Mecanicismo Y Dinamismo En Las Obras De Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Léger Y Umberto Boccioni

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Mecanicismo Y Dinamismo En Las Obras De Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Léger Y Umberto Boccioni Mecanicismo y Dinamismo en las obras de Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Léger y Umberto Boccioni, Tres estilos diferentes Realizada por: Dn. Nabil El Hadri Dirigida por: Carmen Grau Bernardo Catedrática de Bellas Artes, Departamento de Pintura U.P.V Valencia 2008 En principio todo mi agradecimiento a las personas que han contribuido de forma significativa en el presente trabajo. A mi Madre por transmitirme la sensibilidad y la comprensión, por su cariño, amor y por enseñarme a que debemos tener la fortaleza de continuar hacia adelante sin importar las circunstancias que la vida nos presenta. A todos los miembros de mi familia. Gracias a la Dra. Carmen Grau Bernardo por ser una profesora ejemplar y por su apoyo y ayuda incondicional para la terminación de esta Tesis. A la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, AECI. Al Señor Alfons Garcia Ninet, Director del Colegio Mayor La Coma por ser un padre y un amigo y por su gran ayuda. Al Dr. Jamal El Haskouri por ser mi amigo y hermano. A Silvia Valeria Aquila y a tod@s mis amigos y amigas. Al personal del Departamento de Pintura de la Facultad de Bellas Artes, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Gracias a todos Mecanicismo y dinamismo en las obras de Duchamp, Léger y Boccioni. Tres estilos Diferentes RESUMEN. Durante toda la historia existió una cierta relación entre la ciencia (matemática, física, dinámica, óptica)…y el arte. Desde “1900/1945”, la primera guerra mundial “1914-1918”, otras fechas como la revolución Rusa “1917”, y la teoría de la relatividad como física moderna, con sus nociones de Cuatridimensional, Espacio tiempo “1901”, marcarían tres hitos importantes en el devenir histórico de la iconografía industrial mecanicista. El surgimiento del Psicoanálisis, el cine, la velocidad, las comunicaciones y nuevas teorías físicas y filosóficas, motivaron a que artistas intelectuales vivieran en un constante cuestionamiento y en un ambiente de gran necesidad de conocimientos nuevos. El concepto del mecanicismo logró su máxima expresión con las vanguardias que tuvieron origen en los impresionistas, Cubistas, Dadaístas y Futuristas. Se trataba, por lo tanto, de establecer una estrecha relación entre, la ciencia en general y el arte, en busca de otras nuevas formas de expresión y de otros conceptos. El fenómeno de la atención artística por el mecanicismo y la utilización del objeto mecánico (La Máquina), surge como una actitud generalizada entre las diferentes tendencias de vanguardia. Tanto los futuristas como los dadaístas y cubistas, Boccioni, Duchamp y Léger afrontaron el valor de la máquina no como un nuevo sistema, sino como una fuente inagotable donde obtener las ideas para representar el mecanicismo y el dinamismo en sus cuadros. También como crítica de los temas y del objeto artístico tradicional. Se ha subtitulado precisamente esta Tesis “Mecanicismo y dinamismo en las obras de Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Léger y Umberto Boccioni, Tres estilos diferentes”, para concretar que la relación con el arte, la ciencia y la industria (El maquinismo) no se ha tomado en su significación habitual, sino atendiendo la utilización iconográfica que el artista ha hecho de los elementos formales propios de la industria, aplicados en su obra para lograr muchos objetivos, entre ellos, el movimiento y el dinamismo. La estructura de la tesis se ha organizado en siete capítulos: En el capítulo uno se trata de definir el mecanicismo, cómo surgió y su relación con muchas teorías científicas y filosóficas. En el capítulo dos se habla de Léger como ejemplo en comparación con Duchamp y Boccioni. En el tercer capítulo se trata de mostrar el mecanicismo en la obra de Léger. El capítulo 4 está dedicado a los nuevos lenguajes visuales, los Rayos x y la fotografía, tomando a Duchamp como ejemplo. En el capítulo cinco se hablará de la concepción mecanicista en la obra de Boccioni. En el capítulo seis encontramos los conceptos del movimiento futurista con un esquema detallado del mismo. En el capítulo siete se realizará una cronología sobre el mecanicismo en otros movimientos. La tesis recoge finalmente la relación de los artistas y el arte con la ciencia y el maquinismo a lo largo del siglo. 5 Mecanicismo y dinamismo en las obras de Duchamp, Léger y Boccioni. Tres estilos Diferentes RESUM. Durant tota la història va existir una certa relació entre la ciència (matemàtica, física, dinàmica, òptica)...i l'art. Des de "1900/1945", la primera guerra mundial "1914-1918", altres dates com la revolució Russa "1917", i la teoria de la relativitat com física moderna, amb les seues nocions deQuadridimensional, Espai temps "1901", marcarien tres fites importants en l'esdevindre històric de la iconografia industrial mecanicista. El sorgiment de la Psicoanàlisi, el cine, la velocitat, les comunicacions i novesteories físiques i filosòfiques, van motivar que artistes intel·lectuals visqueren en un constant qüestionament i en un ambient de gran necessitat de coneixements nous. El concepte del mecanicisme va aconseguir la seua màxima expressió amb les avantguardes que van tindre origen en els impressionistes, Cubistes, Dadaistes i Futuristes. Es tractava, per tant, d'establir una estreta relació entre, la ciència en general i l'art, a la recerca d'altres noves formes d'expressió i d'altres conceptes. El fenomen de l'atenció artística pel mecanicisme i la utilització de l'objecte mecànic (La Màquina), sorgix com una actitud generalitzada entre les diferents tendències d'avantguarda. Tant els futuristes com els dadaistes i cubistes, Boccioni, Duchamp i Léger van afrontar el valor de la màquina no com un nou sistema, sinó com una font inesgotable on trauen les idees per a representar el mecanicisme i el dinamisme en els seus quadros. També com a crítica dels temes i de l'objecte artístic tradicional. S'ha subtitulat precisament esta Tesi "Mecanicisme i dinamisme en les obres de Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Léger i Umberto Boccioni, Tres estils diferents", per a concretar que la relació amb l'art, la ciència i la indústria (El maquinisme) no s'ha pres en la seua significació habitual, sinó atenent la utilització iconogràfica que l'artista ha fet dels elements formals propis de la indústria, aplicats en la seua obra per aaconseguir molts objectius, entre ells, el moviment i el dinamisme. L'estructura de la tesi s'ha organitzat en set capítols: En el capítol u es tracta de definir el mecanicisme, com va sorgir i la seua relació amb moltes teories científiques i filosòfiques. En el capítol dos es parla de Léger com a exemple en comparació amb Duchamp i Boccioni. En el tercer capítol es tracta de mostrar el mecanicisme en l'obra de Léger. El capítol 4 està dedicat als nous llenguatges visuals, els Rajos x i la fotografia, prenent Duchamp com a exemple. En el capítol cinc es parlarà de laconcepció mecanicista en l'obra de Boccioni. En el capítol sis trobem els conceptes del moviment futurista amb un esquema detallat del mateix. En el capítol set es realitzarà una cronologia sobre el mecanicisme en altres moviments. La tesi arreplega finalment la relació dels artistes i l'art amb la ciència i el maquinisme al llarg del segle. 6 Mecanicismo y dinamismo en las obras de Duchamp, Léger y Boccioni. Tres estilos Diferentes SUMMARY. During all history a certain relation between science (mathematical existed, physical, dynamic, optical)... and the art. From "1900/1945", World War I "1914-1918", other dates like Russian revolution "1917", and the theory of relativity like modern physics, with their slight knowledge of Cuatridimensional, Space time "1901", would mark three important landmarks in historical happening of the mechanist industrial iconography. The sprouting of the Psychoanalysis, the cinema, the speed, the communications and new physical and philosophical theories, motivated to that intellectual artists lived in a constant cuestionamiento and an atmosphere of great necessity of new knowledge. The concept of the mecanicismo obtained its Maxima expression with the vanguards that had origin in the impresionists, Cubistas, Dadaístas and Futuristas. One treated, therefore, to establish one narrow relation between, science in general and the art, in search of other new forms of expression and other concepts. The phenomenon of the artistic attention by the mecanicismo and the use of the mechanical object (the Machine), arises like an attitude generalized between the different tendencies from vanguard. As much the futurist ones as the dadaístas and cubistas, Boccioni, Duchamp and Léger confronted the value of the machine not like a new system, but like an inexhaustible source where they remove the ideas to represent the mecanicismo and the dynamism in his pictures. Also like critic of the subjects and the traditional artistic object. This Thesis has been subtitled indeed "Mecanicismo and dynamism in works of Marcel Duchamp, Fernand Léger and Umberto Boccioni, Three styles different", to make specific that the relation with the art, science and the industry (the maquinismo) has not been taken in its habitual meaning, but taking care of the use that the artist has done of the own formal elements of the industry, applied in his work to obtain many objectives, among them, the movement and the dynamism iconographic. The structure of the thesis has been organized in seven chapters: In chapter one is to define the mecanicismo, how its relation with many scientific and philosophical theories arose and. In two chapter speech of Léger like example in comparison with Duchamp and Boccioni. In the third chapter one is to show the mecanicismo in the work of Léger. Chapter 4 is dedicated to the new visual languages, X-rayses and the photography, taking to Duchamp like example. In chapter five it will be spoken of the mechanist conception in the work of Boccioni. In chapter six we found the concepts of the futurist movement with a scheme detailed of the same one.
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