Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0097-8

RESEARCH Open Access Beyond food and medicine, but necessary for life, too: other folk plant uses in several territories of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands Airy Gras1, Teresa Garnatje2*, M. Àngels Bonet1, Esperança Carrió1, Marina Mayans1, Montse Parada1, Montse Rigat1 and Joan Vallès1

Abstract Background: Ethnobotanical academic research, particularly in European industrialised countries, has been, and is, mostly focused on folk uses of food and medicinal plants. Nevertheless, other uses, as may well be supposed, account for a significant portion of these folk uses. In the Catalan linguistic domain, a considerable amount of ethnobotanical work has been produced, but to date almost nothing has been published on these other plant uses. Methods: We basically used the method of semistructured interviews to collect data on names, knowledge and use of plants in the above-mentioned fields from 759 informants in three Catalonian (Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès) and two Balearic (Formentera and Mallorca) areas. We identified the plants quoted by the informants and prepared herbarium vouchers. We analysed and compared the results obtained. Results: Information has been collected on 401 genera, 552 species, 81 subspecies and four varieties, belonging to 122 families, totalling 4137 use reports for popular non-food and non-medicinal uses (classified in 14 modalities), and designated with 1303 folk Catalan names. The informant consensus factor is 0.87, accounting for a consistent and robust dataset. Conclusion: Contrarily to what could be thought a priori, and irrespective of the fact that some uses are declining or changing, non-medicinal and non-food folk plant uses strongly persist in the territories considered, are highly considered by their practitioners, and may even imply some economic revenues. Keywords: Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Ethnobotany, Non-food and non-medicinal plant uses

Background crossroad between natural and human sciences studying When coining the term ethnobotany, Harshberger [1] the behaviour of human societies with regard to plants. considered as basic points for the newly named science Other authors state that ethnobotanical research rescues “elucidating the cultural position of tribes who used and updates the history of plants in human societies plants” (where, nowadays, ‘tribes’ is replaced by ‘human through time and space [5]. groups’, [2]), “clarifying the past distribution of plants”, Even if ethnobotany deals with all kinds of plant uses, “determining trade routes” and “suggesting new current at least in western European countries, ethnobotanical production lines” for useful plants. For Portères and research focused on food and medicinal plants is by far Barrau [3, 4], ethnobotany is a discipline located at the the most dominant, what can be verified when surveying the articles that have appeared in relevant journals. Such * Correspondence: [email protected] a situation can be explained by two kinds of reasons. On 2Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB–CSIC–ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n. Parc the one hand, food and medicine are the two plant folk de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain applications more directly linked to human health, so Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

© 2016 The Author(s). Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 2 of 53

that they are maintained at a relatively high rate even in Alt Empordà (AE) is a district (comarca in the Catalan industrialised societies. Conversely, these countries have language) of 1358 km2 and 140,214 inhabitants [21] liv- undergone a rather deep process of acculturation, in the ing in 68 municipalities. The climate is mainly coastal sense of adopting so-called modern habits in detriment Mediterranean. The vegetation is distributed in an asymmet- of traditional culture [6], which implied that rural com- rical form in two biogeographical regions, Mediterranean, munities abandoned a great deal of traditional practices largely dominant, and Eurosiberian, in certain mountain- linked to plants, because they are much less necessary (if ous areas, reaching 1443 m a.s.l. necessary at all) nowadays than in the first half of 20th Ripollès (RI) is a district occupying an area of century. On the other hand, the above-quoted food and 956.6 km2 and having a population of 25,700 inhabitants medicinal properties are those which most likely can [21] distributed in 19 municipalities, with a high per- lead to the development of new commercial sources of centage of the population inhabiting small villages and welfare products (see e.g., [7]). Some non-food and non- isolated houses. Located in the eastern Pyrenees, it has a medicinal popular uses are slightly better preserved than high mountain climate with Mediterranean influence. most of them, such as basketry [8] and cosmetics [9, 10], The flora and vegetation are mostly Eurosiberian, with the latter being, in fact, very closely linked to medicinal some Boreoalpine zones in mountain areas reaching ones. Some specific papers with ethnobotanical focus 2909.8 m a.s.l. Montseny (MO) is a mountain massif have been devoted to these other plant uses in European with a maximum altitude of 1706 m a.s.l., with an area countries (e.g., those quoted for basketry and cosmetics, of 826 km2 and a population of 105,000 people [22]. The as well as [11–16]). Additionally, some compilation climate is basically Mediterranean (including mountain work, rather addressed to folk knowledge vulgarisation, Mediterranean). The vegetation belongs to the Mediter- contain information on these plant utilisations; as an ex- ranean and Eurosiberian regions. Formentera (FO) is the ample the first volume of the ongoing Spanish Inventory smallest of the four inhabited Balearic Islands, occupying of Traditional Knowledge related to Biodiversity [17] 82 km2, and has 11,545 inhabitants [23] living in nine provides information on all kinds of plant uses, includ- population centres, all belonging to one municipality. Its ing those dealt with in the present paper. In any case, maximum altitude is 195 m. The climate is Mediterra- even taking into account the above-quoted contribu- nean with an arid tendency. The vegetation landscape is tions, this approach still remains quite scarce. basically coastal Mediterranean. The research on ethnobotany in the Catalan linguistic Mallorca (MA) is the biggest island in the Balearic domain has been intense in the last 25 years. This re- archipelago, and the seventh largest in the Mediterranean search mostly comprises data on food and medicinal (in- sea, with the highest altitude at 1445 m. It has an ex- cluding veterinarian) plant uses, as well as studies linked tension of 3622.54 km2 and population of 858,313 in- to agroecosystems (mostly homegardens) and to ethnoe- habitants [23]. Its climate is typically Mediterranean. cological questions (cf. [10, 18], and references therein). The vegetation belongs mostly to the Mediterranean Only very rarely other plant uses have been addressed and, to a small part, to the Eurosiberian biogeographic [19, 20], although, throughout our research, we have regions. maintained the conviction that a robust pool of know- ledge on these uses still exists. Taking this into account, Informants the aims of the present paper are: 1) to provide an over- Information was obtained from 769 informants, se- view on non-food and non-medicinal popular plant uses lected on a snowball basis [24] for general ethnobotan- in five Catalan language territories, three in Catalonia ical prospections in each of the areas studied. Of them, and two in the Balearic Islands; 2) to evaluate to what 510 were from Catalonia and 259 from Balearic extent these uses are persisting and how are they cur- Islands, distributed as follows: 160 from RI, born be- rently considered by their practitioners. tween 1915 and 1988, with an average age of 71.6 years; 178 from AE, with a mean age of 69.44 years, ranging Methods from 23 to 95; 172 from MO, with a mean age of 66, Study areas ranging from 31 to 96; 235 from MA, with an average We performed interviews in five territories located in of 76 years, born between 1906 and 1981; and 24 from two large areas of the Catalan linguistic domain, three FO, born between 1920 and 1943. Concerning gender, in Catalonia (Alt Empordà, Montseny, Ripollès) and 445 interviewees were women (57.87 %) and 324 men two in the Balearic Islands (Formentera, Mallorca), (42.13 %). with the aim of comparing a continental place and an insular one (Fig. 1). The Catalonian areas comprise Field work methods from plain to high mountains, and the Balearic ones Data were collected with the same method, but in differ- involve two islands. ent years in each territory: 1993–2000 (MO), 1995–2007 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 3 of 53

Fig. 1 Studied areas in the contexts of Europe and the Catalan linguistic domain. AE: Alt Empordà; MO: Montseny; RI: Ripollès; MA: Mallorca; FO: Formentera

(AE), 2004–2012 (RI), 2009–2013 (MA) and 2011–2013 or the objects elaborated with them. The interviews, (FO). Ethnobotanical interviews were performed with a developed in Catalan, the common language of both in- total of 769 informants (see Results and discussion sec- terviewers and interviewees, were registered, also with tion for details on distribution, gender and age). Taking the informants’ agreement (which was also solicited for into account the Code of Ethics of the International So- taking pictures). ciety of Ethnobiology [25], we asked the interviewees’ Plants were identified at specific or infraspecific levels informed consent to participate in the survey, to regis- with the aid of the Flora manual dels Països Catalans ter the interviews, to take pictures and to use their im- [27], and for family assignation we followed the Angio- ages and information. The method used was basically sperm Phylogeny Group ([28]; http://www.mobot.org/ the semistructured interview [26], with special care MOBOT/research/APweb/), as currently reflected in taken in not asking direct questions, which could co- The plant list (http://www.theplantlist.org), also devoted erce, condition or influence the informant’sanswer.In to gymnosperms and ferns. Vouchers of every taxon with several occasions group interviews were carried out, associated information have been prepared, collected fol- separating the answers of the different interviewees. lowing the legislation and avoiding protected areas, and Whenever possible, we collected the plants in question deposited in the herbaria BCN, of the Centre de Docu- together with the informants or we observed with them mentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal, Universitat de Barce- those they had preserved at home or their preparations lona, and BC, of the Institut Botànic de Barcelona. Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 4 of 53

Databasing accounting too for the vitality of the knowledge of plants Once in the laboratory, the interviews were transcribed with these other uses. Additionally, the informants indi- and introduced into our research team’s database cated 37 Spanish, four French and one Arabic names to (www.etnobotanica.cat, not open to public access, but refer to the plants reported. punctually consultable on request to the corresponding or to the last authors). This database contains all ethno- Use categories botanical data (on medicinal, food and other uses) from Table 3 presents the 14 categories (which are equally our group and allows us to manage the results, to per- present for all territories in our database to avoid com- form some calculations and to establish comparisons. parison) of non-food and non-medicinal uses in which Taking Cook’s Economic Botany data standard as a we have classified all data collected. Some examples and departing point [29], a huge effort to establish and nu- comments on specific uses are provided in this and in ance use categories (as well as parts of plants and kinds other epigraphs of this paper (e.g., most reported taxa or of preparation and use, the latter not relevant here, but persistence of uses), and the detail of all uses collected in medicinal and food uses) has been performed, and it can be found in Table 1. is reflected in Table 1. The category “other informations” is a miscellaneous one to hold sparse knowledge not attributable to the Statistical methods established categories. This big group of information All calculations were carried out using Excel (Microsoft comprises 509 use reports from a total 4137, meaning Excel 2007) and the program XLSTAT (v. 2007.5, Addin- ca. 12 % of all reports, but includes a very numerous and soft SARL) was used to carry out the Chi-square test in diverse cases, for which we have established the follow- order to check the statistical differences in the use cat- ing subgrouping: ecological information, undesirable ac- egories among the four studied territories. tions, purchased in commerce, harvesting and/or selling, excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations, Results and discussion product appreciations. We also attributed the category General data of other information to the cases in which the infor- The 769 informants reported 401 genera (34 of the taxa mants declared that they knew that a plant was useful, reported have only been determined to the generic but they did not remember for what (use not remem- level), 552 species, 81 subspecies and four varieties, be- bered); we maintain this category (related, as the whole longing to 122 families. The taxa collected, their folk paper, to non-food and non-medicinal uses) as an evoca- names and uses, the territories where they are recorded, tion of knowledge that used to be solid, but has declined the parts of plants employed and their use frequency are and is almost forgotten now. presented in Table 1, placed as an appendix. The num- Some big categories comprise several activities. Agro- ber of taxa with such information is high. Just to com- silvopastoral: agricultural/horticultural, for pig slaughter, pare with the same geographical areas, 334 species are honey obtaining, for fishing, for hunting, forestry tools reported in a paper on medicinal plants (AE, [30]), for agricultural practices, weeds. Artisanal: elaboration which is representative of other territories, a figure of canes, shoes, brooms, kitchen implements, musical higher than in other areas and not simply additive, since instruments, baskets and similar objects, fibres, smoking a high number of taxa are repeated in different areas, paper, tobacco pipes and other instruments, as well as and 97 species were recorded in a work on ethnoveterin- hide tanning. Domestic: household help, air fresheners, ary in four out of the five territories here considered paint elaboration, help in sewing. Textile: fibre or cloth [31]. This supports the argument to consider the non- elaboration, textile padding, dyer. Timber: elaboration of food and non-medicinal folk plant uses as not secondary furniture, boats and wheeled vehicles, obtention of or residual at all. The number of use reports (hereinafter building material. UR) confirms this, being also elevated (4137 in total, cf. With this, and irrespective of our grouping, made for Table 2 for their distribution in the geographical areas the sake of concision, thus, the number of subcategories and Table 3 for its repartition for use categories). (including categories with no subcategories) would reach To name the specific and infraspecific taxa the infor- 46, showing a big coverage of different fields. The most mants provided 1303 Catalan popular names, including common large use categories, in terms of number of use whole plants and parts of plant, especially fruits and reports, are ornamental (646 use reports), agrosilvopas- seeds, and elaborated products. This figure would be the toral management (600), artisanal (534), and magic and equivalent to a mean of more than two names per plant, religious beliefs and practices (421). For statistical pur- and roughly approaches the 5 % of the ca. 35,000 poses we used the main or big categories, since for many Catalan plant names (of folk and other provenances) re- of the subcategories there are not enough use reports to cently collected [32], the quantity and diversity of names allow a statistical treatment. Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 5 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) Taxon Catalan vernacular names Area Used part Uses Frequency (a few Spanish, French and Arabic, indicated) Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Ocra BI Seed Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 Moench (Malvaceae) horticultural BC131944 Abies alba Mill. Avet AE, MO Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Pinaceae) BCN3096 Stem. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Whole plant Timber: boat manufacturing Abies nordmanniana Avet MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Steven) Spach (Pinaceae) BC59249 Abies ×masjoanis D.A. Soto, Avet de Masjoan, avet MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 3 J.I.G. Viñas et E. Bujarrabal del Montseny (Pinaceae) BCN35720 Acacia dealbata Link Mimosa AE, MO Aerial part. Leaf Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Mimosaceae) BCN29973 Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Acer campestre L. Auró, auró blanc AE, RI Stem. Whole Ludic 2 (Aceraceae) BCN29613 plant Timber: furniture manufacturing Acer monspessulanum L. Auró negre AE Stem Ludic 1 (Aceraceae) BCN29613 Acer opalus Mill. subsp. Blada, baladre AE, MO Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 opalus (Aceraceae) plant horticultural BCN29615 Folk oral literature Ludic Achillea ageratum L. Alè de bou BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 3 (Asteraceae) Whole plant agricultural practices BCN- E-188 Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Achillea millefolium L. Centfulles AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Asteraceae) BCN29616 Achillea ptarmica L. subsp. Camamilla, camamilla RI Aerial part Cosmetic 1 pyrenaica (Godr.) Heimerl de muntanya, camamilla (Asteraceae) BCN24701 de Rojà Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Falzia BI Not reported. Cosmetic 3 (Pteridiaceae) BCN91889 Whole plant Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Other informations: use not remembered Aegilops geniculata Roth Blat de perdiu BI Aerial part. Other informations: ecological information 2 (Poaceae) BCN 103555 Whole plant Aesculus hippocastanum L. Castanyer bord, AE, BI, Fruit. Seed. Ludic 8 (Sapindaceae) BCN29618 castanyer d'Índies, MO, RI Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices castanya agra, castanya Ornamental: gardening borda (fruit), castanya de castanyer d'Índies (fruit), morronyer Agapanthus sp. Acapantus BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Amaryllidaceae) Agave americana L. Ágave, atzavara, AE, BI, MO Flower. Leaf, Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 18 (Agavaceae) BCN46860 donarda, figuerassa, Not reported. horticultural figuerassa de marge, Stem. Thorn Artisanal: cookware elaboration figuerassa grossa, pita, Artisanal: footwear elaboration pitera, punta de pita Domestic: for help at home (thorn), punyalera, Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration xeremec (stem) Timber: construction materials production Agrimonia eupatoria L. Agafallosa RI Fruit Ludic 3 (Rosaceae) BCN24704 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 6 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Agrostemma githago L. Clavell de blat, niella MO, RI Aerial part. Folk oral literature 2 (Caryophyllaceae) BCN5737 Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Cornissa, irlando MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Swingle (Simaroubaceae) BCN81396 Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Iva BI Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 (Lamiaceae) BCN6437 Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch Herba del peu de colom, RI Root Cosmetic 2 (Boraginaceae) BCN24706 peu de colom, pota de colom Allium ampeloprasum L. All de bruixa, allassa, AE, BI Flower Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN3993 porrerell Other informations: ecological information Allium cepa L. (Liliaceae) Ceba, ceba forastera, grell AE, BI, MO Bulb. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 13 BCN28655 Inflorescence obtaining Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Repellent Allium fistulosum L. Cebollí BI Inflorescence Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN-E248 Allium porrum L. Porro AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 2 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN28791 Whole plant horticultural Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Allium roseum L. All de bruixa, calabruix AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 2 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN31259 Allium sativum L. All, all de Sant Pau, all pau AE, BI, MO Bulb. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 18 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN29832 Inflorescence. horticultural Whole plant Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental : gardening Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Allium triquetrum L. Vitrac BI Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN95566 Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Vern AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 15 (Betulaceae) BCN29620 Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Alocasia odora (Lindl.) Marquesa AE, BI Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 K.Koch (Araceae) BCN50215 Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. Aloe vera, àloe vera, cactus, AE, BI Leaf juice. Not Cosmetic 6 (Xanthorrhoeaceae) figuerassa reported. Magic and religious beliefs and practices BCN27242 Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. Malva reial, vauma, vauma BI, MO Flower. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Malvaceae) BCN6470 loca plant Ornamental: gardening Alyssum maritimum (L.) Alíssum, caps blancs, AE, BI, RI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tool for 5 Lam. (Brassicaceae) escopinya de Crist, flor de agricultural practices BCN29622 gat, herbamel Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Repellent Amelanchier ovalis Medik. Cornier RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 (Rosaceae) BCN 16410 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 7 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Ampelodesmos mauritanicus Càrritx, càrritx femella, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 18 (Poir.) T.Durand & Schinz càrritx mascle, carritxera Leaf. Stem. slaughter (Poaceae) BCN95589 Whole plant Artisanal: basketry Other informations: ecological information Other informations: undesirable actions Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Bòlig AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 Pers. (Asteraceae) BCN31260 Anacyclus valentinus L. Bòlig AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 2 (Asteraceae) BCN29625 Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. Borró AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 arvensis (Primulaceae) BCN19974 Anagyris foetida L. Garrover del dimoni BI Aerial part Other informations: undesirable actions 1 (Fabaceae) BCN16938 Anastatica hierochuntica L. Rosa de Jericó BI Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered 1 (Brassicaceae) BCN16949 Anemone coronaria L. Anèmones BI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Ranunculaceae) BCN17399 Anemone pulsatilla L. Flor de Sant Pere RI Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 2 (Ranunculaceae) BCN24711 Anethum graveolens L. Anet BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Apiaceae) BCN83632 Anthemis arvensis L. Bòlig, sistorna RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Asteraceae) BC840033 Anthemis cotula L. Camamilla borda AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Asteraceae) BCN29835 Anthyllis cytisoides L. Aubada, botja de cuques BI Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 5 (Fabaceae) BCN20700 slaughter Artisanal: broom elaboration Other informations: ecological information Antirrhinum majus L. Badocs, boques de conill, AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Ludic 29 (Plantaginaceae) BCN46074 conillets, gatets, gossets, Flower. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices gossos, gorges de llop, plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration mamaconills, pets de llop Ornamental: gardening Aphyllanthes monspelliensis Llonzella AE Aerial part Ludic 1 L. (Asparagaceae) BCN29627 Apium graveolens L. Àpit BI Leaf. Whole Other informations: ecological information 2 (Apiaceae) BCN46859 plant Aquilegia vulgaris L. Campaneta RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Ranunculaceae) BCN27253 Arachis hypogaea L. Cacauet AE, BI Epicarp. Stem Domestic: for help at home 2 (Fabaceae) BCN46858 Fuel obtaining: charcoal Araucaria heterophylla Arbre de pisos BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Salisb.) Franco (Araucariaceae) BCN67780 Araujia sericifera Brot. Miraguano AE Fruit Textile: textile padding 3 (Apocynaceae) BCN299975 Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae) Arboç, arboça (fruit), BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: forestry 10 BCN100976 arbocera, cirera d'arboç Flower. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey (fruit), llipota (fruit), llipoter Not reported. obtaining Stem. Whole Fuel obtaining: charcoal plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Timber Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 8 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Enganxadora, llapassa, AE, MO, RI Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: tool for 8 (Asteraceae) BCN31262 llapissera, gafarró, poltre, Inflorescence. agricultural practices repalassa Infructescence. Ludic Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Arisarum vulgare Frare llec, rapa, rapa de BI Inflorescence. Folk oral literature 7 O.Targ.Tozz. (Araceae) frare Whole plant Ludic BCN95564 Other informations: ecological information Artemisia abrotanum L. Absenta, abrótano macho BI Not reported Cosmetic 1 (Asteraceae) BCN31263 (Spanish), artemisia, donzell, estragó, shiba (Arabic) Artemisia absinthium L. Absenta, abrótano macho AE, BI, RI Aerial part. Domestic: air freshener 3 (Asteraceae) BCN29837 (Spanish), artemisia, encens, Whole plant Domestic: for help at home donzell, estragó, shiba Repellent (Arabic) Artemisia arborescens L. Artemisia, donzell AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tool for 7 (Asteraceae) BCN29630 Whole plant agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Repellent Artemisia dracunculus L. Estragó BI Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Asteraceae) BCN13326 Artemisia verlotiorum Artemisa, donzell AE Aerial part Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 Lamotte (Asteraceae) BCN29633 Artemisia vulgaris L. Altimiris RI Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 (Asteraceae) BCN24719 horticultural Arum italicum Mill. Xàrria MO Spathe Ludic 1 (Araceae) BCN32356 Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) Canya, canya de torrent, AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 104 BCN29825 canya mallorquina, canya MO, RI Leaf. Root. Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting verda, canyeta, canyís Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig plant slaughter Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Domestic: for help at home Domestic: for sewing Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Timber: construction materials production Asparagus acutifolius L. Espàrrec (turion), AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 (Asparagaceae) BCN29976 esparreguera Leaf. Stem. horticultural Whole plant Artisanal: broom elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Asparagus albus L. Espàrrec (turion), BI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Asparagaceae) BCN56215 esparreguera Asparagus horridus L. Espàrrec (turion), BI Flower Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 1 (Asparagaceae) BCN103541 esparreguera, esparreguera obtaining vera Asparagus sprengeri Regel Esparreguera de jardí BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Asparagaceae) BCN57323 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 9 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Asphodelus aestivus Brot. Albó, asfodel, aubó, BI Flower. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 33 (Xanthorrhoeaceae) caramutxa, coió de Stem. Tuber. slaughter BCN52957 porrassa, moneiato de Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: honey porrassera, porrassa, obtaining porrassa femella, porrassera, Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for porassó agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other information: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: ecological information Other information: use not remembered Aspidistra elatior Blume Cossiol de fulla, cossiol de BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Asparagaceae) BCN104271 saló, fulla de saló Aspidosperma polyneuron Palorosa AE Stem Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration 1 Müll.Arg. (Apocynaceae) BCN52088 Asplenium trichomanes L. Auredelleta, costella de RI Aerial part Cosmetics 1 (Aspleniaceae) BCN24723 paret Aster novi-belgii L. Setembrina BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 (Asteraceae) BCN98570 Aster pilosus Willd. Octubre AE Aerial part Ornamental: gardening 1 (Asteraceae) BCN47723 Astragalus balearicus Chater Coixinet de monja BI Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Fabaceae) BCN95554 Avena barbata Pott ex Link Cugula, cugula borda, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration 10 (Poaceae) BCN49867 civada borda Fruit. Ludic Inflorescence. Stem Avena sativa L. (Poaceae) Civada BI, MO Fruit. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 9 BCN32185 plant horticultural Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Avena sterilis L. (Poaceae) Cugula, cugula borda, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 BCN52787 cugula vertadera Inflorescence. horticultural Stem. Whole Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration plant Ludic Ballota hirsuta Benth. Sacramentària BI Calyx Domestic: for help at home 1 (Lamiaceae) BCN72714 Begonia sp. (Begoniaceae) Begònia BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 5 Bellis annua L. (Asteraceae) Confitera BI Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 BCN61139 Bellis perennis L. Margarida, margarida AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 7 (Asteraceae) BCN31264 borda, margaridoia, Inflorescence. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration margarita Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Berberis vulgaris L. Berbèlia RI Fruit Ludic 1 (Berberidaceae) BCN27274 Beta vulgaris L. subsp. Bledera salvatge BI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 maritima (L.) Arcang. (Amaranthaceae) BCN103432 Betula pendula Roth Beç, bedoll AE, RI Aerial part. Artisanal: broom elaboration 3 (Betulaceae) BCN29647 Leaf. Stem Artisanal: cookware elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 10 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Bidens tripartita L. Pixallits AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Asteraceae) BCN50219 Bignonia sp. (Bignoniaceae) Coral BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Borago officinalis L. Borraja (Spanish), borratxa BI, MO Aerial part. Folk oral literature 3 (Boraginaceae) BCN68582 Flower. Whole Ludic plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Bougainvillea sp. Boquemvíl·lia BI Flower Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Nyctaginaceae) Brachypodium retusum Llistó AE Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 4 (Pers.) P.Beauv. (Poaceae) plant agricultural practices BCN31265 Fuel obtaining: firewood Other informations: ecological information Brassica napus L. Nap BI, RI Bulb. Root Magic and religious beliefs and practices 2 (Brassicaceae) BCN24727 Brassica oleracea L. subsp. Col BI Leaf Folk oral literature 2 oleracea (Brassicaceae) Other informations: use not remembered BCN32181 Briza maxima L. (Poaceae) Arrecades de la Mare de AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 4 BCN29648 Déu, belluguets, herbe tremblante French, herba tremoluda Briza media L. (Poaceae) Arrecadetes de la Mare de AE, MO, RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 9 BCN29650 Déu, bellugadís, belluguets, bellugues, llagrimetes de la Mare de Déu, puces, sempreviva Bromus hordeaceus L. Cua de mula MO Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Poaceae) BCN52583 Buxus balearica Lam. Boix BI Flower. Leaf. Artisanal: cane elaboration 11 (Buxaceae) BCN21410 Stem. Whole Artisanal: cookware elaboration plant Ornamental: gardening Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: ecological information Timber Buxus sempervirens L. Boix, boix de jardí, boj AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 127 (Buxaceae) BCN29843 (Spanish), olleta MO, RI Cortical slaughter parenchyma. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for Flower. Fruit. agricultural practices Leaf. Stem. Artisanal: broom elaboration Whole plant. Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered Calendula arvensis M.Bieb. Llevamà, goig bord, jaumet AE, BI Aerial part. Not Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 7 (Asteraceae) BCN29637 reported.Whole agricultural practices plant Cosmetic Folk oral literature Other informations: use not remembered Calendula officinalis L. Boixac, bojac, calèndula, AE, BI, Aerial part. Cosmetic 14 (Asteraceae) BCN29977 galdiró, llevamà, llevamà de MO, RI Inlforescence. Magic and religious beliefs and practices jardí, jaumet Not reported. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Whole plant Ornamental: gardening Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 11 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Calicotome spinosa (L.) Link Argelac, argelaga AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 7 (Fabaceae) BCN29638 Stem. Whole horticultural plant Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Ornamental: gardening Callistephus chinensis (L.) Sol coronat BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Ness (Asteraceae) BCN-E249 Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull Brossa, bruguerola, xerpó AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 13 (Ericaceae) BCN29639 Flower obtaining Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Te BI Not reported Other informations: ecological information 1 (Theaceae) BCN50762 Campanula patula L. Campaneta AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Campanulaceae) BCN29640 Campanula persicifolia L. Campaneta AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Campanulaceae) BCN29641 Cannabis sativa L. Cànem, cànyem, cànyom, AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 17 (Cannabaceae) BCN24735 gansalla (elaborated MO, RI Inflorescence. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for product), maria, marihuana Stem. Whole agricultural practices plant Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: footwear elaboration Other information: ecological information Smoking Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Timber: boat manufacturing Capparis spinosa L. subsp. Tàpera (flower bud), BI Floral bud. Folk oral literature 5 spinosa (Capparaceae) taperera Whole plant. Other informations: ecological information BCN97808 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Pare i fill BI Not reported Other informations 1 Medik. (Brassicaceae) BCN46079 Capsicum annuum L. Pebre covent, pebre covent BI Fruit. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 14 (Solanaceae) BCN24737 (fruit), pebre, pebrera, plant horticultural nyora, pebre vermell, Magic and religious beliefs and practices pebrer, pebre de cirereta, Ornamental: bouquet elaboration pebresser, cirereta picant Other informations: ecological information (fruit), pebre de banyeta Repellent (fruit), pebre (fruit) Capsicum sp. (Solanaceae) Pebre bord BI Seed Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 1 slaughter Carlina acanthifolia All. Carlina, carolina RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 14 (Asteraceae) BCN24738 Whole plant horticultural Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: ecological information Carlina acanthifolia All. Carlina, carlina angèlica, AE, MO Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 11 subsp. cynara (Pourr. ex carlinassa, carolina Whole plant Other informations: ecological information DC.) Rouy (Asteraceae) BCN46095 Carlina acaulis L. Carlina AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 2 (Asteraceae) BCN32946 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 12 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Castanea sativa Mill. Castanya (fruit), castanyer AE, BI, Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 24 (Fagaceae) BCN29844 MO, RI Inflorescence. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for Stem agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: cane elaboration Domestic: for help at home Ludic Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production Catananche caerulea L. Cigales, pell de serp, pinya AE, RI Aerial part. Ludic 5 (Asteraceae) BCN29645 de plata Inflorescence Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Cedre MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Manetti ex Carrière (Pinaceae) BCN35722 Cedrus libani A.Rich. Cedre AE Stem Timber: furniture manufacturing 1 (Pinaceae) BCN29978 Celtis australis L. Lledoner, lledroner, lleroner, AE, BI, MO Fruit. Seed. Tools for agricultural practices 65 (Cannabaceae) BCN29845 lledó (fruit), lledró (fruit), Stem. Whole Artisanal: broom elaboration lleró (fruit) plant Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Centaurea aspera L. Bracera, herba de bracera BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 4 (Asteraceae) BCN42691 Whole plant agricultural practices Other informations: ecological information Centaurea cyanus L. Blauet, blau, caps blaus, AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 4 (Asteraceae) BCN29651 clavell de blat, clavell de Inflorescence Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Sant Isidre, llums Centaurea pectinata L. Barbassa, travalera, MO Aerial part Ludic 1 subsp. pectinata travarada (Asteraceae) BCN43498 Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. Rosa d’Espanya AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 subsp. ruber (Caprifoliaceae) BCN31267 Ceratonia siliqua L. Garrofer, garrover, garrofa AE, BI, MO Flower. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 21 (Fabaceae) BCN32177 (fruit) Seed. Whole obtaining plant Artisanal: footwear elaboration Cosmetic Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Textile: dyer Timber: furniture manufacturing Cercis siliquastrum L. Árbol de la pasión BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Fabaceae) BCN51020 (Spanish), árbol del amor (Spanish) Ceterach officinarum Willd. Auradella MO Frond Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Aspleniaceae) BCN108285 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 13 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Chamaerops humilis L. Bri (leaflet), clin, garballó, AE, BI Leaf. Leaflet. Artisanal: basketry 49 (Arecaceae) BCN23832 garbeó, llatra (elaborated Not reported. Artisanal: broom elaboration product), margalló, palma, Stem. Whole Domestic: for help at home palmito (fruit) (Spanish), plant Folk oral literature pauma, paumera (group of Magic and religious beliefs and practices palms), paumissó (fruit), Ornamental: bouquet elaboration pomera, pomissó (fruit), Ornamental: gardening punissó (fruit) Other informations: ecological information Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Textile: textile padding Chenopodium ambrosioides Te mallorquí BI Whole plant Other informations: appreciations on plant or 1 L. (Amaranthaceae) product properties BCN103590 Chlorophytum comosum Cossiol de cintes BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Thunb.) Jacques (Asparagaceae) BC617113 Chrysanthemum coronarium Bòlig, sardonaia BI Inflorescence Ludic 4 L. (Asteraceae) BCN95559 Chrysanthemum frutescens Margalida BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 L. (Asteraceae) BCN93699 Chrysanthemum segetum L. Goit AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 3 (Asteraceae) BCN31269 Chrysanthemum sinense Estranys BI Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices 2 Sabine (Asteraceae) Repellent BCN129085 Cicer arietinum L. Ciuró (seed) BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 3 (Fabaceae) BCN29659 horticultural Cichorium endivia L. Endívia BI Leaf Other informations: ecological information 1 (Asteraceae) BCN46854 Cichorium intybus L. Cama-rotja, cama-roja, AE, BI Leaf. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 13 (Asteraceae) BCN29660 masteguera plant horticultural Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Cinnamomum camphora Càmfora (elaborated AE, BI Bark. Not Magic and religious beliefs and practices 4 (L.) J.Presl (Lauraceae) product) reported Other informations: purchased in commerce BCN50766 Repellent Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Calcida RI, AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 3 (Asteraceae) BCN29853 Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Card MO Inflorescence Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Asteraceae) BCN E-63 Cistus albidus L. (Cistaceae) Estepa, estepa blanca, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 24 BCN36672 estepa d’escurar, estepa Flower. Not slaughter rosa reported. Stem. Domestic: for help at home Whole plant Fuel obtaining: firewood Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Cistus monspeliensis L. Estepa blanca, estepa AE, MO Flower. Resin. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 6 (Cistaceae) BCN36740 borda, estepa de fulla Stem. Whole agricultural practices llarga, estepa negra, plant. Artisanal: toy elaboration mòdega Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information Cistus salviifolius L. Estepa, estepa negra, AE, BI, MO Flower. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 5 (Cistaceae) BCN36767 estepa bona, estepa Stem. Whole horticultural borrera, esteperola, plant Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information Smoking Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Síndria (fruit), sindriera BI Fruit Magic and religious beliefs and practices 2 Matsum. & Nakai Folk oral literature (Cucurbitaceae) BCN29662 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 14 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Citrus ×aurantium L. Taronja agra (fruit) AE Fruit Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 8 (Rutaceae) BCN46080 slaughter Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck Pomelo (fruit) AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Rutaceae) BCN52090 Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Bergamota (fruit), llimona AE, BI Epicarp. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 23 (Rutaceae) BCN46853 (fruit), llimoner, llimonera, Fruit juice. slaughter mandarina (fruit), taronger Whole plant Cosmetic bord, taronger clementí, Domestic: air freshener taronger mandarí, taronja Domestic: for help at home borda (fruit), taronja de la Folk oral literature seca (fruit), taronja de pelar Other informations: ecological information grillons (fruit), taronja de Repellent navel (fruit), pomelo (fruit) Citrus paradisi Macfad. Pomelo (fruit) BI Fruit Other informations: use not remembered 1 (Rutaceae) BCN-E250 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Taronger, taronja (fruit) BI Flower. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 14 (Rutaceae) BCN24752 Leaf. Stem slaughter Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Folk oral literature Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: undesirable actions Timber Cladonia sp. (Cladoniaceae) Herba de la roca, herba BI Not reported Domestic: for help at home 3 roquera, musgo (Spanish) Magic and religious beliefs and practices Clematis cirrhosa L. Vidauba, villauba BI Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 (Ranunculaceae) BCN22034 Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered Clematis flammula L. Didorta, joanillo, ridolta, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 8 (Ranunculaceae) BCN29856 ridorta, viadella, vidriella, Flower. Stem. agricultural practices vidauba Whole plan Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Clematis vitalba L. Didorta, llidorta, ridolta, AE, MO, RI Not reported. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 18 (Ranunculaceae) BCN29857 ridorta, vidiella Stem. Whole agricultural practices plant Ludic Other informations: ecological information Smoking Cneorum tricoccon L. Raspall BI Aerial part. Not Artisanal: broom elaboration 5 (Rutaceae) BCN95567 reported Folk oral literature Coffea arabica L. Cafè (seed) MO Seed Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Rubiaceae) BCN-E-65 Coix lacryma-jobi L. Llàgrimes de Job, llàgrimes BI Fruit Folk oral literature 2 (Poaceae) BC917450 de viu Magic and religious beliefs and practices Colchicum autumnale L. Cabeça BI Tuber Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 subsp. autumnale (Liliaceae) BCN45283 Colocasia sp. (Araceae) Colocàsia BI Whole plant Folk oral literature 2 Ornamental: gardening Colutea arborescens L. Pleps MO Stem Ludic 1 subsp. gallica Browicz (Fabaceae) BCN56002 Conium maculatum L. Cicuta AE Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 (Apiaceae) BCN32171 Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur Espuela (Spanish) MO Flower. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Ranunculaceae) BCN60924 plant Ornamental: gardening Convallaria majalis L. Muguet MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 (Liliaceae) BCN57362 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 15 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Convolvulus arvensis L. Correjola, corretjola, BI, MO Flower. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 3 (Convolvulaceae) corriola, corritjola plant Ludic BCN109798 Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Coriaria myrtifolia L. Rodó, roldor RI Leaf Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Coriariaceae) BCN24754 Coris monspeliensis L. subsp. Farigola mascle, farigola de MO Flower Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 1 monspeliensis (Primulaceae) pastor, tomanyí obtaining BCN110450 Cornus sanguinea L. Sanguinyol AE Sap Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Cornaceae) BCN29979 Coronilla scorpioides K.Koch Herba enamorada BI Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 (Fabaceae) BCN22206 Cortaderia selloana (Schult. Plomalls MO Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn. (Poaceae) BCN81361 Corylus avellana L. Avellana (fruit), avellaner, AE, BI, MO Leaf. Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 12 (Betulaceae) BCN29831 avellaner bord agricultural practices Artisanal: cane elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Smoking Timber: construction materials production Crataegus azarolus L. Atzerola (fruit), atzerolera BI Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 2 (Rosaceae) BCN14977 plant agricultural practices Timber Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Cirerer de pastor, cireretes BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 5 (Rosaceae) BCN103563 de pastor (fruit), espinal, horticultural espinaler, garganyer Other informations: ecological information Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Arç, arç blanc, arn, arn AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 9 subsp. monogyna blanc Flower. Whole agricultural practices (Rosaceae) BCN29858 plant Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Crithmum maritimum L. Fonoll marí BI Aerial part Folk oral literature 2 (Apiaceae) BCN104272 Other informations: ecological information Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) Safà BI Perigonium Folk oral literature 1 BCN32170 Cucumis melo L. Meló (fruit), moló (fruit), BI Epicarp. Fruit. Folk oral literature 5 (Cucurbitaceae) BCN46851 melonera, molonera, Whole plant Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Cucumis sativus L. Cogombre, pepino BI, MO Fruit. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 2 (Cucurbitaceae) BCN46850 (Spanish) plant horticultural Cosmetic Cucurbita pepo L. Carabassera BI Flower. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 (Cucurbitaceae) BCN49858 Whole plant horticultural Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Cucurbita pepo L. var. Carabassó (fruit) AE Fruit Ludic 2 oblonga (Cucurbitaceae) BCN29859 Cupressus macrocarpa Ciprer BI Stem Fuel obtaining: firewood 1 Hartw. (Cupressaceae) BCN35775 Cupressus sempervirens L. Xifrer, xifrer baix, xifrer de AE, BI, RI Fruictification. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 7 (Cupressaceae) BCN95563 fer tallavents, xiprer Whole plant agricultural practices Domestic: air freshener Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 16 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. Tinya RI Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 (Convolvulaceae) BCN112569 Cydonia oblonga Mill. Codony (fruit), codonyer AE, BI, Fruit Domestic: air freshener 4 (Rosaceae) BCN46849 MO, RI Other informations: ecological information Cynara cardunculus L. Card gros, carxofera, card BI, MO Aerial part. Folk oral literature 4 (Asteraceae) BCN56003 coler, card calapoter, Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration carxofera borda, herba-col, presonera, presora Cynara scolymus L. Carxofa (inflorescence), BI Leaf. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: tool for 2 (Asteraceae) BCN24760 carxofera plant agricultural practices Other informations: ecological information Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Gram, grama, xerpolla BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 5 (Poaceae) BCN24760 Whole plant Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Cynoglossum creticum Mill. Llapassa, llapassera, BI Fruit. Leaf. Folk oral literature 4 (Boraginaceae) BCN97779 llapissera Seed. Whole Other informations: ecological information plant Smoking Cyperus alternifolius L. Papiro (Spanish) BI Stem Other informations: ecological information 1 subsp. flabelliformis (Rottb.) M.R.Almeida (Cyperaceae) BCN 16451 Cyperus eragrostis Lam. Castanyola, jonc, paraigüet, MO Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 3 (Cyperaceae) BCN61182 serrana agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Cyperus rotundus L. Jonc AE Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 2 (Cyperaceae) BCN39997 agricultural practices Artisanal: basketry Cystoseira amentacea Bory Herba saupera BI Frond Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 1 var. stricta Mont. (Cystoseiraceae) BCN-Phyc- 6232 Cystoseira crinita Duby Herba corretgera BI Frond Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 1 (Cystoseiraceae) BCN-Phyc- 6233 Cystoseira elegans Sauv. Herba borda BI Frond Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 1 (Cystoseiraceae) BCN-Phyc- 6150 Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L. Magraneta, magraneta BI Not reported Textile: dyer 4 subsp. macranthus Wettst. d’esteperol (Rafflesiaceae) BCN2224 Dalbergia sp. (Fabaceae) Palissandre AE Stem Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration 1 BCN52091 Dalhia sp. (Asteraceae) Dàlia, daliera BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 4 agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening Daphne gnidium L. Matapoll, tei, tintorell AE, BI, MO Bark. Root. Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 9 (Thymelaeaceae) BCN29687 Stem Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: broom elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Datura stramonium L. Castanyer bord, datura AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 12 (Solanaceae) BCN29688 borda, estramoni, flor de MO, RI Leaf. Flower. horticultural mort, herba de capseta, Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices herba talpera, herba Ornamental: gardening taupera, matataups, Other informations: ecological information trompetera Repellent Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 17 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Daucus carota L. subsp. Botxa, caps blancs, carrota AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 5 carota (Apiaceae) borda, fonollassa, julivert Inflorescence. slaughter BCN48714 bord, julivert de galipau, Not reported Magic and religious beliefs and practices moixos (inflorescence), Ornamental: bouquet elaboration pastanaga borda, rosella Other informations: ecological information borda Delphinium ajacis L. Espuela (Spanish) AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Ranunculaceae) BCN31271 Dianthus caryophyllus L. Clavell, clavell blanc, clavell AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 12 (Caryophyllaceae) d’hivernacle Flower Ornamental: bouquet elaboration BCN31272 Dianthus hyssopifolius L. Clavell RI Flower Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Caryophyllaceae) BCN27299 Dianthus seguieri Vill. Clavell de muntanya RI Flower Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Caryophyllaceae) BCN24763 Dianthus seguieri Vill. subsp. Clavell de bosc, clavellde AE Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 requienii (Godr.) M.Bernal, pastor_ Laínz & Muñoz Garm. (Caryophyllaceae) BCN22276 Dianthus sp. Clavell, clavell de Sant BI, RI Aerial part. Folk oral literature 3 (Caryophyllaceae) Jaume Flower Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Dianthus pungens L. subsp. Coixinet de monja AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 pungens (Caryophyllaceae) BCN46087 Diospyros ebenum J.Koenig Banús AE Stem Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration 1 ex Retz. (Ebenaceae) BCN52092 Diospyros kaki L.f. Caqui (fruit), caquier, BI Fruit. Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 3 (Ebenaceae) BCN52627 clequier horticultural Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC. Cap blanc, ravenissa AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 5 (Brassicaceae) BCN29861 Dipsacus fullonum L. Assotacristos, card, cardassa, BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Domestic: for help at home 10 (Caprifoliaceae) BCN27266 cristos, escardot, Flower. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration escarpidora, escarpido, Inflorescence escarpín Dipsacus fullonum L. subsp. Cardó, cap de burro AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 fullonum (Caprifoliaceae) BCN29691 Dorycnium pentaphyllum Botxa de cuques, socarrell, BI Aerial part. Leaf Artisanal: broom elaboration 2 Scop. (Fabaceae) tijarell Fuel obtaining: firewood BCN103561 Dorycnium pentaphyllum Botxa MO Flower Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 Scop. subsp. pentaphyllum horticultural (Fabaceae) BCN115631 Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Foguera, foguera de jardí AE, MO Frond. Whole Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 Schott (Dryopteridaceae) plant BCN29692 Ecballium elaterium (L.) Cobrombo silvestre, BI, MO Fruit. Whole Ludic 2 A.Rich. (Cucurbitaceae) cogombre bord plant Other informations: ecological information BCF44970 Echinocactus grusonii Hildm. Seient de sa sogra, grossini BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Cactaceae) BCN129080 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 18 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Echinops ritro L. subsp. ritro Espines blaves AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 5 (Asteraceae) BCN31273 Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. Bledera borda, picatalons BI Fruit Other informations: ecological information 1 (Polygonaceae) BCN13757 Epipremnum aureum Potos BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Linden & André) G.S.Bunting (Araceae) BCN129081 Equisetum arvense L. Cua de cavall, escuraplata RI Aerial part Domestic: for help at home 1 (Equisetaceae) BCN24767 Equisetum ramosissimum Coa de cavall, cua de cavall, AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 2 Desf. (Equisetaceae) cua de rata Stem agricultural practices BCN29982 Other informations: ecological information Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Coa de cavall, cova de BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 5 (Equisetaceae) BCN118778 cavall, cua de cavall, Stem. Whole agricultural practices sangnua plant Cosmetic Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Erica arborea L. (Ericaceae) Bruc, bruc bouer, bruc AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 58 BCN46081 femella, bruc de fer Flower. Leaf. agricultural practices escombres, bruc vertader, Stem Artisanal: broom elaboration mascle Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Erica multiflora L. (Ericaceae) Bruc, bruc de bou, bruc de AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 33 BCN29864 llei, bruc mascle, cepell, Flower. Stem. slaughter ciprell, ciprelló, petarrell, Whole plant Artisanal: broom elaboration xiprell Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Timber: construction materials production Erica scoparia L. subsp. Bruc, bruc d’escombra, bruc AE, MO Aerial part. Artisanal: broom elaboration 44 scoparia (Ericaceae) de fer escombres, bruc de Stem Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration BCN46083 llei, bruc femella, bruga, Ludic Ornamental: gardening Erigeron acer L. (Asteraceae) _ MO Inflorescence Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 BCN35105 horticultural Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Nisprero BI Leaf Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 Lindl. (Rosaceae) BCN29695 Other informations: ecological information Erodium moschatum (L.) Rellotges BI Fruit Ludic 3 L’Hér. (Geraniaceae) BCN95590 Eryngium bourgatii Gouan Espinacal blau RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaborations 1 (Apiaceae) BCN24881 Eryngium campestre L. Card, card girgoler, AE, BI MO Root. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 6 (Apiaceae) BCN31274 espinacal, espinacalç, plant Folk oral literature espinacs, galabart, panical Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 19 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Calipto, calistro, calistrero, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: forestry 7 (Myrtaceae) BCN29696 eucaliptus, eucalitus Flower. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey Whole plant obtaining Domestic: air freshener Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Eupatorium cannabinum L. Altes i mires MO Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 subsp. cannabinum (Asteraceae) BCN35520 Euphorbia characias L. Lleteresa AE Stem. Whole Repellent 2 subsp. characias plant (Euphorbiaceae) BCN29865 Euphorbia lathyris L. Cagamuix, herba talpera, AE, RI Latex. Leaf. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 6 (Euphorbiaceae) BCN29866 herba taupera, herba Whole plant Repellent taupinera Euphorbia sp. Eufòrbia, lletrada, lletrera BI Latex. Not Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting 3 (Euphorbiaceae) reported Artisanal: footwear elaboration Fuel obtaining: plant oil Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae) Faig AE, BI, Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 15 BCN46845 MO, RI plant agricultural practices Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Fuel obtaining: charcoal Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Feijoa sellowiana O.Berg Feijoa BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Myrtaceae) BCN92988 Ferula communis L. Canya fèl · lera, canyaferla BI Leaf. Stem Ludic 3 (Apiaceae) BCN26849 Other informations: ecological information Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) Figa (infructescence), figa AE, BI Bark. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 34 BCN24887 flor (infructescence), figó Infructescence. horticultural marinenc (infructescence) Stem. Whole Folk oral literature figuera, lletrada de figuera plant Ludic (latex), pàmpol de figuera Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparationsSmoking Timber Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fonoll BI Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 1 (Apiaceae) BCN95541 slaughter Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Fonoll AE Leaf. Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 2 subsp. piperitum (C.Presl) slaughter Ball (Apiaceae) BCN29867 Domestic: for help at home Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl Fleix, fleix femella, fleix AE, BI, MO Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 21 (Oleaceae) BCN46844 mascle, freixa, freixe plant agricultural practices Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cane elaboration Ludic Other informations: ecological information Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Fraxinus excelsior L. Freixe AE, MO, RI Leaf. Stem. Artisanal: cane elaboration 11 (Oleaceae) BCN29698 Whole plant Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Fuchsia sp. (Onagraceae) Pendientes de la reina BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Spanish) Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 20 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Fumaria officinalis L. Fumaterra BI Whole plant Other informations: harvesting and/or selling 1 (Papaveraceae) BCN72725 Gaillardia sp. (Asteraceae) Gallàrdia BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Galanthus nivalis L. Flor de neu, herba de cap MO, RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 5 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN27249 blanc, herba de neu, llàgrimes de Sant Josep Galium aparine L. Rèvola BI Fruit Other informations: ecological information 1 (Rubiaceae) BCN97749 Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae) Herba de Sant Joan, AE, RI Aerial part. Not Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 BCN39982 santjoan reported Other informations: ecological information Genista tricuspidata Desf. Gatova BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 5 subsp. sparsiflora (Ball) Whole plant slaughter Maire (Fabaceae) BCN Folk oral literature 95565 Gentiana lutea L. Llenciana RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 (Gentianaceae) BCN24893 Root Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Ginkgo biloba L. Ginkgo, ginkgo biloba BI, MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 (Ginkgoaceae) BCN62881 Other informations: ecological information Gladiolus italicus Mill. Espadelles, espasa, espaseta, BI, RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 5 (Iridiaceae) BCN56421 gladiol, xupes Flower. Whole Ornamental: gardening plant Gladiolus sp. (Iridiaceae) Gladiol BI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 Gleditsia triachanthos L. Escàcia AE Stem Domestic: for help at home 1 (Fabaceae) BCN50767 Globularia alypum L. Cossiada, herba cossiada BI Leaf. Whole Folk oral literature 2 (Globulariaceae) BCN29868 plant Other informations: ecological information Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Regalíssia AE Root Smoking 1 (Fabaceae) BCN47276 Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) Tintorell AE Root Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 1 W.T.Aiton (Asclepiadaceae) BCN29987 Gossypium sp. (Malvaceae) Cotó AE, BI Fruit. Seed hair Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 4 BCN51688 Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Hedera helix L. (Araliaceae) Heura AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 22 BCN29869 MO, RI Flower. Leaf. obtaining Whole plant Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered Helianthus tuberosus L. Gira-sol de patata, miqueler, AE, BI MO, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 6 (Asteraceae) BCN46069 nyama, nyàmera, ramon, RI Whole plant agricultural practices setembre, trumfa nyama Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Éternelle (French), flor de AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 38 Moench (Asteraceae) Corpus, flor de Sant Joan, Inflorescence Ornamental: bouquet elaboration BCN29872 perpètua, sempreviva Repellent Helleborus foetidus L. Margívol, marxívol MO Fruit. Leaf Folk oral literature 9 (Ranunculaceae) BCN32163 Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Helleborus viridis L. Mengívol, marxívol RI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Ranunculaceae) BCN24899 Fruit Herniaria glabra L. Herba de cent en grana, MO Whole plant Folk oral literature 2 (Caryophyllaceae) santaengrana BCN32161 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 21 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Herniaria hirsuta L. subsp. Herba de trencapreda, BI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 5 cinerea (DC.) Cout. trencapedra Whole plant Other informations: ecological information (Caryophyllaceae) BCN45660 Hibiscus syriacus L. Altea BI Flower. Root. Ornamental: gardening 3 (Malvaceae) BCN47686 Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered Hippocrepis balearica Jacq. Viola de penyal, violeta de BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 3 (Fabaceae) BCN21809 penyal agricultural practices Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.- Ravenissa AE Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered 1 Foss. (Brassicaceae) BCN39984 Hordeum murinum L. subsp. Cebada (Spanish), fletxa, BI, MO Inflorescence. Folk oral literature 8 leporinum (Link) Arcang. malta, maragall, ordi Whole plant Ludic (Poaceae) BCN79674 Hordeum vulgare L. Ordi AE, BI, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 12 (Poaceae) BCN46843 Fruit. Stem. horticultural Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Artisanal: footwear elaboration Cosmetic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Howea forsteriana (F.Muell.) Quènsia BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Becc. (Arecaceae) BCN129083 Hoya carnosa (L.f.) R.Br. Cerera BI Flower. Whole Domestic: for help at home 3 (Asclepiadaceae) plant Ornamental: gardening BCN104268 Hydrangea macrophylla Hortènsia MO Flower Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Thunb.) Ser. (Hydrangeaceae) BC800370 Hydrangea Hortènsia BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 3 sp. (Hydrangeaceae) agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening Hyoscyamus albus L. Herba de capceta BI Leaf. Whole Other informations: harvesting and/or selling 2 (Solanaceae) BCN 31277 plant Smoking Hypericum balearicum L. Espeta joana BI Aerial part. Other informations: ecological information 3 (Clusiaceae) BCN95574 Whole plant Repellent Hypericum perforatum L. Herba de Sant Joan, herba AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Not Cosmetic 8 (Clusiaceae) BCN29874 dels set caps, hipèric, reported. Magic and religious beliefs and practices hipèricum, trescalam Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: purchased in commerce Ilex aquifolium L. Boix grèvol, flor de Nadal, AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 25 (Aquifoliaceae) BCN29876 grèvol Bark. Resin. agricultural practices Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting plant Artisanal: cane elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton Herba de puces, AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting 15 (Asteraceae) BCN31279 matavinyes, olivarda Inflorescence. Artisanal: broom elaboration Leaf. Not Folk oral literature reported. Stem. Magic and religious beliefs and practices Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Repellent Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 22 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Monais, moneiato, moniato, BI Tuber. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 (Convolvulaceae) BCN50213 moniajo plant horticultural Folk oral literature Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Iris ×germanica L. (Iridaceae) Lliri, lliri blau, lliri de marge, AE, MO,RI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 8 BCN31278 lliri de Sant Antoni, sords Flower. Whole Ornamental: bouquet elaboration plant Ornamental: gardening Iris pseudacorus L. Lliri de rec AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Iridaceae) BCN31280 Jacaranda sp. Xicaranda BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Bignoniaceae) Jasminum azoricum L. Jasmí AE Whole plant Repellent 1 (Oleaceae) BCN49864 Jasminum officinale L. Bejamí, gessamí, geramí, BI, MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 3 (Oleaceae) BCN100423 llessamí Other informations: ecological information Juglans regia L. Anoguer, anou (fruit), AE, BI, Endocarp. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 26 (Juglandaceae) BCN29877 noguer, noguera, nou MO, RI Leaf. Stem. agricultural practices (fruit), nou verda (fruit), Whole plant Artisanal: cookware elaboration nogalina (elaborated Cosmetic product) Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Textile: dyer Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Juncus effussus L. Jonc, jonc marí AE, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 9 (Juncaceae) BCN39991 Stem Artisanal: basketry Domestic: for help at home Juniperus communis L. Ginebre, ginebró, ginebró BI, MO, RI Fructification. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 13 (Cupressaceae) BCN24910 de jardí, oli de ginebre Stem. Whole horticultural (elaborated product) plant Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening Other informations Juniperus communis L. Ginebre, ginebró AE Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 3 subsp. communis Fruictification. agricultural practices (Cupressaceae) BCN29878 Stem Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Juniperus oxycedrus L. Càdec AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Cupressaceae) BCN29879 Juniperus oxycedrus L. Ginebre, ginebró BI Fruictification. Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration 13 subsp. oxycedrus Not reported. Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration (Cupressaceae) BCN29879 Root. Stem. Domestic: for help at home Whole plant Fuel obtaining: firewood Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Juniperus phoenicea L. Savina, savinó (cone), sivina BI Fruictification. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 7 (Cupressaceae) BCN36078 Stem agricultural practices Artisanal: cane elaboration Ludic Timber Koelreuteria paniculata Saboner BI Seed Domestic: for help at home 1 Laxm. (Sapindaceae) BCN63272 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 23 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Carabassa, catija AE, BI Fruit Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 5 Standl. (Cucurbitaceae) agricultural practices BCN50212 Artisanal: cookware elaboration Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Lagurus ovatus L. (Poaceae) _ AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 BCN31281 Lantana camara L. Bandera espanyola BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 (Verbenaceae) BCN 40081 Lathyrus sativus L. Guixa (fruit) BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 (Fabaceae) BCN 50775 horticultural Launaea cervicornis (Boiss.) Gatovell BI Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 1 Font Quer & Rothm. agricultural practices (Asteraceae) BCN88711 Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) Llaurer, llor, llorer, llort AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 49 BCN29880 MO, RI Leaf. Seed. agricultural practices Stem. Whole Artisanal: cane elaboration plant Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Repellent Timber: construction materials production Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Espígol, lavanda AE, BI Aerial part. Domestic: air freshener 4 (Lamiaceae) BCN29881 Flower. Whole Ornamental: bouquet elaboration plant Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Barballó, bermelló, espígol, RI Aerial part Domestic: air freshener 2 subsp. angustifolia lavanda (Lamiaceae) BCN29715 Lavandula dentata L. Candelero, colònia, lavanda, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 9 (Lamiaceae) BCN24913 gal·landa Flower. Whole agricultural practices plant Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Lavandula latifolia Medik. Barballó, bermelló, espígol, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 30 (Lamiaceae) BCN29882 lavanda Flower. Leaf. obtaining Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Repellent Smoking Lavandula stoechas L. Cap d’ase, lavanda, tomanyí BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 7 (Lamiaceae) BCN126622 Flower agricultural practices Cosmetic Smoking Lavandula stoechas L. Timó AE Aerial part. Domestic: air freshener 4 subsp. stoechas (Lamiaceae) Flower Ornamental: bouquet elaboration BCN29883 Smoking Lavatera arborea L. Malva AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 2 (Malvaceae) BCN95546 Flower agricultural practices Magic and religious beliefs and practices Lavatera cretica L. Vauma BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 4 (Malvaceae) BCN44944 Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 24 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Lens culinaris Medik. Llentia BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 (Fabaceae) BCN 29990 horticultural Leontodon taraxacoides Angelets, pixallits MO Aerial part Ludic 1 Hoppe & Hornsch. (Asteraceae) BCN48777 Leontopodium alpinum Herba de neu AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 Guss. subsp. alpinum (Asteraceae) BCN34286 Leucanthemum vulgare Margarida, margarida AE, RI Aerial part Ludic 4 (Vaill.) Lam (Asteraceae) borda, margarida de camp, Ornamental: bouquet elaboration BCN29721 margarida de bosc Leuzea conifera (L.) DC. in Cigales, nyigo-nyigo, pinya AE, MO Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 4 Lam. & DC. (Asteraceae) de Sant Joan, polles BCN29884 Ligustrum vulgare L. Escanyacabres, olivereta RI Aerial part Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Oleaceae) BCN24915 Lilium candidum L. Azucena (Spanish), lliri, lliri AE, BI, Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 10 (Liliaceae) BCN46841 blanc, lliri blanc de Sant MO, RI Flower. Whole Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Joan, lliri de Sant Antoni, plant Ornamental: gardening lliri de Sant Joan Lilium martagon L. Consolta, macròlic, marcòlic MO, RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 6 (Liliaceae) BCN24917 vermell Flower. Ornamental: gardening Seedling Lilium pyrenaicum Gouan Consolta, consolta groga, RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 (Liliaceae) BCN24918 marcòlic groc Whole plant Ornamental: gardening Limonium virgatum (Willd.) Patarres AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 Fourr. (Plumbaginaceae) BCN39989 Limonium vulgare Mill. Patarres AE Aerial part Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 subsp. serotinum (Rchb.) Gams (Plumbaginaceae) BCN31282 Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill Picardia, setembrina AE, BI, MO Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Plantaginaceae) BCN29885 Ornamental: gardening Linum usitatissimum L. Lli, llinc, llim, llinosa, oli de AE, BI Aerial part. Not Domestic: paint elaboration 9 (Linaceae) BCN47281 llinosa (elaborated product) reported. Seed. Folk oral literature Seed oil. Whole Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration plant Linum usitatissimum L. Herba feridora MO Seed Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 subsp. angustifolia (Huds.) Thell. (Linaceae) BCN107485 Linum usitatissimum L. Bri (fibre), lli, llinosa MO Aerial part Cosmetic 1 subsp. usitatissimum (Linaceae) BCN32155 Lippia triphylla (L’Hér.) Herba lluïsa, marialluïsa AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 8 O.Kuntze (Verbenaceae) Leaf. Whole horticultural BCN29886 plant Domestic: air freshener Other informations: ecological information Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Lolium rigidum Gaudin Margai, margall BI Not reported Folk oral literature 1 (Poaceae) BCN31283 Lonicera etrusca Santi Xuclamel AE Stem Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration 2 (Caprifoliaceae) BCN31285 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 25 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Lonicera implexa Aiton Mistreres, lligabosc, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 19 (Caprifoliaceae) BCN31286 madreselva (Spanish), Flower. Not agricultural practices mataselva, rotaboc, reported. Stem. Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration rotaboig, xuclamel Whole plant Folk oral literature Ludic Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Repellent Smoking Lonicera peryclimenum L. Lligabosc, mareselva MO Flower Magic and religious beliefs and practices 2 (Caprifoliaceae) BCN26736 Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Lophophora williamsii (Lem. Peyote (Spanish) BI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 5 ex Salm-Dyck) J.M. Coult. Whole plant Ornamental: gardening (Cactaceae) BCN129082 Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. Carabassera d’esponges, BI, MO Endocarp. Fruit. Domestic: for help at home 4 (Cucurbitaceae) BCN-E-78 fregall (fruit), fregall de Mesocarp + carabassera (endocarp), endocarp fregaller Lunaria annua L. Flor de plata RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Brassicaceae) BCN56009 Lunaria annua L. subsp. Flor de plata, medallons, AE, MO Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 14 annua (Brassicaceae) moneda del Papa Whole plant BCN31287 Lupinus albus L. (Fabaceae) Llobins, tramusset, tramús MO Seed. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 3 BCN-E-79 plant horticultural Domestic: for help at home Lycopodium clavatum L. Musgo (Spanish) BI Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 1 (Lycopodiaceae) BCN31748 agricultural practices Lygeum spartum Loefl. ex L. Espart BI Not reported Artisanal: basketry 1 (Poaceae) BCN 27831 Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnòlia MO Flower. Leaf. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Magnoliaceae) BCN64396 Whole plant Ornamental: gardening Malva sylvestris L. Malva, malva de prat, AE, BI, Aerial part. Folk oral literature 6 (Malvaceae) BCN29889 vauma MO, RI Flower. Leaf. Magic and religious beliefs and practices Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Mammillaria sp. (Cactaceae) Mamillària BI Not reported. Ornamental: gardening 2 Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered Mandragora autumnalis Mandràgora BI Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 Bertol. (Solanaceae) BCN52434 Mantisalca salmantica (L.) Baleges, cabeçuda, granera RI Aerial part Artisanal: broom elaboration 4 Briq. & Cavill. (Asteraceae) Domestic: for help at home BCN24925 Marrubium vulgare L. Barrombí, malrobí BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 5 (Lamiaceae) BCN72729 Seed obtaining Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Repellent Matricaria chamomilla L. Camamilla, camamilla de AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Cosmetic 4 (Asteraceae) BCN29890 l’hort, camamilla dolça, Inflorescence Ornamental: bouquet elaboration mançanilla Matthiola sinuata (L.) R.Br. Violer AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 4 (Brassicaceae) BCN50218 Ornamental: gardening Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 26 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Medicago sativa L. Alfals, aufaus, userda AE, BI, MO Flower. Stem. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 11 (Fabaceae) BCN29891 Whole plant horticultural Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Smoking Melia azedarach L. Amèlia, sabonera BI Fruit Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Meliaceae) BCN97016 Melilotus sulcatus Desf. Trèvol de ramellet BI Flower Other informations: ecological information 1 (Fabaceae) BCN27973 Melissa officinalis L. Tarongí BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 6 (Lamiaceae) BCN29731 Leaf. Whole agricultural practices plant Domestic: air freshener Other informations: ecological information Repellent Melissa officinalis L. subsp. Tarongina AE Leaf Cosmetic 1 officinalis (Lamiaceae) BCN29731 Mentha aquatica L. Menta d’aigua, menta de BI Leaf Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in 1 (Lamiaceae) BCN103554 cavall medicinal or food preparations Mentha pulegium L. Poliol AE, BI Aerial part. Not Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 (Lamiaceae) BCN29895 reported Other informations: use not remembered Mentha sp. (Lamiaceae) Herba-sana, hierba buena BI, MO Aerial part. Not Folk oral literature 5 (Spanish), menta reported. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Mentha spicata L. Herba-sana, menta AE, BI Leaf. Whole Domestic: for help at home 8 (Lamiaceae) BCN29995 plant Other informations: ecological information Repellent Smoking Mentha × piperita L. Menta piperita, pampalei, BI Leaf. Whole Domestic: for help at home 3 (Lamiaceae) BCN29997 piperita, pipermint plant Other informations: ecological information Mespilus germanica L. Nespla (fruit), nespler, BI, MO Fruit. Stem. Folk oral literature 5 (Rosaceae) BCN50768 nesplera Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Timber Mirabilis jalapa L. Buenas noches (Spanish), MO, RI Ornamental: gardening 3 (Nyctaginaceae) BCN126625 dama de nit, diegos de nit, noches (Spanish), Juan de noche (Spanish), sanjoans Morus alba L. (Moraceae) Morer, morera BI Leaf. Stem Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in 3 BCN52588 medicinal or food preparations Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Timber: furniture manufacturing Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. Calabruix AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Asparagaceae) BCN29738 Myrtus communis L. Multra, multrera, murta, AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 39 (Myrtaceae) BCN35897 murtera, murtó (fruit) Flower. Leaf. agricultural practices Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing plant Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: tannery Cosmetic Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Repellent Narcissus poeticus L. Jonquillo, lliri, lliri blanc, lliri MO Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 7 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN47870 de la Mare de Déu, narcís Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 27 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. Puigestela RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN47849 Ornamental: gardening Nepeta cataria L. Herba dels moixos, nepeta, BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 4 (Lamiaceae) BCN24935 nepta Whole plant agricultural practices Folk oral literature Nerium oleander L. Adelfa (Spanish), baladre AE, BI, MO Leaf. Stem. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 13 (Apocynaceae) BCN46840 Whole plant agricultural practices Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Repellent Nicotiana glauca Graham Tabac fulla d’espasa BI Leaf Smoking 1 (Solanaceae) BCN81462 Nicotiana rustica L. Tabac de pota, tabac pota BI Leaf. Whole Other informations: ecological information 4 (Solanaceae) BCN46839 plant Repellent Smoking Nicotiana tabacum L. Caliquenya (elaborated AE, BI, MO Leaf. Whole Domestic: for help at home 17 (Solanaceae) BCN48711 product), tabac, tabac pota, plant Other informations: purchased in commerce tabaquera Repellent Smoking Ocimum basilicum L. Alfabaguera, alfàbrega, AE, BI, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 52 (Lamiaceae) BCN29897 aufabeguera, albahaca Leaf. Whole agricultural practices (Spanish), enflàgam plant Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Repellent Odontites lutea (L.) Clairv. Brancadella MO Flower Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 1 (Orobanchaceae) BCN73750 agricultural practices Olea europaea L. subsp. Oli d’oliva (elaborated AE, BI, Aerial part. Artisanal: basketry 82 europaea (Oleaceae) product), oliva (fruit), olivera MO, RI Fruit. Fruit Artisanal: cane elaboration BCN29898 juice. Not Cosmetic reported. Seed Domestic: for help at home fruit. Stem. Folk oral literature Whole plant Fuel obtaining: firewood Fuel obtaining: plant oil Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Olea europaea L. subsp. Engís, olivera, olivera borda, AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 44 sylvestris (Mill.). Lehr. ullastre Leaf. Stem. horticultural (Oleaceae) BCN46838 Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 28 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Timber Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Onobrychis supina (Vill.) DC. Trepadella, trepadella borda MO Flower Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 (Fabaceae) BCN52589 horticultural Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Esparceta, trepadella MO Flower Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 (Fabaceae) BCN26745 horticultural Ononis spinosa L. Gavó AE Stem Fuel obtaining: firewood 1 (Fabaceae) BCN50770 Ononis spinosa L. subsp. Augó, ugó BI Fruit Other informations: undesirable actions 1 antiquorum (L.) Briq. (Fabaceae) BCN62318 Ophrys speculum Link Orquídia, sabateta de bon BI Aerial part Ludic 2 (Orchidaceae) BCN533 Jesús Ornamental: bouquet elaborations Opuntia maxima Mill. Fulla de figa de moro BI Cladode. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 19 (Cactaceae) BCN46078 (cladode), fulla de moro, Leaf. Leaf juice. agricultural practices fulla de moro (cladode), Whole plant, Artisanal: cookware elaboration fulla de figuera de moro Cosmetic (cladode), figa de moro Domestic: for help at home (fruit), figuera de moro, Ludic figuera de pic Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Origanum majorana L. Marduix, morduix, BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 8 (Lamiaceae) BCN95545 morduixera Leaf. Whole horticultural plant Cosmetic Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Origanum vulgare L. Orenga, clements AE, BI, RI Aerial part. Domestic: air freshener 16 (Lamiaceae) BCN24938 Flower. Whole Domestic: for help at home plant Folk oral literature Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Repellent Orobanche crenata Forsk. Frare AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Orobanchaceae) BCN29743 Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) Arròs AE, BI, MO Bran. Not Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 BCN30000 reported. fruit. horticultural Stem Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Asch. Fenal no vertader, herba MO Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 & Graebn. (Poaceae) prima BCN52590 Osyris alba L. (Santalaceae) Assot, ginestra BI Aerial part Other informations: ecological information 1 BCN100425 Oxalis articulata Savigny Trèvol AE Leaf. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices 5 (Oxalidaceae) BCN31290 plant Other informations: ecological information Oxalis pes-caprae L. Vinagrella, trèvol de jardí BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 5 (Oxalidaceae) BCN95553 Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. Paloni de boca, peònia BI Whole plant Folk oral literature 3 subsp. cambessedesii (Willk.) Ornamental: gardening O.Bolòs & Vigo (Paeoniaceae) BCN64801 Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Espinavessa AE Root. Stem Artisanal: cane elaboration 6 (Rhamnaceae) BCN29902 Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Pancratium maritimum L. Lliri AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 (Amaryllidaceae) BCN13292 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 29 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Papaver rhoeas L. Coquelicot (French), gall, AE, BI, Corolla. Floral Cosmetic 29 (Papaveraceae) BCN29903 gall-gallaret, gallaret, gallito MO, RI bud. Flower. Ludic (Spanish), quiquiriquic, Fruit. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices roella, rogella, rosella, plant. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration rosella de camp, rovella Other informations: ecological information Papaver somniferum L. Cascall, dormidera (Spanish) BI, RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 6 (Papaveraceae) BCN24941 Flower. Fruit. Ornamental: gardening Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Papaver somniferum L. Cascall, cascai, dormidera AE, BI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 8 subsp. setigerum (DC.) (Spanish), roella Flower. Fruit. Ornamental: gardening Arcang. (Papaveraceae) Latex. Whole Other informations: ecological information BCN46071 plant Papaver somniferum L. Cascall, dormidera MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 5 subsp. somniferum (Spanish), herba queixalera (Papaveraceae) BCN126627 Paradisea liliastrum (L.) Lliri blanc RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 Bertol. (Liliaceae) BCN27270 Parietaria officinalis L. subsp. Cama-roja, herba mollera, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 16 judaica (L.) Bég. (Urticaceae) molla roquera, mollera, Leaf. Not Ludic BCN29745 mollera roquera, mollerusa, reported. Stem. Magic and religious beliefs and practices morella, morella roquera, Whole plant Other informations: ecological information morera roquera, roca Other informations: use not remembered mollera, parietària Passiflora caerulea L. Claus de l’infern, passiflora AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Passifloraceae) BCN29747 Pelargonium capitatum (L.) Gerani d’olor, vauma rosa BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 8 L’Hér. (Geraninaceae) Flower. Whole agricultural practices BCN72719 plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Repellent Pelargonium sp. Gerani BI Aerial part Domestic: air freshener 2 (Geraniaceae). Other informations: ecological information Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Julivert AE, BI RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 7 Fuss (Apiaceae) BCN29905 Leaf. Stem. horticultural Whole plant Cosmetic Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. Herba de capxerigany BI Whole plant Other informations 1 (Asteraceae) BCN95555 Phaseolus vulgaris L. Mongeta, mongeta seca AE, BI Seed. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 2 (Fabaceae) BCN46837 plant horticultural Ludic Philadelphus coronarius L. Xeringuilla, xeringuillo BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 12 (Hydrangeaceae) BCN27261 Flower. Whole Ornamental: bouquet elaboration plant Ornamental: gardening Timber: construction materials production Phillyrea angustifolia L. Mat, mata MO Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 1 (Oleaceae) BCN126631 agricultural practices Phlomis italica L. Estepa blenera BI Leaf. Not Cosmetic 2 (Lamiaceae) BCN64879 reported Domestic: for help at home Phoenix canariensis Fasser, dàtil (fruit), palmera, BI Leaf. Whole Artisanal: basketry 6 Chabaud (Arecaceae) paumera plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices BCN23835 Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 30 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Phoenix dactylifera L. Fasser, dàtil (fruit), palmera, BI, MO Aerial part. Artisanal: basketry 9 (Arecaceae) BCN51783 pauma, paumera Leaf, Thorn. Artisanal: cookware elaboration Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Phragmites australis (Cav.) Canyet, canyisso BI Not reported Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration 1 Trin. ex Steud. (Poaceae) BCN88033 Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Herba melsera, melsera MO Frond Ornamental: gardening 1 Newman (Aspleniaceae) BCN29906 Phyllostachys aurea Rivière Canya americana, canya de AE, BI Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 14 & C.Rivière (Poaceae) bambú, canya forastera, plant agricultural practices BCN30002 bambú Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Other informations: ecological information Phyllostachys flexuosa Canya americana negra AE Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 1 Rivière & C.Rivière (Poaceae) BCN30001 Physalis alkekengi L. Alquequengi, bossa, bossa AE, RI, MO Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 (Solanaceae) BCN31293 vermella, fanalet, pebrot Fruit. Whole Ornamental: gardening plant Phytolacca americana L. Fitolaca MO Fruit Ludic 1 (Phytolaccaceae) BCN81961 Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. Avet, pivet MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 (Pinaceae) BCN36717 Picris hieracioides Sibth. & Gafallosa, pedaç MO Leaf Ludic 2 Sm. (Asteraceae) BCN49161 Pimpinella anisum L. Matafaluga AE Fruit Domestic: air freshener 1 (Apiaceae) BCN47278 Pinus halepensis Mill. Pi, pi bord, pinya (cone), AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: forestry 51 (Pinaceae) BCN29826 reïna (resin) Bark. Leaf. Not Artisanal: broom elaboration reported. Resin. Artisanal: cookware elaboration Stem. Whole Artisanal: footwear elaboration plant Artisanal: instrument elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Artisanal: tannery Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Other informations: use not remembered Textile: dyer Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production Pinus pinaster Aiton Pi, pi bord, pi gallec, AE, MO Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 3 (Pinaceae) BCN36559 pinastre obtaining Other informations: use not remembered Timber: boat manufacturing Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 31 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Pinus pinea L. (Pinaceae) Pi, pi de llei, pi pinyer, pi AE, BI, MO Bark. Leaf. Artisanal: footwear elaboration 18 BCN26751 pinyoner, pinyó (seed) Seed. Stem. Folk oral literature Whole plant Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Textile: dyer Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: construction materials production Pinus sp. (Pinaceae) Pi, pinya (cone), reïna, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: forestry 26 trementina (elaborated Bark, Flower. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey product) Leaf. Resin. obtaining Stem. Whole Cosmetic plant. Cortical Domestic: for help at home parenchyma Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Repellent Smoking Textile: dyer Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae) Pi, pi bord, pi rajolet, pi AE, MO, RI Cone. Stem. Artisanal: footwear elaboration 12 BCN46070 roig, trementina (elaborated Whole plant Fuel obtaining: firewood product), pega (elaborated Other informations: ecological information product), pega negra Timber: boat manufacturing (elaborated product) Timber: construction materials production Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) Prebe bo, prebe bo blanc, BI Seed Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 1 BCN47277 prebe negre slaughter Pistacia lentiscus L. Llentriscle, llentrisca, mat, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 33 (Anacardiaceae) BCN29907 mata, triquell Fruit juice. Leaf. agricultural practices Not reported. Artisanal: basketry Resin. Stem. Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: air freshener Domestic: for help at home Fuel obtaining: charcoal Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: use not remembered Repellent Timber Pistacia terebinthus L. Noguerola AE Resin Domestic: paint elaboration 1 (Anacardiaceae) BCN30004 Pistacia vera L. Pistatxo MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Anacardiaceae) BCN-E-87 Pisum sativum L. subsp. Estiragassó, pèsol, xítxero BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 3 sativum (Fabaceae) horticultural BCN32140 Other informations: ecological information Plantago afra L. Herba de puça BI Aerial part. Cosmetic 3 (Plantaginaceae) BCN 95568 Seed Plantago coronopus L. Cua de rata AE Leaf Magic and religious beliefs and practices 2 subsp. coronopus (Plantaginaceae) BCN29908 Plantago lagopus L. Herba de cinc venes BI Not reported Other informations: ecological information 1 (Plantaginaceae) BCN98975 Plantago lanceolata L. Herba de cinc venes, BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Domestic: for help at home 6 (Plantaginaceae) BCN24949 llantén (Spanish), plantatge, Leaf. Whole Ludic plantatge de fulla estreta, plant Other informations: ecological information plantatge estret, plantatge llarg, plantago Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 32 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Plantago major L. Llantén (Spanish), BI, RI Leaf Ludic 2 (Plantaginaceae) BCN24950 plantatge, plantatge ample, Other informations: ecological information plantatge rodó Platanus ×hispanica Mill. ex Plàtan, plataner, platero AE, BI, MO Bark. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 10 Münchh. (Platanaceae) Stem agricultural practices BCN31294 Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Plectanthus sp. (Lamiaceae) Encens, planta dels doblers BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 Poinsettia pulcherrima Nadala AE Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Wild.) Graham (Euphorbiaceae) BCN48713 Polygonatum odoratum Arracadetes MO Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Mill.) Druce (Liliaceae) BCN56044 Polygonum aviculare L. Estiravelles, triavella, MO Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 (Polygonaceae) BCN32136 traspassacamins Polypodium vulgare L. Falzia, foguera borda, herba MO, RI Frond. Not Folk oral literature 2 (Polypodiaceae) BCN32134 de les gallines, herba felera reported Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Polystichum setiferum Foguera, foguera de jardí, MO Frond Magic and religious beliefs and practices 20 (Forssk.) Moore ex Woyn. foguera mosquera Ornamental: bouquet elaboration (Dryopteridaceae) BCN126634 Populus alba L. (Salicaceae) Arbre, arbre poll de fusta AE, MO Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 8 BCN29751 blanca, alba, arbre blanc agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Ludic Timber Populus nigra L. (Salicaceae) Arbre canadà, arbre poll de AE, BI, Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 15 BCN29753 fulla fosca, arbre poll, poll, MO, RI agricultural practices polla, pollancre, pollangre Artisanal: footwear elaboration Domestic: for help at home Ludic Other informations Timber Timber: furniture manufacturing Populus sp. (Salicaceae) Poll, pollancre BI, RI Stem Other informations: use not remembered 3 Timber: furniture manufacturing Populus tremula L. Trèmol AE, MO Stem Artisanal: cane elaboration 6 (Salicaceae) BCN46836 Artisanal: cookware elaboration Timber Populus × canadensis Poll, polla, pollancre bordil BI, MO Stem. Whole Artisanal: cookware elaboration 4 Moench (Salicaceae) plant Ornamental: gardening BCN126637 Timber Timber: construction materials production Portulaca oleracea L. Enciam de patena, AE, BI Whole plant Folk oral literature 3 (Portulacaceae) BCN46835 verdelaga, verdolaga Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Posidonia oceanica (L.) Alga, bolla de la mar BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 18 Delile (Posidoniaceae) (decomposed stem and Leaf. Stem. agricultural practices BCN103134 leaf), posidònia Whole plant Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Textile: textile padding Potentilla reptans L. Gram corquim AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Rosaceae) BCN29754 Cucuts MO, RI Magic and religious beliefs and practices 6 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 33 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Primula veris L. Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration (Primulaceae) BCN27280 Flower Primula veris L. subsp. Puput AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 columnae (Ten.) Maire & Petitm. (Primulaceae) BCN29755 Prunella grandiflora (L.) Herba del traïdor, RI Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 1 Scholler (Lamiaceae) xuclaabella obtaining BCN24956 Prunella grandiflora (L.) Herba de la mel, xuclamel AE, MO Inflorescence. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 9 Scholler subsp. pyrenaica Whole plant obtaining (Gren. & Godr.) A. & Ornamental: bouquet elaboration O.Bolòs (Lamiaceae) Other informations: ecological information BCN29757 Prunella vulgaris L. Herba del traïdor AE Flower Smoking 1 (Lamiaceae) BCN29759 Prunus armeniaca L. Albercoc (fruit), albercoquer BI Endocarp. Fruit. Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration 7 (Rosaceae) BCN48712 Stem Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Timber: furniture manufacturing Prunus avium (L.) L. Cirera (fruit), cirerer AE, BI, MO Fruit. Resin. Artisanal: basketry 17 (Rosaceae) BCN29827 Seed. Stem. Artisanal: cane elaboration Whole plant Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ludic Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Timber Timber: furniture manufacturing Prunus avium (L.) L. var. Cirerer MO Flower. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 3 sylvestris Dierb. (Rosaceae) plant horticultural BCN60586 Prunus domestica L. Pruna (fruit), prunera BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 (Rosaceae) BCN46834 Fruit. Whole horticultural plant Folk oral literature Ludic Other informations: ecological information Prunus dulcis (Mill.) Ametla (fruit), ametler, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 43 D.A.Webb. (Rosaceae) ametller Endocarp. horticultural BCN46833 Epicarp. Flower. Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Fruit. Fruit Cosmetic juice. Domestic: for help at home Mesocarp. Folk oral literature Resin. Seed. Fuel obtaining: charcoal Stem. Whole Fuel obtaining: firewood plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: use not remembered Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Melicotó (fruit), BI, MO Flower. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 2 (Rosaceae) BCN52783 melicotoner, préssec (fruit), plant horticultural presseguer Other informations: ecological information Prunus spinosa L. Aranyoner, arç negre, BI, MO Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 (Rosaceae) BCN126640 prunyoner plant horticultural Other informations: ecological information Timber Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 34 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas, pi Douglas MO Leaf. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices 4 (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae) plant Timber BCN36632 Psoralea bituminosa L. Cabrulla, calabrunya MO Flower Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Fabaceae) BCN32133 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Falguera, falguera de Lluc, AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 34 Kuhn (Dennstaedtiaceae) helecho (Spanish), mata MO, RI Frond. Whole horticultural BCN46068 falguera plant Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered Punica granatum L. Magrana (fruit), magraner AE, BI, MO Flower. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 16 (Lythraceae) BCN29764 Stem. Whole slaughter plant Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Textile: dyer Pyracantha coccinea Cartegus MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 M.Roem. (Rosaceae) BCN52591 Pyrus communis L. subsp. Pera (fruit), perera AE, BI, MO Flower. Stem. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 3 communis (Rosaceae) Whole plant horticultural BCN46831 Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Other informations: ecological information Pyrus malus L. subsp. Pomera borda RI Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 malus (Rosaceae) horticultural BCN24961 Pyrus malus L. subsp. mitis Poma (fruit), poma bellesa AE, BI, MO Fruit. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 8 (Wallr.) O.Bolòs & J.Vigo de Roma (fruit), poma de plant horticultural (Rosaceae) BCN46830 bosc (fruit), poma del ciri Artisanal: cane elaboration (fruit), poma estarqui (fruit), Domestic: air freshener poma fadrineta (fruit), Other informations: ecological information poma goldén (fruit), poma manyaga (fruit), poma reneta (fruit), pomera, pomera borda, vinagre de poma (elaborated product) Quercus alba L. (Fagaceae) Roure americà AE Stem Domestic: for help at home 1 BCN60896 Quercus coccifera L. subsp. Garric, garriga, garrolla AE Stem. Whole Artisanal: broom elaboration 2 coccifera (Fagaceae) plant Other informations: ecological information BCN29765 Quercus humilis Mill. Roure MO Gall. Stem. Fuel obtaining: charcoal 4 (Fagaceae) BCN32132 Whole plant Ludic Timber Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) Aglà (fruit), alzina, aulina BI, RI Bark. Flower. Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 31 BCN24963 Leaf. Stem. obtaining Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for agricultural practices Artisanal Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 35 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Artisanal: tannery Cosmetic Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Textile: dyer Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Quercus ilex L. subsp. ilex Aglà (fruit), alzina, roure AE, BI, MO Bark. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 52 (Fagaceae) BCN29932 Stem agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: charcoal Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Quercus petraea (Matt.) Aglà (fruit), alzina, roure, AE, MO, RI Fruit. Gall. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 16 Liebl. (Fagaceae) roure francès, roure Stem. Whole agricultural practices BCN29829 hongarès plant. Cortical Fuel obtaining: charcoal parenchyma Fuel obtaining: firewood Ludic Other informations: ecological information Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production Quercus pubescens Willd. Roure AE Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 1 (Fagaceae) BCN30007 agricultural practices Quercus suber L. (Fagaceae) Alzina surera, suro AE, MO Bark Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 9 BCN46829 agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ludic Other informations: use not remembered Textile: dyer Textile: textile padding Ranunculus asiaticus L. Francesilla BI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 (Ranunculaceae) BCN65283 Whole plant Ornamental: gardening Raphanus raphanistrum L. Ravenissa BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 1 (Brassicaceae) BCN30042 horticultural Raphia sp. (Arecaceae) Ràfia BI Leaf Artisanal: basketry 1 Rhamnus alaternus L. Aladern, llampúdol, AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Artisanal: broom elaboration 12 (Rhamnaceae) BCN29769 llampudoler, mata Stem. Whole Artisanal: cookware elaboration plant Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Fuel obtaining: charcoal Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Timber Timber: furniture manufacturing Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 36 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris Aladern, llampúdol BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Chodat (Rhamnaceae) BCN30057 Rhododendron ferrugineum Gafet, neret RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 L. (Ericaceae) BCN24969 Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Ricinus communis L. Cagamutxo, oli de ricí AE, BI Seed. Seed oil Magic and religious beliefs and practices 13 (Euphorbiaceae) BCN46089 (elaborated product), recino Other informations: purchased in commerce (Spanish), resiner, ricino (Spanish) Robinia pseudoacacia L. Acàcia, escàcia AE, BI, Flower. Not Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 11 (Fabaceae) BCN31298 MO, RI reported. Stem agricultural practices Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production Rorippa nasturtium- Créixec, creixen, créixol, BI Aerial part Other informations: appreciations on plant or 2 aquaticum (L.) Hyek créssec product properties (Brassicaceae) BCN29771 Rosa alba L. (Rosaceae) Roser blanc BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 BCN400041 Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) Gavarrera, roser bord, roser AE, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 6 BCN29772 de bosc, roser de pastor, Fruit. Stem. agricultural practices roser silvestre Whole plant Artisanal: smoking pipe elaboration Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Rosa gallica L. (Rosaceae) Roser, roser de marge MO, RI Flower. Whole Folk oral literature 7 BCN24972 plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Rosa sp. (Rosaceae) Roser, roser de jardí AE, BI, Corolla. Flower. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 24 MO, RI Leaf. Whole agricultural practices plant Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological informations Rosa tomentosa Sm. Grataculs, roser, roser bord, RI Fruit. Whole Ludic 2 (Rosaceae) BCN24973 roser de bosc plant Ornamental: gardening Rosa centifolia L. Roser, roser de marge MO Flower Magic and religious beliefs and practices 2 (Rosaceae) BCN126648 Other informations Rosmarinus officinalis L. Romaní AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 43 (Lamiaceae) BCN29937 MO, RI Flower. Stem. Cosmetic Whole plant Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Repellent Rubus ulmifolius Schott Barder, batzer, móra (fruit), BI, MO Flower. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 10 (Rosaceae) BCN32130 romeguer, romeguera plant. Young obtaining shoot Folk oral literature Other informations: ecological information Rumex acetosa L. subsp. Llengua de bou AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 acetosa (Polygonaceae) BCN29775 Rumex crispus L. Cama-roja, paradella, Santa MO Fruit Magic and religious beliefs and practices 3 (Polygonaceae) Maria, vinagrella BCN126650 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 37 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Rumex sp. (Polygonaceae) Llengua de bou RI Leaf Ludic 1 Ruscus aculeatus L. Bolleta del bon pastor, AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing 20 (Asparagaceae) BCN29939 bolleta de Nadal, boix marí, MO, RI Stem. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices cirerer de Betlem, gallaranc, plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration galzeran Ornamental: gardening Other informations: use not remembered Ruta chalepensis L. Abrecaminos (Spanish), AE, BI, RI Aerial part. Not Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 37 (Rutaceae) BCN29940 ruda reported. Stem. agricultural practices Whole plant Cosmetic Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Repellent Ruta chalepensis L. subsp. Ruda MO Whole plant Folk oral literature 6 chalepensis (Rutaceae) BCN32128 Ruta graveolens L. Ruda BI Aerial part Magic and religious beliefs and practices 5 (Rutaceae) BCN29776 Saccharum officinarum L. Canya de sucre, canyamel, BI Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 1 (Poaceae) BCN50771 melassa (elaborated agricultural practices product) Salix alba L. (Salicaceae) Saula, saule AE, RI Stem Artisanal: broom elaboration 6 BCN29777 Artisanal: footwear elaboration Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Salix alba L. subsp. alba Saula, saule, sàlic MO, RI Flower. Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 8 (Salicaceae) BCN56012 agricultural practices Artisanal: footwear elaboration Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Salix atrocinerea Brot. Gatell AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 (Salicaceae) BCN39996 Salix babylonica L. Desmai AE, MO Stem. Whole Artisanal: basketry 4 (Salicaceae) BCN50772 plant Ornamental: gardening Salix caprea L. (Salicaceae) Gat saule, gatells, salze, AE, RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 6 BCN46073 saule Stem Salix cinerea L. subsp. Gatell MO Aerial part. Artisanal: basketry 11 oleifolia Macreight Stem Artisanal: cane elaboration (Salicaceae) BCN126656 Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Timber Salix elaeagnos Scop. Salits, salitres, sàlix, sarga, AE, MO Stem Artisanal: basketry 7 subsp. angustifolia (Cariot) vergatera Rech.f. (Salicaceae) BCN31304 Salix ×fragilis L. (Salicaceae) Saula, saule, salze dels vims, AE, MO Stem Artisanal: basketry 31 BCN31305 saula vimera, vim, vimenera, Artisanal: broom elaboration vímet Artisanal: footwear elaboration Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Ludic Salsola kali L. subsp. Saleret, sosa BI Not reported Cosmetic 2 ruthenica (Iljin) Soó Domestic: paint elaboration (Amaranthaceae) BCN42985 Salsola soda L. Saleret BI Not reported Domestic: paint elaboration 1 (Amaranthaceae) BCN42984 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 38 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Salsola vermiculata L. Barrilla, barrillera BI Not reported Other informations: ecological information 1 (Amaranthaceae) BCN83712 Salvia microphylla Kunth Gessamí, menta, menta de BI, MO Flower. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: honey 7 (Lamiaceae) BCN126657 la reina, menta piperita, plant obtaining menta romana, menta Ludic trapassera, ormí, senyorida Ornamental: gardening Salvia officinalis L. Salvi, sàlvia BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 17 (Lamiaceae) BCN95591 Leaf. Not agricultural practices reported. Cosmetic Whole plant Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Salvia officinalis L. subsp. Sàlvia, sàlvia femella, sàlvia MO Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 lavandulifolia (Vahl) Gams mascle (Lamiaceae) BCN1674 Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae) Sàlvia BI Whole plant Other informations: ecological informations 1 Salvia verbenaca L. Tàrrec, tàrrega BI, RI Leaf. Not Smoking 5 (Lamiaceae) BCN29942 reported Sambucus nigra L. Sabuc, sabuquer, saüc, AE, BI, RI Flower. Stem. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 9 (Adoxaceae) BCN29943 saüquer Whole plant agricultural practices Domestic: air freshener Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Santolina chamaecyparissus Camamilla de botó, MO, RI Aerial part. Cosmetic 4 L. (Asteraceae) BCN31526 camamilla de botó groc, Inflorescence Domestic: air freshener camamilla de l’hort, Folk oral literature espernallac Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Santolina chamaecyparissus Camamilla, camamilla de AE Aerial part. Cosmetic 3 L. subsp. chamaecyparissus muntanya Inflorescence Ornamental: bouquet elaboration (Asteraceae) BCN29782 Santolina chamaecyparissus Camamil · la BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 20 L. subsp. magonica O.Bolòs Inflorescence. agricultural practices & al. (Asteraceae) Whole plant Cosmetic BCN-E-186 Domestic: air freshener Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Repellent Saponaria officinalis L. Herba del sabó, herba AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Cosmetic 11 (Caryophyllaceae) ensabonera, herba Flower Domestic: for help at home BCN29783 sabonera, sabó, sabó de gitana Sarothamnus arboreus Ginesta borda, ginestell, AE Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 3 (Desf.) Webb subsp. ginestó Stem. Whole agricultural practices catalaunicus (Webb) C.Vic plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration (Fabaceae) BCN29784 Other informations: ecological information Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Ginesta, ginesta prima, MO, RI Aerial part. Artisanal: broom elaboration 22 Wimm. ex Koch (Fabaceae) ginestell, gódua, lliroia Flower Domestic: for help at home BCN24988 Fuel obtaining: charcoal Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Satureja calamintha (L.) Menta borda, rementerola MO Flower. Leaf Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 2 Scheele (Lamiaceae) horticultural BCN109263 Domestic: for help at home Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 39 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Satureja calamintha (L.) Clements AE Stem Domestic: for help at home 1 Scheele subsp. glandulosa (Req.) Gams (Lamiaceae) BCN29785 Satureja hortensis L. Senyorida BI Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered 1 (Lamiaceae) BCN29945 Saxifraga longifolia Lapeyr. Corona de rei RI Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Saxifragaceae) BCN54656 Saxifraga vayredana Luizet Herba de Sant Segimon MO Aerial part. Folk oral literature 11 (Saxifragaceae) BCN95599 Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Smoking Scabiosa atropurpurea L. Escabiosa, escabriosa, AE, BI Not reported. Other informations: ecological information 3 (Dipsacaceae) BCN29947 escapiosa, herba escapriosa Whole plant Schefflera arborea (L.) Xeflera BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 M.Gómez (Araliaceae) BCN129084 Schinus molle L. Pebre verd AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Anacardiaceae) BCN46086 Scirpus holoschoenus L. Jonc AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 42 (Cyperaceae) BCN29789 Stem agricultural practices Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig slaughter Artisanal: basketry Domestic: for help at home Other informations: ecological information Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Scolymus hispanicus L. Card cadalina, card BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 4 (Asteraceae) BCN30008 catalina, card de slaughter carxofa, card de Folk oral literature cadernina, card Other informations: ecological information cadernina, card verd Other informations: use not remembered Scrophularia nodosa L. Setge RI Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 (Scrophulariaceae) BCN3762 Secale cereale L. (Poaceae) Secle, sègol MO, RI Fruit. Stem. Domestic: for help at home 3 BCN27243 Whole plant Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. Tayote (Spanish) BI Whole plant Other informations: harvesting and/or selling 1 (Cucurbitaceae) BC114504 Sedum dasyphyllum L. Arròs de paret RI Aerial part. Ludic 3 (Crassulaceae) BCN24994 Leaf. Whole Ornamental: bouquet elaboration plant Sedum rupestre L. Mort-i-viu AE Aerial part Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Crassulaceae) BCN29791 Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Arròs, crespinell, mort-i-viu, AE, MO Aerial part Ludic 4 Pau (Crassulaceae) pinet, raïm de galàpet, raïm Magic and religious beliefs and practices BCN29792 de llop Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Sedum telephium L. Matafoc RI Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaborations 1 (Crassulaceae) BCN24995 Sedum telephium L. subsp. Bàlsam, bàlsam de fulla, MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 maximum (Crassulaceae) bàlsam de jardí, fava de BCN32123 jardí, fava grassa Sempervirum Vel de núvia RI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 arachnoideum L. (Crassulaceae) BCN26422 MO, RI Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 4 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 40 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Sempervirum tectorum L. Apagafoc, consolva, herba Ornamental: gardening (Crassulaceae) BCN24997 de les cremades, matafoc, pinya de foc, sempervívum Senecio inaequidens DC. Seneci del Cap AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 2 (Asteraceae) BCN31309 Sequoiadenderon Sequoia RI Bark Ludic 1 giganteum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz (Taxodiaceae) BCN27276 Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Cua de mula, panissola, pèl MO Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Poaceae) BCN52592 de boc, xerreix, xerreix bord Sideritis cf. sventenii _ AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Kunkel) Mend.-Heu (Lamiaceae) BCN29957 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Colís, colitx, colleja AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Ludic 22 Garcke (Caryophyllaceae) (Spanish), culivells, Flower. Leaf. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration BCN29948 esclafidor, petapetó Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered Silene vulgaris (Moench) Corretjola, esclafidor, pet RI Aerial part. Ludic 2 Garcke subsp. vulgaris Flower (Caryophyllaceae) BCN25001 Sinapis alba L. Mostassa BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 2 (Brassicaceae) BCN50358 agricultural practices Repellent Smilax aspera L. Aríjol, aritja, sarsaparrilla AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig 10 (Smilacaceae) BCN21151 Root. Whole slaughter plant Domestic: for help at home Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Other informations: use not remembered Textile: textile padding Smyrnium olusatrum L. Aleixandre, aleixandri BI Aerial part. Artisanal: broom elaboration 3 (Apiaceae) BNC95551 Stem Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Solanum linnaeanum Metzinera, poma del desert BI Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered 1 Hepper & P.-M.L.Jaeger (Solanaceae) BCN2553 Solanum lycopersicum L. Domàtiga (fruit), AE, BI Fruit. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 9 (Solanaceae) BCN29952 domatiguera, tomata (fruit), Whole plant horticultural tomatera, tomàtiga (fruit), Domestic: for help at home tomatiguera, Other informations: ecological information Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Repellent Smoking Solanum melongena L. Albergínia (fruit), BI Fruit. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 3 (Solanaceae) BCN25004 alberginiera Whole plant horticultural Magic and religious beliefs and practices Smoking Solanum tuberosum L. Patata (tuber), patatera AE, BI, MO Leaf. Stem. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 7 (Solanaceae) BCN29797 Tuber. Whole horticultural plant Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Smoking Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Allitsó, allitsó vertader, BI Latex. Whole Other informations: ecological information 2 (Asteraceae) BCN29953 alitxó, aritsó, lletsó, lletxó, plant llitsó, llitxó Sonchus tenerrimus L. Aletxó, llitsó bord BI Leaf Other informations: ecological information 1 (Asteraceae) BCN29954 Sorbus aucuparia L. Moixera RI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Rosaceae) BCN25009 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 41 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Sorbus domestica L. Serva (fruit), server, servera AE, BI, MO Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 7 (Rosaceae) BCN46827 plant agricultural practices Other informations: ecological information Timber Sorghum bicolor (L.) Melca AE Stem Artisanal: broom elaboration 13 Moench (Poaceae) BCN31310 Sorghum halepense (L.) Canyota MO Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 Pers. (Poaceae) BCN44695 Spartium junceum L. Ginesta, ginesta de llei, AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 27 (Fabaceae) BCN29956 ginesta vera, ginestera MO, RI Flower. Stem. agricultural practices Whole plant Artisanal: broom elaboration Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Other informations Spinacia oleracea L. Espinac BI Leaf Other informations: appreciations on plant or 1 (Amaranthaceae) product properties BCN46077 Stachys byzantina K.Koch Bàlsam, bàlsam de tall, MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 (Lamiaceae) BCN126667 bàlsam pelut, herba peluda, orella de conill Stipa tenacissima L. Clin, espart AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 11 (Poaceae) BCN46091 Stem. Whole agricultural practices plant Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting Artisanal: basketry Artisanal: footwear elaboration Domestic: for help at home Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: use not remembered Textile: textile padding Timber: boat manufacturing Syringa vulgaris L. Lilà AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Folk oral literature 17 (Oleaceae) BCN29959 Flower. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Clau, clau d’olor BI Floral bud Domestic: air freshener 2 Merr. & L.M.Perry Repellent (Myrtaceae) BCN47279 Tamarix canariensis Willd. Tamariu AE Whole plant Folk oral literature 1 (Tamariaceae) BCN43378 Tanacetum corymbosum _ MO Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered 1 (L.) Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) BCN31918 Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Camamilla amargant, BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae) camamiglla borda, Whole plant Ornamental: gardening BCN25014 camamilla de Sòria, camamilla purgant, camamil · la de jardí, botonets Tanacetum vulgare L. Danarida, tanaceto BI, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 4 (Asteraceae) BCN29803 (Spanish), tanarida Whole plant horticultural Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Repellent Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 42 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Taraxacum officinale Weber Angelets, dent de lleó, BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Cosmetic 8 in Wiggers (Asteraceae) herba queixalera, lleones, Inflorescence. Ludic BCN25015 llums, màstecs bords, Fruit. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices paraigües, pixacà, plant pixaconills, pixallits, puputs, queixal de llop, xicoina Taxus baccata L. (Taxaceae) Teix, quiner BI, MO, RI Aril. Cortical Cosmetic 6 BCN25017 parenchyma. Folk oral literature Stem. Whole Ludic plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: ecological information Timber: furniture manufacturing Teucrium capitatum L. Herba de Sant Ponç, BI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 (Lamiaceae) BCN43441 mançanella Other informations: use not remembered Teucrium chamaedrys L. Auladella, betera BI Whole plant Other informations 1 (Lamiaceae) BC806359 Teucrium chamaedrys L. Brutònica MO Flower Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 1 subsp. pinnatifidum agricultural practices (Sennen) Rech.f. Other informations: ecological information (Lamiaceae) BCN126671 Teucrium marum L. subsp. Auladella, beteta, coixinet BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 2 subspinosum (Pourr. ex de monja, eixorba-rates, Folk oral literature Willd.) O.Bolòs, Molin. & herba beteta, herba de Sant P.Monts. (Lamiaceae) Ponç, poniol BCN66404 Teucrium polium L. subsp. Auladella, beteta, coixinet BI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 capitatum (L.) Arcang. de monja, eixorba-rates, (Lamiaceae) BCN103557 herba beteta, herba de Sant Ponç, poniol Teucrium polium L. subsp. Timó, timolet, timonet MO Flower Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 1 polium (Lamiaceae) agricultural practices BCN32116 Thapsia villosa L. subsp. Julivert de cavall AE Whole plant Other informations: ecological information 1 villosa (Apiaceae) BCN39998 Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. Frígola BI Leaf Domestic: for help at home 1 (Lamiaceae) BCN72716 Thymus vulgaris L. Farigola, frigola, tem, AE, BI, RI Aerial part. Cosmetic 8 (Lamiaceae) BCN29961 tomillo (Spanish) Flower Domestic: air freshener Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Thymus vulgaris L. subsp. Farigola MO Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 6 vulgaris (Lamiaceae) horticultural BCN44665 Folk oral literature Tilia cordata Mill. Til · lo BI Bract with Other informations: harvesting and/or selling 2 (Malvaceae) BCN26784 flower Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Flor de tei, tell, til · la AE, RI Inflorescence. Ornamental: gardening 3 (Malvaceae) BCN25024 Whole plant Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Tilia sp. (Malvaceae) Til · la BI Whole plant Other informations: use not remembered 1 Tillandsia sp. Clavell de l’aire BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Bromeliaceae) Tradescantia albiflora _ MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Kunth. (Commelinaceae) BCN49624 Tribulus terrestris L. Picatalons BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 1 (Zygophyllaceae) BCN45017 Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 43 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Trichocereus pachanoi Dompedro (Spanish), BI Aerial part. Magic and religious beliefs and practices 4 Britton & Rose (Cactaceae) sampedro (Spanish) Whole plant Ornamental: gardening BCN129086 Other informations: appreciations on plant or product properties Trifolium sp. (Fabaceae) Trèvol BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 4 Whole plant agricultural practices Fuel obtaining: charcoal Other informations: ecological information Triticum aestivum L. Blat, segó AE, BI, Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 24 (Poaceae) BCN29963 MO, RI Bran. Not horticultural reported. Fruit. Agrosilvopastoral management: for fishing Spike. Stem. Artisanal: footwear elaboration Whole plant Cosmetic Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Other informations: collections and/or selling Other informations: use not rememberd Trollius europaeus L. Cloclou, flor de Sant Pere, RI Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 (Ranunculaceae) BCN27267 rovell d’ou Tropaeolum majus L. Canari, caputxina BI, MO Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 2 (Tropaeolaceae) BCN46429 agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening Tulbaghia sp. Tulbàgia BI Whole plant Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 2 (Amaryllidaceae) agricultural practices Repellent Tulipa sp. (Liliaceae) Tulipán (Spanish) BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 Typha angustifolia L. Boga, bova BI, MO Aerial part. Folk oral literature 12 (Typhaceae) BCN23969 Leaf. Stem Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Typha angustifolia L. subsp. Bova BI Stem Artisanal: basketry 3 australis (Schumach.) Kronf. Other informations: ecological information (Typhaceae) BCN51627 Textile Typha latifolia L. Balca, boga, bova AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 23 (Typhaceae) BCN31314 Flower. Leaf. agricultural practices Stem Artisanal: basketry Folk oral literature Ludic Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Other informations: ecological information Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Timber: furniture manufacturing Ulex parviflorus Pourr. Argelac, argentina AE Stem. Whole Fuel obtaining: firewood 2 subsp. parviflorus plant Other informations: ecological information (Fabaceae) BCN30011 Ulmus minor Mill. Om AE, BI, Bark. Stem Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 20 (Ulmaceae) BCN29813 MO, RI horticultural Artisanal: cane elaboration Artisanal: cookware elaboration Folk oral literature Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Timber Timber: boat manufacturing Timber: wheeled vehicles manufacturing Timber: furniture manufacturing Timber: construction materials production Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 44 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Urginea maritima (L.) Baker Ceba marina, ceba marinera BI Bulb. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 16 (Asparagaceae) BCN58049 Whole plant agricultural practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: ecological information Repellent Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) Ortiga MO, RI Aerial part. Folk oral literature 2 BCN25030 Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices Urtica membranacea Poir. Ortiga BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 5 ex Savigny (Urticaceae) Whole plant agricultural practices BCN95578 Cosmetic Other informations Urtica sp. (Urticaceae) Ortiga BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 6 Leaf. Whole agricultural practices plant Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: undesirable actions Repellent Urtica urens L. (Urticaceae) Estrígol, ortiga AE, BI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 7 BCN29966 Leaf. Not agricultural practices reported. Stem. Cosmetic Whole plant Other informations: undesirable actions Repellent Valeriana officinalis L. Valedriana, valeriana AE, MO, RI Root Folk oral literature 6 (Caprifoliaceae) BCN29816 Verbascum pulverulentum Herba ploranera, torpa RI Aerial part Agrosilvopastoral management: weeds 2 Vill. (Scrophulariaceae) Magic and religious beliefs and practices BCN25035 Verbascum sinuatum L. Trepó, tripó AE, BI Root. Stem. Artisanal: broom elaboration 4 (Scrophulariaceae) Whole plant Folk oral literature BCN29967 Magic and religious beliefs and practices Verbascum sp. Croca, cua de guilla, trepó BI, RI, Aerial part. Domestic: for help at home 7 (Scrophulariaceae) Leaf. Not Magic and religious beliefs and practices reported. Other informations: ecological information Whole plant Verbascum thapsus L. Porpra, trepó MO Flower Cosmetic 1 (Scrophulariaceae) BCN63299 Verbascum thapsus L. Candeler, trepó BI Flower. Leaf Folk oral literature 2 subsp. montanum (Schard.) Other informations: ecological information Bon (Scrophulariaceae) BCN39651 Viburnum lantana L. Cartellatge, tortellatge AE, MO, RI Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 8 (Adoxaceae) BCN27281 Stem agricultural practices Artisanal: cane elaboration Magic and religious beliefs and practices Viburnum opulus L. Bola de neu, mató, pompa MO, RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 2 (Adoxaceae) BCN126683 Whole plant Ornamental: gardening Viburnum opulus L. var. Mató RI Aerial part Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 roseum Aiton (Adoxaceae) BCN27254 Viburnum tinus L. subsp. Marfull MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 3 tinus (Adoxaceae) Whole plant agricultural practices BCN126681 Ornamental: gardening Vicia cracca L. subsp. Llegum, veça MO Aerial part Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 gerardii (W.D.J. Koch) Briq. (Fabaceae) BCN126685 Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae) Fava (fruit/seed), favera, BI, RI Fruit. Seed. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 13 BCN49339 favó (seed), llegum Whole plant horticultural Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 45 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Agrosilvopastoral management: honey obtaining Folk oral literature Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: harvesting and/or selling Vicia sativa L. (Fabaceae) Veça BI Young shoot Magic and religious beliefs and practices 2 BCN95569 Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Vicia sativa L. subsp. sativa Veça MO Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 1 (Fabaceae) BCN-E-93 Vicia villosa Roth Veça MO Whole plant Magic and religious beliefs and practices 1 (Fabaceae) BCF46443 Vinca difformis Pourr. Blincaperblinca, proenga, BI, MO, RI Aerial part. Folk oral literature 5 (Apocynaceae) BCN52597 pruenga, vinca, Whole plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration vincapervinca Other informations: ecological information Vinca major L. Flor de Pasqua, vinca, AE, RI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 4 (Apocynaceae) BCN25039 vincapervinca Whole plant Ornamental: gardening Viola alba Besser Violetes RI Flower Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 (Violaceae) BCN27286 Viola alba Besser. subsp. Viola, viola petita AE Aerial part Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 1 dehnhardtii (Ten.) W.Becker (Violaceae) BCN31316 Viscum album L. Gui (French), muérdago AE, MO Aerial part. Agrosilvopastoral management: for hunting 7 (Santalaceae) BCN46085 (Spanish), ramillo de la Resin. Whole Magic and religious beliefs and practices suerte (Spanish), vesc plant Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Vitex agnus-castus L. Alís d’olor, aloc, barda, AE, BI Flower. Latex. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 5 (Lamiaceae) BCN29820 ximbla Stem agricultural practices Ludic Magic and religious beliefs and practices Other informations: use not remembered Repellent Vitis vinifera L. (Vitacaeae) Cep, pansa (dried fruit), AE, BI, RI Fruit juice. Leaf. Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 35 BCN29972 tòria (branch), parra, raïm Fruit peduncle horticultural (fruit), raïmera, rem (fruit), vi Stem. Whole Agrosilvopastoral management: for pig (elaborated product), plant. slaughter vinagre (elaborated Cosmetic product) Domestic: for help at home Folk oral literature Fuel obtaining: firewood Magic and religious beliefs and practices Ornamental: gardening Other informations: excipient or adjuvant in medicinal or food preparations Repellent Smoking Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Glicina AE, BI Whole plant Ornamental: gardening 2 Sweet (Fabaceae) BCN30014 Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Lliri BI Aerial part. Ornamental: bouquet elaboration 3 Spreng. (Araceae) Whole plant Ornamental: gardening BCN104895 Zea mays L. (Poaceae) Blat de les Índies, blat de AE, BI, Bract, Epicarp, Agrosilvopastoral management: agricultural/ 27 BCN29830 moro, cabellet (style and MO, RI Fruit. horticultural stigma), maís Infructescence. Fuel obtaining: firewood Not reported. Ludic Fruit. Stem. Magic and religious beliefs and practices Spike. Styles Ornamental: bouquet elaboration and stigmas. Smoking Whole plant. Textile: dyer Rachis Textile: fibre or cloth elaboration Textile: textile padding Other informations Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 46 of 53

Table 1 Non-food and non-medicinal folk plant uses in the territories of Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès (Catalonia), and Formentera and Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Continued) Zinnia elegans L. Rascamoño (Spanish), rosa BI Inflorescence. Agrosilvopastoral management: tools for 3 (Asteraceae) BCN69604 mística Whole plant agricultural practices Ornamental: bouquet elaboration Ornamental: gardening Ziziphus jujuba L. Gíjol (fruit), ginjoler AE, BI, MO Aerial part. Artisanal: musical instrument elaboration 11 (Rhamnaceae) BCN29822 Fruit. Stem. Magic and religious beliefs and practices Whole plant Other informations: ecological information Timber: boat manufacturing

The first two of these categories have direct links with are blessed in Christian Easter feasts, Fig. 3) exemplify the rural society, which has been prevalent in all the this group of uses. studied territories until recent times and is still import- Finally, the category of ornamental plants is also uni- ant, irrespective of the intervening socioeconomic versal, both in rural and urban areas, both with living or changes. Plants used in agricultural and livestock raising cut plants, and both for indoor and outdoor spaces. This tasks have been and many of them continue to be uti- group of uses involves classical, large-scale cultivated lised (see the subheading on persistence of uses). Many plants (such as Rosa sp. cultivars), but a large number of local handicrafts and objects for domestic uses were and wild plants as well, such as, among many others (see are elaborated. Many kinds of baskets (Fig. 2), spoons Table 1), Lunaria annua L. (Fig. 3), with the aerial parts and other kitchen implements, often made with Buxus with fruiting septa of which bouquets are prepared. sempervirens L. wood, or broom (Fig. 2; made with spe- Many ornamental plants also have other uses; amongst cies such as Buxus sempervirens, Erica scoparia L., Man- them, medicinal is not rare, and in some cases the medi- tisalca salmantica (L.) Briq. et Cavill. and Sarothamnus cinal application used to be important and has de- scoparius (L.) W.D.J.Koch -two of them with the specific creased, but the ornamental use persists (such as, for epithet alluding to this object, suggesting the antiquity example, in Lilium candidum L.). Decorative uses are and relevance of this tradition-) were mentioned. The very dynamic. The ancient traditions in this field coexist uses comprised in these two categories are also among with recently adopted ones, such as using Poinsettia pul- the commonest in other European areas [11, 13, 14]. cherrima (Willd.) Graham toghether with the classical Moreover, handicraft elaboration has been reported as Ruscus aculeatus L. for home ornamentation at Christ- one of the most relevant uses in distant areas as well, mas (Fig. 4). e.g., [33]. Indeed, some uses belonging to other categor- ies are also linked with rural activities. This is the case, among others, of using Datura stramonium L. as a Table 3 Use categories considered and number of reports of repellent for moles, which can damage plant cultures. each one in the territories studied The third group of uses is very common as well, since Use categories AE BI MO RI all human groups have influences of religious and/or Agrosilvopastoral management 135 284 159 24 magic beliefs. Protective plants (see the subheading on Artisanal 250 157 96 31 persistence of uses), or ritual ones (e.g., Laurus nobilis Cosmetic 26 78 9 12 L., Olea europaea L. and Phoenix dactylifera L., which Domestic 77 113 63 23 Folk oral literature 16 106 64 10 Table 2 Use reports in the studied areas Fuel obtaining 16 58 27 9 Area Use reports Use reports/ Use reports/ inhabitant informant Ludic 40 64 117 26 Catalonia (CA)a 2335 0.0086 4.58 Magic and religious beliefs and practices 128 116 105 72 Alt Empordà (AE) 1014 0.0072 5.70 Ornamental 135 193 201 117 Montseny (MO) 942 0.0090 5.48 Other informations 79 383 13 33 Ripollès (RI) 379 0.0147 2.37 Repellents 20 95 3 11 Balearic Islands (BI)a 1802 0.0021 6.96 Smoking plant 24 18 19 3 Formentera (FO) 87 0.0075 3.63 Textile 25 58 1 4 Mallorca (MA) 1715 0.0020 7.30 Timber 43 79 65 4 TOTAL 4137 0.0036 5.38 TOTAL 1014 1802 942 379 aCatalonia includes Alt Empordà, Montseny and Ripollès and Balearic Islands AE Alt Empordà, BI Balearic Islands (comprising here Formentera and Mallorca), include Formentera and Mallorca MO Montseny, RI Ripollès Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 47 of 53

Fig. 2 Examples of basketry and broom elaboration in the territories considered: a. Formentera, Lygeum spartum; b. Mallorca, Chamaerops humilis; c. Formentera, Juniperus phoenicea, Pinus halepensis; d. Montseny, Erica scoparia

Fig. 3 Examples of artisanal, domestic and magicoreligous uses in the territories considered: a. Mallorca, Olea europaea; b. Alt Empordà, Laurus nobilis, Phoenix dactylifera; c. Alt Empordà, Arundo donax; d. Mallorca, Chamaerops humilis; e. Ripollès, Lunaria annua Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 48 of 53

Fig. 4 Examples of artisanal, domestic and magicoreligous uses in the territories considered: a. Alt Empordà, Pinus pinea; b. Alt Empordà, several species, among which Dianthus caryophyllus, Malva sylvestris, Rosa sp., Spartium junceum and Phoenix dactylifera; c. Alt Empordà, Ziziphus jujuba;d. Montseny, Ruscus aculeatus; e. Montseny, Poinsettia pulcherrima; f. Ripollès, Carlina acanthifolia subsp. cynara

Most reported taxa Olea europaea (including, but not only, olive oil, utilised The five most reported families in the whole studied for many different purposes) in all Mediterranean terri- area are Poaceae (301 UR; 7.28 %), Lamiaceae (293 UR; tories. The family Poaceae is not included among the 7.08 %), Asteraceae (290 UR; 7.01 %), Rosaceae (186 UR; most reported in the above-quoted ethnobotanical works 4.50 %) and Oleaceae (181 UR; 4.38 %). All these fam- on food and medicinal plants, but is, again, a very large ilies, except the last one, are big in terms of number of one and with some prominent plants in the kind of uses taxa and are importantly represented worldwide and, in here studied. Arundo donax L. is particularly significant particular, in the Mediterranean region, to which the ter- in this sense. This allochthonous plant, acclimated from ritories considered belong. This would agree with the as- ancient times in the areas studied, has many uses, mostly sessment that plant taxa common or well-represented in linked to agricultural practices (Fig. 3), in three of the one area are more accessible to its inhabitants and, so, territories (AE in Catalonia and both from BI), which ac- most likely used there [34]. Three of these families, count for many UR. Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae, are almost always The five most cited species in the different regions dominant in ethnobotanical works conducted in the studied are presented in Table 4. Again, Olea europaea Catalan cultural area and in other western Mediterra- is present in the top plants list, being the most reported nean countries (see, for instance, [35] for a Catalan terri- one in the Balearic areas considered and in one of the tory and [36, 37] for non-Catalan areas, and references Catalonian territories (altogether, and logically, in the contained in these papers) even if those works are fo- most strict Mediterranean areas among those studied) cused on food and medicinal plants and the present one for the reasons stated in the last paragraph. The coinci- on other uses. The coincidence is also important (four dence of Buxus sempervirens as highly quoted in the out of the five main families of the present paper) even three Catalonian territories responds, apart from its with work conducted in several eastern Mediterranean popularity due to the high quality of its wood, to the ex- areas [14]. In contrast, the family Oleaceae is not very istence of Eurosiberian zones in these continental areas, numerous in taxa, but it reached a very high number of and to its practical or total absence from Balearic ones. UR mostly due to the relevance and versatility of uses of Conversely, Chamaerops humilis (Figs. 2 and 3), much Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 49 of 53

Table 4 Data on use reports of the most quoted plants in the sustaining them- (785 UR; 18.98 %), flower (including territories studied inflorescence and flower, 337 UR; 8.15 %) and leaf (295 Territory/Plant species Number of Percentage of UR; 7.13 %) have been the most reported plant parts. use reports in use reports in Frequently, the whole plant is also used (869 UR; each territory each territory 21.01 %). Sometimes, the aerial part and the whole plant Alt Empordà have constituted indistinguishable categories. The high Olea europaea L. (including both subsp. 44 4.34 number of use reports attributed to the stem is due to europaea and subsp. sylvestris (Mill.) Hegi) large and diverse kinds of artisanal uses, wood products Arundo donax L. 40 3.94 and fuel. Erica arborea L. 39 3.85 Celtis australis L. 29 2.86 Comparison between the territories studied Buxus sempervirens L. 28 2.76 As stated when addressing the most recorded taxa, the Ripollès territories studied share a language and culture, but dif- Buxus sempervirens 28 7.39 fer in ecogeographical characteristics. For these com- Carlina acanthifolia (Pourr. ex DC.) Rouy 14 3.69 parative purposes we have put together both Balearic ’ Sarothamnus scoparius L. 13 3.43 territories, since Formenteras dataset is not big enough to be taken into consideration. Syringa vulgaris L. 12 3.17 Chi-square test showed there was an association Pinus sylvestris L. 9 2.37 between use categories and territories (χ2 = 846.306, Montseny d.f. = 39, P < 0.0001). Particularly, the presence of con- Buxus sempervirens 69 7.11 tinental and insular areas leads us to suppose some dif- Erica scoparia L. 30 3.18 ferences in ethnoflora applications, possibly due to Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench. 29 3.08 differences both in flora and in traditions. Indeed, there is also a significant difference in the use categories Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 24 2.55 between continental and insular territories (χ2 = 485.037, Quercus ilex L. and Scirpus 20 2.12 d.f. = 13, P < 0.0001), confirming this geographical effect. holoschoenus L., ex aequo We present in Fig. 5 the degree of coincidence in Balearic Islands (Mallorca and Formentera) plants used in the five regions considered. Whereas the number of coincident species among three territories Olea europaea L. (including both 80 4.44 subsp. europaea and subsp. sylvestris) ranges from 43 (Balearic Islands, Montseny and Ripollès) to 76 (Alt Empordà, Balearic Islands and Montseny), this Arundo donax 57 3.16 decreases to 34 when we analyse the intersection of the Ocimum basilicum L. 47 2.61 four areas included in this study. In any case, we believe Chamaerops humilis L. 46 2.55 that the amount of plants used for non-medicinal and Pinus halepensis Mill. and Prunus dulcis 41 2.28 non-food aims in all areas is rather high. These plants (Mill.) D.A.Webb., ex aequo with a larger geographical reach are usually cosmopol- itan species used in daily life in the territories of Catalan culture, such as Fagus sylvatica L., Laurus nobilis, Malva more present in the Balearic areas considered, and sylvestris L., Olea europaea, Papaver rhoeas L., Ruscus scarce or inexistent in the Catalonian ones, is, not sur- aculeatus, and Spartium junceum L. (Table 1). prisingly, highly reported in the former. Most quoted taxa are quite different from those leading the lists of top plants for medicinal or food uses in the areas consid- Reliability of uses recorded ered ([28, 38] and references therein), with the exception As already stated, the uses here reported are divided in a of Olea europaea, which also plays a relevant role in the large number of categories. Irrespective of this disper- mentioned fields. sion, which is logical, since we consider here all trad- itional plant uses apart from food and medicinal ones, Parts of plants we think it is necessary to evaluate the degree of reliabil- The use categories object of the present paper being very ity of the information provided by the interviewees on diverse, almost all plant parts (and the whole plants as these uses. A first, simple approach to this is considering well) are used. the frequency of uses (see Table 1 for plants and Table 3 Stem (1156 UR; 27.94 %), aerial part -constituted ei- for use categories). According to several authors [33, 39], ther by all the aboveground part of the plant or by leaves a use could be considered reliable if it is quoted by at least and flowers together, with the stem or branch portions three independent informants. In most cases both the Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 50 of 53

Fig. 5 Venn’s diagram showing the number of uses in each territory considered and the coincidences among them. AE: Alt Empordà; BI: Balearic Isands; Mo: Montseny; RI: Ripollès plants and the uses have been quoted by more (usually close (although in a few cases slightly lower) to those ob- many more) than three informants. tained for food and medicinal plant uses in the areas ob- A finer approach is provided by the informant consen- ject of study ([31, 35], and references therein). This sus factor (FIC; [40]), defined as the number of UR testifies for the robustness of the dataset collected, con- minus the number of taxa divided by the number on UR firming the relevance of these other uses of plants for minus 1. This index reflects the reliability of ethno- the human populations practicing them. botanical information considering the coincidence of the informants in the same uses to be attributed to the same plants. The closer FIC is to its maximum value, 1, the Persistence and consideration of non-food and more consistent -thus, the more reliable- are the folk non-medicinal folk plant uses plant uses considered in the area studied. The general If indices such as FIC permit a quantitative assessment of FIC value in this study is 0.87 and those for the two big the non-food and non-medicinal popular plant uses, the geographical areas concerned (Catalonia and Balearic interviews performed with a big number of informants Islands) are coincidental, 0.82. To our knowledge, this is in the five studied areas allow us to qualitatively evaluate the first, or one of the very rare times, that FIC is calcu- their current situation as well. Our aprioristic idea was lated for uses other than medicinal and food ones. The that, in an industrialised society, these uses, most of absolute values can be considered rather high. Compara- them not directly linked to wellness and hardly related tively, they are higher than those calculated for medi- to rural life, would be residual and not much considered, cinal uses in two Mexican and one Indian areas (ranging at least in part due to the processes of acculturation and from 0.75 to 0.79; [41–43]). This means that other uses erosion of traditional knowledge. Nevertheless, once in the territories here studied are slightly more coinci- considered in detail the definitely high amount of infor- dental than medicinal uses in places where folk use of mation collected, we believe that these uses are (at least medicinal plants is highly practiced and considered, sug- still) not so marginal. We contribute here some reflec- gesting a high consistency and reliability of the informa- tions on this subject with different possibilities for the tion collected. The FIC values here presented are very uses considered, illustrated with a few examples, and Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 51 of 53

more similar conclusions may be deduced by consider- Finally, some popular traditions linked to plants are ing the information of Table 1. still in use, but have changed in some senses. As an ex- Undoubtedly, some of these uses have declined, in ample, some plants are hung in or near the doors of some cases nearly or completely until extinction. We many rural houses (especially in mountain areas), as can note in this category some artisanal works and most was commonly done since time immemorial, such as traditions linked to religious and/or magic beliefs. For Carlina acanthifolia (Fig. 4). Nevertheless, no one be- instance galoshes (Fig. 4), for which the wood of several lieves nowadays (even if many people did a few de- trees was employed, are no longer in use in agropastoral cades ago) that these plants are protective for people tasks (so, they are no longer fabricated), but the infor- and animals in the house. In this case, these plants mants who used to employ them and those who used to now play a decorative role, with the associated interest elaborate them (one of our informants was one of the that people know that this current use derives from a last artisans who elaborated galoshes in Catalonia, until quite different ancient one. The basket elaboration 1980) precisely remember the details of their use and mentioned in the last paragraph and similar activities, had often brought into the house some pieces as decora- such as some related to textile, dyeing and handicraft tive elements with an added value. In the Catalan soci- issues, have also experienced, at least to some extent, ety, the same degree as in the Netherlands -where this change. In past times, baskets, carpets, blankets, galoshes have become an identitary element, with, add- forks, spoons and other objects were elaborated with itionally, a big implication in merchandising and trade- plant material simply for their use within the house, has not been reached, but nowadays the few people who but now most such pieces produced are addressed to know how to fabricate them are often required in popu- decorative and touristic purposes, comporting some lar feasts to show off their former trade. Indeed, courses commercial revenues. or workshops on these and other subjects related with traditional plant uses (e.g., dyeing) are frequently orga- Conclusions nised. Similarly, carpets elaborated with vegetal elements The important number of species claimed to be used are no longer used in religious processions (simply be- (552, with 4137 use reports) by the 769 informants inter- cause these processions do not exist currently), but in viewed in the territories studied for the purposes com- some localities in two of the areas studied (Alt Empordà, prised in this paper show that popular knowledge on Montseny) the carpets continue to be prepared every plants goes far beyond food and medicinal applications, year in the context of a popular feast (Fig. 4). In other which had been the most traditionally studied in ethno- cases, such as the elaboration of matrasses with Zea botanical surveys, probably because they are the most mays L. inflorescence bracts or that of sheets with Can- apparent and the most preserved plant utilisations. This nabis sativa L. fibres, the uses have been completely means that a large and diverse panoply of traditional abandoned. uses, which are apparently secondary in our industria- Even in some trades that are declining, a certain degree lised societies, such as examples as different as basket of vitality persists: the elaboration of musical instruments elaboration and oral literature, remains active and, when for the orchestra (named cobla) that plays typical Catalan this is not so, appreciated and remembered by people. dances (called sardana) and for other kind of traditional To summarize, we believe that the data in this study musical events, importantly involving Ziziphus jujuba show that a robust set of knowledge and practices in the Mill. (Fig. 4) continues to be alive, even if their artisans field of non-food and non-medicinal plant uses persists must have another profession to make a living. in the European industrialised area studied, indicating Apart from these declining uses, some other persist that these utilisations of plants, which to date have been almost to the same extent as always. These are uses the object of scarce attention in ethnobotanical research, linked to everyday life mostly in rural areas, such as are relevant -we would say fully necessary- for a those related to agricultural practices (in homegardens complete life, even in a modern society and even if they or elsewhere), e.g., tutoring some cultivated plants are not directly related to health issues. Additionally, (Fig. 3). Another kind of folk plant knowledge to per- and not forcibly negatively, although this means a re- sist is that related to ludic aspects, including oral lit- orientation in the tradition, some changes in popular erature. People continue to play with plants and to uses (mostly those related to handicrafts) currently imply use sayings and proverbs involving the vegetal world a certain complementary income for some people and (even to inventing new ones). Additionally, some plant may represent a potential for future commercial activ- uses directly linked to commercial issues have also a ities with economic significance in rural communities. high degree of persistence, such as those related to Further ethnobotanical studies in this currently still ra- basketry (Fig. 1) or Christmas/New Year decoration ther neglected field are encouraged in order to compile (Fig. 4). an important part of natural and cultural heritage not Gras et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:23 Page 52 of 53

sufficiently considered up to now, and to assess what ac- & Núcleo de Publicações em Ecologia e Etnobotânica Aplicada; tions are needed to preserve this knowledge, particularly 2010. p. 13–32. 6. Ember CR, Ember M. Antropología cultural. 8th ed. Madrid: Prentice Hall; 1997. in cases of dangerously declining real current practice. 7. Heinrich M. Ethnobotany and its Role in Drug Development. Phytother Res. 2000;14:479–88. Abbreviations 8. Carvalho AM, Pardo-de-Santayana M, Morales R. Traditional knowledge of AE, Alt Empordà district; BC, Herbarium of Botanical Institute of Barcelona; basketry practices in a Northeastern region of Portugal. In: Ertug F, editor. BCN, Herbarium of the Centre de Documentació de Biodiversitat Vegetal, Proceedings of the IVth International Congress of Ethnobotany (ICEB 2005). – Universitat de Barcelona; BI, Balearic Islands; CA, Catalonia; F , Informant 2006. p. 335 8. IC – consensus factor; FO, Formentera island; MA, Mallorca island; MO, Montseny 9. González JA, García Barriuso M, Ramírez-Rodríguez R, Bernardos S, Amich F. massif; RI, Ripollès district; UR, Use reports Plants used in folk cosmetics and hygiene in the Arribes del Duero Natural Park (western Spain). Lazaroa. 2012;33:9–18. ’ Acknowledgements 10. Rigat M, Vallès J, D Ambrosio U, Gras A, Iglésias J, Garnatje T. Plants with We thank all the informants for having shared with us their time and their topical uses in the Ripollès district (Pyrenees, Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula): in-depth knowledge on biodiversity use and management. We are grateful ethnobotanical survey and pharmacological validation in the literature. – to Samuel Pyke (Jardí Botànic de Barcelona) for his improvement of the J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;164:162 79. English language, to Rosa Trigell (Blommor Floristes) for plant material supply 11. Salerno G, Guarrera PM, Caneva G. Agricultural, domestic and handicraft folk and to Josep Vicens (Universitat de Barcelona) for his help in herbarium uses of plants in the Tyrrhenian sector of Basilicata (Italy). J Ethnobiol material management. EC and AG benefited from predoctoral contracts of Ethnomed. 2005;1:2. the Spanish ministries in charge of education. This research has been partially 12. Guarrera PM. Household dyeing plants and traditional uses in some areas of funded by the municipal council of Figueres (IX Beca de recerca “Ciutat de Italy. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006;2:9. Figueres”), the Catalan government (projects 2009SGR439, 2009ACOM00012, 13. Guarrera PM. Handicrafts, handlooms and dye plants in the Italian folk 2009ACOM00013 and 2014SGR514) and the Spanish government traditions. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2008;7:67–9. (project CSO2014-59704-P). 14. Nedelcheva A, Dogan Y, Obratov-Petkovic D, Padure IM. The Traditional Use of Plants for Handicrafts in Southeastern Europe. Hum Ecol. 2011;39:813–28. Funding 15. 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