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Psychrophiles: a Journey of Hope

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Psychrophiles: a Journey of Hope J Biosci (2021)46:64 Ó Indian Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00180-4 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) Review Psychrophiles: A journey of hope 1 1 2 SHIVANI TENDULKAR ,AISHWARYA HATTIHOLI ,MAHESH CHAVADAR and 1 SUNEEL DODAMANI * 1Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Center, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590 010, India 2National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pashan, Pune 411 021, India *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected]) MS received 2 November 2020; accepted 8 May 2021 Psychrophiles are organisms living in extremely cold conditions within the temperature range of -20°Cto ? 10°C. These organisms survive in harsh environment by modulating their genetic make-up to thrive in extremely cold conditions. These cold-adaptations are closely associated with changes in the life forms, gene expression, and proteins, enzymes, lipids, etc. This review gives a brief description of the life and genetic adaptations of psychrophiles for their survival in extreme conditions as well as the bioactive compounds that are potential antimicrobials. Keywords. Antibiotics; antimicrobial; cold-adaptations; CRISPR-Cas; metagenomics; psychrophiles 1. Introduction supraglacial water has been reported to have a defense mechanism against viral genomes. This bacterium A few organisms can grow in drastic conditions such as enters into the dominant phase and the outer membrane the high temperature of volcanic springs, polar regions forms vesicles. These vesicles recognize the viral host at lower temperatures, high and low pH levels, high or and inject the virus into itself and block the replication low concentrations of salts, and deep sea at high (Rassner 2017). The psychropiezophilic bacterium pressures. These have three groups: psychrophiles, such as Shewanella, Photobacterium, Colwellia, Mor- mesophiles, and thermophiles, depending on their itella, Psychromonas, Alphaproteobacteria, and Fir- growing conditions. Psychrophiles mostly occupy lar- micutes sp. are found in deep-sea beds. These species ger space in the ecosystem, especially marine psy- do not include PUFAs, like EPA and DHA, but contain chrophiles cover * 70% of the oceans below the depth unsaturated fatty acids for their growth in higher tem- of 1000 m at the temperature of 4–5°C (Kumar et al. peratures (Nogi 2017). Li and Kato have reported 2014). Psychrophiles are also present in -10°C at the Antarcticum vesiculatum, Cytophaga fermentans, Arctic permafrost, porous dry rocks in Antarctic val- Cytophaga diffluens, Coxiella bumetii, Eubacterium leys at -60°C, and glacier surfaces of cryoconite holes angustum, Haliscomenobacter hydrossis, Microcilla (Cameron et al. 2012) (figure 1). aggregans, and Psychroserpens burtonensis found in When it comes to organisms existing in snow or the deep-sea sediments and sequenced for small-sub- icebergs, for example, Chlamydomonas nivalis, unit ribosomal RNA genes (Li and Kato 1999). Raphidonema nivale, and Chloromonas nival produce Psychrophilic microorganism has two important carotenoids and astaxanthin add coloration to the snow physical challenges: low thermal energy and high vis- and hence it is called ‘red snow’ (Remias et al. 2005). cosity. The main objectives of adaptations are com- Another example is the Janthinobacterium, found in the pletely depending on the production of proteins. The http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci 64 Page 2 of 15 S. Tendulkar et al. Figure 1. Representation of extremophiles and their approximate location. Reprinted with permission from Copyright Ó Merino et al.(2019). proteins control entry of nutrients, waste product out- The cell envelope provides the functions such as flow, maintain stability between products and substrate, shape, protection, support, and regulation of movement folding of nucleic acids, and assemblies of macro- in and out of the cells. During lower temperatures, few molecules (Amico et al. 2006). These organisms are functions are compromised such as reducing the flu- predominantly represented in domains such as algae, idity of the membrane, permeability, and diffusion rate. archaea, bacteria, yeast, and few eukaryotes. Psy- Also, weaken the function of embedded proteins and chrophiles are also present underneath the icepacks of upsurge turgor pressure. The cell membrane provides polar fish. These characteristics represent that psy- mechanical support to the cell and monitors the mole- chrophiles are most abundant in relationships with cules that transport inside and outside the cells. But distribution and diversity (Feller 2013). during cold-adaptations, there is overexpression of encoding genes of different proteins that are included in the biogenesis and fatty acid synthesis and desatu- 2. Lifestyle and adaptations ration. An increase in these proteins may degrade the membrane molecules entering the cell membrane. In Psychrophiles can adapt to harsh environmental condi- few cases, proteins present in the lipid layer lessen the tions (sub-zero temperature) such as in Arctic permafrost diffusion rate and upregulation of protein transport at -10°C and in salty cryopegs polar ice crystals at (Collins and Margesin 2019). At lower temperatures, -20°C. These organisms are exposed to various chal- long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPFAs) such lenges in cold habitats and develop adaptation strategies as eicosapentaenoic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic to survive in the environment. Planococcus halocryo- are produced at greater rates (Okuyama et al. 2008). philus a bacterium was reported to sustain at -25°C and LUPFAs protect the cell membrane against reactive cause division at -15°C before quiescence. In Antarctic oxygen species (ROS) as anti-oxidative functions. The basins, fungi and crypto endolytic communities are LUPFAs form hydrophobic boundaries between lipid found which is underneath -2°C (Cavicchioli et al. bilayers preventing ROS and the intake of H2O2 into 2011; Feller 2017). cells act. Hence, LUPFAs act as shield from the Psychrophiles: A journey of hope Page 3 of 15 64 oxidative stress at lower temperature (Yoshida et al. of ice growth in the cells. One of the major AFP dis- 2016). covered from Marinomonas primoryensis, found in the Pigments and carotenoids (pigmented hydrocarbon) Antarctic, contains 1.5 MDa ice adhesion AFP. It has maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane in been reported that Antarctic algae and glacier ice microorganisms. At low temperatures, there is aug- bacteria safeguard the cell vicinity, protect the cell mented membrane rigidity in polar carotenoids that membrane and structural integrity, and stabilize the lead to better survival of the microorganisms. These brine pockets (figure 2). At lower temperatures, several pigments play a significant role such as photoprotection organisms help to enhance oxygen and nutrients uptake (protecting against UV radiations and high light at and help to position the cell on the ice surface (Voets lower temperatures), as light harvesters (photosynthetic 2017). On the other hand, fall the ice-nucleating pro- microorganisms), and as antimicrobials. These findings teins (INPs) that accelerate the formation of ice. INPs can suggest that pigment levels and functions may have are less destructive to the cell membrane when present a conflicting mechanism in few microorganisms (Pan- in minute crystals and provide crystallization quicker. dey et al. 2018). The pigments have various health These INPs frigidity damage the plants and facilitate benefits such as maintaining and developing the access to nutrients (Pummer et al. 2015). Numerous immune system, anti-microbial agent, anti-oxidants, INPs are currently used in the manufacturing of artifi- protecting the in-eye tissues, act as a food emulsifying cial snow, which is cost-effective and encloses other agent, used in skincare products, and so on. Also, commercial applications (figure 3). Flexibacter and Sporocytophaga produce the violet In consideration of the molecular adaptations, pigment that is used to examine drinking water sam- microorganisms at lower temperatures have advanced ples. Vogesella indigofera is used to analyze chromium capacity to undergo translation and post-translation contamination at various locations. The pigment modifications. Many genomes and metagenomes of Astaxanthin obtained from Agrobacterium auranticum, psychrophiles are a source of large features such as Paracoccus carotinifaciens, Mycobacterium lacticola conserving plasticity of the genome concerning trans- is used as a colorant in food. Also, Astaxanthin pro- posable or mobile genetic materials. The mobile duced from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is used as genetic material transport genes form the biosynthesis a food supplement for salmon, crabs, and shrimps. of unsaturated fatty acids in cold-adaptive microor- Bradyrhizobium sp., Halobacterium sp., Cantharellus ganisms. Few of these organisms may also experience cinnabarinus, and Mycobacterium brevicale are used horizontal gene transfer to familiarize themselves with in the pigment canthaxanthin in poultry and fish feeds lower temperatures (De Maayer et al. 2014). Zhao and (Kirti et al. 2014). colleagues have shown Shewanella strains have been In addition to the cell wall adaptation, the microor- confirmed to have genetic exchange with coding ganisms undergo an increase in biosynthesis of pepti- sequence in S. halifaxensis and S. sediminis. These doglycan that in turn thickened the peptidoglycan layer organisms have greater homology with P. profundum to sustain
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