Chart 4: Handshape Identification

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

Overview Procedures for making Cued Speech Transliterator accuracy measurements are documented in this manual. This section of the manual provides definitions, background information, and scoring tips. The other four sections of the manual describe the detailed procedures used in each of the four components of the scoring process: 1. Decide Whether to Score 2. Score Categorization 3. Placement Identification 4. Handshape Identification

In each of the remaining sections of the manual, procedures used for evaluating a particular component of the cue production are first summarized in a flow chart. Hyperlinks from each element in the flow chart lead to more detailed explanations. All four flow charts are posted in the lab and should be used as a reference for all measurement.

Definitions

A. CST = Cued Speech Transliterator B. Target Cue = The cue that the CST is expected to produce. It is written in cue notation on the Excel spreadsheet. C. Cue Under Review = The actual cue that the CST produces that is presently under consideration for scoring. It appears on the computer screen. o Finger Under Review = The finger of the cue under review that is presently under consideration for “up”/“down” decisions used in determining handshape. It appears on the computer screen. D. Response Cue = The cue that is actually scored (not every cue under review is actually scored). It is written in cue notation and entered in the “CST response” column on the Excel spreadsheet. E. Correct = This occurs when the cue under review matches the handshape and placement of the target cue. Scoring = A correct cue is indicated with a “C” that is recorded in the CST’s response column as follows: Target cue OK Target CST Word CV pair sequence insertions cue Response Movements /mu/ 5c C /v/ 2s C

F. Substitution = This is an error that occurs when the cue under review is produced in place of the target cue. The correct handshape and/or correct placement of the target cue is replaced by a different Cued Speech handshape and/or placement. Scoring = The substituted cue is recorded in cue notation in the CST’s response column as follows: Overview - Page 1 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

Target CV cue OK Target CST Word pair sequence insertions cue Response Shrink /Ѐ/ 6s 3s On /Ϫ/, /ѐ/ 5sf, 5c C /n/ 4s 4c

G. Insertion = This is an error that occurs when the cue under review is an extra cue that is not produced in place of any target. Scoring = The inserted cue is recorded in cue notation after an “I” in the CST’s response column (“I-inserted cue”) by inserting a row in the Excel spreadsheet at the point where the cue was inserted in the script. Target CV cue OK Target CST Word pair sequence insertions cue Response females /fi/ 5m C I-4m 5c + C /گme/ 5t C /l/ 6s C /z/ 2s C

H. Omission = This is an error that occurs when none of the cues under review can be scored for the target cue. This occurs when the cue is not produced by the CST or when the attempted cue under review is not scoreable. Scoring = An omitted cue is indicated with a “X” that is recorded in the CST’s response column as follows: Target CV cue OK Target CST Word pair sequence insertions cue Response On /Ϫ/, /ѐ/ 5sf, 5c C /n/ 4s X

I. Transition = Transitions are any movements or cue productions that occur between cues and are not scoreable. Examples of transitions include a persisting handshape that is moving away from the last placement (but does not remain after arrival at the new placement) or a constantly changing handshape (that does not last at least three frames) produced on the way to the new placement.

Overview - Page 2 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

Measuring Tips

A. Making the Measurement Tool Many scoring judgments require the grader to measure the distance between a reference point on the hand (usually the contact finger) and a reference point on the CST’s body (e.g. face midline). Distance is measured in “finger-width” units. Therefore, a “measurement tool” that is the same width as the CST’s finger must be made prior to scoring. Because the CST may be in different positions/placements in each video and the video zoom may have changed, one measurement tool for each CST at each separate speed needs to be made according to the following steps: 1. Step through the video, and select a frame that has a clear handshape 5 that is flat and facing the camera. Be sure there is no wrist/arm rotation and that the fingernail and edges of the middle finger are clearly visible. 2. Measure the CST’s middle finger from the left side of the fullest (or middle) part of the nail to the right side of the nail at the same point. 3. Use a piece of cardboard with a straight edge (an edge that hasn’t been cut ensures the full length of the finger will be straight). A long straight piece of cardboard of equal width all the way through needs to be used. 4. Mark the measured distance from the straight edge in two places, then draw a line connecting the two measurements. 5. Cut down the center of the line carefully. 6. Hold the measurement tool up on the computer screen to the finger that was used to make the measurement tool. You should still be able to see the edges of the middle finger but no part of the fingernail.

B. Reference points Consistency is a key factor when measuring to/from any reference point (e.g. midline). Once each of the reference points (throat midline, face midline, chin crease, etc.) is determined for a particular CST the same reference points must be used every time when determining placement. For each reference point, find a facial feature, body marking, element of an article of clothing or piece of jewelry that can be used consistently. Reference points CANNOT be changed for each cue under review.

Scoring Tips

A. Benefit of the Doubt A rule that is used to give the CST positive credit for the cue they are producing. The benefit of the doubt rule is used to help the CST’s score in borderline situations when absolute answers are not easily formulated, as a result of a number of issues affecting the CST’s production. These issues fall into two broad categories 1. Visibility issues: A visibility issue that is not the transliterator’s fault (i.e. not poor form). Most often due to equipment limitations of the camera such as blurry frames, poor lighting etc. Examples of how the benefit of the doubt rule would apply when there is a visibility issue:

Overview - Page 3 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

o Handshape = If the handshape of the cue under review could match the target cue (within reason), give credit for the handshape in order to minimize errors. o Finger (equipment issues) = If the finger of the cue under review could be determined to be “up” or “down” (within reason), then make the decision that would minimize errors. 2. Measurement issues (tie goes to the CST): Any measurement that results in a tie between two placements or reference points. o Placement (measurement tool) = : If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) and the placement of the cue under review could match the target cue, give credit for the placement in order to minimize errors. o Placement (chin crease) = If the CST touches directly on the chin crease, and the placement of the cue under review could match the target cue, give credit for the placement in order to minimize errors. o Placement (closer to mouth vs. closer to bottom of chin) = If the CST produces a cue directly even with the chin crease, and the placement of the cue under review could match the target cue, give credit for the placement in order to minimize errors. o Placement (determining reference points) = Depending on the CST’s face anatomy, using the chin crease as a reference point may not produce the same result as using the mouth corner and bottom of chin as reference points. In these situations, use the reference point that gives credit for the placement in order to minimize errors.

B. Error minimization In deciding what cues to score on which row of the Excel sheet, the goal is to minimize the number of total errors (with partial credit) but also to align things with what the transliterator is mouthing. When deciding what cues to omit/substitute, stay as close to the production visible on the CST’s mouth as possible.

1. General: If cues scored can be aligned with target cues in more than one way, count errors for each possible scoring alignment using the values below to determine the sequence with the least errors. i. Correct: -0 ii. Insertions: -1 iii. Omissions: -1 iv. Substitutions 1. wrong handshape / wrong placement (if scoreable): - 1 2. right handshape /wrong placement (or wrong/right): -0.5 3. movement errors: -0

2. Liaisons: If cues can be aligned so that an omission occurs for a target cue immediately above or below a liaison opportunity (in the Excel spreadsheet), re-align the response cues to minimize errors.

Overview - Page 4 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

i. Example 1: Score one “X” for the liaison rather than scoring two “X’s” immediately above and below the target cue ( - 1 instead of – 2). Target CV cue OK Target CST Word pair sequence insertions cue Response smells /s/ 3s X /mϯ/ 5c X /l/ 6s X /z/ 2s 2c X /گliaison*** /z*** ϯ/ 5c/ ,/گ/ exactly /ց/ 7s X /zæ/ 2t X /k/ 2s X ***omitted*** /t/ 5s 6m, 6t X /گli/, /l/

ii. Example 2 : Score a 5s substitution for the liaison rather than scoring a “C” for the immediately above target cue and an “X” for the immediately below target cue ( - 0 instead of – 1). Target CV cue OK Target CST Word pair sequence insertions cue Response feet /fi/ 5m C /t/ 5s ***liaison*** /t ə/ 5sd 5s away /ѩ/ 5sd 6c + C /گwe/ 5t C

iii. Example 3 (Exception): Do not score a 2t substitution for the liaison but instead score a 2t substitution for 2s and an “X” for 5c because when whole words or sentences are omitted, a liaison cannot be scored with a word or sentence that was not mouthed. Target CV cue OK Target CST Word pair sequence insertions cue Response smells /s/ 3s 3c /mϯ/ 5c C

Overview - Page 5 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

/l/ 6s C /z/ 2s 2t 2c /گliaison*** /z*** ϯ/ 5c X/ ,/گ/ exactly /ց/ 7s X /zæ/ 2t X /k/ 2s X ***omitted*** /t/ 5s 6m, 6t X /گli/, /l/

C. Self-corrections If a CST is aware of a cueing error, they may choose to re-cue all or part of a word or phrase in order to correct the error. Ideally, the CST will point to self while correcting the error and there should be a non manual production (e.g. headshake) or a cued word indicating a mistake was made. At minimum, there must be an indication on the mouth that they are producing part or all of the word twice. Scoring = The first cue(s) produced are scored as an insertion(s) and the second cue(s) produced (CST correction) are scored aligned with target cue(s). A self-correction is recorded in the Excel Spreadsheet by completing the following steps: 1. Under the column titled “Word” type the cst who is responsible for producing a self correction (e.g. cst2) 2. In the same column, type a hyphen and the word they are attempting to produce 3. Under the column titled “CV pair” type “will self correct”. 4. Highlight self-correction in yellow. ***Warning*** - After it is realized that a CST has produced a self-correction, the grader must doublecheck insertions, substitutions, omissions, and corrects in the area. This is because the rules for scoring a cue under review may differ depending on which target cue (if any) it lines up with (e.g. a cue that does not last three frames that was correct would not be scored as an insertion after re-alignment).

Target cue OK Target CST Word CV pair sequence insertions cue Response (cst2-it) will self correct I-5t (cst2-even) will self correct I-5m I-2c I-5m 5t C /گ/ It

Overview - Page 6 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

/t/ 5s ***liaison*** /ti/ 5m C even /i/ 5m vђ/ 2t, 2sd C/ ,/گv/ /n/ 4s C

D. Whole word substitution At times, a CST may deviate from the words specified in the Excel spreadsheet, either in error (e.g. mis-remembering/mis-hearing) or on purpose when paraphrasing in order to catch up with the speaker. Scoring = When a whole word is substituted, then the target cues associated with the word in the script (Excel sheet, “Word” column) should be scored as omissions, and the cued word should be scored as insertions. The inserted word should be recorded right after the last cue for the omitted word in the Excel Spreadsheet by completing the following steps: 1. Under the column titled “Word” type the cst who is responsible for producing a whole word substitution. 2. In the same column, type a hyphen and the word they substituted.

Target cue OK Target CST Word CV pair sequence insertions cue Response 6t, 4t X /گѪ/ ,/گWhich /w /tЀ/ 8s X (cst3-it) I-5t I-5s

Exception: Partial word substitutions If the whole-word substitution produced by the CST is closely related to the target word, this is considered a modification. Scoring = When a partial word is substituted, the matching portion of the response cues are aligned with the target cues and scored as usual. However, the non-matching cues are scored as insertions and the modification must be noted in the left hand column as follows: The inserted part of the word should be recorded right after the last cue for the omitted part of the word in the Excel Spreadsheet by completing the following steps: 1. Under the column titled “Word” type the cst who is responsible for producing a partial word substitution.

Overview - Page 7 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

2. In the same column, type “:mod” followed by a hyphen and the portion of the word they substituted. Note, no spaces should be included.

Example 1: Morphologically Similar Word Substitution

Target cue Target CST Word CV pair sequence OK insertions cue Response beautifully /b/ 4s C (cst3:mod- beautiful) /ju/ 8c C 5sd, 5t C /گtђ /, /t/ /f/ 5s /fѨ/ 5t C /li/ 6m 6s

Example 2: Phonetically Similar Word Substitution

Target cue Target CST Word CV pair sequence OK insertions cue Response provokes /p/ 1s C (cst1:mod- promotes) /rђ/ 3sd C /vo/ 2sf X /k/ 2s X /s/ 3s X I-5sf I-5s I-3sd

Example 3 (Warning): Modification Affecting a Liaison Boundary: Score a 5s substitution for the liaison rather than scoring a “C” above at the end of the modified word and an “X” for the target cue immediately below the liaison. ( - 3.5 instead of – 4).

Target cue Target CST Word CV pair sequence OK insertions cue Response 5t C /گ/ itself (cst1mod:it) /t/ 5s /sϯ/ 3c X /l/ 6s X

Overview - Page 8 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

/f/ 5s X fђ/ 5t, 5sd 5s/ ,/گliaison*** /f*** ђ/ 5t, 5sd /ϯ/ 5c/ ,/گ/ especially /s/ 3s C /pϯ/ 1c C /Ѐђ/ 6sd C 6t C /گli/ 6m /l/

E. Monophthong for Diphthong Substitution When a monophthong is substituted by a diphthong, place the substituted cue in the first row of the target diphthong and mark the second one as an omission. Error minimization score will often be the same regardless of alignment. Therefore, monophthong for diphthong substitutions are scored in the following manner for consistency purposes: Target cue OK Target CST Word CV pair sequence insertions cue Response flower /f/ 5s C /laѨ/ 6s + 6t 5t X /ə#/ 5m C

F. Omissions of one or More Consecutive Words When large sequences of target cues are omitted, random handshapes should not be matched up to target cues in words that the CST did not mouth. These cues under review are scored as either insertions (if they last at least three frames or touch) or as omissions.

G. Insertion of a Single Consonant in the Middle of a CV pair When a consonant is inserted in the middle of a CV pair the first cue is scored as an insertion and the second cue is scored as the substitution. Error minimization score will often be the same regardless of alignment. Therefore, insertion of a single consonant in the middle of a CV pair is scored in the following manner for consistency purposes: Target cue OK Target CST Word CV pair sequence insertions cue Response I-4s new /nu/ 4c 8c

Overview - Page 9 of 10

Lab Manual: CS Accuracy Measurements

Movement Tips

A. Side-down and Side-forward movements When a target cue includes a side movement (side-down or side-forward) any perceptible movement in the correct direction is acceptable if the target handshape is achieved by the end of the movement (Example: “stun”, movement could begin on /s/ as long as /t/ is achieved by the end of the movement – both cues would be scored as correct) score as correct. Look for some portion in side territory and o Side-Down Movements- Must find a movement between two consecutive frames that moves straight downward. Diagonal movement not acceptable. Compare contact finger to an established reference point to determine whether or not diagonal movement is present. o Side-Forward Movements- Must find a movement between two consecutive frames that moves straight forward or outward and forward. Diagonal movements or wrist rotations/twists are acceptable. o All Side Movments – Must pass through an acceptable side placement territory (according to the placement chart) at some point during the side- movement (e.g. Cue under review could begin in the mouth territory, but this is OK as long as it goes into side territory while still moving downward)

B. Other movement-related scoring rules

o Movement substitutions for a non-movement target cues: If the cue under review appears to include a side-movement (side-down or side forward) but the target cue does not include a side movement, Do not score a movement substitution for the target cue unless the movement is very obvious (e.g., CST mouthing wrong word or unusually large movement) o Movement Overlapping two or more cues: If the CST produces a side- movement on the cue under review for the expected target cue (i.e. correct movement for target cue), however the movement overlaps with another cue under review, i.e. begins in the previous cue under review or extends to the next cue under review, then Do Not Score movement substitutions for the preceding target cue or the later target cue. o Movement Switched for two consecutive target cues: If the CST produces a side-movement incorrectly on the cue under review that was expected for the previous or next target cue AND the movement does not overlap with the correct target cue, both cues are scored as substitutions (target cue with expected movement is scored as a substitution without movement and target cue without expected movement is scored as a substitution containing movement). o Correct Side-Movement is present with Questionable Placement: If the entire movement of the cue under review does not occur at the side placement (occurs at another placement(s)), the cue under review is scored as a substitution and the movement is not recorded (e.g. 7 “mouth-forward” is scored as 7m). Use the location where the movement of the cue under review stops to determine the placement of the cue under review.

Overview - Page 10 of 10

Chart 1: Decide Whether to Score

Look for one or more of the Does the cue touch (any finger) following actions: or last three frames? Contact Constant location Yes No Change of handshape Change of placement

See Score Is the handshape the Categorization Chart! same as the previous cue (that you scored)? 2 In a row? Yes No Is it the same Is the placement the placement as the same as the previous previous cue (that you cue (that you scored)? scored)? Yes No Yes No Persists after arrival? Prior to departure?

If scored, If scored, would If scored, would See Score would it be this cue have the this cue have the Categorization correct? same placement same HS as the Chart! (excluding as the next cue next cue that you movement) that you would would score? score? Yes No Yes No Yes No

Was the See Score Is the HS in Is the best HS in previous Categorization the exact See Score the exact same cue also Chart! same location Categorization location or a correct? of the next Chart! supra- location as scored cue? the previous cue Yes No (that you scored)? Yes No Yes No

And at the side See Score Do Not Is the HS better place- Categorization Do Not Score than or equivalent ment Chart! Score to the next cue? Yes No Yes No Is there a flick, flick-like, tap, or tapping-like motion See Score in between previous and Do Not Categorization Score current cues? Chart! Yes No See Score Is there well-defined movement towards the Do Not Categorization No Chart! correct placement for Score this cue?

Yes Chart 1: Decide Whether to Score

Does the cue touch (any finger) or last three frames? o “touching” = making contact with placement using correct finger, or incorrect finger o “three frames” = stays in same location for three frames (i.e. stops) and handshape cannot vary. Triangular movement caused by change in direction acceptable. o Triangular movement = the cue on screen has three frames that change location only slightly (handshape is maintained). Over these three frames, the location of the contact finger forms a small triangle. Arm does not move, and hand/wrist moves only minimally.

Is the handshape the same as the previous cue (that you scored)? o In this step, look at the handshape of the cue under review and determine the handshape according to the handshape chart. Compare to handshape of previous cue. o Previous Cue = last cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded.

2 in a Row? Is it the same placement as the previous cue (that you scored)? o Current Status : two or more frames of same handshape and same placement o Definition: To be considered two in a row, there must be at least two frames of the same handshape at the same placement with movement indicating two separate cues. o In this step, look at the placement of the cue under review and determine placement (disregarding side movements) according to placement chart. Compare to placement of the previous cue. o Previous Cue = last cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded. o Disregarding side movements = Movement does not change placement. Side, Side-down, and Side- forward are all considered to have the same placement. Diagonal movement does not change placement either.

If scored would it be correct? (Excluding movement) o Excluding movement, compare cue on screen to the target cue. o Excluding movement = Side, Side-down, and Side-forward are all considered equivalent for this decision (e.g., 3s =3sf = 3sd). o Target Cue= expected cue according to Excel spreadsheet. o Warning= ***Look Ahead*** If current target cue is omitted, the next target cue may need to be considered. EX: 2c X 2c

Was the previous cue (one you just scored) also correct (Excluding movement)? o In Excel, go to the last cue scored (excluding omissions). Determine if handshape and placement (excluding movement) for that cue were correct o Excluding movement = Side, Side-down, and Side-forward are all considered equivalent for this decision (e.g., 3s =3sf = 3sd).

And at the side placement? o In Excel, go to the last cue scored (excluding omissions). Determine if this cue was at the side placement (S=SD=SF).

Is there a flick, flick-like, tap, or tapping-like motion in between previous & current cues?

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Chart 1: Decide Whether to Score o Current Status: two or more frames of same handshape at the same placement, if this can be divided into two cues at least one of the cues is wrong (current or previous cue). o Look for any movement during these frames that would indicate two separate cues are being produced. o At the side, look for a flick or flick-like motion. At the throat, chin, or mouth placement look for a tap or tapping like motion. o flick = a movement ¼ inch forward and back. o flick-like motion = any movement of the wrist or fingers that breaks up the frames into two separate cues. Examples of flick-like motion include sharp twists, partial flicks, side-ways flicks, and/or intervening transitional handshapes. Partial flick = only forward or back movement is produced. Sharp twists and/or side-ways flicks= rotational movement of wrist that guides the hand downward, upward, inward, and/or outward. Finger movements = fingers bend, straighten, appear, or disappear and do not last more than three frames or form an optimum handshape • Optimum handshape = the most properly formed handshape (for a particular cue) that the CST regularly produces over the course of his/her entire performance Tap = touching, slight lift-off, returns to touch again at same placement. a tapping like motion = touching, slight lift-off, returns to same placement but doesn’t touch OR not touching, slight lift-away, return to same placement (regardless of touching) Warning= if a lift-off or lift-away lasts 3 or more frames, consider scoring these frames separately (as their own cue)

Is there a well-defined movement towards the correct placement for this cue? o Current Status: two or more frames of handshape at the same placement without a flick, flick-like, tap, or tapping-like motion, if this can be divided into two cues at least one of the cues is wrong (current or previous cue). o In Excel, determine the target placement. For the frames under review, look for any well-defined movement toward this placement that would indicate two separate cues are being produced. o Well-defined movement = a cue that is clearly heading toward the correct placement for the next cue but correct placement is not achieved. Clearly heading = The movement towards the target placement should be obvious and appear deliberate (i.e. looks like transliterator is making a second cue). The movement should also stop or change directions prior to formation of subsequent cues. • Ex: a side-throat diphthong – A well-defined movement toward the throat occurs but throat territory (according to placement chart) is not achieved for the second half of the diphthong o ***Warning*** = A well-defined movement establishes two cues under review (before and after the well-defined movement), and both of those cues are always scored, even if the answer for either cue under review is “Do Not Score” according to the Score Categorization chart.

Persists after arrival? If scored, would this cue have the same placement as the next cue that you would score? o Current Status: Same handshape as previous cue but different placement. o Definition: A cue that persists after arrival is an extra cue that was not intended by the transliterator. It occurs when the previous handshape persists after the new placement is reached before finally changing to form the next intended cue. Click here for examples (YES/NO examples from 2006 rules?).

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Chart 1: Decide Whether to Score o In this step, look at the placement of the cue under review and determine placement according to placement chart (disregarding movement). Then look ahead to the next cue to be scored and determine placement according to placement chart (disregarding movement). Finally, compare the placements of both cues. o Next Cue = next cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded. o Disregarding movement = Movement does not change placement. Side, Side-down, and Side- forward are all considered to have the same placement. Diagonal movement does not change placement either.

Is the handshape in the exact same location of the next scored cue? o Current Status: Cue under review has same handshape but different placement than previous cue, and same placement as the next cue. o On screen, look at cue under review and compare to the next cue to be scored. Determine whether these cues are produced at the exact same location. o Exact same location = No movement toward a new location or placement. No triangular movement allowed. Look at hand to make sure location is stable. Disregard movement of fingers for purposes of changing handshape. Triangular movement = A change in direction that makes three points with minimal movement. Stable location = Cue under review does not move at all. Disregard finger movements: Look at arm, wrist, and hand to determine if cue under reviewr is in the exact same location as CST changes handshape (if applicable). Warning = Do not think about placement. o ***Remember, if the answer to this question is yes then the cue under review is considered a “Persists after arrival cue”. ***

Is the placement the same as the previous cue (that you scored)? o In this step, look at the placement of the cue under review and determine placement (disregarding side movements) according to placement chart. Compare to placement of the previous cue. o Previous Cue = last cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded. o Disregarding side movements = Movement does not change placement. Side, Side-down, and Side- forward are all considered to have the same placement. Diagonal movement does not change placement either.

Prior to Departure? If scored, would this cue have the same handshape as the next cue that you would score? o Current Status: Different handshape than previous cue but same placement as previous cue. o Definition: A cue that is formed prior to departure is an extra cue that was not intended by the transliterator. It occurs when the handshape of the next intended cue is formed prior to any detectable movement toward the next placement. Click here for examples (YES/NO examples from 2006 rules?). o In this step, look at the handshape of the cue under review and determine handshape according to handshape chart. Then look ahead to the next cue to be scored and determine handshape according to handshape chart. Finally, compare the handshapes of both cues. o Next Cue = next cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded.

Is the BEST handshape at the exact same location or a supra-location as the previous cue (that you scored)?

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Chart 1: Decide Whether to Score

o Current Status: Cue under review has 1) different handshape than previous cue 2) same placement as previous cue and 3) same handshape as next cue scored. o On screen, find the frame for the cue under review that has the best handshape. Compare the cue in this frame to the previous cue that was scored. Determine whether these cues are produced at the exact same location. If not, determine whether the cue under review is produced in a supra-location relative to the previous cue. o Best handshape = most properly formed and/or most recognizable handshape of the cue under review (may not be optimum, just looking for the frame with the “best” handshape the CST produces) Optimum handshape = the most properly formed handshape (for a particular cue) that the CST regularly produces over the course of his/her entire performance o Previous Cue = last cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded. o Exact same location = No movement toward a new location or placement. No triangular movement allowed. Look at hand to make sure location is stable. Disregard movement of fingers for purposes of changing handshape. Triangular movement = A change in direction that makes three points with minimal movement. Stable location = Cue under review does not move at all. Disregard finger movements: Look at arm, wrist, and hand to determine if cue under reviewr is in the exact same location as CST changes handshape (if applicable). Warning = Do not think about placement. o Supra-location = As the cue moves from its previous location, the movement is not toward a different placement. Instead, the placement of the cue under review is produced at an improved location (compared to the location of the previous cue) OR is produced at an overshot location. Overshot location = The location of the cue is past or beyond the ideal location for the particular placement of the cue under review. In addition, the placement of the cue under review is distinguishable and not easily confused with any other placement.

Is the HS better than or equivalent to the next cue? o Current Status: Cue under review has 1) different handshape than previous cue 2) same placement as previous cue 3) same handshape as next cue scored and 4) the frame with the “best” handshape is not at an exact location or supra-location. o Look at the cue under review on screen and determine if the handshape is better than or equivalent to the next cue on screen that would be scored. o Better than = the handshape of the cue under review has a more properly formed and/or distinguishable handshape then the next cue scored. o Equivalent to = the handshape of the cue under review maintains the same form all the way until it reaches the placement for the next cue scored. o Next Cue = next cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded. o ***Remember***, if the answer to this question is yes then the cue under review is considered a “Prior to departure cue”. This information may be required to answer future questions.

Always look for the following when deciding whether to score!!! • A cue should be reviewed (and possibly scored) whenever one or more of the following actions occur: o Contact: Determine if the CST is making contact (touching) with a placement using either the correct finger or incorrect finger.

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Chart 1: Decide Whether to Score

***Warning*** - When the CST is transitioning into the “finalized” handshape while touching, score the best handshape the CST is producing according to the handshape chart. Do not score two separate cues unless it is obvious that two cues were intended (e.g. an obvious tap or tapping like motion is present). Best handshape = most properly formed and/or most recognizable handshape of the cue under review (may not be optimum, just looking for the frame with the “best” handshape the CST produces) • Optimum handshape = the most properly formed handshape (for a particular cue) that the CST regularly produces over the course of his/her entire performance o Constant location: Determine if the cue on screen stops (last three frames or more), hovers, or is produced with a very small triangular movement caused by a change in direction. Stops = the cue on screen does not change locations (handshape is maintained) for three or more frames. Hovers = the CST hesitates or momentarily stops moving. As a result, the cue on screen is in focus for 1-2 frames. For a cue to be “hovering,” the frames must not be blurry. Note that if a cue hovers for more than 2 frames, it is considered “stopped.” Triangular movement = the cue on screen has three frames that change location only slightly (handshape is maintained). Over these three frames, the location of the contact finger forms a small triangle. Arm does not move, and hand/wrist moves only minimally. ***Warning*** - It is possible for two cues to be scored at the same placement, if two sets of frames can be classified as two separate cases of “constant location.” Look for any movement during these frames that would indicate two separate cues are being produced. If this is a possibility, be sure to go through the decision to score procedure for each case. o Change of handshape: Determine whether or not the cue under review changes handshapes according to the handshape chart. Warning = The frame on which the handshape changes may not be the exact frame that is scored. Look at each frame that contains this handshape to decide which one of the frames should be scored (if any). o Change of placement: Determine whether or not the cue under review changes placements according to the placement chart. Warning = The frame on which the placement changes may not be the exact frame that is scored. Look at each frame that contains this placement to decide which one of the frames should be scored (if any).

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Chart 2: Score Categorization

Does the cue touch or

last three frames? Yes No Is the handshape Is the handshape correct? correct? Yes No Yes No

Is the placement Does the “correct” Does the handshape correct? HS pass through the pass through the correct placement? correct placement?

Yes No Yes No Yes No HS: Wrong HS: Right HS: Wrong Placement: Wrong Placement: Wrong Placement: Right

Is the cue Would the cue Would the cue Correct replacing an replace an replace an expected cue? expected cue? expected cue?

Yes No Yes No Yes No

Sub Does the Is the location Is the cue cue hover of the side replacing an Correct for at least placement expected cue? one frame? established? Yes No Yes No Yes No

Sub Do Not Sub Do Not Score Sub Score Insertion Is the location of the side placement established? Yes No Insertion Prior to Departure: Is the cue anticipating a future cue? Yes No Insertion

Persists after arrival: Is the cue a perseveration of a past cue?

Yes No Insertion Do Not Score Chart 2: Score Categorization

Is the handshape correct? o Look at the cue under review on screen and compare with the target cue on the Excel spreadsheet. Determine if the handshape of the cue under review is correct. o Correct handshape = A well-formed and clearly distinguishable cued speech handshape that matches the handshape of the target cue. Use handshape chart to make this decision. o ***Warning*** - If the correct target handshape is formed early and the handshape is still “semi- recognizable” by the time the target placement is reached, it is scored as correct. Semi-recognizable Handshape = Slight handshape changes are permitted as long as the handshape remains distinguishable from any other handshape IF (and only if) a correct handshape was formed before the target placement was reached. Note, the semi-recognizable handshape does not have to meet the criteria of the handshape chart. • ***Warning*** = Do not consider handshape semi-recognizable if a correct handshape according to handshape chart is not formed first. A semi-recognizable handshape at the target placement cannot be scored as a correct handshape if it does not occur until after the cue under review leaves the target placement.

Is the placement correct? o Current Status: The cue under review touches or lasts three frames and is the right handshape. o Look at the cue under review on screen and compare with the target cue on the Excel spreadsheet. Determine if the placement of the cue under review is the correct. o Correct placement = A clearly distinguishable cued speech placement that matches the placement of the target cue. Use placement chart to make this decision.

Is the cue replacing an expected cue? o Current Status: The cue under review is not correct for one of the following two reasons: reason 1. The wrong handshape touches or lasts three frames (evaluating substitution or insertion) 2. The right handshape stops or passes through the wrong placement (evaluating possible substitution). o Determine if the cue under review occurs instead of the target cue on the Excel spreadsheet. o ***Warning*** = Beware of surrounding cues. Look ahead on screen to make sure the cue under review is not an extra cue or is the same as a target cue that occurs elsewhere on the Excel spreadsheet.

Does the “correct” handshape pass through the correct placement? o Current Status: The cue under review does not touch or last three frames and is the right handshape. o Look at the cue under review on screen and compare with the target cue on the Excel spreadsheet. Determine if the CST maintains the correct handshape and/or semi-recognizable handshape as they stop or pass through the correct placement o Correct Handshape = A well-formed and clearly distinguishable cued speech handshape that matches the handshape of the target cue. Use handshape chart to make this decision.

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Chart 2: Score Categorization

o Semi-recognizable Handshape = Slight handshape changes are permitted as long as the handshape remains distinguishable from any other handshape IF (and only if) a correct handshape was formed before the target placement was reached. Note, the semi-recognizable handshape does not have to meet the criteria of the handshape chart. ***Warning*** = Do not consider handshape semi-recognizable if a correct handshape according to handshape chart is not formed first. A semi-recognizable handshape at the target placement cannot be scored as a correct handshape if it does not occur until after the cue under review leaves the target placement. o Correct placement = A clearly distinguishable cued speech placement that matches the placement of the target cue. Use placement chart to make this decision.

Does the handshape pass through the correct placement? o Current Status: The cue under review does not touch or last three frames and is the wrong handshape. o Look at the cue under review on screen and compare with the target cue on the Excel spreadsheet. Determine if the CST stops or passes through the correct placement o Correct placement = A clearly distinguishable cued speech placement that matches the placement of the target cue. Use placement chart to make this decision.

Would the cue replace an expected cue? o Current Status: The cue under review is not correct for one of two reasons (evaluating possible substitution). 1. The wrong handshape stops or passes through the right placement 2. The wrong handshape stops or passes through the wrong placement o Determine if the cue under review (if scored) would occur as a substitution for the target cue on the Excel spreadsheet. o ***Warning*** = Beware of surrounding cues. Look ahead on screen to make sure the cue under review is not an extra cue or is the same as a target cue that occurs elsewhere on the Excel spreadsheet.

Is the location of the side placement established? o Current Status: The cue under review is not correct and does not replace an expected cue (evaluating possible insertion). o Use either the previous cue scored or the next cue scored to find the exact location of the established side placement. Then, determine if the cue under review is produced at this location or a supralocation with an optimum handshape. o Previous Cue = last cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded. o Next Cue = next cue entered into Excel sheet - intervening omissions in script are disregarded. o Established side placement = If either of the adjacent cues is scored at the side placement, the exact location of the adjacent cue “establishes” the side placement for the cue under review. Cue under review must be at the side placement according to the placement chart and either be in the exact same location OR a supra-location relative to this established location. Watch the contact finger of both cues to make this judgment. The cue under review must NOT move inward from the established location. Supra-location = As the cue moves from its previous location, the movement is not toward a different placement. Instead, the placement of the cue under review is produced at an improved location (compared to the location of the previous cue) OR is produced at an overshot location.

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Chart 2: Score Categorization

• Overshot location = The location of the cue is past or beyond the ideal location for the particular placement of the cue under review. In addition, the placement of the cue under review is distinguishable and not easily confused with any other placement. o Optimum handshape = the most properly formed handshape (for a particular cue) that the CST regularly produces over the course of his/her entire performance ***Warning***- The handshape CAN NOT be a borderline (deciding between two handshapes) handshape or confusable with other cues. o ***Warning*** = If the cue under review is not an established location, determine if it was previously decided (when using “Decide Whether to Score” Chart) if the cue under review occurred before/after a well- defined movement. If a previous decision can not be remembered, refer back to Chart 1 prior to departure section. A well-defined movement establishes two cues under review (before and after the well-defined movement), and both of those cues are always scored, even if the answer for either cue under review is “Do Not Score” according to the Score Categorization chart.

Does the cue hover for at least one frame? o Current status: The wrong handshape stops or passes through the right placement and the cue under review is a potential substitution. o Look on screen and determine whether the cue under review hovers at a constant location for at least one frame. o Hovers = the CST hesitates or momentarily stops moving. As a result, the cue on screen is in focus for 1-2 frames. For a cue to be “hovering,” the frames must not be blurry. Note that if a cue hovers for more than 2 frames, it is considered “stopped.”

Prior to Departure: Is the cue anticipating a future cue? o Current status: The cue under review is not correct, does not replace an expected cue, and is not at an established side location (evaluating possible insertion). o Determine if it was previously decided (when using “Decide Whether to Score” Chart) if the cue under review occurred prior to departure. If a previous decision can not be remembered, refer back to Chart 1 prior to departure section.

Persists after arrival: Is the cue a perseveration of a past cue? o Current status: The cue under review is not correct, does not replace an expected cue, is not at an established side location, and did not occur prior to departure (evaluating possible insertion). o Determine if it was previously decided (when using “Decide Whether to Score” Chart) if the cue under review persisted after arrival. If a previous decision can not be remembered, refer back to Chart 1 persists after arrival section. o ***Warning*** = If the cue under review does not persist after arrival, determine if it was previously decided (when using “Decide Whether to Score” Chart) if the cue under review occurred before/after a well- defined movement. If a previous decision can not be remembered, refer back to Chart 1 prior to departure section. A well-defined movement establishes two cues under review (before and after the well-defined movement), and both of those cues are always scored, even if the answer for either cue under review is “Do Not Score” according to the Score Categorization chart.

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

Does the cue touch? Yes No

Is the finger that touches Is the contact finger making contact below the overlapping the face chin? or neck ? Yes No Yes No

Is the contact finger Side below the lowest Placement Throat point of the chin? Placement Yes No

Is the finger that touches making contact below the lowest point of the lower lip? Is the contact finger Is the contact less than one finger’s finger less than Yes No width from throat one finger’s width midline? from the midline? Chin Yes No Yes No Placement

Is the finger that Throat Side touches less than one Placement Placement finger’s width from the midline? Is the cue Yes No obstructing the Is the contact finger mouth (more vertically closer to the Mouth than just the mouth corner than the Placement lower lip)? Is the cue bottom of the chin obstructing the Yes No and/or above the chin mouth above crease? the lower lip? Placement Chin Yes No X Placement Yes No

X Chin Is the contact finger at Is the contact finger Placement Placement more than one finger’s less than one finger’s width away from the width from the mouth towards the side? midline of the chin? Yes No Yes No

Side Mouth Chin Side Placement Placement Placement Placement Chart 3: Placement Identification

Does the cue touch? o Look at the cue under review and determine if any finger in the handshape is touching. o Touching = making contact with placement using correct finger, or incorrect finger Helpful Hints: An indentation at the point of contact is the clearest sign that the CST is touching. Regardless, the touching frame is clear and not blurry. Shadows or shaded areas near/beneath the contact finger cannot be present if the CST is touching. o ***Warning*** - If the CST touches a placement with the wrong contact finger, score the placement of where the contact is made.

Is the finger that touches making contact below the chin? o Current Status: Cue is touching o Look at the cue under review and determine if the finger that touches makes contact anywhere below the CST’s chin line. o Touching = making contact with placement using correct finger, or incorrect finger Helpful Hints: An indentation at the point of contact is the clearest sign that the CST is touching. Regardless, the touching frame is clear and not blurry. Shadows or shaded areas near/beneath the contact finger cannot be present if the CST is touching o Chin Line = Lowest point on chin that remains in the plane of the face. Generally, the chin line follows the CST’s jaw line. However, if the CST has multiple chins, it could be lower than the jaw line. Helpful Hints: When CSTs touch below the chin line, the finger that touches looks behind the most forward part of the chin.

Throat Placement o Throat Placement = The cue under review is considered throat placement if the CST touches any part of the throat (including if the CST touches an area of the throat that is more than a finger’s width away from the throat midline) or if the contact finger is produced less than one finger’s width away from throat midline. o One finger’s width = Use measurement tool to decide. Align one edge of measurement tool with reference point (midline or mouth corner). If any part of the finger is covered by the measurement tool then the contact finger is considered to be less than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). If the finger is completely visible (there is space between the measurement tool and the finger) then the contact finger is considered to be more than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). Note that when the contact finger is produced *past* midline, it is automatically considered to be less than one finger’s width from midline (regardless of the actual distance from midline). Helpful Hints: 1. If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. 2. If the CST’s head is turned or tilted put the mouse pointer in the location of the contact finger and use arrow keys to advance video until a frame with a straight head is located. Then use the measurement tool to determine the distance from the mouse pointer. o Throat Midline = The medial line of the CST’s throat territory. Helpful Hints: Determine midline by first looking for a distinct larynx (adam’s apple) or suprasternal notch. If one cannot be determined, look for an established reference point on clothing or jewelry that can be used consistently to define midline.

Placement Identification - Page 2 of 2

Chart 3: Placement Identification

1. Look for most protruded part of larynx (not pronounced here)

2. Look for “v” in suprasternal notch

***Warning*** = Throat midline may not be in line with chin midline depending on how the CST positions the head. o Touching = making contact with placement using correct finger, or incorrect finger Helpful Hints: An indentation at the point of contact is the clearest sign that the CST is touching. Regardless, the touching frame is clear and not blurry. Shadows or shaded areas near/beneath the contact finger cannot be present if the CST is touching.

Is the finger that touches making contact below the lowest point of the lower lip? o Current Status: The cue is “touching” and the finger that touches makes contact at or above the chin line. o Look at the cue under review and determine if the finger that touches makes contact anywhere below the lowest point of the lower lip. o Lowest point of the lower lip = At lip midline, use the bottom border of the lower lip to establish a horizontal boundary across the face. Determine whether the finger making contact touches above or below this (imaginary) horizontal boundary.

Go to midline, and look for lowest point of lip to determine horizontal boundary.

Lip Midline (Face Midline) = The medial line of the CST’s lip and chin territory. • Helpful Hints: Determine face midline by making a sagittal cut from bottom of the nose to the bottom of the chin. Midline should pass through cupid’s bow on the lips (if cupid’s bow is visible).

1. Look for the bottom of the comunella (nostril divider). Cupid’s Bow

2. Look for the center point of the bottom of the chin.

• ***Warning*** = lip midline may not be vertical if the CST’s head is turned or tilted. o Touching = making contact with placement using correct finger, or incorrect finger

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

Helpful Hints: An indentation at the point of contact is the clearest sign that the CST is touching. Regardless, the touching frame is clear and not blurry. Shadows or shaded areas near/beneath the contact finger cannot be present if the CST is touching.

Chin Placement o Chin Placement = The cue under review is considered chin placement if the CST touches any part of the chin. If not touching, the cue under review is considered chin placement if the contact finger is produced closer to the chin line than any other placement (this includes below the chin crease and/or vertically closer to the bottom of the chin than the corner of the mouth). o Chin Line = Lowest point on chin that remains in the plane of the face. Generally, the chin line follows the CST’s jaw line. However, if the CST has multiple chins, it could be lower than the jaw line. Helpful Hints: When CSTs touch below the chin line, the finger that touches looks behind the most forward part of the chin. o Corner of the Mouth = point where the top lip corner and bottom lip corner meet. Mouth Corner. Look for point where corners of top and bottom lip meet.

o Chin Crease = A horizontal indentation between the lower lip and the chin line where a perceivable crease or shadow may be visible. Note, when head is tilted, chin crease should be perpendicular to the face midline.

Cupid’s Bow Chin Crease

Helpful Hints: If the CST touches directly on the chin crease, then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. ***Warning*** - Not all CSTs have a pronounced chin crease. Whether or not a CST’s chin crease is visible enough to be used for measurements is a judgment call in some instances. o Touching = making contact with placement using correct finger, or incorrect finger Helpful Hints: An indentation at the point of contact is the clearest sign that the CST is touching. Regardless, the touching frame is clear and not blurry. Shadows or shaded areas near/beneath the contact finger cannot be present if the CST is touching.

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

Is the finger that touches less than one finger’s width from the midline? o Current Status: The cue is “touching” and is making contact at or above the lowest point of the lower lip. o Look at the cue under review and determine if the finger that is touching is less than one finger’s width from the lip midline. o One finger’s width = Use measurement tool to decide. Align one edge of measurement tool with reference point (midline or mouth corner). If any part of the finger is covered by the measurement tool then the contact finger is considered to be less than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). If the finger is completely visible (there is space between the measurement tool and the finger) then the contact finger is considered to be more than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). Note that when the contact finger is produced *past* midline, it is automatically considered to be less than one finger’s width from midline (regardless of the actual distance from midline). Helpful Hints: 1. If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. 2. If the CST’s head is turned or tilted put the mouse pointer in the location of the contact finger and use arrow keys to advance video until a frame with a straight head is located. Then use the measurement tool to determine the distance from the mouse pointer. o Lip Midline (Face Midline) = The medial line of the CST’s lip and chin territory. Helpful Hints: Determine face midline by making a sagittal cut from bottom of the nose to the bottom of the chin. Midline should pass through cupid’s bow on the lips (if cupid’s bow is visible).

1. Look for the bottom of the comunella (nostril divider). Cupid’s Bow

2. Look for the center point of the bottom of the chin.

Is the cue obstructing the mouth above the lower lip? o Current Status: The cue is “touching” and is making contact at or above the lowest point of the lower lip. It is not within one finger’s width of midline. Determining X placement versus chin placement. o Look at the cue under review and determine if the cue (not just the finger that is touching) is obstructing any part of the mouth above the lower lip. o Above the lower lip = The cue is blocking a portion or portions of the mouth including the teeth, the mouth opening and/or the upper lip.

X Placement o X placement = The cue under review is produced at a location that does not qualify as any of the Cued Speech placements. This can occur in one of several ways: 1. It obstructs the mouth above the lower lip at lip midline.

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

o Above the lower lip = The cue is blocking a portion or portions of the mouth including the teeth, the mouth opening and/or the upper lip. o Lip Midline (Face Midline) = The medial line of the CST’s lip and chin territory. Helpful Hints: Determine face midline by making a sagittal cut from bottom of the nose to the bottom of the chin. Midline should pass through cupid’s bow on the lips (if cupid’s bow is visible).

1. Look for the bottom of the comunella (nostril divider). Cupid’s Bow

2. Look for the center point of the bottom of the chin.

2. The cue is produced at a location that could equally qualify as two or more different placements (because the location of the cue is in between two placements and/or a specific placement is poorly defined).

Is the contact finger overlapping the face or neck? o Current Status: Cue is not touching o Look at the cue under review and determine if the contact finger for that particular handshape is overlapping the face or neck area. o Overlapping the face or neck = the contact finger of the cue under review is produced in an area that covers a portion of the CST’s face or neck. o Contact Fingers for Handshapes 1-9 are as follows: Handshapes 1 – the index finger Handshapes 2 – the middle finger Handshape 3 – the middle finger Handshape 4 – the middle finger Handshape 5 – the middle finger Handshape 6 – the index finger Handshape 7 – the middle finger Handshape 8 – the middle finger for mouth and side placement / the index finger for chin and throat placement. • ***Warning*** - When the cue is not touching, the middle of the “V” of handshape 8 may be used to determine placement instead of the contact finger for the target handshape. Use this rule only if this improves the CST’s score for the cue ( by making the placement correct). o “V” of handshape = the space between the index finger and middle finger. Handshape 9 – the contact finger for the target handshape (handshape that is expected, according to the Excel spreadsheet). • ***Warning*** - When the cue is not touching, the middle of the “V” of handshape 9 may be used to determine placement instead of the contact finger for the target handshape. Use this rule only if this improves the CST’s score for the cue ( by making the placement correct). o “V” of handshape = the space between the index finger and middle finger. Placement Identification - Page 6 of 6

Chart 3: Placement Identification

Is the contact finger below the lowest point of the chin? o Current Status: Cue is not touching and is overlapping the CST’s face or neck. o Look at the cue under review and determine if the contact finger is produced below the CST’s chin line. o Chin Line = Lowest point on chin that remains in the plane of the face. Generally, the chin line follows the CST’s jaw line. However, if the CST has multiple chins, it could be lower than the jaw line. Helpful Hints: When CSTs touch below the chin line, the finger that touches looks behind the most forward part of the chin.

Side Placement o Side Placement = The cue under review is considered the side placement if the CST produces a particular cue with the contact finger more than one finger’s width away from the chin midline, corner of mouth, or throat midline. o One finger’s width = Use measurement tool to decide. Align one edge of measurement tool with reference point (midline or mouth corner). If any part of the finger is covered by the measurement tool then the contact finger is considered to be less than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). If the finger is completely visible (there is space between the measurement tool and the finger) then the contact finger is considered to be more than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). Note that when the contact finger is produced *past* midline, it is automatically considered to be less than one finger’s width from midline (regardless of the actual distance from midline). Helpful Hints: 1. If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. 2. If the CST’s head is turned or tilted put the mouse pointer in the location of the contact finger and use arrow keys to advance video until a frame with a straight head is located. Then use the measurement tool to determine the distance from the mouse pointer. o Chin Midline (Face Midline) = The medial line of the CST’s lip and chin territory. Helpful Hints: Determine face midline by making a sagittal cut from bottom of the nose to the bottom of the chin. Midline should pass through cupid’s bow on the lips (if cupid’s bow is visible).

1. Look for the bottom of the comunella (nostril divider). Cupid’s Bow

2. Look for the center point of the bottom of the chin.

o Mouth Corner = point where the top lip corner and bottom lip corner intersect. Mouth Corner. Look for point where corners of top and bottom lip meet.

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

o Throat Midline = The medial line of the CST’s throat territory. Helpful Hints: Determine midline by first looking for a distinct larynx (adam’s apple) or suprasternal notch. If one cannot be determined, look for an established reference point on clothing or jewelry that can be used consistently to define midline. 1. Look for most protruded part of larynx (not pronounced here)

2. Look for “v” in suprasternal notch

***Warning*** = Throat midline may not be in line with chin midline depending on how the CST positions the head.

Is the contact finger less than one finger’s width from throat midline? o Current Status: The cue is not touching and is below the CST’s chin line. Determining throat placement versus side placement. o Look at the cue under review and determine if the contact finger is produced at a location that is less than one finger’s width from throat midline o One finger’s width = Use measurement tool to decide. Align one edge of measurement tool with reference point (midline or mouth corner). If any part of the finger is covered by the measurement tool then the contact finger is considered to be less than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). If the finger is completely visible (there is space between the measurement tool and the finger) then the contact finger is considered to be more than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). Note that when the contact finger is produced *past* midline, it is automatically considered to be less than one finger’s width from midline (regardless of the actual distance from midline). Helpful Hints: 1. If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. 2. If the CST’s head is turned or tilted put the mouse pointer in the location of the contact finger and use arrow keys to advance video until a frame with a straight head is located. Then use the measurement tool to determine the distance from the mouse pointer. o Throat Midline = The medial line of the CST’s throat territory. Helpful Hints: Determine midline by first looking for a distinct larynx (adam’s apple) or suprasternal notch. If one cannot be determined, look for an established reference point on clothing or jewelry that can be used consistently to define midline. 1. Look for most protruded part of larynx (not pronounced here)

2. Look for “v” in suprasternal notch

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

***Warning*** = Throat midline may not be in line with chin midline depending on how the CST positions the head.

Is the contact finger less than one finger’s width from midline? o Current Status: The cue is not touching and is at or above the chin line. o Look on screen, and determine if the contact finger is produced at a location that is less than one finger’s width from the face midline. o One finger’s width = Use measurement tool to decide. Align one edge of measurement tool with reference point (midline or mouth corner). If any part of the finger is covered by the measurement tool then the contact finger is considered to be less than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). If the finger is completely visible (there is space between the measurement tool and the finger) then the contact finger is considered to be more than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). Note that when the contact finger is produced *past* midline, it is automatically considered to be less than one finger’s width from midline (regardless of the actual distance from midline). Helpful Hints: • If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. • If the CST’s head is turned or tilted put the mouse pointer in the location of the contact finger and use arrow keys to advance video until a frame with a straight head is located. Then use the measurement tool to determine the distance from the mouse pointer. o Face Midline = The medial line of the CST’s lip and chin territory. Helpful Hints: Determine face midline by making a sagittal cut from bottom of the nose to the bottom of the chin. Midline should pass through cupid’s bow on the lips (if cupid’s bow is visible). 1. Look for the bottom of the comunella (nostril divider). Cupid’s Bow

2. Look for the center point of the bottom of the chin.

Is the contact finger vertically closer to the mouth corner than the bottom of the chin and/or above the chin crease? o Current status: The cue is not touching. It is above the chin line and is more than a finger’s width from midline. Determining vertical location of contact finger (mouth/side or chin/side). o Look at the cue under review and determine if the contact finger is produced vertically closer to the mouth corner or the bottom of chin. If available, use the chin crease as a reference: Above the chin crease = vertically closer to the mouth corner Below the chin crease = vertically closer to the bottom of the chin Even with the chin crease = benefit of the doubt rule applies. ***Warning*** - Depending on the CST’s face anatomy, using the chin crease as a reference point may not produce the same result as using the mouth corner and bottom of

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

chin as reference points. In these situations, the benefit of the doubt rule applies, and the reference point(s) more favorable to the CST’s score should be used. Mouth Corner. Look for point where corners of top and bottom lip

Go to midline, and look for crease of shadow.

o Mouth Corner = point where the top lip corner and bottom lip corner intersect. Mouth Corner. Look for point where corners of top and bottom lip meet.

o Bottom of the chin = Lowest point on the chin line. This typically occurs at face midline. Chin Line = Lowest point on chin that remains in the plane of the face. Generally, the chin line follows the CST’s jaw line. However, if the CST has multiple chins, it could be lower than the jaw line. • Helpful Hints: When CSTs touch below the chin line, the finger that touches looks behind the most forward part of the chin. o Chin Crease = A horizontal indentation between the lower lip and the chin line where a perceivable crease or shadow may be visible. Note, when head is tilted, crease should be perpendicular to the face midline.

Cupid’s Bow Chin Crease

Helpful Hints: If the CST’s contact finger is produced even with the chin crease, then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. ***Warning*** - Not all CSTs have a pronounced chin crease. Whether or not a CST’s chin crease is visible enough to be used for measurements is a judgment call in some instances

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

Mouth Placement o Mouth Placement = The cue under review is considered mouth placement if the CST touches at a location more than one finger’s width from lip midline and above the lowest point of the lower lip. If not touching, the cue under review is considered mouth placement if the contact finger is produced at a location that is vertically closer to the mouth corner than the bottom of the chin and is horizontally more than one finger’s width away from lip midline but no more than one finger’s width away from mouth corner. o Lip Midline (Face Midline) = The medial line of the CST’s lip and chin territory. Helpful Hints: Determine face midline by making a sagittal cut from bottom of the nose to the bottom of the chin. Midline should pass through cupid’s bow on the lips (if cupid’s bow is visible).

1. Look for the bottom of the comunella (nostril divider). Cupid’s Bow

2. Look for the center point of the bottom of the chin.

o Lowest point of the lower lip = At lip midline, use the bottom border of the lower lip to establish a horizontal boundary across the face. Determine whether the finger making contact touches above or below this (imaginary) horizontal boundary.

Go to midline, and look for lowest point of lip to determine horizontal boundary.

o Mouth Corner = point where the top lip corner and bottom lip corner intersect. Mouth Corner. Look for point where corners of top and bottom lip meet.

Chart 3: Placement Identification

o One finger’s width = Use measurement tool to decide. Align one edge of measurement tool with reference point (midline or mouth corner). If any part of the finger is covered by the measurement tool then the contact finger is considered to be less than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). If the finger is completely visible (there is space between the measurement tool and the finger) then the contact finger is considered to be more than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). Note that when the contact finger is produced *past* midline, it is automatically considered to be less than one finger’s width from midline (regardless of the actual distance from midline). Helpful Hints: • If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. • If the CST’s head is turned or tilted put the mouse pointer in the location of the contact finger and use arrow keys to advance video until a frame with a straight head is located. Then use the measurement tool to determine the distance from the mouse pointer. o Touching = making contact with placement using correct finger, or incorrect finger Helpful Hints: An indentation at the point of contact is the clearest sign that the CST is touching. Regardless, the touching frame is clear and not blurry. Shadows or shaded areas near/beneath the contact finger cannot be present if the CST is touching.

Is the contact finger more than one finger’s width away from the mouth towards the side? o Current Status: The cue in not touching and is more than a finger’s width from midline. It is above the chin line and vertically closer to the corner of the mouth than the bottom of the chin. Determining mouth placement versus side placement. o Look on screen, and determine if the contact is produced at a location that is more than one finger’s width from mouth corner. o One finger’s width = Use measurement tool to decide. Align one edge of measurement tool with reference point (midline or mouth corner). If any part of the finger is covered by the measurement tool then the contact finger is considered to be less than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). If the finger is completely visible (there is space between the measurement tool and the finger) then the contact finger is considered to be more than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). Note that when the contact finger is produced *past* midline, it is automatically considered to be less than one finger’s width from midline (regardless of the actual distance from midline). Helpful Hints: 1. If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. 2. If the CST’s head is turned or tilted put the mouse pointer in the location of the contact finger and use arrow keys to advance video until a frame with a straight head is located. Then use the measurement tool to determine the distance from the mouse pointer.

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Chart 3: Placement Identification

o Mouth Corner = point where the top lip corner and bottom lip corner intersect.

Mouth Corner. Look for point where corners of top and bottom lip meet.

Is the contact finger less than one finger’s width from chin midline? o Current Status: The cue in not touching and is more than a finger’s width from midline. It is above the chin line and vertically closer to the bottom of the chin than the corner of the mouth. Determining chin placement versus side placement. o Look on screen, and determine if the contact finger is produced at a location that is less than one finger’s width from chin midline. o One finger’s width = Use measurement tool to decide. Align one edge of measurement tool with reference point (midline or mouth corner). If any part of the finger is covered by the measurement tool then the contact finger is considered to be less than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). If the finger is completely visible (there is space between the measurement tool and the finger) then the contact finger is considered to be more than one finger’s width away from reference point (midline or mouth corner). Note that when the contact finger is produced *past* midline, it is automatically considered to be less than one finger’s width from midline (regardless of the actual distance from midline). Helpful Hints: 1. If the edge of the finger and measurement tool just meet (abutting) then the benefit of the doubt rule applies. 2. If the CST’s head is turned or tilted put the mouse pointer in the location of the contact finger and use arrow keys to advance video until a frame with a straight head is located. Then use the measurement tool to determine the distance from the mouse pointer. o Chin Midline (Face Midline) = The medial line of the CST’s lip and chin territory. Helpful Hints: Determine face midline by making a sagittal cut from bottom of the nose to the bottom of the chin. Midline should pass through cupid’s bow on the lips (if cupid’s bow is visible).

1. Look for the bottom of the comunella (nostril divider). Cupid’s Bow

2. Look for the center point of the bottom of the chin.

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Chart 4: Handshape Identification

Section 1 Section 2aThumb

Is it a gesture, a sign, or an Is the thumb tip visible? unrecognizable handshape? Yes No Up Yes No Down

Section 2b Index Finger See Section 2a-2c to Non-Cue determine which Is the finger touching? fingers are up or down before moving Yes No Is at least ½ the to next question. Is it retracted or obscured? finger down or obscured? Yes No Up Yes No Benefit of the Doubt. Was it difficult to determine whether the Index finger Down finger(s) were up or down? cannot be determined Is it retracted? No Yes Yes No Is it separated? Up Is the visibility issue Yes No due to poor form? Is it 2 vs. 8? Is it 3 vs. 5? Yes No Yes No Yes No CST’s fault. Screen is blurry, dark etc. Up Down Down Up Give the CST HS 9 the benefit of the doubt for Section 2c Other Fingers the fingers in question and move to next Is the finger touching? question. Yes No Is at least ½ the finger Up down or obscured? Are the “up” fingers grouped to Yes No form a Cued Speech handshape? Down Yes No

Is it retracted? Grade Does it look more that HS! like one HS than Yes No any other? Is it separated? Up Yes No Yes No Up Grade Is it 1 vs. 8 or 2 vs. 8? HS 9 that HS! Yes No Up Down Chart 4: Handshape Identification

Is it a gesture, a sign, or an unrecognizable handshape? o Look at the cue under review and determine if the CST is producing a gesture, sign, or other unrecognizable handshape or placement instead of a Cued Speech handshape/placement. Whenever this is a possibility, look ahead to the non-cue rules to help decide whether “yes” is an appropriate response to this question. • Gesture = a movement or position of the hand, arm, body, head, or face that is expressive of an idea, opinion, emotion, etc. If the CST produces the number three on her/his hand during the script instead of cueing the word three than this would be considered an example of a gesture. • Sign = a recognizable SEE 1, SEE 2, or ASL sign used to convey information in the script. If the CST produced the ASL sign for female instead of cueing the word female then this would be considered an example of a sign. • Unrecognizable handshape = does not look at all like any Cued Speech handshape and does not qualify as handshape 9.

Non-Cue Handshape o Look at the cue under review and determine if the CST is producing a Non-Cue • Non-Cue = the cue under review must be touching or last three or more frames and must fall into one of the following categories: 1. Gesture/Sign – Score as I-gs in Excel spreadsheet 2. Handshape 9 at an unrecognizable placement – Score as I- 9x in Excel spreadsheet 3. Unrecognizable handshape at any location – Score as I-nc in Excel spreadsheet 4. Fist or loose fist that occurs while resting (no mouth movements) – Score as I- rest in Excel spreadsheet • Gesture = a movement or position of the hand, arm, body, head, or face that is expressive of an idea, opinion, emotion, etc. If the CST produces the number three on her/his hand during the script instead of cueing the word three than this would be considered an example of a gesture. • Sign = a recognizable SEE 1, SEE 2, or ASL sign used to convey information in the script. If the CST produced the ASL sign for female instead of cueing the word female then this would be considered an example of a sign. • Unrecognizable handshape = does not look at all like any Cued Speech handshape and does not qualify as handshape 9. • Unrecognizable placement = is not produced at a location that would qualify as any Cued Speech placement, or as placement X. See placement chart for placement X definition. o ***Warning*** - if the cue under review qualifies as a non-cue, a substitution cannot be used. An omission and a non-cue insertion must be scored instead.

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Chart 4: Handshape Identification

See Section 2a-2c to determine which fingers are up or down before moving to next question. o Current Status: The cue under review is not a gesture or a sign. o Look at the handshape of the cue under review and determine which fingers are up or down before moving to the next question. To do this, answer questions in the sections that pertain to the fingers in question (Sections 2a, 2b, and/or 2c).

Is it difficult to determine whether the finger(s) were up or down ? o Current Status: Completed questions in sections 2a, 2b, and/or 2c in an effort to determine which fingers are up/down. Attempting to determine handshape from this information. o Indicate whether it was difficult to determine whether any of the fingers (one or more) were up or down when answering questions in section 2a, 2b, and/or 2c. This could be due to receiving a “could not be determined” answer or because of other difficulties due to visibility issues. Examples of visibility issues include: 1. poor lighting (shadows) 2. blurry frames 3. obscured fingers (may or may not be due to a CST form issue) 4. CST form issues (bent fingers, spread fingers, thumb tip issues, awkward wrist/arm angle etc.)

Is the visibility issue due to poor form? o Current Status: Difficult to determine which fingers were up or down due to a visibility issue caused by the transliterator. o Indicate whether visibility issues are due to poor form. Poor form is when the handshape is not easily recognizable and/or distinguishable due to something the CST is doing. Examples of poor form include: 1. obscured fingers due to a CST form issue such as unclear positioning of hand or finger(s) 2. difficult to determine whether the fingers are up or down due to bent fingers, spread fingers, thumb tip issues, awkward wrist/arm angle etc. 3. unclear positions of hand and/or finger(s), angle of wrist, angle of fingers, angle of arm etc.

Handshape 9 o Handshape 9 = The cue under review does not look more like one handshape than any other and could be interpreted as two or more Cued Speech handshapes. A handshape 9 could occur for any of the following reasons: 1. poor lighting (shadows) 2. blurry frames 3. obscured fingers (may or may not be due to a CST form issue) 4. CST form issues (bent fingers, spread fingers, thumb tip issues, awkward wrist/arm angle etc.) 5. unclear positions of hand and/or finger(s) due to bent fingers, spread fingers, thumb tip issues, awkward wrist/arm/finger angle etc.

Handshape Identification - Page 3 of 3

Chart 4: Handshape Identification

6. Open fist that occurs while CST is mouthing (not at rest) and that lasts more than three frames o Examples of Handshape 9:

“middle finger” – index finger is down according Unclear 2 vs. 8 –amount of separation to chart, and up middle finger only does not look between the index finger and middle fingers more like one handshape than another is too much for hs 2 and too little for hs 8

Unclear 2 vs. 8 –amount of separation Unclear 2 vs. 8 – amount of separation between the between the index finger and middle fingers index finger and middle finger is ambiguous (not is too much for hs 2 and too little for hs 8 “separated” because no daylight below middle knuckle, but still appears fairly separated)

Unclear 1 vs. 8 – both fingers are “up” suggesting Unclear 1/6 vs. 4/5 – “other” fingers are up and hs 8 but amount of retraction for middle finger is cannot be put down because they are touching, but almost enough to suggest hs 1 the amount of separation and retraction of the other fingers is enough to suggest hs 1/6. Note: can’t tell if thumb is up or down due to blurry area in video, so the benefit of the doubt rule applies to Handshapethat finger Identification only (still hs 9,- Pagesince 64 vs. of 54 O R 1 vs. 4 is still ambiguous) Chart 4: Handshape Identification

o Examples of Handshape 9 (cont):

Unclear 1 vs. 7 vs. 6 vs. 8 – all three fingers Unclear 1 vs. 4 vs. 8 – all three fingers are are up according to chart, does not look up according to chart, does not look more more like one handshape than another like one handshape than another due to amount of retraction and separation between the index finger and middle finger

Unrecognizable – index finger is up, middle finger Unclear 5 vs. 7 – All fingers are up, but may be up (if touching) but doesn’t look like part ring/pinkie fingers are separated and slightly of the handshape. Other fingers are up. Hs 4 is a retracted from the middle finger. Separation / weak possibility, but this handshape really does not retraction is too much for hs 5 but too little look more like one handshape than any other for hs 7.

Unrecognizable – index finger and pinkie finger are Unclear 7 vs. 6 vs. 8 – all three fingers are down, but middle finger and ring finger are up. Hs up according to chart, does not look more 3 is a weak possibility, but this handshape really like one handshape than another does not look more like one handshape than any Handshape Identification - Page 5 of 5 other Chart 4: Handshape Identification

Give the CST the benefit of the doubt for the fingers in question and move to next question. o Current Status: The visibility issue is not due to poor form. Therefore, the benefit of the doubt rule applies to the fingers in question for all remaining decisions.

Are the “up” fingers grouped to form a Cued Speech handshape? o Determine whether the “up” fingers form a clearly distinguishable Cued Speech handshape. • “Up” fingers = The fingers that were determined to be “up” by answering the questions in section 2a, 2b, and/or 2c • Clearly distinguishable = not easily confused with any other Cued Speech handshape.

Grade that HS! o Current status: A Cued Speech handshape (handshapes 1-8) is formed by the “up” fingers or is apparent because the the “up” fingers look more like one handshape than any other. • “Up” fingers = The fingers that were determined to be “up” by answering the questions in section 2a, 2b, and/or 2c o Use this handshape when answering the questions in the Score Categorization chart.

Does it look more like one HS than any other? o Current Status: The “up” fingers are not grouped together to form a clearly distinguishable Cued Speech handshape. • Up” fingers = The fingers that were determined to be “up” by answering the questions in section 2a, 2b, and/or 2c o Indicate whether the “up” fingers look more like one handshape than any other. To make this judgment: 1. The handshape should be obvious to any naïve viewer (i.e. any cuer who walks in the room should be able to easily determine the handshape from this one video frame). 2. “Up” fingers may be put down if this results in a handshape that looks more like one handshape than any other. However, “down” fingers may not be put up even if this results in a handshape that looks more like one handshape than any other. Special cases: • Thumb – If thumb is “up,” it may not be put “down” in general. However, in extreme cases (i.e., barely visible and blurry OR barely visible and oriented incorrectly), an exception can be made to this rule. • Pinkie finger – If the pinkie finger is separated from the rest of the handshape, it is considered “dangling” and should be disregarded. In this case, use the up/down status of the other four fingers only for this decision.

Is the thumb tip visible? o Current Status: Attempting to determine if the thumb tip is considered to be up or down. o Look at the handshape of the cue under review and determine if the thumb tip is visibly above the index finger.

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Chart 4: Handshape Identification

• Thumb tip = end of the tip of the thumb. Note, the thumb tip could be the tip of the thumb nail (depending on the length of the CST’s nails).

Is it retracted or obscured? o Current Status: The index finger is touching. Attempting to determine if the index finger is considered to be up or down. o Look at the index finger and determine if it is retracted or obscured. • Retracted = The index finger can be retracted for one of two reasons: 1. The middle knuckle of the index finger is angled behind the *inner* plane (palm-side) of the middle finger. Determine this by comparing the knuckles and nails. 2. The nail of the index finger is not visible because the finger is bent. • Obscured = CST form issues or limitations of the video quality (e.g. blurry frame or poor lighting, etc.) can cause the index finger to be obscured in one of two ways: 1. The portion of the index finger above (toward the tip of the finger) the middle knuckle is not visible 2. The nail of the index finger is not visible • Middle knuckle = the proximal interphalangeal joint. Note that each finger has 3 knuckles: metacarpophalangeal joint (where finger meets hand), the proximal interphalangeal joint (middle knuckle), and the distal interphalangeal joint (nearest the fingernail)

Is the finger touching? o Current Status: Determining if the index finger and/or other fingers in the handshape are considered to be up or down. o Look at the finger under review and determine if it is touching. 1. Touching = making contact with a Cued Speech placement. • Helpful Hints: An indentation at the point of contact is the clearest sign that the CST is touching. Regardless, the touching frame is clear and not blurry. Shadows or shaded areas near/beneath the contact finger (index finger and/or other fingers) cannot be present if the CST is touching.

Is at least ½ the finger down or obscured? o Current Status: The index finger and/or other fingers are not touching. o Look at the finger under review and determine if it is at least ½ down or obscured. • ½ Down = The finger under review is bent toward the inside of the palm such that no part of the finger above (toward the tip of the finger) the middle knuckle is visible on screen. • ½ Obscured = The finger under review is considered “1/2 obscured” whenever at least ½ of any portion of the finger under review is not visible. This is typically caused by CST form issues or limitations of the video quality (e.g. blurry frame or poor lighting, etc.) and can happen in at least two ways: 1. The portion of the finger under review above (toward the tip of the finger) the middle knuckle is not visible 2. A length wise portion (more than ½) of the finger under review is not visible

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Chart 4: Handshape Identification

• Middle knuckle = the proximal interphalangeal joint. Note that each finger has 3 knuckles: metacarpophalangeal joint (where finger meets hand), the proximal interphalangeal joint (middle knuckle), and the distal interphalangeal joint (nearest the fingernail)

Index finger cannot be determined o Current Status: The index finger is touching and retracted or obscured o The index finger cannot be determined to be up or down. o ***Warning*** -Note, must answer “yes” to the question regarding whether it was difficult to determine if any fingers are up/down (when returning to section 1).

Is it retracted? o Current Status: At least ½ of the finger under review is visible (not down or obscured). o Look at the finger under review and determine if it is retracted. • Retracted = The index finger can be retracted for one of two reasons: 1. The middle knuckle of the index finger is angled behind the *inner* plane (palm-side) of the middle finger. Determine this by comparing the knuckles and nails. 2. The nail of the index finger is not visible because the finger is bent. • Middle knuckle = the proximal interphalangeal joint. Note that each finger has 3 knuckles: metacarpophalangeal joint (where finger meets hand), the proximal interphalangeal joint (middle knuckle), and the distal interphalangeal joint (nearest the fingernail)

Is it separated? o Current Status: The finger under review is retracted. o Look at the finger under review and determine if it is separated from other fingers in the handshape. • Separated = Look for a visible space between the finger under review and the “non”- retracted finger(s) in the handshape of the cue under review. Separation must include visible space below (toward the base of the finger) the middle knuckle. • Visible space = able to see “daylight” in between fingers. • Retracted = The index finger can be retracted for one of two reasons: 1. The middle knuckle of the index finger is angled behind the *inner* plane (palm-side) of the middle finger. Determine this by comparing the knuckles and nails. 2. The nail of the index finger is not visible because the finger is bent. • Middle knuckle = the proximal interphalangeal joint. Note that each finger has 3 knuckles: metacarpophalangeal joint (where finger meets hand), the proximal interphalangeal joint (middle knuckle), and the distal interphalangeal joint (nearest the fingernail) • *** Warning *** - The finger under review, which is retracted, may appear to be grouped with other retracted fingers. In this case, all fingers in the retracted grouping must be classified in the same way, i.e. all are separated from the non-retracted fingers, or all are together with the non-retracted fingers.

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Chart 4: Handshape Identification

Is it 2 vs. 8? o Current Status: The finger under review is retracted and separated o Look at the finger under review and decide if the only two possibilities for the handshape are a handshape 2 or a handshape 8. Do this by determining if the only possible “up” fingers for the cue under review are the middle finger and index finger.

Is it 3 vs. 5? o Current Status: The finger under review is retracted and NOT separated. o Look at the finger under review and decide if the only two possibilities for the handshape are a handshape 3 or a handshape 5. Do this by determining if the only possible “down” finger for the cue under review is the index finger.

3 vs 5 = the only possible down finger is the index finger. Is it 1 vs. 8 o Current Status: The finger under review is retracted and separated o Look at the finger under review and decide if the only two possibilities for the handshape are a handshape 1 or a handshape 8. Do this by determining if the only possible “up” fingers for the cue under review are the middle finger and index finger

Up o Up = “Up” fingers are generally considered part of the handshape. However, for borderline handshapes, an “up” finger can be put down if the configuration of the fingers looks more like a particular handshape (that does not include the finger) than any other handshape.

Down o Down = “Down” fingers can never be considered part of the handshape. That is, “down” fingers may not be put up even if this results in a handshape that looks more like one handshape than any other.

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