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Asif Abrar International Journal Of Int.J.Eng.Lang.Lit&Trans.StudiesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE, Vol. LITERATURE3.Issue. 1.2016 (Jan-Mar) AND TRANSLATION STUDIES (IJELR) A QUARTERLY, INDEXED, REFEREED AND PEER REVIEWED OPEN ACCESS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL http://www.ijelr.in KY PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH ARTICLE Vol. 3. Issue 1.,2016 (Jan-Mar. ) ILLEGITIMACY AND SOCIAL OBSERVATION IN WILFRID WILSON GIBSON’S “THE HOUSE OF CANDLES” ASIF ABRAR Research Scholar (M.Phil. English) Department of English Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India ABSTRACT Wilfrid Wilson Gibson (1878-1962) occupies a distinct place among Georgian poets. His name is associated with such poets as Rupert Brooke, Edward Marsh, Walter de la Mare and Siegfried Sassoon. He has written a large number of poems on diverse themes like nature, love, unemployment and the sufferings of common people, old age and childhood. Besides, the plight of women also gets expression in some of his poems like “Agatha Steel,” “The Operation,” “The Call,” “The Wound” and many ASIF ABRAR others. “The House of Candles” is such a poem that deals with the predicament of a woman in bearing an illegitimate child. Man and woman are equally responsible for the act of sexual intercourse out of wedlock. If this mating results in pregnancy of woman, it cannot be called an act of chance or accident. Unfortunately, society is of two minds towards female sexuality and in such circumstances women are blamed and all the punishment and criticism are meted upon them. No one cares for the man who is responsible for such condition of a woman. In fact, the society is real culprit for the predicament of women. In this article, an attempt has been made to discuss Gibson’s “The House of Candles” from the perspective of illegitimacy and the role of society in such affairs. Key Words: Illegitimacy, Social Observation, Poverty, Misery. ©KY PUBLICATIONS Wilfrid Wilson Gibson (1878-1962), a Georgian poet, was born on 2nd October, 1878 at Hexham in Northumberland. In 1912, he left his birthplace for London where he came in contact with other Georgian poets like Rupert Brooke, Edward Marsh, Walter de la Mare and Siegfried Sassoon. The major themes in their poetry are nature, love, unemployment, old age, childhood, and the aviary world. These themes also figure in Gibson’s poetry. Gibson was deeply affected to see the sufferings of common people due to poverty. His poems show “a real understanding of misery and a true poet’s power of interpretation” (Dilla 47). Besides, the plight of women in one way or the other inform some of his poetry like “Agatha Steel,” “The Operation,” “The Call,” “The Wound” and many others. “The House of Candles” is such a poem that deals with the predicament of a woman in bearing an illegitimate child. 202 ASIF ABRAR Int.J.Eng.Lang.Lit&Trans.Studies Vol.3.Issue. 1.2016 (Jan-Mar) “The House of Candles” was published in 1910 in the collection of poems entitled Daily Bread. The poem is an exploration of human suffering which seemed difficult to cope with. The poet presents the picture of a woman, Grizel Stark. She is a stranger as she has migrated to this locality recently. Grizel’s neighbours Barbara Wilson and Rebecca Wood find her lying unconscious in her house. There is a complete darkness in the house. It seems something unfortunate happened in Grizel’s house. BARBARA. The house was dark, and so I knew at once Something was wrong. REBECCA. The house was dark? (1-3) Grizel’s house normally used to be lighted. However, the present night it was “pitch-dark” and there were “no candles in the window / And not a glimmer underneath the door” (9-10). She knocked the door but there was no answer. However, she was aware that Grizel is inside. Ultimately, she “lifted the latch” and entered into her room. As the room was completely dark, she was unable to see the things, nonetheless, she “felt her presence in the room, / And feared *her+ hand might touch her in the dark” (26-27). Hence, she decided to come back her own home to bring the lamp. Coming back with light she looked inside the room very easily as she admits: “And in its friendly and familiar light / I looked about me with a braver heart, / And quickly found stretched before the fender” (29-31). Apparently, she thought her to be lying dead, and this shrieked and frightened her no end. But gradually Barbara composes her own self. She constantly stared at the lying woman feeling that she might have strangulated her own baby as she has heard from the public gossip. It seemed as if her fingers have clutched “a baby’s throat,” nevertheless, she gazed at her persistently in great dilemma and thinks this to be the figments of her mind: ’Twas only in my fancy they had twitched; For still the lay limp. I shook myself, And, coming to my wits again, took heart; And pity drove out fear; and bending down To raise her head, I found that still she breathed. (42-46) Finding that her heart is still beating, she is happy. This induces in her the strength and confidence in lifting her up and laying her down on the bed. Barbara collects her boldness and then moves ahead in helping the miserable Grizel. It is evident from the words of Barbara: I loosed her bodice; then I fetched my man. We lifted her and laid her on the bed: It took us all our time, for, though she’s slight, She was a dead-weight in our hands; we seemed To lift much more than one weak woman’s body, As though some dreadful burden dragged her down. (47-52) The poem takes a new turn at this stage as Rebecca disapproves of the initiative taken by Barbara helping the helpless Grizel thinking that she may have committed sins in her life. Rebecca thinks touching such a sinner is an act of sheer madness. On the other hand, Barbara has a different opinion. She thinks whatever she is doing to help Grizel is a sort of social accountability on the part of an individual. Grizel may be “innocent” as there is no evidence that she is a sinner and that because of her sin she is in such a wretched condition. To validate her argument, she states: “Bairns die in spite of all that we can do, / And why, God only knows. My first-born died. (57-58)” In contrast, Rebecca retorts: “The innocent are not afraid of darkness, / And they don’t need to squander a heifer’s price / On candles in a twelvemonth” (59-61). Barbara is anxious to see the deteriorating condition of Grizel. Noticing Grizel’s numbness, she sends her husband to call a doctor lest she should die. Barbara’s growing anxiety triggers ire in Rebecca who thinks that a “slut like her” can never meet a peaceful death. This observation of Rebecca infuriates Barbara. Still harsh, Rebecca calls Grizel a “murderess” bringing to the fore the contrasting nature of the two ladies. Barbara does not agree with Rebecca though Barbara has earlier the same opinion about Grizel as Rebecca has now: 203 ASIF ABRAR Int.J.Eng.Lang.Lit&Trans.Studies Vol.3.Issue. 1.2016 (Jan-Mar) BARBARA. Nay – you shall not – in this house! Nothing was known. REBECCA. Why, you yourself have said These many times – I heard it from your lips . BARBARA. Happen we all have wronged her: she may be As innocent of her poor baby’s death As it . REBECCA. But who can tell even it. BARBARA. The bairn? (78-85) Obviously, the misery and hardship meted on Grizel is the product of society. She was carrying the child of illicit union and because of this she has to face the social taunt that forced her to leave her native place and settle down in a strange land. She came in this strange land to make a living without depending upon anyone. Here, she delivers the child giving a chance to question the identity of the child: “If she’s no strumpet, where is her good man?” (87). Barbara tries to defend her that it might be her husband would have “died.” Ironically Rebecca exclaims: And taken the ring with him? There is little use for wedding-rings in heaven, By all accounts, and less in hell, I’d fancy. Woman’s not worth much who comes alone To a strange village, and sets up a house Where she within a month is brought to bed, And cannot name the father of her brat. (89-95) It is natural that the state in which Grizel has delivered the child makes other doubt. She does even defend herself when everyone was criticizing her for leading a life of corrupt behaviour. Rebecca goes on stating based on assumption and observations, regarding Grizel’s act of possible living an immoral life, which is not accepted by society. Man and woman are equally responsible for the act of sexual intercourse out of wedlock. If this mating results in pregnancy of woman, it cannot be called an act of chance or accident. Despite being aware of the consequent result and despite the fact that legally, socially, officially and ethically speaking illicit intercourse is disapproved, why we condone it in practice. David Kingsley suggests: Though illicit intercourse in our culture is disapproved officially, it is usually winked at or ignored in practice – by persons, indeed, who heartily disapprove of illegitimate children – partly because it is difficult to detect and control.
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