Archaeologist Volume 59 No

OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 59 NO. 1 WINTER 2009 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST Term 1956 thru 1967 .out of print Expires A.S.O. OFFICERS 1968-2007 $ 2.00 2010 President Michael Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Road, Cedarville, 1951 thru 1955 REPRINTS - sets only $20.00 OH 45314 (937) 766-5411. 2000 thru 2002 $ 5.00 2003 $ 6.00 2010 Wee President George Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Drive, Plain 2008 $ 4.00 City, OH 43064 (614) 879-9825. Postage for one $2.00, add $0.75 for every additional magazine ordered. 2010 Immediate Past President Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., The Archaeology of Ohio, by Robert N. Converse regular $60.00 Author's Edition $75.00 Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598. Postage, Add $ 5.00 2010 Executive Secretary Dennis Link, RO. Box 493, Amelia, OH Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally 45102(513)404-6425. out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to business office 2010 Treasurer Chris Rummel, 6197 Shelba Drive, Galloway, OH for prices and availability. 43119(614)558-3512 ASO CHAPTERS Aboriginal Explorers Club 2010 Recording Secretary Cindy Wells, 15001 Sycamore Road, Mt. President: Mark Kline, 1127 Esther Rd., Wellsville, OH 43968 (330) 532-1157 Vernon, OH 43050 (614) 397-4717. Beau Fleuve Chapter 2010 Webmaster Steven Carpenter, 529 Gray St., Plain City, OH. President: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 14004 (716) 681 -2229 43064(614)873-5159. Blue Jacket Chapter 2010 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, OH President: Ken Sowards, 9201 Hilgefort Rd., Fort Laramie, OH 45845 (937) 295-3764 43064(614)873-5471. Chippewa Valley Chapter TRUSTEES President: Erick Deel, 585 Diagonal Rd., Apt. #1119, Akron, OH 44320 (330) 762-4108 2010 Carl Harruff, Box 81, Sparta, OH 43350 (419) 253-4804. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter President: Norman Park, 4495 W. 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President: Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 (740) 653-9477 Sugar Creek Chapter PUBLICATIONS President: David Reed, 2469 Scott Drive, Wooster, OH 44691 (330) 264-2839 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Their Fires Are Cold Chapter Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $59.00 add $5.00 P-H President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad Rd., Sandusky, OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 Ohio Flint Types, (Author's Edition) $69.00 add $5.00 P-H Walhonding Valley Chapter Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $4.50 P-H President: Vince Fry, 28449 County Rd. 25, Warsaw, OH 43844 (740) 824-5171 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $4.50 P-H Wolf Creek Chapter The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse...$25.00 add $5.00 P-H President: Richard Henry, 685 Miller Rd., Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199 BUSINESS MANAGER Peggy Potter, 6478 Winchester Blvd., Suite 120, Canal Winchester, OH 43110 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 The Landis Site by Elaine Holzapfel 4 Harvard's Peabody Museum On-line Catalog Project Mick Van Steen Reveals Many Extraordinary Ohio Artifacts by Michael Rusnak 13 This is a special issue. On the front cover we feature artifacts from the Two Bannerstones and a Gorget collection of the Peabody Museum at Harvard University who has graciously by Chris Shoe 18 permitted us to share them with the people of Ohio. Ohio's Largest Winged Bannerstone by Todd Harding 19 Chiricahua Apache Artifacts /^^L by Marybeth Dawson 20 Mick Van Steen, President James Murphy Lifetime Achievement Award 21 Another Effigy Pipe From Dr. Meuser's Collection by D.R. Gehlbach 22 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology letter. A Fayette County Birdstone by Doug Stowers 23 Susan Haskell The Robinson-Hunt Site: A Middle Woodland Mound Along the Headwaters of the Scioto River Curatorial Associate by John C. Rummel 24 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology The ASO Participates in Ohio's Statehood Day 27 Harvard University Obryan Chert: An Overlooked and Misunderstood 11 Divinity Avenue Lithic Resource Cambridge, MA 02138 by James L Murphy 28

Two Tennessee Clay Tobacco Pipe Makers Dear Miss Haskell, by James L. Murphy 32 Explorations of a Hopewell Workshop Site Near Flint Ridge On behalf of the 2,600 members of The Archaeological Society of Ohio, by Kelly Hicks 34 archaeologists, scholars, and residents of Ohio who have an intense A Theory on the Use of Bannerstones interest in Ohio's prehistoric heritage, I want to thank you and the by David W. Didion 36 Peabody Museum for allowing us to publish photographs of some of Archaic Side Notch Point Found in Darke County by Brian Siefring 38 the Ohio artifacts in your collections. I believe that this may be the first A Hardin County Glacial Kame Bar Gorget time they will have been presented in full color. by Dale Reffitt 38 An Incised Gorget Fragment From Huron County Our Society is the largest state society in the United States and our by Matt Burr 39 journal, the Ohio Archaeologist, is now in its 59th year. I have been editor Four Hopewell Celts for 39 years and it has been one of my lifetime goals to publish artifacts by Mike Diano 39 from Ohio now in museum collections which have never been seen by An Eccentric From Stark County, Ohio the general public — especially in a modern format. by Garry Walter 40 Celt Fount in Two Pieces Again, thank you — it is a genuine contribution to the understanding of by Rose Grunewald 40 Ohio's past. ASO Chapter Presidents' Meeting January 18, 2009 — Columbus, Ohio 41 Sincerely, A Glacial Kame Gorget Found in Knox County by Jim Wyant 41

Standing Room Only for Archaeology in Darke County Robert N. Converse by Bill Fields & Suzie Carrington 42 Editor Membership Committee Report 43 The Ohio Archaeologist Back Cover Information 44

Front Cover: Two mica cutouts excavated from Turner Site in Hamilton Coounty, Ohio, between 1882 ans 1891 by Doctor Charles L. Metz.

3 THE LANDIS SITE by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

Larry Landis of Greenville, Ohio, has Archaic bevels (Figure 9), thick, sturdy, surface collected from approximately 100 The stemmed lanceolate (Figure 2), and frequently re-sharpened, saw heavy acres of cultivated ground in Greenville made of patinated gray flint from Harrison use. Landis found most of the bevels con Township, Darke County, for 15 years. He County, Indiana, occurred late in the Pa centrated on a ridge on the south side of selected the locality because of its promising leo period. The artifacts in Figure 3 could a tributary of Greenville Creek. The raw rolling topography, the presence of two be related to Hi-Lo points, which date to material in all the bevels is Four-Mile-Creek tributaries of Greenville Creek, and an the same time period. The top two are of chert. None have been heat treated. abundance of springs. Landis obtained Four-Mile-Creek chert, the first of which The rare and finely-crafted Dovetail exclusive permission from the land own was heavily heat treated. The third is of point made of Flint Ridge flint (Figure 10) ers to surface hunt their farms, and after Harrison County flint. served a special role in Archaic society. getting off work at 8:00 a.m., he spent many Darke County is noted for its abundant Probably used as a knife, it was likely hafted in hours in these fields. He explored the area remains of ice-age animals, such as a an ornately-carved handle made of wood in spring, fall, and winter, sometimes when recently excavated mastodon in Ross- or bone. the temperature dipped into the teens. Because burg and a giant ground sloth from nearby The artifact in Figure 11 is unusual. This of his foresight in keeping the artifacts seg Carter Bog. These huge animals must long narrow serrated point, lenticular in regated from those of other sites, a signifi have been well known to the Paleo people cross-section, is made of translucent gray cant contribution to the understanding of the and may have been their prey. Probably flint. Converse relates that he has seen prehistoric past in west-central Ohio has dressed in warm furs and traveling with only several that fit this description and been provided. sled dogs, the inhabitants of the Landis has suggested calling them stiletto points. In an effort to make this account as site may have wondered at the receding The artifact is tentatively assigned to the complete as possible, Landis made a de mile-high Wisconsin glacier on the northern Early Archaic period in this report. termined search and located former residents horizon. Heavy duty points (Figure 12) are further of the farms, family members, and their Around 10,000 years ago the climate examples of fine flint work accomplished descendants who may have had artifacts warmed rapidly, changing the lifeway of during the Early Archaic. All heavy duty from the site. He received permission to Paleo people forever — they probably points from the Landis site have serrated examine objects they had recovered long discussed climate change as much as we edges and are slightly worn, indicating that ago or inherited. Most of these artifacts do. Because tool types reflect change in these tools were heavily used. Typically, had been found at the site in the 1940s adaptation to the altered needs brought flint of subdued colors was selected for and are included in this report. The trail about by climate change and the extinction the manufacture of heavy duty points, and became cold when Landis learned that of the megafauna, Fluted points, some this can be seen in the Landis collection. other grandchildren and great-grandchildren of the finest flint work in the world, were Two heavy duty points are made of black had moved out of state, along with an un never produced again. Upper Mercer flint, two of lightly-tinted known quantity of site material. Flint Ridge flint, and one of gray unidenti EARLY ARCHAIC PERIOD fied chert. AUTHOR'S NOTE (10,000 BP-7,000 BP) The proliferation of point types reflects an adaptation to the spreading for Instead of cluttering the text with an The explosion of new types of flint est brought about by the warmer climate. abundance of references, I have listed artifacts in the Early Archaic period is People of the Early Archaic were hunter- most of them under Further Reading. noted at the Landis site; points are gatherers who appear to have occupied bifurcated, serrated, corner-notched, localities briefly during seasonal rounds PALEO-AMERICAN PERIOD side-notched, small and fine or heavy and for many generations as they gathered (12,000 BP to 10,500 BP) thick. The raw material of about half the hickory nuts, paw paws, berries, materials bifurcated points (Figure 4) is Four- for basketry, and hunted deer, turkey, and The site was first inhabited during the Mile-Creek chert, but the others are more numerous small animals. Paleo period. Unfluted Points (Figure 1) colorful and vitreous. They include Harrison are temporally diagnostic of earliest human County flint (Wyandotte chert), Coshocton MIDDLE ARCHAIC PERIOD occupation in west-central Ohio. All three (Upper Mercer) flint, and Flint Ridge flint. points pictured are made of Four-Mile- Both the large and small varieties of bi (7,000 BP - 5,000 BP) Creek chert, which is often of an earthy furcated points are represented, and all The great innovation of the Middle texture and color. Four-Mile-Creek chert exhibit delicate chipping. Archaic period was the manufacture of outcrops as a narrow tabular lens near The serrated corner-notched points ground stone tools, such as pestles, Fairhaven, Ohio, in Preble County, about (Figures 5, 6) at the Landis site are thin, grooved hammers, axes, and artifacts 40 miles distant. Like the early occupants finely finished, have no heat treatment, made of slate. The abundance of these of the Batten site in Darke County (Holzapfel and are made of flints ranging from coarse objects at the Landis site indicates that 2005), the Landis Paleo people carried to translucent. The large Kirk point at left the area was heavily occupied during the Four-Mile-Creek chert with them to the site. in Figure 5 is made of high-quality white Middle Archaic period. The preform for a The two Unfluted points in Figure 1, chert. The corner-notched points (Figure crescent bannerstone (Figure 26) indicates thin and sharpened to exhaustion, must 7), almost all made of heat-treated Four- that slate manufacture took place on the have been discarded. A pink tint can be Mile-Creek chert, appear to have been Landis site. seen on the left ear of the first point, which heavily utilized. could suggest an attempt at heat treating to Only two side-notched points are in Pestles (Figures 13, 14, 15) were used improve chipping quality. The third artifact the collection. The first side-notched point for grinding grain or pulverizing roots or in Figure 1 is an unfinished Paleo point. It in Figure 8 is made of unidentified brown fruits. Full-grooved and three-quarter displays both textures of Four-Mile-Creek chert, the second of Four-Mile-Creek chert. grooved axes and hammers (Figures 22,23, chert; it is vitreous and translucent at the base and coarse-grained near the tip.

4 24) were probably used in wood working. LATE ARCHAIC PERIOD Hopewell (2200 BP - 1500 BP) Celts (Figure 27) are thought to have had (5,000 BP - 2,500 BP) similar functions. Hopewell artifacts from the Landis site are shown in Figures 35, 36, and 37. Such banded slate creations as the In the Late Archaic, distinct cultures, Seven of the points in Figure 35 can be notched ovate (Figure 17) appear to have Red Ocher and Glacial Kame, appear in easily identified as Hopewell. The others had ceremonial significance. Although west-central Ohio. Although artifacts made were utilized, diminishing their diagnostic notched ovates are extremely rare, they by the Red Ocher culture are rare in Darke configuration. Five examples are of Flint have previously been recorded from Darke County, the basal half of a large Turkey- Ridge flint, two are of black Upper Mercer, County. At 3V inches long, this artifact is tail point (Figure 29) from the Landis site 2 two are of Logan County chert, and the slightly smaller than most ovates. marks its presence here. Turkeytail points others are of unidentified vitreous brown Biconcave slate bars (Figure 25) are are always made of nodular flint from flint. The slate gorget in Figure 36 dates to discussed in an article in this issue by Ron Harrison County, Indiana, and this one the Hopewell period, and the large celt in Thiebeau. These artifacts have not yet is no exception. What is an exception is Figure 37 also appears to be of Hopewell been dated. that this Turkeytail point was not part of manufacture. The second artifact in Figure 26 is a a cache and it was not ritually smashed, sub-rectangular bar. Figure 27 shows a but was broken by farm equipment. This is For use in their ceremonial centers in sub-rectangular bar with one end sharpened similar to other Turkeytail points reported Ross County, Ohio, the Hopewell obtained for use as a celt. from Darke County. exotic materials from distant areas. They traced shapes of bird claws and human Flint tools of the Middle Archaic include An unfinished Glacial Kame gorget is hands from mica, pounded beads of copper, McWhinney points (Figure 21). The distin shown in Figure 28. wore necklaces made of fossil shark teeth guishing feature of these heavy-stemmed The diminutive points in Figure 30 also and barracuda jaws, and fashioned fine points is that they are crude in appear date to the Late Archaic. The first example artifacts from conch shell, obsidian, and ance and are made of gray to tan Four- is polished, worn, and smooth. Since Landis chlorite. Such items have not been found Mile-Creek chert. On sites south of Darke picked it up on a rise, it was not water on village sites in Darke County. County, McWhinney points were often worn. This artifact may have been carried, heavily heat-treated, which sometimes im perhaps in a medicine bag, for an extended parted shades of deep purple and blue to length of time. Intrusive Mound the artifacts. Many McWhinney points on (1500 BP-1000 BP) the Landis site do not have heat treatment, WOODLAND PERIOD After the demise of the Hopewell although several exhibit tints of pink. Adena (2500 BP - 500 BP) Most of the Pentagonal points (Figure culture, there was a small occupation by 18) are made of striped Nethers flint and Figures 31, 32, 33, and 34 show arti Intrusive Mound people (so-called show heavy wear which has altered their facts made by the Adena people. That because they sometimes buried their shapes rendering them almost unrecog the site was occupied early in the Adena dead in the tops of Hopewell and Adena nizable. The nearly five-inch long example period is indicated by the rounded bases mounds) at the Landis site. The two deli (Figure 16) must have recently been plowed on about half the points. The square flat cate Intrusive Mound points in Figure 38, to the surface, because even though it is shape of bases on the rest of the points made of Four-Mile-Creek chert, are thin long, thin, and delicate, it shows no nicks denotes the presence of late Adena. The and side-notched. Intrusive Mound people or plow damage. It is identified as a pen first four Adena points in Figure 31 are smoked pipes and wore beads made of tagonal point based on the shape of the made of Boyle chert (Licking River flint). bone and antler. base and the raw material, Logan County The others include Four-Mile-Creek chert (Cedarville-Guelph) chert, which is a char and Upper Mercer (Coshocton) flint. The Fort Ancient (1100 BP - 400 BP) acteristic of Miami River pentagonals. large flat (broken) point in center is made The triangular points in Figure 39 were The two Bottleneck points (Figure 20) of Flint Ridge flint and dates to late in the made by the Fort Ancient People whose are almost identical to one another in raw Adena period. culture was centered along the Ohio River. The material (Four-Mile-Creek chert), size, and The cache blade in Figure 34 indicates points shown are thin and well-chipped, heat-treatment. Further, both are made on that the Adena of Darke County made despite the earthy texture of the tan chert. flakes, and thus exhibit one flat face. frequent use of Boyle or Licking River flint. All are made of Four-Mile-Creek chert except All the drills in Figure 19 are made of Boyle chert was quarried along the Licking one which is of black Upper Mercer flint. Four-Mile-Creek chert. The three pencil- River in Kentucky. Triangular points are the first true "arrow shaped examples show extensive heat Shown in Figure 32 is an Adena heads" because the bow and arrow had treatment. bi-concave slate gorget. Figure 33 shows just been invented. After the end of the Middle Archaic, both sides of a small quadriconcave The Fort Ancient culture differed from around 5,000 years ago, axes, pestles, gorget found by Mr. Landis. Typical of previous cultures, as Fort Ancient people grooved hammers, notched ovates and Adena slate work, the artifact is thick, with were influenced by the Mississippian culture Dovetail points were never made again. conical holes. along the Mississippi River. The makers Several details are known about the People of the Adena culture were of triangular points grew cornfields along physical appearance of people of the Mid prolific in western Ohio; they constructed the Ohio River and its tributaries. Because dle Archaic. The men stood about 5 feet 6 the 68 foot high Miamisburg Mound in more people could be fed, the population inches tall, females around 5 feet 2 inches. nearby Montgomery County. Many men, grew. There must have been conflict as In ceremonies shamans wore headdress and some women, stood 6 to 7 feet tall. some people met violent deaths — triangular es made of deer antlers. Archaic people Some of them beautified themselves by points have been found embedded in human loved their dogs, who were probably part altering the shapes of their skulls. bones. Because so much of their diet ners in hunting. Burials of dogs have been consisted of starchy corn, their teeth fre found, some of which had been interred with quently became abscessed and this was humans. sometimes a cause of death.

5 CONCLUSIONS DeRegnaucourt, Tony 2005 A Paleoamerican Lithic Industry 1991 A Field Guide to the Prehistoric in Darke County. Ohio From the time the Wisconsin glacier Point Types of Indiana and Ohio. Archaeologist 55 (1):13.12 receded from Darke County 12,000 years UMVARM, Arcanum, Ohio. 2008 The Adena Presence in Darke ago, the Landis site was intermittently 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the County, West-Central Ohio. Ohio occupied. It was frequently visited during Midwest. UMVARM, Arcanum, Archaeologist the Middle Archaic period as evidenced Ohio. by the abundance of diagnostic flint arti Long, Russell J. facts as well as axes, hammers, and celts. Georgiady, Jeffrey 1962 The Raisch-Smith Site Near Throughout all time periods, the read 1983 The Origins of Cherts Used at the Oxford, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist ily obtainable Four-Mile-Creek chert was Raisch-Smith Site. Ohio (243):3, 4. heavily relied upon, although the Adena Archaeologist 33(2):44. at the Landis site had a special regard 1986 The Miami Valley Archaic Lutz, David L. for Boyle chert from Kentucky. That farm Complex. Ohio Archaeologist 2000 The Archaic Bannerstone. machinery is hard on artifacts can be seen 32(2):26-30. "The Notched Ovate" pp. 274- by comparing the large unbroken pieces 283. Newburgh, IN. recovered 70 years ago with fragmented Georgiady, Jeffrey and Ric Matchette and smaller examples found today. 1998 An Adena Lithic Procurement Site Phillips, James L and James A. Brown Tributaries of Greenville Creek provided in Kentucky. Ohio Archaeologist 1983 Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in fish, turtles, and ducks, the numerous 48(1):21,22. the American Midwest. Academic springs supplied plenty of fresh water, and Press, NY. the forest teemed with game, so it is pre Holzapfel, Elaine dictable that the Landis site would have 1993 A Paleoindian Site near Greenville, Royer, Jacob been a good place to live. Ohio, in Darke County. Ohio 1956 Notched Ovate Banners. Ohio Archaeologist 43(4):16,17. Archaeologist (6) 2. REFERENCES AND 1994 The Stephan Site: A Manifestation FURTHER READING of the Miami Valley Archaic in Shane, Linda Darke County. 1976 Late-Glacial and Postglacial Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc. Ohio Archaeologist 43(3):4. Palynology and Chronology of 1993 The Sabre Farms Site (33Ro385). 1994 The Thiebeau Site. Ohio Darke County, West Ohio Archaeologist 43(2):30-34. Archaeologist 44(1): 15-20. Central Ohio. University 1994 On the Trail of Four-Mile-Creek Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Bartlett, Jim Chert. Ohio Archaeologist 1999 A Darke County Adena Site. 44(2):12, 13. Thiebeau, Ron Ohio Archaeologist 49(l):8, 9. 1995 The Caps Sun Site: A Preliminary 2009 Biconcave Slate Bars. Ohio Report. Ohio Archaeologist Archaeologist 59 (1). Britt, Claude 45(4):4-7. 1992 The Archaeology of West-Central 1996 The Iron Bridge Site. Ohio Ohio: a Discussion 25 Years After Archaeologist 46(2):10-13. a Master's Thesis. Ohio 2000 The Giant Ground Sloth from Archaeologist 42(3):40, 41. Darke County. Ohio Archaeologist 50(2):21-23. Converse, Robert N. 2001 The Paleoamerican Occupation 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological of Darke County, Ohio, and Society of Ohio, Columbus. Environs. MA thesis, 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological Ball State University, Muncie. Society of Ohio, Columbus. 2004 The Rossburg Mastodon. Ohio 2000 Ohio Stone Tools. Archaeological Archaeologist 54(4):14-16. Society of Ohio, Columbus. 2004 Archaeology and Artifacts of 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. Darke County. Archaeological Archaeological Society of Ohio, Investigations LLC. Columbus.

A Note From Larry Landis: I want to thank the landowners forgiving me the privilege of spending so many hours in their fields. Also thanks to those who graciously invited me into their homes to examine artifacts found long ago. Without their help, this report could not have been written.

6 IN INC IN , ~j "JML .' 1 I wfw 1 w ^F J*' 2 2

'1 3 B • ~ ± Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Piano Lanceolate point. m f Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Two exhausted Unfluted points M. M and one unfinished Fluted or Unfluted point. All of 4 tF Four-Mile-Creek chert. (12,000 BP to 10,500 BP). Figure 3 (Holzapfel) Three artifacts which may be related to Hi-Lo points.

IXCHEl

« Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Large and small bifurcated Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Serrated corner-notched points. (Early Archaic 10,000 BP to 7,000 BP). points. About half were made of Four-Mile- Creek chert. (Early Archaic).

Figure 6 (Holzapfel) Serrated corner-notched t points. None have been heat treated.

Figure 7 (Holzapfel) Corner-notched points without serrations. All are Four- Figure 8 (Holzapfel) Side-notched points. Mile-Creek chert and all have been heat treated. (Early Archaic).

7 \ Figure 9 (Holzapfel) Bevels. All are made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. None were heat-treated. Figure 10 (Holzapfel) Dovetail point, a rare and expertly-made artifact. (Early Archaic).

INCHES

INCHES 1 Figure 12 (Holzapfel) 1 Heavy Duty points. 2 All are serrated and made 2 of vitreous I 3 flint. (Early Archaic)

4 3

! 5

Figure 11 (Hetlzapfel) Unusual long, narrow serated point Figure 13 (Holzapfel) Pestles found at the Landis made of tran slucent gray flint. 6 site in the 1940s.

Figure 75 (Holzapfel) Pestles found by Larry Landis.

Figure 14 (Holzapfel) Pestle found in the 1940s. The owner used it many years ago to grind corn for her chickens. Middle Archaic (7,000 BP to 5,000 BP). INCHES ^£ ^^ ^fl *'"• j^ 1 jfl hfeflJ ft

2 • ^B

^^ ^ 4^ F/gure 7 7 (Holzapfel) Small notched ovate made of banded slate. This rare artifact was found in the 1940s. Middle Archaic (7,000 BP to 5,000 BP).

Figure 16 (Holzapfel) Pristine pentagonal point made of Logan County chert found NCHES by Larry Landis.

Figure 20 (Holzapfel) Bottleneck points. Four-Mile-Creek chert.

Figure 19 (Holzapfel) Drills all made of Four-Mile-Creek chert. The pencil-shaped drills provide good examples of the effects of heat treatment.

Figure 18 (Holzapfel) Pentagonal points which show heavy wear. Most are made of striped Nethers flint. Figure 21 (Holzapfel) McWhinney points appear crude and thick. 9 Figure 22 (Holzapfel) Three-quarter grooved axe found a number of years ago, measures 9'12 inches long. The groove has no polish. Middle Archaic (7,000 BP to 5,000 BP)

Figure 23 (Holzapfel) Full-grooved axe, same site. The wide groove is highly polished. Middle Archaic (7,000 BP to 5,000 BP).

Figure 25 (Holzapfel) Biconcave slate bar. Found in the 1940s.

Figure 24 (Holzapfel) Axes and grooved hammers found by Larry Landis.

INCHES

2 ^^K^B

4 Tk

Figure 26 (Holzapfel) First, a polished slate preform for a Figure 27 (Holzapfel) Celts made of porphyry, slate crescent bannerstone. Second, a sub-rectangular slate bar. 'u and quartzite. HES

Figure 30 (Holzapfel) Diminutive points, first of which is smooth and polished, as if carried in a medicine bag. These have been Figure 29 (Holzapfel) Base of Turkeytail point, Red Ocher radiocarbon dated to Late culture (5,000 to 2,500 BP) Archaic (5,000 to 2,500 BP)

Figure 28 (Holzapfel) Unfinished Glacial Kame gorget, drilling for second hole started. (5,000 BP to 2,500 BP) INCI

Figure 32 (Holzapfel) Adena bi-concave slate pendant. Found in the 1940s.

Figure 31 (Holzapfel) Adena points. First four are made of Boyle chert from near the Licking River in Kentucky. Adena (2,500 BP to 1,500 BP) IN

INCHES

Figure 34 (Holzapfel) Adena cache blade made of Boyle chert, which Figure 33 (Holzapfel) Both sides of a small, thick Adena quadriconcave gorget made of was quarried near the Licking River banded slate. Found by Larry Landis. in Kentucky. 11 Figure 35 (Holzapfel) Hopewall points. Some of these are classic examples, but others, rough in appearance, have been frequently utilized. Materials include Flint Ridge flint, Logan County chert, Four-Mile-Creek chert, and Upper Mercer flint. (2,200 BP to 1,500 BP) Figure 36 (Holzapfel) Hopewell slate gorget. Found in the 1940s.

Figure 38 (Holzapfel) Intrusive Mound points, made of Four-Mile-Creek chert (Date to 1,500 BP to 1,000 BP)

INCHES

1 INCHE8 ml f^M JL\ m 1

2 ^ x

^^L J

Figure 39 (Holzapfel) Triangular points, all made of Four-Mile- Creek chert, except one of Upper Mercer. These are the first true arrowheads. (1,100 BP to 400 BP)

Figure 37 (Holzapfel) Large Hopewell celt in almost perfect condition. Found by the property owner when he was clearing his field of rocks.

SILENT AUCTION DONORS AT MARCH 2009 MEETING Gary Nole • Mick Van Steen • Bill Pinkston • Bill Hardy Robert Curry • Steele's Display Cases • Jim Johnston • Keenan and Dwayne Swick Jeff Smith • Garry Mumaw • Barry Williams • John Mocic

12 HARVARD'S PEABODY MUSEUM ON-LINE CATALOG PROJECT REVEALS MANY EXTRAORDINARY OHIO ARTIFACTS Renews an Old Connection Between the Peabody Museum and Ohio Archeology by Michael Rusnak 4642 Friar Rd. Stow, OH 44224 [email protected]

It was an act of enlightenment, in 1887, DeBono Schafer, the Senior Collections The clear photographs of the clay Boston citizens raised enough money Manager, related that "Many of these are figurines in themselves are worth the few ($6000, or $145,000 in today's money) to field photographs of the archaeological moments it takes to look at the site. Here allow the Peabody Museum of Archaeology expeditions conducted between 1870 and are images of the faces and figures in clay and Ethnology at Harvard University to 1930, including several hundred of the early of a few of these ancient individuals whose purchase 60 acres of property and save Ohio excavations. Many of these have worn and broken stone tools are still found the largest effigy earthwork in the world never been seen by the public before." He in Ohio fields. Details such as the copper from obliteration—the great Serpent also noted that "Currently, the majority of disks in their hair and ears, or the high, Mound of Ohio. the artifacts images are medium-resolution laced moccasins become evident in these Frederic Putnam, the Museum's second preview images. High-resolution images pictures, as can be seen in figure 6. And director, had led this effort after a return are available to in-house researchers; there are more. An unusual buffalo pendant visit to the Serpent made him realize how sometime in 2010, we hope to offer these from the catalog (figure 7) is but one of much damage it had suffered in a short high-resolution images to the general public many Madisonville pieces. time. Later in May 1900, the property was via the web-site." The Peabody's extensive catalog, one given to the Ohio State Archaeological For the Ohio artifacts, this catalog of that includes literally thousands of prehis and Historical Society "for perpetual care fers photographs of many of the more toric Ohio pieces, renews an old connection. as a free public park." common and less spectacular pieces, as While early techniques for archaeological As sources note, this act was one of well as fresh photographs of those that exploration left much to be desired, the many in an association between the Peabody are unique and remarkable. In short, this uniqueness of these artifacts remains a and Ohio archeology. One source points is an attempt to show the scope of the source of amazement for anyone with an out that "One of the purposes of its [the collection. Additionally, the entries are interest in prehistoric Ohio. The clear pho Peabody's] foundation was to explore easily searched and found. The number of tographs of many of the Ohio pieces in the the Ohio mounds then threatened with entries returned on simple searches illus Harvard's Peabody Museum can be easily destruction," and that Harvard University trates the variety of Ohio artifacts that are searched and seen on its online catalog. In began "to concern itself with the mounds pictured in the catalog. A key word search short, it can be a useful tool to the student of with the establishment of the Peabody in of the catalog for "Ohio" returns 2,886 Ohio archaeology. Perhaps these pictures 1866."* entries with photographs and basic infor can still help us piece together the story of Excavations by Putnam and others in mation. A keyword search for "Turner" re Ohio's prehistoric past. All of that aside, it those early days brought a sizeable number veals 770 records; likewise, "Madisonville" is simply a real delight to see some of these of prehistoric Ohio pieces into the Peabody's returns 885, "Liberty" 128 and "Turpin" 195 objects in the clarity of fresh photographs. collection. Although a student of Ohio objects. Selecting "show all" reveals more The author would like to thank the archeology may lament the methods of about what is interesting in this catalog. A Peabody Museum for granting Ohio Arche- these early archeologists, the names of variety of artifact types appear; potsherds, ologist permission to use the photographs some of the sites they excavated-Turner, broken points, flint scrapers, bone awls, that accompany this article. Liberty, Madisonville-still seem almost bone whistles, slate, shell beads, drilled legendary. Unfortunately, images of the shark teeth, encrusted copper, and bits of References: more spectacular artifacts from these meteoric iron. sites have previously existed mostly in a The Peabodys' catalog can serve as a Brown, Edward Hoagland few grainy photographs of the old reports, useful study supplement to the old reports. "Harvard and the Ohio Mounds" while less spectacular pieces are refer It visually reveals in detail the variety of The New England Quarterly, Vol. 22, enced only in lists within the texts. items collected in those early excavations. No. 2 June 1949, pp. 205-228 However, artifacts from some of these It adds some immediacy to the lists and Hinsley, Curtis The Museum Origins of early sites can literally be seen in a new descriptions in the reports. For example, Harvard Anthropology 1866-1915, light through the Internet. A small part of the volume of Ohio pottery pictured could "Science at Harvard University: Historical the early association between the Peabody be a useful and speedy resource to some Perspectives, edited by Clark Elliot and and Ohio archaeology is in a sense being one reviewing cord marks or types of Margaret Rossiter revived by the Peabody's expanding on-line whole vessels. catalog, which can be found at http://www. Of course, seeing fresh photographs Ohio Historical Society: peabody.harvard.edu/ (figure 1). of the unique pieces is what really draws http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ As a whole, the catalog is an extensive the attention. The shimmering symmetry work. Susan Haskell, a Curatorial Associate of the skillfully cut mica serpent can be Peabody on-line catalog: with the Peabody, related that it has more seen in figure 2, for example, or the mica http: www.peabody.harvard.edu/ than 300,000 entries from the Museum's bear in figure 3. Similarly, the incised bone Randall, E. O. total holdings of about a half million true with it's suggestive bird imagery and the Serpent Mound Adams County, Ohio objects. She clarified that although a single copper scroll with its sense of geometry Kessinger Publishing, 2003 pot may be an assemblage of many in from the Turner group (figures 4 and 5) im dividual shards, it is counted as a single mediately reveal the skillful artistry of the Note object. In addition to artifact images in Hopewell Culture. These photographs are a 'Edward Hoagland Brown, "Harvard and the catalog, the Museum recently added refreshing improvement over the old black the Ohio Mounds," The New England about 30,000 photographs from their and white photos and sketches in Charles Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 2 June 1949, p. 205 Photographic Archive Collection. David Willoughby's 1922 report.

13 i^ Peabody Museum Collections Online Of AK • . O G '•' A N I

mowse SELECTION PERFORM A SEARCH RESEARCHER OPTIONS

Welcome to the Collections of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. There are two methods available to view the collections. You can choose either to browse a special collection or to perform a search according to your own Interests. Researchers can choose more advanced options. 99-12-10/53047 Side-fold dress Plains, Central; Lakota?/Cheyenne?

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NOTE

IN 1882, Mr. Michael Turner, mi whose estate the group of earthworks described in the following paper was situated gave the Peabody Museum of Harvard University the ex elusive right of exploration, Previous to this date, the larger of the two luinuli within the elevated circle was known locally as the Whittlesey mound, in honor of the arenas Preface to the 1922 Peabody Museum ologisi who hrieflj described a portion of these remains in report on The Turner Group of a paper published in 1850. Professor Putnam made arrange Earthworks, Hamilton County, Ohio. ments with Dr. Charles I,. Metz of Madisonville, to carry on the exploration, which was begun in May, 1882, and was continued as funds and time would permit, until the Editor's note: The Hopewell Earthworks autumn of 1891. Little was done subsequent to this date. known as the Turner Group has now been Mr. Volls explored several graves in 1905, and final work all but totally obliterated by gravel on mound Ifi was completed in 1908. In the third volume of quarrying operations. the Reports of the Peabody Museum. Professor Putnam has given brief notices of the investigations as they progressed, and has alsu called attention to some of the more important discoveries.

t MUtRlUGB, MAHHACHUHETTH Man* 1, 1922

14 Figure 2: Serpent effigy, Turner Group 82-35-10/29683. All photographs are used with permission of the Peabody Museum.

Figure 3: Mica ornament, an animal resembling a bear, Turner Group. 82-35-10/30003.1

15 Figure 4: Bone with incised decoration, Turner Group. 89-15-10IA455

Figure 5: Scroll ornament, Turner Group. 82-35-10/29898

16 Figure 6: Male effigy figurine, Turner Group. 82-35-10/29689

Figurine 7: Cannel coal effigy, buffalo figure, Madisonville. 97-38-10/62935 17 TWO BANNERSTONES AND A GORGET Chris Shoe, Fletcher, Ohio In the color plate are three artifacts from my collection. The winged bannerstone has on the reverse side a fine Spencerian script incising which says "Found fourth of July, 1876." The Chlorite pick bannerstone is from Lorain County, and the bottom partially drilled red slate gorget was found near Greenville Creek in Darke County, Ohio.

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19 CHIRICAHUA APACHE ARTIFACTS by Marybeth Dawson Pearce, Arizona

These items were found near my home The bear fetish, made of a grey-green I wonder if this fetish was used, in vain, in the Dragoon Mountains of southeast slate-like stone, is historic and not Apache- to cure Cochise, who died here in 1874, Arizona. I live in Cochise Stronghold, made. It was probably traded to an Apache probably of stomach cancer. He was secretly which was the home of the great Chiricahua medicine man who had the power to heal buried nearby. Ironically, two weeks after Chief Cochise and his Chokonen band of with a bear ceremony. According to Morris I found this fetish, a cinnamon black bear Apaches. It is a canyon surrounded by Opler's An Apache Life-Way, only Apaches appeared on our land! great granite cliffs and would have been who had eaten bear were given the power The carved antler knife is Apache-made the perfect refuge for these people who to do bear ceremony. To other Apaches, and similar to one found in an abandoned spent most of their lives fighting for their bear was to be feared! It was killed only camp in the Sierra Madre of Mexico where land after the White Eyes decided to help in self-defense and if you came in contact Apaches took refuge and lived in hiding as themselves. with a bear in any way you would get sick. recently as the 1920s.

Figure 2 (Dawson) Carved antler dagger made by the Apaches. It is similar to those found in abandoned Apache camps in the Sierra Madres.

Figure 1 (Dawson) Two views of bear fetish probably traded to the Apaches and used in their Bear Ceremony.

OBITUARY — DALLAS BURTON

The ASO has lost one of its oldest members. Dallas Burton of Cincinnati passed away in December 2008. Dallas had been a member of our Society since the 1950s and bad regularly attended our meetings except when his health failed in recent years. Dallas was a US Navy veteran of WWII having served on the USS San Jacinto. Our condolences go to his wife Doris and his family. He will be sorely missed by his family and many friends.

20 JAMES MURPHY RECEIVES LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARD

At the November meeting James L. ogy include The Archaeological History of articles and essays to the Ohio Archaeologist. Murphy, professional archaeologist and The Hocking Valley (Ohio University Press Jim Murphy is a meticulous researcher geologist, was presented a LIFETIME 1975), a compilation of his exhaustive and an accomplished writer. His writings ACHIEVEMENT AWARD by the Archaeo research in the I Hocking River Valley in include numerous articles, papers and logical Society of Ohio. southeastern Ohio. In 1977 he wrote essays. James Murphy has spent a lifetime in A Bibliography of Ohio Archaeology, Murphy is the second recipient of this the fields of archaeology and geology and published by the Ohio Historical Society, award, the first being given posthumously is considered one of Ohio's most accom which is the most complete bibliography to Dr. Otaf Prufer in 2008. plished archaeologists and archaeological on Ohio archaeology ever published in our scholars. His publications in archaeol state. He has contributed many important

February 17 2009

Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City OH 43064

James L. Murphy receiving from Editor Robert Converse a Lifetime Achievement Award at the November meeting of the Archaeological Bob, Society of Ohio.

I want to thank you and the Ohio Archaeological Society for the signal honor of awarding me the lifetime achievement award at the January 18th meeting of the Society. I would like the officers, trustees, and membership to know of my appreciation.

Being only the second person to be given this award and to follow my mentor, the late Dr. Olaf H. Prufer, makes this particularly gratifying to me.

It is also presents a responsibility that I hope to live up to by continuing to devote time to working in Ohio archaeology.

I would be remiss not to take this occasion to recognize the Society's success in furthering the study of archaeology in Ohio, not only by awards such as this and the Converse Award but also by increasing interest in Ohio archaeology through the Society's regular meetings, special conferences, and publication of the Ohio Archaeologist. c

Jim Murphy

21 ANOTHER EFFIGY PIPE FROM DR. MEUSER'S COLLECTION REVEALS MANY EXTRAORDINARY OHIO ARTIFACTS by D. R. Gehlbach Columbus, Ohio

Gordon F. Meuser of Columbus, Ohio re-labeled with Ohio location data. This pipe has both the overall configu was regarded as one of the leading con Among the pipes Meuser cataloged into ration and features of a distinctive style of servators of prehistoric pipes especially his collection was the pictured snake head altar pipes. It is made of dense steatite in a during his prime collecting years starting effigy pipe, from Marietta, Ohio. Although modified elbow form with the effigy feature in 1920 and continuing to the mid-1950s. proposed as a snake carving its identity is projecting in front of the bowl and facing Doc often told the writer that the individu not clear because of its crude execution. away from the smoker. The main section alized expressions on most pipes set them Despite the unrefined characteristics of housing the stem is rectangular, the base apart from all other artifacts. And pipes this pipe, because of its size, 6V4" by 4" is flat for altar placement and its bowl is were probably the most valued possessions by 3", and configuration, it belongs to the oversized to facilitate extended service at of pre-Columbian people. Meuser's deter family of Woodland Period altar pipes. This ritual smoking events. The stem cavity av mined efforts to obtain the unique forms terminology is usually applied to sand erages 1V2" diameter and the bowl is rect of prehistoric pipes resulted in the stone, limestone, steatite and soapstone angular with a maximum cavity diameter of accumulation of an unsurpassed array mostly effigy pipes having bulky, exagger over 274". Both the stem and bowl were of one-of-a-kind Ohio specimens. ated or figurative characteristics. Many gouged or reamed out to create their over In 1954 Meuser and his fellow Columbus examples lack much detailing that would sized cavities. Notice the striation marks in Ohio artifact collector, Dr. Stanley Cope- reveal the effigy's identity. the bowl. land, helped Raymond Baby of the Ohio Altar pipes are thought to be the ritual The pipe's surface has been somewhat Archaeological and Historical Society set products of Woodland Period societies degraded through natural exposure and up the Augustine T. Wehrle Artifact collec living primarily in the mid-section of the probably agricultural equipment. tion for sale. Wehrle, a one-time Newark, country. They were probably used com The effigy depiction is represented by Ohio industrialist (stove manufacturing), munally at smoking events involving multiple its facial features. Its eyes are broadly had amassed a diversified inventory of participants. Their relatively large proportions spaced, indented and circular with flat rear artifacts, many stored away at the time and sizable bowl capacities would have surfaces. The mouth incision is v shaped of his death. He also sponsored a series facilitated shared smoking activities. The and curves outwardly at the bottom. There of area mound excavation projects in the featured effigy impersonation likely had is a slight indication of a lower lip. The 1930's, adding many Early Woodland an important symbolic role when used at effigy's head is broad and rounded. In profile Period artifacts to his collection. Among ritual smoking events. it resembles a snake head. Since there is the thousands of relics he had accumu Widely scattered Ohio altar pipes have no further detailing on the pipe this is only lated were a number of pipes coveted by been found usually at riverine-related a cursory observation. Meuser. sites. Some of the specimens may have Dr. Meuser proudly placed his Weh Following some friendly verbal jostling, been obtained or copied from Copena culture rle acquisition in the front row on a shelf Meuser and Copeland, the two auction people residing along southern rivers such display in his pipe cabinet at his home on organizers, selected certain items from as the Tennessee River in Tennessee and Summit Street in Columbus, Ohio. We are the sale as remuneration for their efforts. Alabama. Ohio examples made of ste fortunate to be able to document this inter Meuser chose a number of slate arti atite or its mineral cousin soapstone, non- esting artifact over 50 years later. facts and some of Wehrle's effigy pipes. native raw materials, were likely southern Once in the collection the pipes were imports.

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Side view of steatite snake head effigy pipe labeled Marietta, Ohio. Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Front view of steatite snake head effigy pipe, labeled Marietta, Ohio.

22 A FAYETTE COUNTY BIRDSTONE by Doug Stowers Grove City, Ohio

This birdstone was found in 1993 in a plowed field in Madison Township, Fayette County, Ohio, near Paint Creek. It is classed as a "chunky" style birdstone (Converse 1978). It has several similarities to the chunky variety — the small compact size, and lack of drilling. The birdstone is completely finished except for the lack of suspension holes — the rear holes are started but stopped short of the intersection and the front holes are not started at all. This drilling is reminiscent of a birdstone published by Ken Simper of Hamilton, Indiana (Simper - 2004). The Simper bird was found in Montgomery County, In diana, and is 3 1/4 inches long. His bird, like this example, has incomplete rear holes and none in front. Another birdstone found in Holmes County, Ohio, (Farrow - 1988) also has partial drilling. Perhaps the lack of complete drilling is a trait of the chunky type and for some reason was not required for the birdstone to be complete.

Reference: 1978 Converse, Robert N. - Ohio Slate Types The Archaeological Society of Ohio

1988 Farrow, David - A Holmes County Birdstone, The Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 38, No. 3

2004 Simper, Ken - A Rarity in Material The Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 54, No. 2

Figure 1 (Stowers) Various views of a Fayette County Chunky Birdstone

23 THE ROBINSON-HUNT SITE: A MIDDLE WOODLAND MOUND ALONG THE HEADWATERS OF THE SCIOTO RIVER by John C. Rummel 6197Shelba Drive Galloway, Ohio 43119-8933

On April 3, 1882, General James S. ated artifacts. First, the artifacts show the for the accession data and photographs of Robinson and L.T. Hunt presented a group builders of the mound were engaged in the the extant artifacts from the site. of artifacts to the Smithsonian Institution ideology of the Hopewell phenomenon, along with a brief description of the site and this is the first recorded example of References Cited from where they were discovered. They Hopewell influence in Hardin County and were catalogued, curated and lost to northwestern Ohio. The copper artifacts Griffin, James B. archaeology for 102 years until Dr. James are synonymous with the elaborate burial 1984 A Short Talk about a Small Griffin re-discovered the artifacts and gave artifacts found on major Hopewell sites in Hopewell Site in Ohio. Paper a brief discussion of the site and artifacts the southern Ohio watersheds. The copper presented at the Midwestern (Griffin, 1984). and mica artifacts also would not typi Archaeological Conference, The Robinson-Hunt site was located cally be found in the mound fill, so they Chicago, Illinois. in Lynn Township, Hardin County, Ohio, were most likely associated with burials, on the south side of the Scioto River on although no mention is made of any hu Jeffries, Richard W. property owned by Messrs. Robinson and man remains being uncovered during the 1976 The Tunacunnhee Site: Evidence Hunt. The mound was oblong in shape, 40 digs. Griffin suggested at least two or of Hopewell Interaction in x 50 feet in diameter and around five feet more adult male burials would have been Northwest Georgia. high before being leveled. It was stated interred in the mound based on the types of Anthropological Papers, 1. that various parties had excavated the copper artifacts recovered in the mound. University of Georgia, Athens. mound from time to time, but no indication The presence of the panpipes also suggests is given of what items, if any, were found shamanic elements at the site. Panpipes Rummel, John C. in the tumulus. have been associated with "shaman-like" 2006 The North Benton Mound: A Middle In 1880, Mrs. Collins, a neighbor to the burials at several sites, including Tunacun- Woodland Ceremonial Site in site, found the artifacts that were presented nhee (Jeffries, 1976), Turner (Willoughby Mahoning County, Ohio. Paper by Robinson and Hunt to the institution. and Hooton, 1922), and the North Benton presented at Hopewell: Origins, Several copper objects were discovered mound (Rummel, 2006). Since the two Artistry and Culture symposium along with two flint objects, mica and a from this site are covered with silver, this of the Archaeological Society of rectangular gorget. Additional artifacts, also puts the site in a more exclusive class Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. including pottery and stone implements, of hopewellian mortuary sites (figure 7) were found by Professor Palmer, of the as only 8 known sites have produced Turff, Gina M., and Christopher Carr Smithsonian, and L.T. Hunt when they panpipes of copper and silver (Turff and 2005 Hopewellian Panpipes from surveyed prehistoric sites in Hardin County Carr, 2005). Eastern North America. In in the summer of 1882. The two points of Flint Ridge flint also Gathering Hopewell: Society, denote a probable interaction with the Ritual, and Ritual Interaction. Christopher Carr and D. Troy Case, Artifacts from the mound Middle Woodland occupations in Licking County. If the dates proposed by Griffin eds., Pp. 648-695. Klewer Of the artifacts in the collection, only are accurate, this would be in the same Acadernic/Plenurn Publishers, the 9 small mica plates (Ace. 61177) could timefirame as the Newark earthworks. A New York. not be located, and unfortunately, no other copper celt, similar to 1B, was found in description is given for them to ascertain the large circular enclosure at Newark by a Willoughby, Charles O, their size or shape. The remaining eight person metal detecting and turned over to and Ernest A. Hooton objects are described as follows: the Ohio Historical Society several years 1922 The Turner Group of Earthworks, ago. Hamilton County, Ohio. Papers 61171: Copper adze 9 cm x 4.8 cm (bit) x The Robinson-Hunt site represents a of the Peabody Museum, 8(3). 2.8 cm (poll), (figure 1a). potential early Middle Woodland mortuary Harvard University, Boston. 61172: Copper celt 2.7 cm x 2.3 cm (bit) x site with ties to the Hopewell phenomenon 1.8 cm (poll), (figure 1b). in Ohio. Its location is also 61173: Copper breastplate largest fragment the first known record of 9.2 cm x 10.8 cm x.1 cm (figure 2) the Hopewell influence in 61174: Three tube panpipe, copper with northwest Ohio, and similar silver foil 8.2 cm. x 4.3 cm x 1 cm (figure 3 a) sites likely exist or were 61175: Copper crescent 15 cm x 2 cm destroyed by cultivation, (broken in two pieces) (figure 4) construction and early, un 61176: Thin sheet of silver, possibly part reported excavations. of a panpipe, 4.8 cm x 3.1 cm (figure 3b) 61178: Scraper of Flint Ridge flint, 2.8 cm Acknowledgements x 3.6 cm. (figure 5a) 61179: Broken point of Flint Ridge flint, 3.4 I would like to thank Willard cm x 2.5 cm. (figure 5b) Bacon for first telling me 61180: Two-hole rectangular gorget, broken, about the site and providing black slate. 6.6 cm x 2.9 cm. (figure 6) me with a copy of Griffin's 1984 paper. I would also like to thank James Krak- Conclusions ker of the Smithsonian Several deductions can be made from Institution's National Mu Figure 1 Copper adze (A) and celt (B). the Robinson-Hunt site and its associ- seum of Natural History

24 25 copper panpipes with a silver overlay. THE ASO PARTICIPATES IN OHIO'S STATEHOOD DAY

On March 3, 2009, Dr. Brian Foltz, Carl nizations throughout Ohio in order to keep As a means of gaining more exposure Harruff and John C. Rummel represented sites running and promote Ohio's history. with Ohio's legislators, it has been recom the Archaeological Society of Ohio at The keynote speaker was Jim Tressel, mended to the ASO Board of Directors Ohio's Statehood Day at the Statehouse Coach of The Ohio State University Buck that honorary memberships be given to in Columbus, Ohio. The day was spent eyes. He comes from an historical family; the current term Governors and Lieutenant interacting with historians and legislators his mother being the former president of Governors, and that local chapters consid and taking part in activities that included the Berea Historical Society. The ASO pre er doing the same for their local represen meeting with representatives from around sented Coach Tressel with copies of our tatives. The exposure and word of mouth the state. The focus was on obtaining journals which he kept with him even while will help ensure our voice is heard on any more financial support for historical orga presenting his address. legislation that could affect our interests.

From left to right: Past ASO President Dr. Brian Foltz; ASO Legislative Chairperson John C. Rummel; Coach Jim Tressel, The Ohio State University; ASO Trustee Carl Harruff.

27 OBRYAN CHERT: AN OVERLOOKED AND MISUNDERSTOOD LITHIC RESOURCE by James L. Murphy Emeritus Professor Ohio State University Libraries Columbus, OH 43210

Introduction carbon dates and artifact typology. The site pieces exhibited Vickery's "soft" cortex, is located along the southern edge of the indicating that they were derived from the Cultural resource management proj third terrace and extending nearly to the local area rather than by extensive glacial ects frequently suffer from insufficient bedrock Ohio River bluff, in the northwest and/or alluvial transport. Local informants background knowledge regarding the quarter of Section 8, Hamilton Township, suggested that chert outcrops existed in study area, whether it be the local flora, Lawrence Co., Ohio. Unfortunately, no the immediate area "but no description of fauna, geology or archaeology. The rel other reference to local bedrock geology the chert was provided and [no outcrops] evant literature and local informants are occurs in the published Davisson Farm were located." (Purtill 2007: 78). Previous utilized to varying extents and with variable Site report. The approximate location of reports (e.g. Hastings 1968) generally refer results, while ancillary "off-site" field work the site is shown in Figure 1. to this as "locally available nodular flint" is usually minimal or non-existent. Matters Lithic resources reported from the but appear to lump it with alluvial gravels. may have improved somewhat from the Davisson Farm Site include Brush Creek, days when a "one size fits all" introduction Paoli, Kanawha Black, local pebble chert, Speculation was standard fare in CRM reports (Murphy Ohio Flint Ridge, Upper Mercer, Zaleski 1989) but inadequate background research Wyandotte, "other chert," "unidentified In an earlier, unpublished report, Purtill clearly is not just a thing of the past. chert," and "type I chert" (Purtill 2007:55). (2001 a: 15) revealed that, "present speculation In terms of identification of lithic resources, The last named is actually the most abundant is that this material is from the Cambridge a very basic tenet has been well expressed at the site, consisting of 698 artifacts and Limestone formation which is well developed by Blakeman(1977): forming 15% of the total artifacts (including and cherty in the Lawrence Co. area." This "The first step, then, in the classifica debitage) recovered, strongly suggesting, as misleading speculation about Cambridge tion of chert from a site should involve an Purtill concludes, that the chert is derived chert is repeated verbatim the following intensive study of the local geology. This from a local source. Percentages for other year in a report on various sites just across familiarization process should include the "Type I chert" artifact types are revealing: the county line in Green Township, Scioto compilation of previously existing reports primary flakes, 19.3%; secondary flakes, Co. (Purtill 2002a). What Purtill's source and the in-field collection of samples of 19.2%; finishing flakes, 11.9%; flake fragments, (Stout and Schoenlaub 1945: 104-105) each type of chert from outcrops and al 16.6%; shatter/block fragments, 13.9%; actually states is that throughout Ohio the luvial deposits, if these occur, within the but cores, a whopping 42.6%). Unfortu Cambridge "only locally assumes a cherty study areas." nately, finished, "typable" projectile points or flint phase." Further, in Lawrence Co. In "Ohio country" CRM work, Blake- are rare at the site (N = 38 according to the limestone, although "exception man's dictum has been more honored in Purtill's Table 3.3, although the text (p. ally well developed" is "commonly of the breach than in the observance. A clas 56) states 39) and only 0.6% are of type I high purity. The cherty matter is generally sic example of willful misidentification in chert; if 46 additional point fragments are small in quantity." The single stratigraphic the face of reliable information provided included, the percentage of "type I chert" section given in Stout and Schoenlaub by local informants is the confusion of local points rises to 3.5%, most of the broken ar describes a two inch layer of "Limestone, Dunkard freshwater chert with distant tifacts being of unidentified chert (3 5.7%). flinty" in an outcrop in Mason Township, sources of Brush Creek flint in the studies Of Stage 1 -2 preforms, 11. 6% are of type I near Arabia. Stout's (1916) more thorough of the Bluebird and Saddle sites, Marshall chert and 10. 5% of Stage 3-4 preforms. report on the geology of Lawrence Co. does Co., West Virginia (Church and McDaniel The relative dearth of finished projectile not even mention chert in the Cambridge 1992, Stevenson and Ericksen 1992). This points of type I chert could indicate 1) that member, although it does describe chert confusion led to an elaborate and totally more finished projectile points were manu in the underlying Brush Creek member. imaginary scenario of Monongahela and factured elsewhere and brought to the site Field work by the author around Arabia Middle Woodland Indians trekking 100 km (although debitage indicates the use of and elsewhere in Lawrence Co. confirms to the southwest in order to obtain Brush Brush Creek, Paoli, and Kanawha cherts that there is comparatively little chert in the Creek chert when they could (and did) to manufacture some projectiles on site). It Cambridge Limestone member. pick up blocks of Dunkard freshwater chert may also be the result of 2) a masking effect In another Phase II survey for five Law in nearby streams (Murphy and Morton produced by the natural abundance of local rence Co. sites to be impacted by con 2000). The present article details a more type I chert on site (also suggested by struction of the South Point Industrial Park recent instance of failure to perform ade the relatively high amount of Type I Chert there is not even "speculation" about the quate background research on local lithic "cores,"or 3) a difficulty in proveniencing Cambridge limestone and only a brief ref materials and reviews changes in geologi the lithic material of finished artifacts. It is erence to Stout and Schoenlaub, Carlson, cal stratigraphic nomenclature that impact also possible that 4) for some reason type and Vickery's comments on Vanport and the archaeological identification of Ohio I chert projectile points were removed from Brush Creek chert in eastern Lawrence Co. cherts. the site, although trade, export, or undue (Purtill 2002: 5). Even this vague reference is loss in hunting seem unlikely. removed from the published 2007 report. "Type I Chert" at the Davisson Before this informal but nonetheless It can be said, based on more careful reading unfortunate designation of "Type I chert" of Stout (1916) and Stout and Schoenlaub Farm Site, Lawrence Co., Ohio becomes further embedded in the lit (1945) that minor amounts of Brush Creek chert and miniscule amounts of Cambridge A recently published account of the erature, it would be helpful to identify its chert are available on the outcrop in eastern Phase l-lll study of the Davisson Farm provenience, which is not nearly so mys Lawrence Co. Some of these outcrops un Site (33-Le-619) along the Ohio River in terious as Purtill would make it seem. He doubtedly also contribute alluvial pebble Lawrence Co., Ohio (Purtill 2001, 2001a, describes the material as highly fossilifer- 2002b, 2007; Purtill et al. 2001) describes ous and ranging in color from white to gray chert to Symmes Creek and other streams, a multicomponent site, predominantly to buff, generally of low quality and coarse so that some eventually finds its way into Late Archaic in age as determined by radio grained with a dull luster. Several large Ohio River gravels, including those on 28 which the Davisson Farm Site lay; but either prior to initiation of the field work or looking the Davisson Farm Site. Outcrop only examination or pebble count studies sometime during the ensuing seven years locations are indicated by bold-face O's of these gravels would determine to what before a report was published bothered in Figure 1. Specifically, Obryan chert was extent and this has not been done. This is either to consult the geologic literature found outcropping along the western and a striking lacuna, since Purtill avers that in in detail or, for that matter, walk across southern margins of the flat, plateau-like the case of Kanawha and Paoli cherts, the U.S. Route 52 and examine the bedrock ridgetop north of High Rock, a massive presence of Vickery's "soft cortex" dem on the adjacent ridges. Nearly 100 years pillar of Clarion Sandstone about a half- onstrates that these materials were derived ago, Stout (1916: 333, 591) described mile northwest of the Scioto/Lawrence from outcrop rather than from alluvial chert, the Ferriferous or Vanport limestone in Ham county line, overlooking U.S. Route 52 a somewhat problematic conclusion since ilton Township, Lawrence Co., and adjacent and the Ohio River valley (Fig. 2). Sub the original weathered cortex found on the Green Township, Scioto Co., as containing stantial blocks of tan, fossiliferous chert flint outcrop can survive lengthy stream flint. Much of this information is repeated were found at the point where Bonzo Road action. But that question aside, what about in Stout and Schoenlaub's 1945 study turns sharply northeastward (Fig. 3, 4). At Purtill's Brush Creek chert: was it obtained on the occurrence of flint in Ohio, along the outcrop northwest of High Rock, block from local alluvium (most likely, in my opin with some additional information. Specifi shatter fragments have been impacted ion) or from rather distant outcrops? The cally, in the south central part of Section by recent removal and burning of a tree nearest outcrops of Brush Creek or Cam 3, Hamilton Township, two feet of flint stump, indicating how easily the chert is bridge limestone containing chert suitable and ore are described at an elevation of altered by heat and demonstrating the fact for prehistoric use are 10-12 miles or more 845 feet above mean sea level (Stout and that all such "heat-treated" chert need not distant from the Davisson Farm Site, but Schoenlaub 1945: 71). The authors add be indicative of deliberate alteration by few of these outcrops show indications of that in the western part of the township, prehistoric flint-workers (Fig. 5). Normally, having been utilized in prehistoric times. "especially on the hills facing the Ohio River, the chert varies from nearly white to gray Somewhat more distant outcrops along the it [Vanport member] is represented by ir to tan and brown in color but may be much Burning Springs anticline in West Virginia regular masses and deposits of flint." The darker and nearly black. This has also been were very intensively used but this material flint is described as light gray in color, po noticed in outcrops in Jackson Co., although would also be more likely available from rous in texture, and calcareous in compo this dark chert tends to weather to lighter alluvial deposits derived from the Little Ka sition, of inferior grade, doubtfully usable colors. Contrary to Purtill (2007: 78), while nawha and the Ohio. Although, like Purtill's for implements. About 10 inches of such it is generally coarse grained with a dull luster, it early musings about Cambridge chert, this material was observed on the ridge in the may also be of higher quality and can be quite remains speculation, the idea is based on southeastern part of Section 4, Hamilton lustrous, Some rather dark brown colored the actual occurrence of chert outcrops Township, and scattered blocks strewn material vies with Flint Ridge chalcedony and is susceptible to testing. on the surface were present elsewhere in terms of luster and translucency; it could along the high ridges. As for Scioto Co., in fact be confused with Knife River flint, as Stout and Schoelaub (1945: 73) describe has some Flint Ridge Vanport flint, except Obryan "scattered lenses of flinty or cherty mate for the presence of marine fossils. In fact, ("southern Vanport") Chert rial along the ridges from the Scioto-Law the abundance of marine fossils is one of rence county line westward to about one the most distinctive qualities of this local It has been known for some time that mile west of Ohio Furnace." In short, bedded "Type I chert," as Purtill recognized. what Stout and others have long called outcrops of Purtill's unidentified Type I Regardless of color or luster, Obryan chert Vanport in southern Ohio is actually distinct chert occur within a half mile of the site, and tends to consist of a fossil "hash." Fusulin- from the massive Vanport limestone of float material could easily have been traced ids occur, as do sponge spicules and bryozoan western Pennsylvania and northeastern to the source or readily identified from the fragments, but the most conspicuous fossils Ohio as well as from the major Vanport literature. are small terebratulid brachiopods. While flint deposits of Flint Ridge in Muskingum similar fossils may occur in Brush Creek and Licking Co. As long ago as 1968 Recent field work confirms and ampli and Cambridge cherts, the materials seen study of conodont microfossils indicated fies Stout's observations regarding the in eastern Lawrence Co., as well as Meigs, that the Vanport limestone of central and presence of chert along the ridges over northeastern Ohio (named for a now destroyed outcrop at Vanport, Beaver Co., Pennsylvania) was not the stratigraphic equivalent of the "Vanport" of southern Ohio and northeastern Kentucky (Merrill 1968). Subsequent study of fasulinids and lOT plant spores produced a much better understanding of the correlation of spe cific rock-stratigraphic units and called for radical revision of the stratigraphic nomenclature of Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The "southern Vanport," with which we are dealing at the Davisson Farm Site and exposures elsewhere in Scioto and Lawrence Co., actually correlates with the Obryan limestone member, named for an exposure along U. S. Route 23 across the Ohio River from Ironton and only about 15 miles southeast of the Davisson Farm Site (Rice, Kosanke, and Henry 1994). It 2-1 f^*« is actually younger than the true Vanport of northern Ohio. Kagelmacher (2001: 97) appears to be the first archaeologist to recognize this change in interpretation and geologic nomenclature, but few have W u* _^ followed his lead. — ^*> ~.:rt^:—..^— *m It is regrettable that no one associated Figure 1 Portion of Greenup 7.5' quadrangle showing approximate location of33Le16, 33Le618, and with the study of the Davisson Farm site 33Le619. Obryan chert occurrances indicated by (O). 29 Vinton, and Athens Co., tend to be less dark specimen in the top row of Figure 8, fossiliferous. Very dark examples of Obryan which is most likely Upper Mercer chert, chert could be confused with Boggs or all represent Obryan chert. Several in Fig Upper Mercer cherts, which does not occur ure 7 are fire-reddened, although this may in Scioto and Lawrence Co., but tend to be have been unrelated to their manufacture, more translucent on thin edges than typi so that the term "fire-reddened" seems cal Boggs and Upper Mercer as seen in preferable to "heat-treated." outcrops to the north. (Kagelmacher illus trates several typical samples of Obryan Conclusions chert from Jackson Co.) It should be noted that Merrill (2002) has Before one can make meaningful in suggested that the name Obryan limestone ferences about prehistoric acquisition of itself has been applied to several distinct raw materials, not to mention more fan and as yet unnamed stratigraphic units. He ciful theories about prehistoric travel and would apply the term Obryan only to the trade, the raw materials need to be ac limestone and chert facies occurring along curately identified in terms of stratigraphy the Ohio Valley and in southern Lawrence and provenience. In the present instance and Scioto Co. For the present, however, of Purtill's "Type I chert," careful reading of the readily available geologic literature Figure 4. Another block of Obryan Chert from geologists formally distinguish only the northeast of High Rock. Vanport of northern Ohio and the Obryan cited, together with a few hours of field of southern Ohio. work in the area adjacent to 33Le-618 would have greatly benefited his reports Examination of a local artifact collection and obviated the need for definition of a made by David L. McGoron of Ironton, "Type I chert."Obryan chert is a distinctive Ohio, reveals many examples of artifacts and widely used lithic material that found made from Obryan chert. Typical exam considerable prehistoric use in Lawrence, ples are shown in Fig. 7 and 8. Specific site Scioto, and Jackson Counties, where its provenience is not available but this mate presence should be anticipated in future rial was found in Lawrence and Scioto Co. archaeological work. and with the possible exception of the very Acknowledgements David L. McGoron, Ironton, Ohio, kindly let me examine his extensive collection of artifact material from the Lawrence and Scioto Co., area. Dr. Glen K. Merrill, Uni Figure 5. Block fragments of Obryan chert versity of Houston, provided a copy of his showing fire-reddening. 2002 Pander Society poster presentation and greatly clarified my understanding of the "southern Vanport." Merrill, Glen K. 1968 Allegheny (Pennsylvanian) References Conodonts. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissert., Louisiana State Unversity Blakeman, Crawford H., Jr. Agricultural and Mechanical 1977 The Application of Macroscopic College, Baton Rouge. Analysis to the Classfication of Chert from Archaeological Sites. 2002 How Many "Vanport/Obryan" Journal of Alabama Archaeology Units Really Exist? Geological 23(1)71-86 Society of America Abstracts 34 (2002): 27. Church, Flora, and Gary McDaniel 1992 The Saddle Site (46Mr95): Upland Murphy, James L. Figure 2. High Rock looking northeast from Monongahela Occupations in 1989 Prufer's Pearls: Plagiarism in Ohio base of hill. Marshall County, West Virginia. Contract Archaeology. Ohio Archaeological Services Archaeologist 39(4): 38-39. Consultants, Inc., Columbus. Murphy, James L, and John P. Morton Hastings, Jerry 2000 Rare Earth Analysis of Cherts of 1968 The Ohio Baptist Site. Ohio the Tri-State Area (United States). Archaeologist 18(4): 118-119. 32nd International Symposium Archaeometry, Program Abstracts, Kagelmacher, M. L. Mexico City: 240. 2001 Ohio Cherts of Archaeological Interest: A Macroscopic and Purtill, Matthew P. Petrographic Examination and 2001 Eastern Maple Creek, Laurentian Comparison. Revised version of Archaic, or What? Preliminary his 2000 Kent State University Results of Investigations at a Late M.A. thesis Archaic Occupation along the Ohio River Valley in Lawrence County, Ohio. Paper presented at the Ohio Archaeological Council Fall Membership Meeting and Symposium, High Banks Park, Figure 3. Block of Obryan Chert exposed Columbus, Ohio, November 17. northeast of High Rock. 30 2001a Final Phase I and Phase II Cultural Resource Investigations of the Proposed Hanging Rock Energy Facility, Hamilton Township, Lawrence County, Ohio. Gray and Pape, Cincinnati.

2002 Final: Phase II Archaeological Investigations at Sites 33Le680, 33Le683, 33Le684, and 33Le685 within the Proposed South Point Industrial Park, Lawrence County, Ohio. Gray and Pape, Cincinnati

2002a Final Supplemental Phase I Cultural Resource Investigations and Phase II Archaeological Testing at Sites 33Sc92, 33Sc417, 33Sc431, 33Sc432, 33Sc434, and 33Sc457 for the Proposed Texas Eastern Hanging Rock Lateral Pipeline Project, Lawrence and Scioto Counties, Ohio. Gray and Pape, Cincinnati.

2002b Phase III Archaeological Investigations of the Davisson Farm Site (33Le619) in Support of the Proposed Hanging Rock Energy Facility, Hamilton Township, Lawrence Co., Ohio. Cincinnati: Gray & Pape.

2007 Down by the River: Late Archaic through Terminal Archaic Dynamics at the Davisson Farm Site (33Le619), Lawrence County, Ohio. P. 41-78 in M. P. Otto and B G. Redmond, ed., Transitions: Archaic and Early Woodland Research in the Ohio Country. Ohio University Press in association with the Ohio Archaeological Council, Athens.

Purtill, Matthew P., et al. 2001 Phase I and Phase II Cultural Resources Investigations of the Proposed Hanging Rock Energy Facility, Hamilton Township, Lawrence County, Ohio. Cincinnati: Gray & Pape.

Rice, Charles L, Robert M. Kosanke, and Thomas W. Henry 1994 Revision of Nomenclature and Correlations of Some Middle Pennsylvanian Units in the Northwestern Part of the Appalachian Basin, Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia. P. 7-26 in C. L. Rice, ed., Elements of Pennsylvanian Stratigraphy, Central Appalachian Basin. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 294. Boulder, Colo.

Stevenson, Christopher M., and Annette Ericksen 1992 Archaeological Investigations at 46 Mr 96: A Middle Woodland Upland Hamlet, Marshall County, West Virginia. Figure 7. Obryan chert artifacts from McGoron Collection. Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc., Columbus.

Stout, Wilber 1916 Geology of Southern Ohio Including Jackson and Lawrence Counties and Parts of Pike, Scioto, and Gallia. Geological Survey of Ohio, 4th Sen, Bulletin 20. Columbus.

Stout, Wilber, and R. A. Schoenlaub 1945 The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio. Geological Survey of Ohio, 4th Sen, Bulletin 46. Columbus.

Figure 8. McGoron Collection. Black example in upper row is probably Upper Mercer chert. 31 TWO TENNESSEE CLAY TOBACCO PIPE MAKERS by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, OH 43210

Two white clay reed stem tobacco clay pipes but it is doubtful if it was much high, with bowl diameter of 30.1 mm and pipes obtained recently can be attributed before 1870. He obtained the white clay maximum length of 49.9 mm. Stem diameter to James Newton Rice and his nephew, from a nearby river-bank and fired them in is 20.0 and stem hole diameter, 10.2 mm. James Henry Rice, of Covington, Tipton a kiln in his backyard. The family lived on Actual thickness of the bowl wall is 3.8-4.5 Co., Tennessee. Such pipes date to the Holly Grove Road, on the south edge of mm and of the stem wall, 5.1-5.9. late 19th and early 20th C. and have not Covington. Frontal views of both pipes are shown previously been reported in the literature The one available pipe marked on the in Figure 3, and Figure 4 illustrates the on Tennessee potteries (Smith and Rog right side of the stem in raised letters, base of the unmarked pipe. Both pipes ers 1979) or historic clay pipes (Sudbury reads "J.N. RICE/MAKER" and is deco have a distinctive raised circle on the base 1979). Smith and Rogers have documented rated with a series of raised lines on both of the bowl, perhaps to enhance stability five West Tennessee pottery sites that the stem and back of the bowl. The bowl is when the pipe was laid down with the bowl produced clay tobacco pipes but reported in the form of a human head & with rather mouth upward, though the raised circle none for Tipton Co. detailed eyes, including raised dots for the may merely have been decorative, as it Both pipes were purchased on eBay, pupils. Height of the pipe is 43.3 mm; bowl does not function particularly well for the but the sellers could provide no detailed diameter, 28.6; length 41.9 mm. Stem di purpose suggested. knowledge of their origin: Fortunately, one ameter is 20.3 and stem hole diameter, 9.6 Given the fact that J.N. Rice is known to is marked in raised letters, "J.N. RICE/ mm. Actual thickness of the bowl wall is have sold his pipes in St. Louis, examples MAKER," which led to a Rice family ge about 5.4 mm and of the stem, 5.0-6.4, so might be expected in historic archaeological nealogist, Ms. Elisa J. von Rice, who has this is a very sturdy pipeform. This pipe is sites anywhere along the central Missis been able to provide information on these illustrated in Figure 1. sippi River Valley. White clay tobacco pipes unrecorded clay pipe makers. According to Mrs. von Rice, James were made in other states as well, includ James Newton Rice lived in Covington, Henry Rice learned pipe-making from his ing North Carolina and Virginia, so that Tipton Co., Tennessee, about 35 miles uncle and later made pipes himself. When stylistic differences remain the best means northeast of Memphis, where his father, his cousin (James N.'s son), Daniel Barnum of distinguishing Rice tobacco pipes. As James C. Rice, had moved from Virginia Rice (b. 1878), ran for Tipton County Sher more are discovered, hopefully in specific around 1833. The 1860 census lists 21- iff, James H. made 5,000 pipes for him to archaeological contexts, a better idea of year-old James N. Rice, but it is not known hand out during the campaign, charging which were made by James N. Rice and when he began pipe making, which must him five cents each for these. At this time which by his nephew may be developed. have been an occupation subsidiary to it is not known how effective these were the family farming. The 1860 census also in the campaign. The molds for the pipes References shows James N. Rice's four-month-old were still in existence as late as 1966. That nephew, James H., living in the home of the Rice family made pipes in consider Smith, Samuel, and Stephen T. Rogers his parents, Cyrus C. and Martha V. Rice, able quantities is also witnessed by a fam 1979 A Survey of Historic Pottery in Covington. ily photograph of J.N. Rice with a wagon Making in Tennessee. Tennessee Dept. of Conservation, Division of Cyrus C. Rice was severely wounded load of pipes he took to sell in St. Louis. Archaeology, Research Series 3. in the Battle of Fort Pillow (April 12, 1864) The second Rice pipe available is im and brought home on a horse-drawn litter pressed "Tennessee" on the forehead but died of his wounds. His widow Martha but is not otherwise marked. According Sudbury, Byron Freezor Rice died around 1870 and the to Mrs. von Rice, "The James Henry Rice 1979 Historic Clay Tobacco Pipemakers children were raised by Cyrus' brother and pipes had JH Rice an the bowl. JH also in the United States of America. sister. By this time, James N. Rice was a made pipes that had the word TENNES BAR International Series 60; 31-year-old farmer with three children of SEE down the bowl." (e-mail, 13 Sept. The Archaeology of The Clay his own, but he also took his 10-year-old 2005). On this basis, the second pipe is Tobacco Pipe, Peter Davey, ed. nephew, James H. Rice, to rear as well. It attributed to James Henry Rice. This pipe is not known when James N. began making is shown in Figure 2. It measures 47.0 mm

32 Ilfllllllllllllliliillillillllllllflll Figure 2 (Murphy) Pipe Marked "Tennessee" on Forehead

Figure 4 (Murphy) Base of Rice Pipe Marked "Tennessee.

33 EXPLORATIONS OF A HOPEWELL WORKSHOP SITE NEAR FLINT RIDGE by Kelly Hicks 5 Marlborough Ct. Basking Ridge, New Jersey

During spring break, 1974, two col of which were deemed of no use), we set test pits. Many of the blades and debitage leagues, Rick Spencer, Dale Walker and I about trowel scraping the test area. The indicate heat treating, supporting our conclusion performed test excavations at a probable spring rains had rendered the ground the that huge fires were built on site for probable Hopewell workshop site near Flint Ridge. consistency of wet clay, and the digging heat treatment, and possibly cooking, given The site was located at the junction of two was difficult. But the yield was so rich, the presence of pottery. farms, one owned by the family of my especially in debitage and occasional Other than the fire pits, there were no colleague Dale. Dale had surface collect prismatic blades struck from cores, we features such as post molds or refuse pits ed since a small child, and knew of several concluded we were working within a fairly discovered within the test area. Given the major prospective sites on his and neigh extensive workshop. Pictured in figure 1 is stratified nature of the charcoal, with layers boring farms. His personal collection was a grouping of blade halves, all of which are of silt loam from the creek interspersed, something a boy from Springfield like me, in final stages of preparedness, or completely the site appears to have been seasonally who found the occasional point after days refined. Their more or less triangular shape occupied for flint working, not used year- of surface hunting in Clark County, could indicates they are Hopewell. round. No organic materials were submitted not fathom at the time. It is not clear from examination whether for radiocarbon dating, but the artifacts Although high school students at the these blades were broken during knap clearly represent classic Hopewell. time, we had all been members of the ping, or "killed" as part of a ceremonially While future surveys of this site are not ASO for several years, and each of us had disposed-of cache. The large amount of likely in the near-term, Dale and I are con spent time working in some capacity on charcoal and the presence of pottery suggest ducting additional analysis of our archived actual digs (I had worked my sophomore a longer-term presence at the site, with collections from this site in order to reopen high school year for Prof. Jay Heilman activities such as cooking and possible this case to glean whatever additional at the Berryhill Nursery site, along my heat-treatment of flint taking place. Thus, information we can after 34 years. bus route home near Springfield). We felt our assumption was this was a workshop confident in our ability to apply scientific site, given the wide dispersal of the blades References: method to an exploratory dig on Dale's (as opposed to clusters suggesting a farm. The site we selected for test exca cache), and the amount of direct evidence Carskadden, Jeff, Archaeology of Flint vation was in a sharp bend of a brook that of this being a production site. Ridge, in Mississippian Strata of the ran roughly parallel to Bear Hollow Road. Among the artifacts recovered at the Granville-Newark Area, Ohio. North- It was a small promontory of land, about site were several sizeable sherds of a Central Section of the Geological Society 500 square feed in area, with a natural thick, grey, grit-tempered (iron pyrite) pot of America, Field Trip No. 4, pp. 18-19. ledge surrounding it on the south bank tery. These were waterlogged and had Ohio Division of Geological Survey, of the brook. The site had yielded broken been exposed to intense heat. Existing Columbus, 1969. blades and a multitude of flakes on the bits of the pottery will be offered to an ap surface, therefore it appeared as a suitable propriate analysis center for analysis and Converse, Robert N., The Archaeology of candidate for our effort. Moreover, severe possible dating. In his article on Hopewell Ohio, The Archaeological Society of Ohio, erosion from spring flooding seemed to site excavations in the Flint Ridge area 2003. threaten this corner of land, giving us during the late 1980s to mid-1990s, increased incentive to dig over our four Yerkes observes that very little materials Yerkes, Richard W., Investigations at the day school break. exist among the Flint Ridge workshop sites Flint Ridge State Memorial, Ohio. 1987-1988, Ohio State University. We marked a datum point and staked that would provide suitable material for dating. out three meter-square test pits. Using The excavation also revealed a large trowels, brushes and dental picks (the latter amount of charcoal in thick strata in the

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Flint Projectile Point Flint Projectile Point Fred Weingardner E Notch Perry County Bobby Miller Fractured Base French Valley, KY

Flint Tool Flint Tool Paul Mackesy Blade Logan County Danny Crissinger Knife Union County, OH Groundstone Tool Groundstone Tool Brian Shepard Ax Butler County Ed Levan, Jr. Celt Greenup, KY

Slate Slate Phil Cobb Gorget Crawford County David Didion Adena Pendant Erie County, OH Banner Stone Banner Stone Robert Dills Banner Coshocton County Danny Crissinger Monitor Banner Union County, OH Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Mark Schulze Bust Birdstone Mercer County Ed Levan, Jr. Cannel Coal Pendant Greenup, KY Child Austin Harruff Celt Morrow County, OH

34 Figure 1 (Hicks) Broken blades from Flint Ridge. •MIIIH

Figure 2 (Hicks) Hopewell bladelets and cores from Flint Ridge.

35 A THEORY ON THE USE OF BANNERSTONES by David W. Didion 415 Scott St. Sandusky, Ohio

Let me begin by quoting from the or balance to the spear. along the shaft and located for optimal foreword of Ohio Slate Types by Robert There are other indications that the ban performance and stability in flight of the Converse. "The question of how the ban nerstone may have been placed directly spear. The second would be as a weight nerstones were used by the prehistoric In onto the spear shaft. In the case of the tu to add mass and therefore more energy to dians was settled in Kentucky in the 1930's bular and ball bannerstones it is noted by the spear. The amount of energy or force is and 1940's where William S. Webb and Converse in Ohio Slate Types that they are a function of the mass or weight of a pro others found that antler hooks and banner often flat bottomed or fluted. It had been jectile multiplied by the speed. Assuming stones were found in a certain juxtaposi assumed that this feature allowed for the that the speed at which a spear could be tion in Archaic graves. It was concluded spear shaft to rest upon the top of a ban propelled by using an atlatl is somewhat that the antler hooks were the distal ends nerstone which had been placed on the limited and constant, the energy or force of atlatl or spear throwers and the banner atlatl. An alternate explanation is that this could best be increased by increasing the stones were weights or balances." I have flattening or fluting of the bottom of the weight or mass. In theory, if the speed sometimes questioned the rush to accept bannerstone allowed for the spear, with remains constant and the amount of mass "a certain juxtaposition" for definitive proof bannerstone attached, to rest upon the is doubled then the amount of energy as to the true function of bannerstones. I atlatl. Converse also mentions that numer would be doubled, thus doubling the killing would like to suggest the possibility that ous examples of the tubular and ball type or penetrating power delivered on target. both the atlatl and the spear were placed bannerstones are battered or chipped at Drawings 1 and 2 (Didion) are conceptual side by side in some graves. Wouldn't it the ends. One possible explanation of this drawings of two possible configurations of be possible, if this were the case, that the damage is that the tail end of the banner the location and functional placement of a bannerstone could have been mounted to stone had been engaged by the hooked bannerstone directly onto a spear shaft. the spear shaft and not the atlatl? In the end of an atlatl and the violent thrust ac In summary, I would propose to the absence of any recoverable wood material tion of the atlatl user resulted in the chip reader the possibility that during the from the graves, the question as to the ping and battering of the bannerstone. Archaic period the so called bannerstones, function or placement of the bannerstone Returning to the discussion of the particularly the notched winged and should still be open for discussion. winged bannerstones, it should be noted tubular/ball types, were used in a utili In his book The Archaeology of Ohio, that they are frequently found in a repaired tarian manner and functioned as weights Robert Converse describes and explains state. Indications are that they were utili placed directly upon the spear shaft for the the use of bannerstones as weights on the tarian. Many show evidence that they were purpose of stabilizing the spear and mag atlatl. He mentions that the weights were damaged or broken while being utilized nifying the force delivered upon a target. drilled with a longitudinal hole about 1/2 and then repaired and used again. Pho I believe however, that it is probable that in. in diameter and states that this hole to 1 (Didion) is of a wing section from a both utilitarian and ceremonial banner is puzzlingly small for the extreme pres notched winged bannerstone that I recov stones co-existed during at least part of sure exerted on it. Robert goes on to add ered in Huron County, Ohio. Showing on the Archaic period. We know today that that modem atlatl users say that weights this piece are three drilled holes, assumed the Archaic people possessed both func or stone counterbalances make little or no to be for the purpose of tying all the piec tional and trophy axes and the same may difference, or even have a negative effect es back together. This bannerstone was have been true for many of the banner on spear throwing performance. I sense obviously heavily used for it was broken stone forms as well. that Robert has difficulty accepting the and repaired and then reused a number of Envision this if you will: A shaman or idea that these weights were ever placed times. Photo 2 (Didion) shows three pieces clan leader conducting a ceremony or ritual on the atlatl itself. Upon checking the of another example of a repaired notched with staff in hand. The staff representing a diameter of the longitudinal drilling on the winged bannerstone. This bannerstone was spear with a winged bannerstone mounted broken and mended notched winged ban recovered from atop a hill which overlooks for display and the shaft tipped with a finely nerstones which I have recovered over a small creek in Seneca County, Ohio. made point of exotic material. the years, I've found that they measure It has been noted earlier in this article an almost uncanny consistent 7/16 of that there was little advantage to be gained References Cited an inch. This does seem much too small by placing any sort of weight on the atlatl for placement on the atlatl itself. It does itself. There are however, two possible Robert N. Converse appear however, at least to this writer, to advantages with the placement of a ban 1978 Ohio Slate Types be an almost ideal diameter if the banner nerstone, a weight of some kind, directly 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio stone was intended to be slid onto a spear onto a spear shaft. The first would be as shaft for the purpose of adding weight and an adjustable balance which could be slid

36 Drawing 1 (Didion) conceptual drawing of use and placement of winged banner stone. Atlatl hook engages at tail end of spear shaft.

Drawing 2 (Didion) conceptual drawing of placement of tubular banner stone on spear shaft. Atlatl engages at rear edge of banner stone.

Photo 1 (Didion) Wing section of a notched winged banner stone with three repair holes.

Photo 2 (Didion) Three pieces of a large notched winged banner stone, broken and repaired in the archaic period.

37 ARCHAIC SIDE NOTCH POINT FOUND IN DARKE COUNTY by Brian Siefring

This perfect side-notch point was found in Allen Township, Darke County, west of New Weston, Ohio. It was discovered lying at the bottom of a worker's footprint after a foot-long trench had been dug and filled back in. The purpose of the trench was to provide a water line from an old well-head to a new house. The location of the trench was in the front yard of a house more than one hundred years old. The artifact, which measures 2 3/4 inches long, is made of semi- translucent Sonora flint from Kentucky and dates to the Early Archaic period.

Figure 1 (Siefring) Archaic Side-Notch Point from Darke County.

A HARDIN COUNTY GLACIAL KAME BAR GORGET by Dale Reffitt 420 South Walnut Dunkirk, Ohio

After a long day of ice fishing in northern Hardin County, I found this gorget which had been unearthed by a groundhog. It is one of the finest pieces I have ever found. It is made of banded slate and is perforated by three holes. It perhaps is a salvaged piece since the center hole is not like the other two holes and may have been longer in its original condition.

Figure 1 (Reffitt) Obverse, reverse, and side views of Hardin County gorget.

38 AN INCISED GORGET FRAGMENT FROM HURON COUNTY by Matt Burr Bellevue, Ohio

I found the gorget fragment shown be low on a low, sandy ridge near a drainage ditch in the fourth section of Lyme Town ship, just south of Bellevue. The fragment 3 measures 1 /4 inches across the center, and 1V4 inches at its widest point. It is made from a dark gray slate, and the hole was drilled from both sides. After washing the dirt from the fragment, I noticed many longitudinal scratches on the upper surface. Under magnification, these scratches appear to be man-made, though no design or figures are apparent. The underside surface does not have these scratches, but does show signs of grinding and polishing.

Figure 1 (Burr) A gorget fragment from Huron County with incised, longitudinal lines.

FOUR HOPEWELL CELTS by Mike Diano Dayton, Ohio

On April 1, 2008, my hunting friend James Earick and I surface hunted a site in Miami County, Ohio. The field was formed of several terraces. We first found a 2 inch Expanded Stem arrowhead made of Four Mile Creek chert. We then found a 4V2 inch Hopewell celt made of orange and black granite which won first place in the stone tool category in the ASO November Field Find Contest. On the following day we hunted the site again and James Earick found two Hopewell celts made of green hardstone and a 1V2 inch Hopewell point. Thus, this important site has yielded five Hopewell artifacts.

Figure 1 (Diano) Four surface found celts from Miami County, Ohio. 3 The longest is slightly over 5 IA inches long. Celt lower right won the Field Find Contest in November.

39 AN ECCENTRIC FROM STARK COUNTY, OHIO by Garry Walter Massillon, Ohio

While surface hunting with my son, Thomas, in southern Stark County, Ohio, he found the Eccentric shown in Figures 1 and 2. It was in a cultivated field along the Nimishillen Creek within the village of East Sparta. It measures 11A inches long and 1 V4 inches wide at the shoulders with a 1Ve inch wide base. It seems to match the de scription of Eccentrics given by Converse (2007) except for the blade notch treat ment. Converse states, "These notches are not sharp and are either ground or heav ily worn". The blade notches on this piece are rather sharp with little or no grinding or wear. Perhaps this tool had seen little use. The Hopewell convex fan shaped base is slightly smoothed and the basal notches are lightly ground. It appears to have been made from a projectile point or knife due to the uniform appearance of the notches and the well-formed base. The material color is light gray and white, probably a local chert Figure 1 (Walter) Side 1 view of Figure 2 (Walter) Side 2 view of Eccentric from Stark County, Ohio or glacial drift. Eccentric from Stark County, Ohio

Reference: 2007 Converse, Robert N. Ohio Flint Types - pages 168-169

CELT FOUND IN TWO PIECES by Rose Grunewald Treasurer, Flint Ridge Chapter 9157 Cooper Rd, Johnstown, Ohio

It has always been a goal of mine to find two pieces of the same artifact. On December 16, 2008,1 had a few spare moments so I hunted a field close to my home which had just been plowed. It was 22 degrees and the ground frozen. I found the bit of a celt on a hill overlooking the creek. It was frozen to the ground and took some time to get loose. In another part of the field I found the base portion of a celt. Both pieces fit together nicely. They were 62 steps apart on two separate hills in the same field.

Figures 1,2, 3 (Grunewald) Four inch granite celt found in two parts.

40 ASO CHAPTER PRESIDENTS — JANUARY 18, 2009 CHAPTER PRESIDENTS' MEETING, COLUMBUS, OHIO

Left to right standing: Frank Otto, Tom Debolt, George DeMuth, Wayne Piatt, Skeeter Kish, Jeff Goodenow, John Mocic, Bob Bright, Joe Beavers, Mark Cline, Chuck Oliver, John Lutz, Ken Sowards. Kneeling, left to right: Mick VanSteen, Brent Heath.

A GLACIAL KAME GORGET FOUND IN KNOX COUNTY by Jim Wyant Mt. Vernon, Ohio

I found this Glacial Kame slate gorget one Sunday morning in a Knox County field which had produced a few points in the past. After an hour of hunting, I found a broken part of the gorget shown in Figure 1. I was unsuccessful in finding the other portion 'HCMM but after restarting from the place of the original find, there was the other part. 1

5 Figure 1 (Wyant) Broken and re-united Glacial Kame gorget. It is 5'/2 inches long. A 6

41 STANDING ROOM ONLY FOR ARCHAEOLOGY IN DARKE COUNTY by Bill Fields and Suzie Carrington Greenville, Ohio

Icy roads and freezing temperatures did not deter a large crowd from attending the archaelology presentation at Darke County Nature Center in Greenville on January 30. Although many guests were local people, Mercer County, Preble County, and even the state of Indiana were represented. Following a talk by Bob Converse, four tables became filled with artifacts that attendees had found. The thirst for knowledge Converse discussed 12,000 years of prehistory in less than one hour. about the past seems unquenchable in west-central Ohio.

Girls find artifacts, too. A future archaeologist? Elaine Holzapfel displayed artifacts from Darke County.

Elaine Holzapfel and Bob Converse examine field found A boy was eager to know about an artifact he had found. pieces from Indiana.

Table for artifacts found by guests filled quickly.

There were many discussions about field-found artifacts.

42 MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE REPORT

Greetings to all A.S.O. Members; - As a newly elected trustee, I have been appointed to serve as our membership chairman.

We as members of the Archaeological Society of Ohio should always welcome and encourage new members.

We must all work together to enhance our interest and knowledge as well as protecting our interest in collecting, preserving sites, buying, and exhibiting our artifacts. We must be ready to talk to our legislators if this is necessary to protect these rights.

We believe that members who sponsor new members should be rewarded for their effort.

For this sponsorship of new members the board has approved the following:

a) A wooden artifact case will be awarded to the two sponsors who bring in the most new members from February 1, 2009 to September 15, 2009. b) All applications for new members with the sponsor's name must be postmarked by September 15, 2009. c) In case of ties for the highest number of members sponsored, there will be a drawing of names to select the two winners. d) Only two awards will be given.

Artifact cases: a) Made by member, Mike Nichols. b) Case displayed with artifacts donated by A.S.O. members, exhibitors, and friends. c) Cases to be exhibited at the March 15, 2009 meeting. d) Awards to be presented at the Fall meeting November 11, 2009. This allows for verification of the September 15, 2009 deadline totals.

Sincerely,

Robert L. Curry, D.D.S., Membership Chairman Committee Members: Mike Nichols - Dresden, Steve House - Zanesville, John Lutz - Newark

Indian Rehc Collection: The Painter Creek Auctions 1977-1988 by Robert Haag

This beautifully illustrated 336 page collection contains the Painter Creek catalogs 1977 - 1988. There are forty-four catalogs in this collection including sale catalogs for Dr. Stanley Copeland, Cameron Parks, Ernie Good, Charles Smith and many other notable collectors. The first in a three volume set, this book is a must have reference for collectors of prehistoric Indian art. Thousands of relics can be readily identified from the pictures within the catalogs. The sale catalogs also provide valuable information on many specific relics. Mr. Haag gives insight into the evolution of the prehistoric Indian art market from the early 1970s to present, documents the prices realized that were recorded in catalogs from his catalog collection and provides a list of specific sites referenced in the catalogs. In soft cover and deluxe hardbound limited editions, no more than 1,100 copies will be available in this first printing. Mr. Haag is a 35- year member of the Archaeological Society of Ohio and author of Footpaths to Ancient Campsites in Copley Township, Ohio (2008).

To Order Contact Softbound: $ 45.00 Robert Haag Hardbound $ 65.00 165 Merlot Ct, Doylestown, Ohio volume Discounts Available [email protected] or 330.658.2821 A ceramic human effigy of a Hopewell dignitary excavated from the Turner Site in Hamilton County, Ohio by Dr. Charles Metz in the late 1800s.