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TOMBS of the Third Egyptian Dynasty

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TOMBS of the Third Egyptian Dynasty NYU IFA LIBRARY 3 1162 04538887 4 RETORT OF EXCAVATIONS AT REQAONAH 1901-2 TOMBS OF The Third Egyptian Dynast) AT REQAQNAH AND BET KHALLAF BY JOHN GARSTANG B.A B.Litt F.S.A 1 'ormerly Scholar of Jo, i ColU.ee, Oxford; Reader in Egyptiau Archaeology at the University 0/ Li. :rpoot WESTMINSTER ARCHIBA-LD CONSTABLE & CO. LTD 2 WHITEHALL GARDENS 1904 -^^ / The Stephen Chan Library of Fine Arts NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES A privMe university in the public service INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTS n/^r\I^H>-(<-. ouMTi^b.cxv V' THE THIRD EGYPTIAN DYNASTY RETORT OF EXCAFATIONS AT REQAQNAH 190 1-2 TOMBS OF The Third Egyptian Dynasty AT REQAQNAH AND BET KHALLAf WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY JOHN GARSTANG B.A B.Litt F.S.A Formerly Scholar of Jesus College, Oxford; Reader in EgypUan Archaeology at the Universily of Liver/'ool Author of *^ Ei Artil'ah" ^^ Mahasna and Bet Khallaf" *' Roman Ribchester" WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO. LTD 2 WHITEHALL GARDENS 1904 INSTITUTE OF FINE ARTS NEW yosK WiiiVERsinr K f 5 c^l Butler & Tanner, The Selwood Piii.ting Works, Frorae, and Luiidon. DEDICATED TO MR. & MRS. JOHN RANKIN OF LIVERPOOL CONTENTS I "AGES Title; Dedication; Contents; List hk Illustkations I-IO ll-lo Chapter I. lNTRi)iJU(.'TnRv. With Plates I-III Site of excavations, \<\k 11, 1'2. Nature nf results, p. i:-5. Relation to History, p. 14. Biblio- graplij' and list of references, p. T5. Chapter II. On the Continuity of Early History 10-20 Place of the Third Dynasty in Ancient History, p. IG. Sequence of development, p. Ki. Two suggested breaks, p. Iti. Evidence aiiplicable to the problem, p. 17. Race of the Monarchy, p. 17. The Con- question of writing, p. 18. The natural conclusion, p. lit. Growtli of the Pyramid Age, \<. VJ. tinuity of Historj- natural to Egj'jit, p. 20. Chapter III. Construction of Stairway Tombs. With Plates IV, V, VI 21-23 General description, p. 21. Superstructure, p. 21. Substructure, p. 21. Masonry and architec- ture, p. 22. Chapter IV. Ou.jects from the Stairway Tumbs. With Plates VII-XIII 24-27 \i. employed, Nature of the objects, p. 24. Iniijoitance of stone and pottery forms, 24. Materials of vessels, pji. 20,27. II. 25. Desci-iption of stone vases, p. 25. The type-series, p. 25. Description pottery Chapter V. Special Features of Stairway Tombs. With Plates XIV, XV 28-30 28. in other countries : Chaldsea, Khors- Arches : their construction ; evolution in Egypt, p. Use abad, Persia, Tiryns, Judaea, Italy, p. 29. Other constructional details, p. 30. Chaptek VI. The Larhe Mastab.\s or Platform Tombs. With Plates XVI-XVIII .... 31-33 Relation to stairway tombs, p. 31. Mastaba of Third Dynasty, p. 31. Mastaba of i^ourtli Dy- nasty, p. 32. Mastaba of Fifth Dynasty, pp. 32, 33. Chapter VII. The Evolution of Stairway Tombs. With Plates XIX, XX 34-37 Relation between stairway tombs and mastabas, the evolution and .selection of illustrations, p. 34. Development in plan, p. 35. Development in section, p. 30. Chapter VIII. The Necropolis. With Plates XXI, XXII 38-44 Position of the smaller tombs, p. 38. Growth of the Necroix)lis, p. 38. Details of architecture and 39-41. orientation, p. 39. Construction of the smaller tombs, p. 39. Vaulted tombs, unencdosed, pp. Plain rectangular tombs, p. 41. Enclosed tombs, p. 41. The panel-recess, p. 41. Classification of 42 (b) Inverted pots, enclosed, 42 (c) Square shafts, solid tombs : (a) Vaulted tombs, enclosed, p. ; p. ; enclcsed, 43. Other cases, summary and analysis, superstructure, [i. 43 : (rf) Square shafts, merely p. p. 44. vii CONTENTS PAGES Chapter IX. Burial Customs. With Plates XXII-XXV 45-50 — (a) ButiaJ types in general.- -Classification : (i) Burials in quadrangular enclosures, 45 (ii) p. ; Burials under large pots, p. 46 (iii) Burial.s in vaulted tombs, 46 (iv and v) Burials in pit tombs, ; p. ; p]-). 47, 48 (vi) Exceptional cases, p. 48. Summary, p. 49. ; {n\ The Tomb of Shejises.— Description and details of burial, p. 4i). Chapter X. Burials under Pottery Vessels. With Plates XXVT, XXVII 51-57 Continuity of the custom, p. 51. Description and characteristics, p. 51. Cases at Reqaqnah ; their position and relation, ]>. 52. Imitations of the custom, ]>. 53. Illustrations of the<-,ustom: at Ballas Amrah, 54 ; at El Kab, 55. Summary and conclusion, p. 56. Kawamil, p. 53 ; at and EI p. p. Chapter XL Objects from the Smaller Tombs. With Plates XXVIII-XXXII 58-GO (iii) 5!l. (a) Inacrilied nhjeefs: (i) Stelae : (ii) Door frame or shrine, p. 58; Claj' balls, p. of (b) Smaller objicfs : (ivj Pottery and stone vases and their forms, p, 59; iv) Inventory the tomb deposits, p. 60. Chapter XII. Archaeology of the Third Dynasty: A Sumniar}- iil-65 Inscriptions on wood and on Historical aspect ; Character; Metal and Stone, p. 61. Pottery; stone; Per.sonal 62. Names of Places Miscellaneous, p. 02. Sealings ; Names of Divinities; names, p. and Vineyards; Titles, p. 63. Localities; Industries, p. 64. Architecture, p. 65. Appendlk a. Note on Some Objects of L-vier D.vtk. With Plate XXXIII 66 Appendix B. Chaniometrical Analysis 67 Index 69, 70 — — — —— — LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chapter I. Sites of Excavations : I The great tomb of Neterkhet at Bet Khallaf To face p. 11 II Third Dynasty sites at Mahasna and Bet Khallaf . 12 III Views of sites excavated ........ 14 Chai'ter II. On the Continuity of Early History : Pre dynastic vase inscribed (.sketch) ..... 18 Chapter III. Construction of Stairway Tombs : IV Tombs R 1, R 40, plans and sections ..... To face V Stairway tomb R 1, architectural features .... VI Stairway tomb R 40, architectural features .... Chapter IV. Ob.jects from the Stair\vay Tombs : VII Stairway tomb R 40, stone vases (photographs) VIII-XII Types of stone vases. Third Dynasty (diagrams) XIII Common pottery forms. Third Dynasty (diagrams) . Chapter V. Special Features of Stairway Tombs ; — XIV Arches of the Third Dynasty ....... Diagrams showing origins of simple arch and off-set arch XV Miscellaneous architectural tomb featiu-es. Third Dynasty Chapter VI. The large Mastabas or Platform Tombs XVI Mastaba tombs R 75, R 50 (photographic views) XVII Mastaba tomb R 70, external features ..... XVIII Mastaba tomb R 70, internal features ..... Chapter VII. Evolution of Stairway Tombs : XIX Evolution of stairway tombs— in plan ..... XX Evolution of stairway tombs — in section .... Chapter VIII. The Necropolis :— XXI Necropolis of smaller tombs and mastabas, jilan (double) XXII Smaller tombs R 54 and R G8 (views) ..... Chapter IX. Burial Customs ; XXIII Burial types, R 80, R 06, R 110 (photos) .... XXIV Burial types, R 88a, R 89 and R 03 (photos) .... XXV Tomb and burial of the royal scribe Shepses, R 04 Chapter X. Burials under Pottery Vessels:^ XXVI Burials under pottery vessels, R 55, R 70a .... XXVII Burials under vessels and imitations, R 87, 69, 250, 251 R R R , Chapter XI. Objects from the smaller Tombs: — XXVIII Inscriptions; Stela R 88a, Shrine R 04, Slab R 70, XXIX Decayed wooden shrine of Shepses (diagram) XXX Inscribed clay balls from tomb, R 50 XXXI Groups of pottery and stone vases . XXXII Diagrams of smaller objects .... Appendix A. Objects of Later Date :— XXXIII Stelae, D. 1, B. 103 : Pyramidion and obelisk, B. 101 — TERMINOLOGY Prehistoric Period, remote, suggested ouly bj- rough stone implements.' Archaic Period: — (fli Pre-dynastic (sometimes called prehistoric). .„ , B.C. 3(Xrj [Betoiej^I to 2500] (h) Protn-dynastic (First, Second and Third Dynasties). — Old Kingdom : B.C. 2500 Tlie Early Pyramid Age (Fourth to Sixth Dynasties). I Before - to 2000 [Transition (Feudal) Period, so called Seventh to Teuth Dynasties.] [ Middle Kingdom :— B.C. 2(XkJ The First Theban Period (Eleventh and Twelfth DynastiesX I Before - to Dynasties lOOi) [The Hyksos Period ; so called Thirteenth to Seventeenth New Kingdom or New Empire : Period (Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynastiei?). Beo-ins : B.C. 1(300 The great Theban TOMB OF KING NETER-KHET. 111"° DYNASTY. •"•*M»,^ .vv'i^V) 'i,';'.„ ^-'',•1 \.-. ^>^W'' I'ATRONS OF EXCAVATIONS AT REQAQNAH, 19U1-2 Uk\ii. \Vm. MAuGiiKdOR, of Taniwoilli. H. Mautyn Kenxakh, Esq., of London, S.W. RaIJ'II lilJnOKLKDANK, Ks(\., of 1 vi VC'VpOol. F. Hilton Price, Esq., Dii-. S.A. (Hon. Treas. Di;. Artiiiu; J. P^vans, F.R.S. (the Aslimolean Museum). CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY. SITE OP EXCAVATIONS. NATURE OF RESULTS. RELATION 'I'o HISTORY. BIIJLIOGRAl'HY, AND LIST OP REPERENCES. With Plates I, II, III. EXCAVATIONS made during the previous indeed, now possible to trace, imperfectly season, for the Egyptian Research Ac- maybe, but with some certainty, the story of count, had resulted in the discovery of the first this remarkable civiHzation, to follow to some identified monument of the Third Egyptian extent its development, and to illustrate, how- Dynasty, the great toml) of King Neterkhet at ever incompletely, its cnstoms, from its remote B.C. Bet Khallaf : this called attention to the desira- origins in the fifth and fourth millenniums bility of continuing the exploration of that through all its earliest stages, till it stands region, and so led directly to the formation more clearly revealed by the monuments of this expedition, the fruits of which are and literature of the Ancient Empire. It described in the following pages. But the is with this story, so far as it is illustrated description of new observations is not alone the by these researches, that the following pages object of the present volume. The earlier ex- ai'e concerned. cavations ' had already led to the identification chief scene of excavations lay Site of Ex- The of certain objects of art, forms, and customs, as cavations.
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