51 HL, 6, 42, 63, 175, 187 European Student Relief for another year. —— supplied, 25-6, 35, 8% Hospitality, 18, 53 58,59) Conteceration’TateriadiSaatdesEtudiants, Housing, need,'9, 85-6, 122-3, 134 September. ‘The first large loans to StudentSelf-help Committees 72, 7: wo subolied, 88,90, 135-6, £42453 Contecetces,E. S. R Hungary, 34°5, 46, 49) 74-5, 85, 106-7, made. ‘The Executive Secretary of European Student Relief 173, 188-202, 209, 525)3 127, 131, 133, 120-32, 181-2, 195 at the Warsaw Conference of the Confédération Internationale ——‘Sther, 66,'105,'200) 209 Imperial War Relief Fund, 7, 20, 48, 60, Constantinople, 118, 146, 64, 72, 154 des Etudiants. Plans for collaboration between the two 148, 149, 153) India,26, 40,4 35,017 organisations formulated. Cetehostovakia, 4, 34-5, 85, 124-5, 133-40, Innsbruck, 26, 78, 21 October 5. Meeting of the Executive Committee of European 156, 177, 183, ee Intellectual rele, ‘heed, 10, 42, 86, 100, Datta, Mrs, s. supplied, 35, 145, 172, 174-87 Student Relief with a Commission of the Confédération Inter~ znablcati 834 82, 84 TnternationalCollege: Stupid, 146) 149, nationale to discuss collaboration. Denmarka 1525: DeutscheStaientenschat, 96, 123, 190,200 Iredale, Miss E., 14, 50 1925. Dunn,Lewis, 64 Irkutsk, 52, 145 Dutch Eastindies, 4x Israel, Henty, 95 January, First appropriation sent for relief work among the Einstein, 180, 185, 186 Italy,'6, 20 native students in South Africa. Eaterinoslay, 199, 160, 167 Elinau, 198-260 Japan, 35-6, 45, 57, 145, 174, ae January—March, Balkan tour of the Executive Secretary to aid langen, 96, 97 Jews, 28, 22,83, 121, 124, 127-8, 196, Estonia, 434,176, 18, 184 joint Distribution Board, 72, 128 in organisation of Student Self-help Committees, particularly Eucken, Prof, R., 93, 187 in Rumania. Exchanges, 18, 45-6,69; t02, 140 Kansas, 46 Experts, need of, 7-8, 80-3, 162, 205, 211 Kazan,’ 160, 163, 172 April. Withdrawal of the American Section of European Student Hc,Ehaskow,#2159161, 467 Relief from Russia. Field representatives, 32, $2, 65-78, 87 ‘olosavar (Cl ia4 2435, 176 May. Executive Committee meeting of European StudentRelief Finland,93 236,$9, 159,10318, 184 Krakow, 85, 84,8 ss at Bas Mornex, France. Adoption of a new title—Jnter- Food, ne 9 16, 158, 160, 167 Lannung,Dr. H., 73, et —~‘collecied,‘19, 30, tor Latvia, 4, 34, 105, 1146, —= national Student Service. supplied, 22-8, 34-5, 88, 94-5, 110, League of Nation: 364,150, 158, 433, 143, 163, 169 jot, 206, 208, 175, 222 223

28,

Legate, Ray, 122-30, 140 Leoben, 26, 108, 109, 136 drenFund, LetaaLoan banks,Colony,34,3200,135-6 19x, 105 1, Dr. R, 7, 69, 72, 164 SainHab 26-7,35, 899, 95-118, 135,199, Een,Lwow, 83,3948 4849, $1, 8, 127, 156 154, 0 Serbi kespeare’Hut, rf33, 140-3,$1 156 Manchester —_ ae Smyrna, 48, 146° Masaryk, President, 63, 135 South Medical needs, o, 23, 83, 88, 142, 161 Attica, 20, 49, 51, 103, 145 ay elle '88, 100,137, 142, 163, StateSpain,5,control39, 55of Statistics, universities, 10, 97, 165-8 Methiosz, 106, 123, 125, 127, ne 18, 36, 37, 60, 61, 87, 88, 163, 19 7 129, 130, 196, Michaelis, Ex-Chanc., 63, 92, 96 Studentendienst, 96 Minorities, 5, 81, r21, 196 Student Movement House, i, 127, 156 Money-ralsing, 19, 38-52, 186 ‘Student Service Bulletin, vii, 0 46, 70 9 20hI Stodentsky Domov,133-7, 1: judent Societies, 12, 17, 20, So, 72-3, 84, "389,207,96, oe2 123, 124, 128, 142, 190, Nansen, Dr., Suicide, 16, 86, 139 New 63, 150, 158, 159, 164, 281 Sweden, 59, 103, 167, 172, 181 land, 42, 54, 54, $55 115, 1,03, 174, 163, 183 Switzerland, 45, 59, 110, 140, 156, 206 Tokyo, 36,4 Fomak 45, 65 164 Oberammergau, 67 ‘Trades’ Unions, 60, 97-8, 100 Odessa, 159-161 Transport, 15, 50, 52, Fb 1624 Oxford, 20, 180 Peat Parad125,sft 138, 195-9, 209 “4, 34-5, 118, 146-9 Patis, '38, ", i 227, 132,"185-96, 202, 203, Pax Romats, 72, 207 Peace treaties, 5, 30, 82 Pekin, 195 Ursin1135, 164 Universities’ Contattee, 20, 46, 48, 50, 51, Pita, 431 6-7, 61, 74, 115, 129-30, 60, 61, 180, 18¢ Pesaves , 184, 186 .S. 1, 6, 21, 38 41-6, $y55-7, 68, 89, Poland, 4,8, 34-5, 80-9r, 107-8, 176, 37» 145, 159, 163, 1 pete 205 Vienna, 4-39, 38; 50, 78, 109, 177-8, 180, rrague, '4, 9, 110, 133-7, 156, 177, 183 84, Paid oe relief, 26, 28, 3253 6567, vlna’ 58, 88, 276 2, 119, 128, 265, 168, 174.19 For Sitdentium, 198, 200 Prisoners of war, 6, Publicity, vi, 1,38743,46,62,70,72,95,19835, Waroes, Mai, arg Warsaw, 8: 8, 176 Raids, 19, 44-7 Watte agReid4s Red Cross, 7, 60, 72, 164, 167, 181 Winter sports, 4: Refugees, '9,' 22, 28, 51, 52, 109-11, 123, Wirtechattshilie,0, 76, 96-104, r09, 112, 129,133.57 189 —> Russian, Wikevout, Mr, and Mrs., 34, 36, 49, 52, 74-5, 82, Women, 16, 369, 77, 84,86, 122, 148, 310,177, 117,183, 134,185, qos2 148, 154, 156, 157, Riga,176,177 work“heudent, 9, 26-7, Robert College, 146 3-118, 135-6, Rostov, 160,172,176, x81 WSR,12, 14) 17, 24, st, 72, 110, 127, Rouse, Miss R., vii, xi, r4 130, 138, 156, 184, 195, Royal'Society” 184 242 YMCA 12: 48 15, St 72, 73, 83, 875 10, 35-6, 45, 33,137) 140, 153, 159, 190, panghBos 198-95, Y.wvot + 39s 42s 43, 72) 73> a3137, Russian Students! Union, 3 1 153) Yugoslavia, 5, 35, $2,106, 135-6, 139-43 Salonica, 35, 149, 153 Zagreb, 106, 136, 140, 143 224

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