DOCSLIB.ORG

National Report: Germany

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
National Report: Germany Work Package 5 – the national arena for combating poverty National report: Germany Norbert Petzold (in collaboration with Dorothee Spannagel) Jean Monnet Centre for Europeanisation and Transnational Regulations (CETRO), Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Deliverable D5.1 FP7 project ‘Combating Poverty in Europe: Re-organising Active Inclusion through Participatory and Integrated Modes of Multilevel Governance’ Grant Agreement no. 290488 Coordinating Organisation: Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (CETRO) This project is funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme Contents Figures........................................................................................................................................ 3 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 4 Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 1. The changing demand for minimum income since 1990 ................................................... 7 1.1. Structural drivers of increasing demand for minimum income protection ................. 7 1.1.1. The protective capacity of unemployment insurance .......................................... 7 1.1.2. The protective capacity of employment ............................................................... 9 1.1.3. The protective capacity of the family ................................................................ 16 1.2. The impact of the economic crisis since 2007 .......................................................... 17 2. Institutional and Policy Legacies in National Anti-Poverty Policy ................................. 18 2.1. The minimum income protection architecture in the mid-2000s .............................. 19 2.1.1. The development of the role of means-tested provision in the national social protection system since 1945 ........................................................................................... 22 2.1.2. The structure of minimum income provisions for working-age people ............ 23 2.2. The extent and structure of ALMP in the mid-2000s................................................ 25 2.3. The extent and structure of other services of potential relevance to working-age minimum income claimants in the mid-2000s ..................................................................... 26 2.3.1. Childcare provisions and specialised support services for single parents ......... 26 2.3.2. General employment retention and advancement support and specialised support services for the working poor ............................................................................. 27 2.4. Governance of minimum income provision and related services in the mid-2000s . 28 2.4.1. Administration and policy making..................................................................... 28 2.4.2. Delivery.............................................................................................................. 31 3. The Dynamics of Active Inclusion Reform ..................................................................... 33 3.1. The political construction of the reform agenda ....................................................... 33 3.2. Policy legacies and feedbacks ................................................................................... 41 3.3. Institutional constraints and opportunities ................................................................ 49 3.4. The EU’s influence on national-level policy development ....................................... 52 4. The National Policy Framework for Active Inclusion ..................................................... 55 4.1. The structure of minimum income rights .................................................................. 55 4.1.1. Institutionalisation.............................................................................................. 55 4.1.2. Benefit structure and generosity ........................................................................ 56 4.1.3. Benefit administration ........................................................................................ 57 4.2. The activation of minimum income claimants .......................................................... 57 4.2.1. Personalisation ................................................................................................... 57 4.2.2. Conditionality .................................................................................................... 58 4.2.3. Service provision ............................................................................................... 59 4.3. The organisation of active inclusion delivery systems ............................................. 63 4.3.1. Structure and operation of lead agencies ........................................................... 63 4.3.2. Inter-agency coordination .................................................................................. 65 4.3.3. Marketisation ..................................................................................................... 66 5. Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 68 5.1. A national strategy? ................................................................................................... 68 5.2. A strategy for all working-age groups? ..................................................................... 68 5.3. A multi-dimensional approach to working age poverty? .......................................... 70 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 74 References ................................................................................................................................ 75 2 Figures Figure 1: Unemployed persons in SGB II (ALG II) and SGB III (unemployment insurance) December 2005-December 2011 ............................................................................................... 8 Figure 2: Development of unemployment rates in Germany 1949-2012 .................................. 9 Figure 3: Employment rates 1995-2010 .................................................................................. 11 Figure 4: Unemployment rates................................................................................................. 11 Figure 5: Youth unemployment rates 1995-2010 .................................................................... 12 Figure 6: Unemployment rates for males and females in Germany and the EU 15 ................ 12 Figure 7: Long-term unemployment as share of total unemployment 1995-2010 .................. 13 Figure 8: Overall at-risk-of-poverty rates (population aged 16-64) ........................................ 13 Figure 9: At-risk-of-poverty rates by most frequent activity status: unemployed (left) and working (right) population ....................................................................................................... 14 Figure 10: Atypical employment as share of the total workforce 2000-2009 ......................... 15 Figure 11: Single parents in relation to the whole working age population 1996-2010 .......... 16 Figure 12: At-risk-of-poverty rates of single parents .............................................................. 17 Figure 13: The three pillars of social protection ...................................................................... 18 Figure 14: The German MIP system ........................................................................................ 20 Figure 15: Number of beneficiaries and expenditures of different MIP schemes ................... 21 Figure 16: Development of ALG II standard rates 2005-2013 ................................................ 24 Figure 17: Yearly social minimums for single persons, couples and children as reported by the Federal Government in comparison with the national poverty threshold of Germany 2005- 2011.......................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 18: Overall expenditure on ALMP as % of GDP 2003-2010 ....................................... 26 Figure 19: Formal childcare with different weekly durations as share of children's age groups 2005-2009 ................................................................................................................................ 27 Figure 20: Distribution of responsibilities between BA and municipalities for the delivery of ALG II transfers and services .................................................................................................. 28 Figure 21: Governance Map Germany .................................................................................... 30 Figure 22: MIP reforms in Germany 2000-2012 ..................................................................... 43 Figure 23: Standard rates of ALG II in 2013 ........................................................................... 55 Figure 24: Standard rates of Sozialgeld in 2013 ...................................................................... 56 Figure 25: Reasons for sanctions as share of all sanctions 2007-2012 ...................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reclaiming Action — Progressive Strategies in Times of Growing
    Reclaiming action — PRogRessive stRategies in times of gRowing Right-wing PoPulism in DenmaRk, noRway, sweDen anD geRmany Edited by Christian Krell, Henri Möllers and Niklas Ferch Right-wing populist parties are on the rise almost everywhere in Europe. In the Scandinavian coun- tries, too, where Social Democracy has had the most decisive influence on the development of a solidary society and an inclusive and emancipatory welfare model, policymakers face increasingly substantial difficulties in forming government coalitions vis-à- vis aspiring competitors who have emerged on the far right in recent decades. In light of the remark- able rise of right-wing populism in Germany and its growing presence in parliaments and discourses, the volume at hand contextualizes and compares the growth of right-wing populism in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Germany. Based on the identification of ideal-typical strategies applied by progressive par - ties towards right-wing populist parties in the past and in the present, the authors evaluate the success of various strategies and develop recommendations for progressive and sustainable actions to »reclaim action« against right-wing populist parties. In doing so, the volume addresses both scientists and policy- makers as well as the interested public. ISBN: 978-3-96250-166-2 Reclaiming action — PRogRessive stRategies in times of gRowing Right-wing PoPulism in DenmaRk, noRway, sweDen anD geRmany Edited by Christian Krell, Henri Möllers and Niklas Ferch RECLAIMING Action — PROGRESSIVE STRATEGIES IN TIMES OF GROWING
    [Show full text]
  • Accounting for Money: Keeping the Ledger of Monetary Memory in Germany
    Accounting for Money: Keeping the Ledger of Monetary Memory in Germany A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Ursula M. Dalinghaus IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Professor Karen Z. Ho, Ph.D. Advisor January 2014 © Ursula Monika Dalinghaus 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation has only been possible through the support of many people in Germany and the United States. I am especially grateful to the specialists at the Deutsche Bundesbank in Frankfurt am Main and Leipzig, who graciously permitted me to conduct my research alongside their communications work with the public, and who offered their time for interviews and questions throughout the research process. I also extend my thanks to institutions in Leipzig, including Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig, e.V.; Europa Haus Leipzig, and Zeitgeschichtliches Forum Leipzig-Stiftung Haus der Geschichte. I take full responsibility for any errors, omissions and mistranslations in this dissertation. I am grateful for the feedback and suggestions of research participants and committee members throughout this process of analysis, writing and representation. I would like to express my deepest and heartfelt gratitude to my doctoral committee. My advisor, Karen Ho, has inspired, challenged, pushed and cheered me on through every moment of this project with patience and tenacity. She has encouraged me throughout this project to speak to the problem-spaces of my ethnographic research and to develop my analytical voice. I trust that her tireless mentorship will continue to make its mark apparent in my professional life and writing. The chair of my committee, Stuart Mclean, has taught me about the importance of creativity and storytelling at the heart of the anthropological endeavor.
    [Show full text]
  • Building on Progress Expanding the Research Infrastructure for the Social, Economic, and Behavioral Sciences
    RatSWD German. Data Forum RatSWD (ed.) German. Data Forum (ed.) RatSWD German. Data Forum The publication provides a comprehensive compendium of the current state of Germany’s research infrastructure in the social, economic, and RatSWD RatSWD Rat für. Sozial- und behavioural sciences. In addition, the book presents detailed discus- WirtschaftsDaten German. Data Forum sions of the current needs of empirical researchers in these fields and C 30 opportunities for future development. Building M 0 BuildingY 0 on Progress K 90 The book contains 68 advisory reports by more than 100 internation- on ally recognized authors from a wide range of fields and recommenda- Expanding the Research Infrastructure tions by the German Data Forum (RatSWD) on how to improve the Progress C 0 for theM 90Social, Economic, and research infrastructure so as to create conditions ideal for making Ger- RatSWD Y 80 Rat für. KSozial- 0 und many’s social, economic, and behavioral sciences more innovative and Behavioral Sciences internationally competitive. WirtschaftsDaten C 30 The German Data Forum (RatSWD) has discussed the broad spectrum M 0 of issues covered by these advisory reports extensively, and has de- Y 0 veloped general recommendations on how to expand the research in- C 45 C 20 C 8 K 90 frastructure to meet the needs of scholars in the social and economic M 30 M 10 M 4 Y 80 Y 33 Y 12 sciences. vol ume 2 K 5 K 0 vol K ume 0 2 Edited by the German Data Forum C 0 C 0 M 0 M 0 C 0 (Rat für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsdaten, RatSWD).
    [Show full text]
  • Sociology in Germany a History Stephan Moebius Sociology Transformed
    SOCIOLOGY TRANSFORMED SERIES EDITORS: JOHN HOLMWOOD · STEPHEN TURNER Sociology in Germany A History Stephan Moebius Sociology Transformed Series Editors John Holmwood School of Sociology and Social Policy University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK Stephen Turner Department of Philosophy University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA The feld of sociology has changed rapidly over the last few decades. Sociology Transformed seeks to map these changes on a country by country basis and to contribute to the discussion of the future of the subject. The series is concerned not only with the traditional centres of the discipline, but with its many variant forms across the globe. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14477 Stephan Moebius Sociology in Germany A History Printed with the funding of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Stephan Moebius Sociology University of Graz Graz, Steiermark, Austria Sociology Transformed ISBN 978-3-030-71865-7 ISBN 978-3-030-71866-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71866-4 © The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Policing in Berlin. Background Paper
    Community Policing in Berlin. Background Paper. Ignacio Marín [email protected] Ignacio Marín ____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: The end of the Cold War brought together two Germanys that had been separated for more than four decades. However, the aftermath of jubilation showed up an entire new list of matters which were to be resolved, especially those related with policing issues. This paper compiles information about how Germany dealt with those issues and best practices. Moreover, it attempts to present a snapshot of the current policing situation in Berlin nowadays: main issues, police structure, ongoing projects and its relation with civil society. KEYWORDS: Community Policing, Germany, Unification, Civil Society. COMMUNITIES AND POLICING IN TRANSITION PROGRAMME: The Communities and Policing in Transition Programme which is funded by the European Regional Development Fund and which is being launched in September 2009 is an innovative and groundbreaking project which will roll out across the North and the Border Counties. It comprises a number of key training opportunities as well as workshops and seminars on best practice with regard to the interface between policing and communities across the island of Ireland. A number of key partners have come together including both police forces, Tyrone Donegal Partnership, INCORE, ICTU and led by Intercomm Ireland. The objective is to target key areas and also to target key issues including cultural perceptions, conflict resolution, sectarianism and racism. It is hoped that the outcome for participants will be enhanced understanding and the development of key skills in peace building, conflict resolution and best practice. Web: http://www.capt.eu.com/ 2 Ignacio Marín ____________________________________________________________________________ Contents BERLIN BACKGROUND PAPER.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Manpower Revolution to the Activation Paradigm
    J. Timo Weishaupt J. Timo Weishaupt From the Manpower Revolution to the Activation Paradigm From the Manpower Revolution to the Activation Paradigm: Explaining Institutional Continuity and Change in an Integrating Europe examines the evolution of labor market policy in Western Europe, while paying close Explaining Institutional Continuity attention to the OECD and the European Union as proliferators of new ideas. changing welfare states Three evolutionary phases are identified: (a) a “manpower revolution” phase and Change in an Integrating Europe during the 1960s/1970s, when governments emulated Swedish manpower From the Manpower Revolution to the Activation Paradigm policies and introduced/modernized their public employment services; (b) a phase of international disagreement about the root causes of and remedies for unemployment, triggering a diversity of responses during the late 1970s and 1980s; and (c) the emergence of an “activation paradigm” in the late 1990s, causing a process of institutional hybridization. The book’s main contention is that the evolution of labor market policy is not only determined by historical trajectories or coalitional struggles, but also by policy makers’ changing normative and cognitive beliefs. The case studies include Austria, Britain, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, and Sweden. J. Timo Weishaupt received a Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Currently, he is a Junior Professor for the Sociology of the Welfare State at the University of Mannheim. “A major contribution to the crowded but inconclusive literature on the activation of European labour market policies.” Jonathan Zeitlin, Professor of Public Policy and Governance, University of Amsterdam “This volume provides an impressive in-depth analysis stretching over five decades of policy development.” Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementing the New Basic Allowance for Job Seekers in Germany Discussion Paper
    DISCUSSION PAPER Implementing the new basic allowance for job seekers in Germany Discussion Paper Matthias Knuth IAQ, University of Duisburg-Essen Introduction The German labour market policy reforms that took effect in 2005 (in want of a concise and comprehensive terminology often technically referred to as ‘Hartz IV’) are not entirely straightforward and logical. As a result of compromise between the divergent majorities in the two legislative chambers at the time of law-making, they are being implemented in ways quite different from original intentions. This compromise is to temporarily balance irreconcilable principles stemming from different social policy traditions. In such a situation, it appears that only a critical analysis can yield a comprehensible explication. So it is not only because of the presumed independence of the host country expert but also because of instructive concerns if the following discussion paper is taking a critical perspective. By doing so, it is by no means intended to pre-empt scientific evaluations of the outcomes that have just come under way (cf. ISG 2006) or to take a negative stand against the fundamental intentions of the reform. A. Description of the main elements of the reform A.1 Background Ever since the short-lived post-war era of full employment ended, which was around 1975, (West) German unemployment has grown more strongly during each downturn of the business cycle than it decreased during subsequent upturns. It is not so much the risk of becoming unemployed that would have increased considerably, but rather the probability of remaining in unemployment for a long time – in many cases, until retirement (Knuth / Kalina 2002) – that has massively grown (Erlinghagen / Knuth 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • PERFORMING WORKFARE an ETHNOGRAPHY of the SO-CALLED ONE-EURO-JOBS a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
    PERFORMING WORKFARE AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE SO-CALLED ONE-EURO-JOBS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Timothy Haupt August 2012 © 2012 Timothy Haupt PERFORMING WORKFARE AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE SO-CALLED ONE-EURO-JOBS Timothy Haupt, Ph. D. Cornell University 2012 Anthropological considerations of welfare reform, in their most compelling moments, mobilize ethnographic evidence to undermine the hegemony of a neoliberal project, which orients the logic of public services toward the market if it doesn’t privatize these services outright. While my dissertation draws on and engages these studies, my fieldwork on a new workfare program in Germany required me to pursue a very different line of inquiry. Interviews with persons encompassing a range of perspectives (workfare participants, NGO administrators, social workers, Job Center case workers, and Job Center administrators) quickly proved that it wasn’t the neoliberal rhetoric of the reformers that had become hegemonic but the politico- economic rhetoric of their critics. In order to come to terms with the significance of this, I (1) readdress the theoretical effect of ideology via a discussion of Weber, Freud, and Lacan, whereby I argue that “spirit” can, in psychoanalytic terms, be understood as socially produced desire; (2) show how the legal and institutional framework of Germany’s workfare state supports a rational-strategic relation to work but not a spirited one; (3) show how the political rhetoric of reform demoralizes the middle class just as their critical reaction ultimately dispirits those participating in the workfare programs; and (4) discuss the relevance of German MCs for the cultural framework surrounding welfare and its reform in that some refer to themselves as losers or deadbeats in lyrics that structurally resemble American gangsta rap.
    [Show full text]
  • 6Th Century Ad Hunnic Invasions 350 Germanic Peoples 750 Bc B
    Bronze Age Europe Limesfall 1700 bc - 1200 bc 260 Celts Hunnic Invasions 800 bc - 6th century ad 350 Germanic peoples Battle of Strasbourg 750 bc 357 Cimbrian War Migration Period 113 bc – 101 bc 376 - 700 Gallic Wars Battle of Adrianople 58 bc - 50 bc 378 Battle of Vosges Edict of Thessalonica 58 bc 380 Caesar's Rhine bridges Massacre of Thessalonica 55 bc - 53 bc 390 Roman military camps of the Rhineland Crossing of the Rhine 16 bc 406 Battle of the Teutoburg Forest Sack of Rome 9 410 Limes Germanicus Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 10 - 250 June 20, 451 Revolt of the Batavi Battle of Nedao 69 - 70 454 Germania Inferior Sack of 455 83 – 475 455 Germania by Tacitus Odoacer 98 476 Marcomannic Wars Merovingian Dynasty 166 – 180 481 - 751 Crisis of the Third Century Francia 235 - 284 481 – 843 Early Middle Ages Destruction of the Irminsul 493-861 772 Ostrogothic Kingdom Conquest of the Lombard kingdom 493 - 553 773 - 774 Battle of Tolbiac Massacre of Verden 496 October 782 Baptism of Clovis I Widukind's surrender 496 785 Gothic War Medieval knighthood 535 - 554 8th - 14th century Rule of Saint Benedict Carolingian Renaissance 540 late 8th - 9th century Lombards Viking Age 568 - 774 793 - 1066 Saint Boniface's missions Coronation of Charlemagne 716 - 754 December 800 Tithe Holy Roman Empire 8th - 19th century 800 - 1806 Donar's Oak Louis the Pious 724 813 – 840 Battle of Tours Battle of Fontenoy October 732 841 Carolingian Dynasty Oaths of Strasbourg 751 - 888 842 Pepin the Short - King of the Francs Treaty of Verdun 751 - 768 843 Saint
    [Show full text]
  • 60 Years of Social Market Economy
    60 YEARS OF SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT AND PERSPECTIVES OF A PEACEMAKING FORMULA Christian L. Glossner David Gregosz (Eds.) Published by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. Overview of a conference organised by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) in cooperation with the European Business Circle (EuBC) and the University of Oxford in Sankt Augustin, 30th November 2009. © 2010, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., Sankt Augustin/Berlin All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanically, without written permission of the publisher. Cover pictures: © fotolia | Credit © European Union, 2010 | dpa/picture-alliance Layout: SWITSCH KommunikationsDesign, Cologne. Printed by: Druckerei Franz Paffenholz GmbH, Bornheim. Printed in Germany. This publication was printed with financial support of the Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-3-941904-60-6 CONTENT 5 | PREFACE 7 | I. FORMATION AND IMpleMENTATION OF THE SOcial MaRkeT ECONOMY 9 | THE MAKING OF THE GERMAN POST-WAR ECONOMY Christian L. Glossner 21 | ON THE ECONOMIC ETHICS OF WALTER EUCKEN Manuel Wörsdörfer 43 | EMIL BRUNNER’S SOCIAL ETHICS AND ITS RECEPTION IN ORDOLIBERAL CIRCLES Tim Petersen 69 | AdVANCING THE NOTION OF A SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY: CONCEPTS FOR A RENEWAL OF ORDO- LIBERALISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTEGRA- TIVE ECONOMIC ETHICS Alexander Lorch 83 | II. TRANsfORMATION OF THE SOcial MaRkeT ECONOMY 85 | THE SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY AT SIXTY: PATH DEPENDENCE AND PATH CHANGES Lothar Funk 104 | FREE COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: SUPPORT COLUMN OR CRUMBLING PILLAR OF THE SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY Hagen Lesch 127 | SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS IN THE SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY: BETWEEN THE POLES OF SOCIAL POLICY AND MARKET FORCES? Christine Wolfgramm | Ines Läufer 145 | III.
    [Show full text]
  • Ernst-Ulrich Huster Benjamin Benz Jürgen Boeckh
    Ernst-Ulrich Huster Benjamin Benz Jürgen Boeckh First Report on the Implementation of the German NAPincl 2001-2003 May 2003 Preliminary remark In Germany, discussion about how to overcome mass unemployment and revenue shortage and to solve economic and social problems is now in a state of rapid flux. In the present re- port, only events, statistics, estimates etc. that occurred or were produced before the 1st of May 2003 will be taken into account. Further developments will be set out in the next report. Contents Executive summary 1. Approach and framework of Social Policy in Germany 2001 – 2003 2. Implementation of the first NAPincl to date 2.1 To facilitate participation in employment and access by all to resources, rights, goods and services a. Facilitating participation in employment aa. Overall situation bb. Most vulnerable groups (1.) Unemployed persons younger than 20 / 25 years (2.) Unemployed persons older than 50 / 55 years (3.) Long-term unemployed persons (4.) Disabled people (5.) Non-Germans and recent immigrants from the former SU and MEEC (“Spätaussied- ler”) cc) National labour market policy (1.) Policy measures and their effects on unemployment (2.) Compatibility of working life and family life: child-care (3.) Child-raising allowance, Child-raising time, Part-time jobs b. Facilitating access to resources, rights, goods and services for all aa) Social protection (1) Pensions and poverty of the elderly (2) Adjustment of social-assistance payments in accordance with the Social Assistance Act (BSHG) bb) Housing cc) Nursing/Medical care dd) Public services: education, justice ,culture, sports, leisure activities 2.2 Prevention the risk of exclusion a.
    [Show full text]