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WRA Species Report Family: Pinaceae Taxon: Abies procera Synonym: Abies nobilis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. Common Name: Noble fir Abies nobilis var. prostrata Hornibr. Christmastree Abies nobilis var. robusta Beissn. Red fir Abies nobilis var. robustifolia Sudw. Abies procera f. prostrata (Hornibr.) Rehder Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 1 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 5/22/2012 Abies procera (Pinaceae) Page 1 of 9 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 1 Print Date: 5/22/2012 Abies procera (Pinaceae) Page 2 of 9 Supporting Data: 101 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence CAB International, Wallingford, UK 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 0-Low] "A. procera is CAB International, Wallingford, UK restricted to a relatively small area of north-western Oregon and south western Washington, USA. Considering it can be very dominant in forests where it does occur, its range is smaller than that of its other coniferous associates, from the McKenzie River in the Oregon Cascades to Stevens Pass in the Washington Cascades. In addition, there are around 12 discontinuous populations in the Coast Range of extreme south-west Washington and north-west Oregon." … "Latitude between 48°S and 44°S" 202 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Quality of climate match data 2-High] CAB International, Wallingford, UK 203 1990. Burns, R.M./Honkala, B.H.. Silvics of North [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Noble fir is generally America. Volume 1: Conifers. Agriculture found at elevations between 1070 and 1680 m (3,500 and 5,500 ft) in the Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cascade Range in Oregon and 910 and 1520 m (3,000 and 5,000 ft) in the Forest Service, Washington, DC. Cascade Range in central Washington. In the Coast Ranges of Oregon, it generally grows above 910 m (3,000 ft). It is occasionally found at much lower elevations, however, and shows excellent growth on such sites." [Potential elevation range exceeds 1000 m, suggesting species possesses environmental versatility] 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Climatic amplitude CAB International, Wallingford, UK (estimates) - Altitude range: 60 - 2700 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1390 - 4740 mm - Rainfall regime: winter; uniform - Dry season duration: 0 - 3 months - Mean annual temperature: 4 - 7ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 13 - 16ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: -5 - -1ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: -25 - 0ºC" [Potential elevation range exceeds 1000 m, suggesting species possesses environmental versatility] 204 1990. Burns, R.M./Honkala, B.H.. Silvics of North [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] "Noble America. Volume 1: Conifers. Agriculture fir lies entirely within a moist, maritime climatic region. Since it grows primarily at Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, higher elevations within the Abies amabilis zone (10) high precipitation and Forest Service, Washington, DC. relatively cool temperatures are characteristic." 204 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] CAB International, Wallingford, UK "Climate throughout the range of A. procera is distinctly moist and maritime. Summers are cool, with mean daily temperatures in July of 13.3-16.1°C. Winter temperatures are also relatively mild, with mean January temperatures ranging from -4.4 to -1.1°C. The mean number of frost-free days ranges from 55 near the tree line to more than 240 within the Oregon Coast Range. Mean annual precipitation varies greatly, ranging from 4740 mm on the south-west slopes of Cedar Butte in the Oregon Coast Range to a low of 1390 mm on ridges east of the Cascade Crest. Mean annual snowfall is in the range 1500 12,500 mm, and winter snowpacks can be as much as 6 m deep, but persistent snowpacks are commonly 1-3 m deep. A summer dry season is characteristic of this region, with only around 5% of the annual precipitation falling in July to September." 205 1993. Cope, A.B.. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Information System, [Online]. USDA Forest range? Yes] "It is cultivated in Hawaii [50]." Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abip ro/all.html 205 2000. Jonsell, B. (ed.). Flora Nordica. Volume 1. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Lycopodiaceae to Polygonaceae. The Bergius range? Yes] "Escaped" in Sweden Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm 205 2001. Vance, N.C./Borsting, M./Pilz, D./Freed, J.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Special forest products: species information range? Yes] "Noble fir was introduced into Denmark in the mid 19th century and guide for the Pacific Northwest. en. Tech. Rep. is now common throughout the country. Boughs are harvested commercially for PNW-GTR-513. USDA, Forest Service, Pacific decorative uses in Scandinavian countries." Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR Print Date: 5/22/2012 Abies procera (Pinaceae) Page 3 of 9 205 2004. Richardson, D.M./Rejmánek, M.. Conifers [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive range? Yes] Planted & naturalized in the UK framework. Diversity and Distributions. 10: 321–331. 205 2006. Krivanek, M./Pysek, P./Jarosik, V.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Planting History and Propagule Pressure as range? Yes] "Not escaped" in the Czech Republic Predictors of Invasion by Woody Species in a Temperate Region. Conservation Biology. 20(5): 1487–1498. 301 2000. Jonsell, B. (ed.). Flora Nordica. Volume 1. [Naturalized beyond native range? Listed as "escaped" in Sweden] Lycopodiaceae to Polygonaceae. The Bergius Foundation, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm 301 2004.
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