Proceeding of International Conference SWRDM-2012

Impact of Water Resources Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Tahsil, , : A case study 1A.P.Pandit , 2A.B. Aher and S.D.Kulkarni 1Department of Geography, New Arts Commerce & Science College, Ahmednagar. 2Savitribai College of Arts, Pimpalgaon Pisa, BOS Chairman, Geography, University of . [email protected] , [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract - Irrigation has become an important aspect of agriculture. Recently irrigation becomes most essential and without it most crops cannot be grown. It becomes essential part due to variation of monsoon and uneven distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Even those crops, which are grown during rainy season, also depend upon irrigation because farmers try to irrigate the crops in time so that crops might be ready in time and give higher yield. In case of failure of rainfall use of irrigation becomes much more essential areas growing multiple crops need intensive irrigation facilities. In present study Shrigonda tahsil was selected as a study area which came under rain shadow and semi arid region. The irrigation water resource availability and management practices were consider from study area in relation with a cropping pattern during 1961 to 2001. Mostly the irrigation practices increases chronologically with change in land use and cropping pattern i.e. semi arid crop to cash crop which significantly increased up to 23% and increase in surface water irrigation facilities by 28%. The monsoon pattern mostly influencing the land use and cropping pattern. The scarcity and availability of water resources influenced the ground water utilization rate.

Key Words : Water resources, land use, cropping pattern, irrigation facilities.

Introduction: Study Area: The Shrigonda tahsil is located in the southern Irrigation has become an important aspect of drought prone zone of . The tahsil agriculture. Recently irrigation becomes most essential and situated partly Bhima, Ghod and Kuakdi River and canal without it most crops cannot be grown. It becomes essential basin. In the tahsil length of 60 Km. from East to West and part due to variation of rainfall n monsoon and uneven 51 Km. from North to South. The height of tahsil is recorded distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Even those 600 Mtr. Above the sea level. Generally slope of tahsil is crops, which are grown during rainy season, also depend North to South. upon irrigation because farmers try to irrigate the crops in time so that crops might be ready in time and give The latitudinal extend is 180 27’ 18" to 180 51’ 54" higher yield. In case of failure of rainfall use of irrigation North and longitudinal extend is 740 23’ 24" to 740 52’ East. becomes much more essential areas growing multiple crops It is surrounded by and Nagar tahsil to the northern need intensive irrigation facilities. Although the part, Pune district to the west and south - east Karjat tahsil. modernization in the irrigation practices cannot abide the It’s an area of 1630 Sq. Km. is the third rank of tahsil in rainwater availability. Rainwater is considered as base of Ahmednagar district. It is historical and religious which is irrigation. Inadequate rainfall disturbs the ground water situated on the bank of river Saraswati. availability in the resources and rivers, canals, get dry and farmers became replace the importance of rainwater. Irregularities in monsoon pattern in space and time, makes the artificial irrigation practices are essential for most of the crops cultivated in the region. Where as sugar cane, groundnuts etc are totally depend on artificial irrigation.

The surface water irrigation practices like the tank, river, canal, and lake play vital role in irrigation. Were as underground is also during The underground water is also being tapped by dug and tube wells and these became important due to reliance.

Department of Environmental Science 22 University, Kolhapur The Shrigonda tahsil is located in the southern drought prone zone of Ahmednagar district. The tahsil situated partly Bhima, Ghod and Kuakdi River and canal basin. In the tahsil length of 60 Km. from East to West and 51 Km. from North to South. The height of tahsil is recorded 600 Mtr. Above the sea level. Generally slope of tahsil is North to South. The latitudinal extend is 180 27’ 18” to 180 51’ 54” North and longitudinal extend is 740 23’ 24” to 740 52’ East. It is surrounded by Parner and Nagar tahsil to the northern part, Pune district to the west and south - east Karjat tahsil. It’s an area of 1630 Sq. Km. is the third rank of tahsil in Ahmednagar district. It is historical and religious which is situated on the bank of river Saraswati. Proceeding of International Conference SWRDM-2012

Location Map Database and Methodology: The present scenario of irrigation practices then Database and Methodology: shrigonda tahsil that is study area compared with the TheThe present present paper paper is primarilyprimarily based based on secondaryon district data. irrigationThe data onstatus. census The year main have irrigation been collected. practices in secondaryConsidering data. aThe village data as on a unitcensus for theyear shrigonda have been tahsil inthe Ahmednagar study area district of well of wter Maharashtra, and surface the dawaterta have were collected. Considering a village as a unit for the shrigonda observed since 1961-2001. The table 01 reveals the data in been collected of village Panchyat Samiti, Tahsil office Shrigonda, Department of irrigation, socio-economic tahsil in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, the data relation to the land under irrigation and practices. In 1961 havereview been collected book, statistical of village abstract Panchyat of Samiti,Ahmednagar Tahsil officedistrict. Thethe data gross pertaining area available to the period for agricultural from 160- practices61 to 2000- were Shrigonda,01 Department of irrigation, socio-economic 154472 hectors were as 135824 hectors were actual under review book, statistical abstract of Ahmednagar district. the irrigation. In respective the surface irrigation practices The data pertaining to the period from 1960-61 to 2000-01 contribute 34.14 percent were as well irrigation 65.86%. consequent the 1970-71 the surface and well water Further all sorts of published and unpublished irrigation practices were 29.30% and 70.70% respectively. data were processed and then suitable maps and Were as in 1980-81 the surface water irrigation practices diagrams, represented data, choropleth maps, graphs decline (29.30%) and increases the burden on ground has been constructed and interpreted. Prepare a base map water. (71.50%). But in 1990-91 enhances the 5% in of tahsil for analysis the subject matter. We are studying irrigation by surface water amiability and reduces the the methods necessity to subject. e.g. area irrigated under dependency on ground water. Again in 2001 rain water different source, irrigated area under different crop and availability decline showing the impact on surface water land utilization etc. availability for irrigation and parasite on ground water for agriculture practices. Department of Environmental Science 23 Shivaji University, Kolhapur Further all sorts of published and unpublished data were processed and then suitable maps and diagrams, represented data, choropleth maps, graphs has been constructed and interpreted. Prepare a base map of tahsil for analysis the subject matter. We are studying the methods necessity to subject. e.g. area irrigated under different source, irrigated area under different crop and land utilization etc. The present scenario of irrigation practices then shrigonda tahsil that is study area compared with the district irrigation status. The main irrigation practices in the study area of well wter and surface water were observed since 1961-2001. The table 01 reveals the data in relation to the land under irrigation and practices. In 1961 the gross area available for agricultural practices were 154472 hectors were as 135824 hectors were actual under the irrigation. In respective the surface irrigation practices contribute 34.14 percent were as well irrigation 65.86%. consequent the 1970-71 the surface and well water irrigation practices were 29.30% and 70.70% respectively. Were as in 1980-81 the surface water irrigation practices decline (29.30%) and increases the burden on ground water. (71.50%). But in 1990-91 enhances the 5% in irrigation by surface water amiability and reduces the dependency on ground water. Again in 2001 rain water availability decline showing the impact on surface water availability for irrigation and parasite on ground water for agriculture practices. Proceeding of International Conference SWRDM-2012

Total Gross Net Area Surface Well Irrigation and cropping pattern : Area Year Area Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation (In hectors) (%) (%) In Ahmednagar district, the northern area (In hectors) having surface irrigation where as southern area of district 1960-61 154472 135824 34.14 65.86 mostly depend on ground water irrigation practices. The Ahmednag ar District 1970-71 174209 147030 29.30 70.70 irrigation water availability reflects the land use and cropping pattern in the district. In study area the short 1980-81 287289 243772 28.50 71.50 term cropping pattern likewheat, jowar bajara were 1990-91 311178 246391 33.86 66.14 dominating in compare to district scenario. The land under the wheat cultivation were increased by 7.86% to the 2000-01 382807 321663 21.73 78.25 23.69%Fig.1 Agriculturalwere as Irrigation in study Pattern in Ahmednagararea i.e. District shrigionda and Shrigonda Tashil tahsil (in percent) it was 1960-61 14212 12216 25.25 74.75 4.93% to 22.65% , in jowar and bajara at district level land under cultivation declines from 34.27% to 23.74% and 3.28% Irrigation and cropping pattern : Shrigonda 1970-71 16159 13878 48.19 51.81 to 8.7%, where as the cash crop like sugarcane, cultivation Tahsil In Ahmednagar district, the northern area having surface irrigation where as southern area of district 1980-81 21101 20756 35.16 64.84 were dominating in the district. Where as in comparison withmostly depend the on studyground water area irrigation in practices. shrigionda The irrigation watertahsil availability the reflects jowar the lan dand use and 1990-91 31851 25379 39.07 60.93 cropping pattern in the district. In study area the short term cropping pattern likewheat, jowar bajara were bajara cultivation were decline from 69.22% to 47.63% and 2000-01 60061 36575 27.00 73.00 10.10%dominating in compare to 5.9% to district r espectivelyscenario. The land under. Surprisingly the wheat cultivation were cash increased cr byop 7.8 6%lik toe the

sugarcane23.69% were as in study cultivation area i.e. shrigionda increased tahsil it was 4.93% formto 22.65% 7.63% , in jowar and to bajara 10.10 at district %. level Table 1. Area irrigated by different source (Source:-Socio- Table 1. Area Irrigated By Different Source (Source: -Socio – Economic Review, Ahmednagar District).Theland under cash cultivation crop declines cultivation from 34.27% topractices 23.74% and 3.28% were to 8.7%, increased where as the cashdue crop to like Economic Review Ahmednagar district irrigationsugarcane, cultivation project were dominating (kukadi in the distr canalict. Where project) as in comparison available with the study areain instudy shrigionda Table shown irrigated area by surface and well irrigation in Ahmednagar district and Shrigonda tahsil. areatahsil the attractingjowar and bajara cultivation the farmers were decline from from 69.22% indigenes to 47.63% and 1.1% to cash to 5.9% crop.respectively. According Ttoable 1961 report shown total irrigatedirrigated area was ar 1ea54472 by hectors surface in Ahmednagar and well district. irrigation Where as on 1This971, indicates the surface water availability impacting on Surprisingly cash crop like sugarcane cultivation increased form 7.63% to 1.1 %. The cash crop cultivation 1991 and 2001in Ahmednagar it was 174029, 287289, district 31178 andand 3828 Shrigonda07 hectors respectively.(Figure tahsil. According 01). The to increase inland the use pattern and agricultural economy. (fig. 01) 1961 report total irrigated area was 154472 hectors in practices were increased due to irrigation project (kukadi canal project) available in study area attracting the irrigation area was reported . The surface water irrigation shown the contribution of 34.17% 29.30% 28.50%, Ahmednagar district. Where as on 1971, 1991 and 2001 it farmers from indigenes to cash crop. This indicates the surface water availability impacting on land use pattern 33.86%, and 21.73% respectively. The pattern almost uneven i.e. increase and decrease which was directly was 174029, 287289, 31178 and 382807 hectors and agricultural economy. (fig. 1) proportional with rainwater availability in the region. In the study area. (Shrigonda tahsil) surface water respectively.(Figure 01). The increase in the irrigation area Area Year Wheat Jowar Bajra Groundnuts Sugarcane Gram Total Fruits irrigation contributedwas reported between 27.25% . The to 48.19%.surface Ma inlywater the irrigation irrigation practices shownwere on tubethe well and dug & Vegetable contribution of 34.17% 29.30% 28.50%, 33.86%, and 21.73% Ahmednagar 1961 7.86 34.27 3.28 .89 5.53 3.17 N.A. well i.e. up to 73%. This indicates the meteorological condition that monsoon availability and the pattern canDistrict respectively. The pattern almost uneven i.e. increase and influence the surface water and ground water recharging. As the study area is rain shadow area mostly depend 1981 17.38 39.42 5.84 1.82 29.46 2.69 3.39 decrease which was directly proportional with rainwater 21 23.69 23.74 8.71 2.49 24.25 6.24 1.88 on retreatingavailability monsoon. With mostlyin the having region. uneven pa Inttern. the (Ref. study Gazetteers) area. (Shrigonda Shrigonda 1961 4.93 69.22 1.1 4.58 7.63 3.54 N.A. Tahsil tahsil) surface water irrigation contributed between 1981 15.49 58.45 2.42 2.27 14.5 1.95 5.37 27.25% to 48.19%. Mainly the irrigation practices were on 21 22.65 47.63 5.95 1.68 1.1 2.76 9.23 tube well and dug well i.e. up to 73%. This indicates the Table 2: Irrigation practices and cropping pattern in Shrigonda tahsil, Ahmednagar (In Percent) (Source: Socio- meteorological condition that monsoon availability and the Economic Review, Ahmednagar District). pattern can influence the surface water and ground wa- ter recharging. As the study area is rain shadow area

mostly depend on retreating monsoon. With mostly hav- ing uneven pattern. (Ref. Gazetteers)

Fig.1 Agricultural Irrigation Pattern in Ahmednagar District and Shrigonda Tashil (in percent)

Department of Environmental Science Shivaji University, Kolhapur Irrigation and cropping pattern : 24 In Ahmednagar district, the northern area having surface irrigation where as southern area of district mostly depend on ground water irrigation practices. The irrigation water availability reflects the land use and cropping pattern in the district. In study area the short term cropping pattern likewheat, jowar bajara were dominating in compare to district scenario. The land under the wheat cultivation were increased by 7.86% to the 23.69% were as in study area i.e. shrigionda tahsil it was 4.93% to 22.65% , in jowar and bajara at district level land under cultivation declines from 34.27% to 23.74% and 3.28% to 8.7%, where as the cash crop like sugarcane, cultivation were dominating in the district. Where as in comparison with the study area in shrigionda tahsil the jowar and bajara cultivation were decline from 69.22% to 47.63% and 1.1% to 5.9% respectively. Surprisingly cash crop like sugarcane cultivation increased form 7.63% to 1.1 %. The cash crop cultivation practices were increased due to irrigation project (kukadi canal project) available in study area attracting the farmers from indigenes to cash crop. This indicates the surface water availability impacting on land use pattern and agricultural economy. (fig. 1) Area Year Wheat Jowar Bajra Groundnuts Sugarcane Gram Total Fruits & Vegetable Ahmednagar 1961 7.86 34.27 3.28 .89 5.53 3.17 N.A. District 1981 17.38 39.42 5.84 1.82 29.46 2.69 3.39 21 23.69 23.74 8.71 2.49 24.25 6.24 1.88 Shrigonda 1961 4.93 69.22 1.1 4.58 7.63 3.54 N.A. Tahsil 1981 15.49 58.45 2.42 2.27 14.5 1.95 5.37 21 22.65 47.63 5.95 1.68 1.1 2.76 9.23 Table 2: Irrigation practices and cropping pattern in Shrigonda tahsil, Ahmednagar (In Percent) (Source: Socio- Economic Review, Ahmednagar District).

Proceeding of International Conference SWRDM-2012

Fig. 2 A, B, C

Fig.3 A,B,C Conclusion: Conclusion: In the present study the data reveals the landuse like jawar, bajara, wheat, groundnuts and gram. But in pattern and the Inirrigation the present practices study in thethe Shrigondadata reveals tahsil, the landuse1961 ptoattern 2001 and data the reflects irrigation the practices cash crop in existencethe Shrigond in a agriculture pattern i.e. the availability of irrigation facilities Ahmednagartahsil, . Ahmednagar.The data from 1961The datato 2001 from of the1961 irrigation to 2001 of the irrigation practices reflects the land use pattern of a practices reflects the land use pattern of a district. The increased the farmer’s interests towards the such type of southerndistrict. part of The the southerndistrict mostly part ofinfluenced the district by irrigation mostly influencedcrop. by irrigation facilities ( and facilitiesdam) (Mula the dam minor and irrigation Bhandardara projects dam) also the enhances minor the landuse pattern in comparison with the data, the district irrigation projects also enhances the landuse pattern in References: comparisonscenario with mostly the data, dominated the district by cash scenario crops mostly in northern part. Whereas the study area which came under rain Biswas Asit K., (1997), Water resources: environmental dominated by cash crops in northern part. Whereas the shadow area i.e. list availability of monsoon. Which influencesplanning, managementthe irrigation andfacilities development, the present McGraw-Hill. study area in study area which came under rain shadow area i.e. list not having any major irrigation project the partially depend on Kukadi and Ghod canal irrigation. The availability of monsoon. Which influences the irrigation Bose Ashish., ’s basic demographic statistics, B.R. facilitiesagriculture the present pattern study reflects area in mostlynot having the any tube major well and Publishing dug well isCorporation, a prime source Delhi. for irrigation. The cropping irrigationpattern project mostly the partially reflects dependthe short on term Kukadi crops and like Ghod jawar, bajara, wheat, groundnuts and gram. But in 1961 to 2001 canal irrigation. The agriculture pattern reflects mostly Chandana R C., (2000), A geography of population, Kalyani the tubedata well reflects and dug the well cash is cropa prime existence source forin agricultur irrigation.e patternPublication, i.e. the availability lundhiyana of , 127-214. irrigation facilities increased the The croppingfarmer’s pattern interests mostly towards reflects the thesuch short type term of crop. crops

Department of Environmental Science Shivaji University, Kolhapur References: 25 Biswas Asit K., (1997), Water resources: environmental planning, management and development, McGraw- Hill. Proceeding of International Conference SWRDM-2012 Das P., (1993), Cropping Pattern (Agricultural and Horticultural) in Different Zones, their Average Yields in Comparison to National Average/ Critical Gaps/Reasons Identified and Yield Potential. District Census Handbook (1951 to 2001). Encyclopedia of population – volume 1 and 2, 10 to 20 Gazetter of Ahmednagar District., (1993). Gharpure Vithal (2005), Population geography, Pimplapure and company, Nagpur , 1 - 29. Grafton R Quetin (2011), Karen Hussey; Water Resources Planning and Management ,Cambridge University Press. Hanji Anita B., (2006), Impact Assessment of Irrigation on Cropping Pattern, Food and Nutrition on Security at Macro and Micro Level in Ghataprabha Malaprabha Command Area – Ph. D. Thesis, Development of Food and Nutrition College of Agriculture, Dharwad University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad Jagdal U G., (2002), Appraisal and planning of human resource in Junner Tahsil, Ph. D. Thesis, Pune University. Kumar Jainendra., Land use analysis – A case study of Nllanda district, Bihar, inter India publication, New Delhi,1 to 18. Manual of Map Reading. Manual of Nationwide Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Using Satellite Imagery Part-I, II, National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space, Government of India, Hyderabad. Patil V V., (2000), Variation in socio economic characteristics of rural settlement in south konkan during 1951-1991, Ph. D. Thesis, Pune University. Ranade C G., Impact of Cropping Pattern on Agricultural Production - Paper provided by Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department in its series IIMA, Working Papers with number WP1979-12-01_00381. Satellite Data Products Source Bool, National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space, Government of India, Hyderabad. Singh Vijay P., Seo Won II., H Jung., Sony-Publisher:Water Resources Publication, (1999); Water Resources Planning and Management: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water, Environment, Ecology, Socioeconomics and Health Engineering, Seoul National. Sinha Udai Prakash and Rashid Abdur., Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Ahmednagar District (1961-2001), Socio-economic dimensions of integrated development in India, Wisdom publication, New Delhi.1 - 79.

Department of Environmental Science 26 Shivaji University, Kolhapur