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Evidence for Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism and Uniparental Inheritance in the Cellular Slime Mold Polysphondylium

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Evidence for Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism and Uniparental Inheritance in the Cellular Slime Mold Polysphondylium Copyright 0 1990 by the Genetics Society of America Evidence for Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism and Uniparental Inheritance in the Cellular Slime MoldPolysphondylium pallidurn: Effect of Intraspecies Mating on Mitochondrial DNA Transmission Miranda Mirfakhrai, Yoshimasa Tanaka and Kaichiro Yanagisawa Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305, Japan Manuscript received July26, 1989 Accepted for publication November 17, 1989 ABSTRACT Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) wereused as markers to monitor mitochon- drial inheritance in the cellular slime mold, Polysphondylium pallidum. When two opposite mating types (matl and mat2) of closely related strains were crossed, all the haploid progeny regardless of mating type inherited their mitochondrial DNA from the mat2 parent only. When opposite mating types from more distantly related strains were crossed, most of the progeny also inherited their mitochondrial DNA from the mat2 parent, but some inherited their mitochondrial DNA from the matl parent. In both cases however, the transmission of mitochondrial DNA was uniparental, since in every individual progeny only one type of mitochondrialDNA exists. Moreover,in crosses involving more distantly related strains all the progeny of a single macrocyst were shown to contain the same type of mitochondrial DNA. These findings are discussed in regard to mechanisms of transmission and the possible involvement of nuclear genes in the control of transmission of mitochondrial DNA in Polysphondylium. EATURES of organelle heredity both in plants couraged from studying this, due to the poorgermi- F and animals have drawn the attention of biolo- nation levels and long maturation periods of the ma- gists, since the mechanism of organelle gene transmis- crocysts. The species which are sexually competent sion is distinctfrom that ofgenes in the nucleus. form macrocysts when cells come together and make (WHATLEY1982; BIRKY 1983).Mitochondrial ge- aggregates. In the sexual cell aggregate, two cells of netics and transmission is of special interest due to the opposite mating type fuse and form a diploid. The central role of mitochondrial respiration in cell me- diploid, actingas a cytophagiccell, engulfs the periph- tabolism and thereliance ofmost tissues on mitochon- eral cellsin the aggregateand forms thick walls drial energy production (WALLACE et al. 1988). Mi- aroundthe young macrocyst. The macrocyst, now tochondrial DNA (mtDNA) shows uniparental inher- considereda true zygote (MACINNES and FRANCIS itance in animals, and in some plantsand fungi (DAWID 1974), matures andgoes through meiosis to generate and BLACKER1972; FRANCISCO,BROWN and SIMPSON haploid progeny, which are released upon breakage 1979; GILESet al. 1980; HAYASHIet al. 1978; HUTCH- of macrocyst walls during germination (NICKERSON ISON et al. 1974; BOYNTONet al. 1987; TAYLOR1986; and RAPER 1973; ERDOS,RAPER and VOCEN 1975; KAWANOet al. 1987; SILLIKERand COLLINS1988). FRANCIS1975; WALLACEand RAPER1979; Okada et On the other hand, there have also been reports of al. 1986). biparental mtDNA transmission in vegetative diploids Using the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium pal- of Chlamydomonas (BOYNTONet al. 1987)and in lidum as a model we made an attempt to determine junction line heterokaryons of the fungus Coprinus the transmission pattern of mtDNA in theseorga- (BAPTISTA-FERREIRA,ECONOMOU and CASSELTON nisms. P. pallidum was chosen because it has a higher 1983; ECONOMOUet al. 1987). level of germination than other sexually competent Cellular slime molds have been very attractive to heterothallic species of slime molds, like Dictyostelium biologists, especially their asexual cycles which have discoideum (FRANCIS1980). Thisreport shows that provided simple models for eukaryotic cell differen- mtDNA polymorphisms (RFLPs)exist in heterothallic tiation and morphogenesis (LOOMIS1982; SPUDICH strains of P. pallidum. Furthermore, mtDNA trans- 1987). Somespecies of slime molds also have a sexual mission is uniparental, with mating type 2 being dom- or macrocyst cycle, but investigators have been dis- inant to mating type 1 with respect to the mtDNA transmission pattern. Our results also imply that the The publication costs of this article were partly defrayed by the payment of page charges. This articlemust therefore be hereby marked“advertisement” progeny of a single macrocyst all have the same type in accordance with 18 U.S.C. 0 1734 solely to indicate this fact. of mtDNA. These observations will be discussed in Genetic?, 124 607-613 (March, 1990) 608 M. Mirfakhrai, Y.andTanaka K. Yanagisawa TABLE 1 Genotypes and mtDNA types of the haploidstrains in P. pallidurn Strain DescriptionGenotype type Matingof genotypes mtDN.4 type PN500 wild type Isolated from wild 1 mat A PN.529 tsg-17 Mutant of PN500 unable to grow at 31.5" matl A PN.543 naf-2 Mutant of PN500 resistant to sodium fluoride matl A PN550 can-3, cyc-8 Mutant of PN500 resistant to canavanine and cycloheximide mat1 B PN600 wild type Isolated from wild mat2 B PN614 tub-7 Mutant of PN600 resistant to tubercidin mat2 B MF2- 14 wild type Isolated from wild matl c MF2-2 1 wild type Isolated from wild 1 mat D MF2-5 wild type Isolated from wild mat2 c MF2-6 wild type Isolated from wild mat2 c relation to possible mechanisms of mtDNA inherit- EDTA; RNase A (Boehringer Mannheim) was added at a ance in the cellular slime molds. concentration of 70 rg/ml and the sample incubated at 37 for 2 hr. Next, proteinase K was added to a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml and the sample incubated for 2-3 hr at 55- MATERIALSAND METHODS 60". DNA was thenextracted with pheno1:chlo- Organisms and culture conditions: Polysphondylium pal- roform:isoamyl alcohol and ch1oroform:isoamyl alcohol lidum PN strains were kindly given to us by D. FRANCISand (24: 1) andprecipitated with ethanol. the MF2 strains by R. EISENBERG(both strains wereobtained Preparation of mitochondrial DNA: P. pallidum strains through D. FRANCIS,University of Delaware). The geno- (PN600 or PN500) were grown to a density of 5-8 X lo6 types of all haploid strains used in this work are listed in cells/ml in association with E. coli B/r in phosphate buffer Table 1. All strains were grown on Escherichia coli strain B/ (BOZZAROand GERISCH1978) at 22-25', and shaken (120 r as food source on LPagar plates (0.1% lactose, 0.1% rpm). Cells were harvested, washed several times to remove peptone and 1.5% Difco agar) and had a doubling time of bacteria and resuspended in phosphate buffer for starvation 3.5-4 hr. (4 hr). They were then pelleted and resuspended in 0.38 M Macrocyst formation and germination: Macrocysts were sucrose, 20 mM Tris-HCI (pH 8), 1 mM EGTA, and 0.2% generated by mixing cells of opposite mating typeunder the bovine serum albumin (BSA), at a density of 10' cells/ml conditions recommended by FRANCIS(1 980). Afterallowing and disrupted using a Waring blender type homogenizer 6 weeks formaturation, macrocysts were rinsed,diluted (Nissei Ace, Japan)at 10,000 rpm. Homogenization was with sterilized distilled water, and vortexed extensively to continued until -90% of the cells were lysed based on separate macrocyst clumps. Single macrocysts (about30) aliquots examined under an inverted microscope at 3 min were then picked up under a microscope (200X) and puton intervals. The homogenate was centrifuged at 1,000X g for agar plates for germination under the conditions described 10 min twice and the supernatant was then centrifuged at by FRANCIS(1980). The plates were incubated under light 10,000 X g for 15 min. The crude mitochondrial pellet was at 22 O and checked for germination daily. further purified by centrifugation on a discontinuousPercoll Screening of the progeny of a single macrocyst: Screen- gradient (NISHIMURA,DOUCE and AKAZAWA 1982)as fol- ing of the progeny was carried out under two different lows, it was resuspended in SHB buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 20 conditions. First, after germination, released amoebae were mM Hepes-KOH (pH 7.5), and 0.1% BSA), overlaid on a allowed to form diminutive fruiting bodies. Individual sori discontinuous gradient of 60%, 45%,28%, and 5% Percoll, were then harvestedand plated clonally. Second, agarblocks and centrifuged at 12,500 rpm for1 hr, at 4"in a Beckman containing the newly germinated amoebae were cut out, the SW28 rotor. Mitochondria were recovered at the 28-45% amoebae suspended in phosphate buffer (17 mM KHnP04- interface and washed with excess SHB buffer to remove NanHPO., pH 6.8), then plated to form single cell clones. Percoll.Purified mitochondria were thentreated with After 3-7 days, amoebae from the edge of the clones were DNase I (1 0 Pg/ml) at 4 O for 1 hr, after which EDTA was taken and further cultured foramplification. On the average added to a final concentration of 25 mM and mitochondria 1-5 clones per macrocyst were analyzed. were recovered by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 15min. Progeny culture and total DNA extraction: Amoebae DNA was extracted by lysing mitochondria in 1% SDS in from the edgeof single clones were plated on LPagar plates 10 mM Tris-HCI (pH 8), 1 mM EDTA prewarmed to 55'. with E. coli B/r. After allowing 3-4 days for growth, cells The sample was kept at 55" for an additional 5-10 min. were harvested and washed with the phosphate buffer to mtDNA was thenextracted by phenol, pheno1:chlo- eliminate bacteria. Cells were then starved (for complete rof0rm:isoamyl alcohol and ch1oroform:isoamyl alcohol and digestion of ingested bacteria) in the same buffer for 4-5 hr in half the original culture volume, pelleted by centrifu- precipitated with ethanol. Large RNAs were removed by gation and used for total DNA extraction. treatment with 2.5 M final concentration of LiCl (PELHAM Cells were lysed in 0.4 M EDTA (pH 9) and 4% sarcosyl 1985). prewarmedto 55-60", Proteinase K (Boehringer Mann- Enzyme digestion and electrophoresis of DNA: Purified heim) was added to a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml and the mtDNA or total DNAs were digested with restriction en- lysate was incubated at 55-60' for another 3 hr.
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