DOCSLIB.ORG

Socrates 2000 Evaluation Study: Overall Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Socrates 2000 Evaluation Study: Overall Report SOCRATES 2000 Evaluation Study November2000 Study for the European Commission Contract No 1999 – 0979/001 – 001 SOC 335BEV Edited by Ulrich Teichler Jean Gordon Friedhelm Maiworm Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Berufs- und Hochschulforschung Universität GH Kassel, Germany ([email protected]) European Institute of Education and Social Policy, Paris, France ([email protected]) Gesellschaft für Empirische Studien Kassel, Germany ([email protected]) IN CO-OPERATION WITH Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies, University of Twente, Netherlands European Forum on Education Administration Contents 1. Aims and procedures of the evaluation study 1 2. Participation in Erasmus: figures and patterns 13 3. Erasmus and the policies of higher education institutions 40 4. The Erasmus students' experience 64 5. Employment and work of former Erasmus students 99 6. The academics’ view of teaching staff mobility and Erasmus 118 7. Curriculum development activities and thematic network projects 142 8. Erasmus: observations and recommendations 176 9. Comenius, Lingua, Open & Distance Learning and Adult Education: 189 methodology and overall Issues 10. Comenius 212 11. Lingua 248 12. Open & Distance Learning 294 13. Adult Education 310 14. Comenius, Lingua, Open & Distance Learning and Adult Education: 325 conclusions and recommendations 15. The implementation of Socrates at national level 344 16. The Socrates support programme: framework and management 380 17. Overall summary and recommendations 401 Literature 423 1. Aims and Procedures of the Evaluation Study 1. Aims and Procedures of the Evaluation Study By Jean Gordon, Friedhelm Maiworm and Ulrich Teichler 1.1 The SOCRATES Programme and Its Evaluation Schedule The European Community action programme on education, SOCRATES, was adopted by the European Parliament and Council Decision No 819/95/EC of March 1995 for the period from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 1999. Several former educational programmes and actions (ERASMUS, LINGUA, EURYDICE and ARION) were integrated, revised and supplemented, and new programme components were established (notably COMENIUS and OPEN and DISTANCE LEARNING). Hence, the SOCRATES programme set in motion the implementation of an overall programme in the field of education at a European level. The general objective of the SOCRATES programme is described in Article 1 of the Council Decision regarding the establishment of SOCRATES: “This programme is intended to contribute to the development of quality education and training and the creation of an open European area for cooperation in education”. In the perspective of lifelong learning, its is to optimise the skills and competencies of the citizens of Europe, to strengthen equal opportunities and to encourage the development of active and responsible citizenship with a European dimension. These general objectives are made operational by nine specific aims described in Article 3 of the Council Decision: “a) to develop the European dimension in education at all levels so as to strengthen the spirit of European citizenship, drawing on the cultural heritage of each Member State; b) to promote a quantitative and qualitative improvement of the knowledge of the languages of the European Union, and in particular those which are least widely used and least taught, leading to greater understanding and solidarity between the peoples of the European Union, and to promote the intercultural dimension of education; c) to promote wide-ranging and intensive cooperation between institutions in the Member States at all levels of education, enhancing their intellectual and teaching potential; d) to encourage the mobility of teachers, so as to promote a European dimension in studies and to contribute to the qualitative improvement of their skills; e) to encourage mobility of students, enabling them to complete part of their studies in another Member State, so as to contribute to the consolidation of the European dimension in education; f) to encourage contacts among pupils in the European Union, and to promote the European dimension in their education; 1 1. Aims and Procedures of the Evaluation Study g) to encourage the academic recognition of diplomas, periods of study and other qualifications, with the aim of facilitating the development of an open area for cooperation in education; h) to encourage open and distance education in the context of the activities of this programme; i) to foster exchanges of information and experience so that the diversity and specificity of the educational systems in the Member States become a source of enrichment and of mutual stimulation.” Article 8(1) of the Council Decision obliges the European Commission to undertake a continuous monitoring and evaluation of the SOCRATES programme and Article 8(2) stipulates that the Commission must "submit to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, before 30 September 1998, an interim report on the launch phase, and before 30 September 2000, a final report on the implementation of this programme." In Spring 1999, the European Commission invited to tender for the external evaluation of the SOCRATES Community action programme in the field of education in general (DGXXII/05/99) as well as for specific aspects of the SOCRATES programme (DGXXII/06/99). Following the call for tender, the European Commission awarded a contract to the Centre for Research on Higher Education and Work at the University of Kassel, Germany, to carry out the overall evaluation of the SOCRATES programme, subsequently called "SOCRATES 2000 Evaluation". Additionally, three specific evaluations were commissioned which cover the participation in the SOCRATES programme of persons with specific educational needs (European Agency for Special Needs, Copenhagen), the impact of Erasmus in the area of engineering (Sociedade portuguesa de inovação, Porto), and the results of Comenius Action 1 and Lingua Action E (Deloitte and Touche, Brussels). 1.2 The Organisation and Management of the Evaluation Study The SOCRATES 2000 Evaluation is coordinated by Professor Ulrich Teichler, director of the Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Berufs- und Hochschulforschung (WZ I), Universität GH Kassel (Germany). The deputy coordinator is Friedhelm Maiworm, head of the Gesellschaft für Empirische Studien (GES), Kassel (Germany). Most of the evaluation study is divided into two sub-projects: – Sub-project A on ERASMUS was undertaken by the team in Kassel (project director: Ulrich Teichler, in cooperation with Friedhelm Maiworm), 2 1. Aims and Procedures of the Evaluation Study – Sub-project B on COMENIUS, LINGUA, Open and Distance Learning, Adult Education and Questions of common policy interest was undertaken by the European Institute of Education and Social Policy (EIESP), Paris (France) (project director: Jean Gordon). The sub-projects cooperated closely in conceptual and administrative matters. Moreover, they jointly undertook the study of European policies and activities at national level related to the SOCRATES programme and the survey at European level. Finally, both sub-projects closely cooperated in writing those parts of the final report which are transversal to all or some strands of the programme. Within the framework of sub-project A, the Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) of the University of Twente, Enschede (Netherlands) (coordinator: Marijk van der Wende) have taken over various functions, in particular the analysis of policies in the national context and the results of the work of the Thematic Networks. Sub-project B was supported by the European Forum on Education Administration (EFEA) through the organisation of a workshop and various consultancy activities. Both projects involved other staff members of these institutions who participated in the information gathering and the analysis: Annette Fleck and Christoph Gilleßen (GES), Anne Klemperer and Sander Lotze (CHEPS), David Parkes and Stéphanie Caillé (EIESP). The international team brought together organisations and experts from nine countries: as consultants and interviewers: Astrid Berg (Denmark), John Heywood (Ireland), Barbara M. Kehm (Germany), Petri Lempinen (Finland), Montserrat Santos Sanz (Spain), Adrain Stoica (Romania), Pina Scalera (Italy) and Eva Michelidaki (Greece). Christina Keyes (EIESP) supported the study by editing the texts and Sybille Meyer (WZ I) by taking over the financial administration of the project. 1.3 Major Aims and Objectives of the Evaluation According to the invitation to tender, the main purposes of the SOCRATES evaluation are : – to assess how far the objectives of the programme have been achieved, – to provide quantitative and qualitative data regarding results and the range and types of impact on the target population and the education systems, – to assess the effectiveness and the efficiency of the organisational and operational mechanisms. The key questions to be addressed are as follows: (1) The impact of the programme: It should be analysed generally and for each Action with regard to the overall objectives set down in the decision to establish SOCRATES, as well as the specific objectives for each Action. The analysis was expected to integrate quantitative and qualitative approaches. 3 1. Aims and Procedures of the Evaluation Study (2) Use of Community funds: The evaluation was to examine the effectiveness of the use of Community funds to reach the objectives. (3) Implementation: The evaluation was expected to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Promoting Intercultural Dialogue Through Lifelong Learning Policies Chirodea, Florentina; Toca, Constantin Vasile
    www.ssoar.info Promoting intercultural dialogue through lifelong learning policies Chirodea, Florentina; Toca, Constantin Vasile Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerksbeitrag / collection article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Chirodea, F., & Toca, C. V. (2012). Promoting intercultural dialogue through lifelong learning policies. In L. Soproni, & I. Horga (Eds.), Medias and European Diversity (pp. 323-338). Bruxelles: Bruylant. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-421307 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Free Digital Peer Publishing Licence This document is made available under a Free Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Promoting Intercultural Dialogue through Lifelong Learning Policies Florentina Chirodea, Constantin Ţoca University of Oradea, Romania Abstract: A dominant phenomenon in the last decades of the past century and the first decades of the 21 st century is that of globalisation. The European Union emphasises more and more the role of education as a real element of reducing the distances between the member states, while stimulating the economic, social and cultural development of the community states. At the European Unions’ policies, the universities are called to prepare the students for an independent life in a multi- cultural environment, to support the improvement of knowledge, skills and competences that are necessary for an efficient functioning in a pluralist and democratic society, to interact, negotiate and communicate with people from different groups in order to create a civil society functioning on moral principles and common values.
    [Show full text]
  • Socrates Programme)
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION CALL FOR COURSES FOR THE COMENIUS & GRUNDTVIG CATALOGUE (SOCRATES PROGRAMME) 1. PURPOSE OF CALL The purpose of this Call is to gather proposals from course providers for suitable high quality courses to be included in the Comenius & Grundtvig Catalogue. This is a list of all those in- service training courses for school and adult education staff, attendance at which, may in principle, be fundable under the Comenius or Grundtvig actions of the SOCRATES Programme. The Catalogue will be valid for courses, which will take place between 1 June 2002 and 31 July 2003. 2. BACKGROUND The second phase of the Community action programme in the field of education, SOCRATES was adopted by Decision No 253/200/EC of the European Parliament and Council for a period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2006. Both the COMENIUS (school education) and Grundtvig (adult education) parts of the programme include the provision of in-service training courses for updating and improving the skills and promoting the European dimension in the training of educational staff in the two sectors concerned. It is proposed to compile a Catalogue of all the relevant European in-service training courses, which are available to educational staff, which will be widely disseminated to all potential applicants. The courses to be included in the Catalogue must meet the criteria outlined below and the course provider must accept the special conditions outlined in Point 8 below. Please note that inclusion in the Catalogue has no direct funding implications. However, courses included in the Catalogue are eligible to take on applicants wishing to undertake in-service training funded by Comenius or Grundtvig grants.
    [Show full text]
  • Eu International Programmes and Possibilities of Co-Operation with Turkey Within the Frame of These Programmes
    EU INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES AND POSSIBILITIES OF CO-OPERATION WITH TURKEY WITHIN THE FRAME OF THESE PROGRAMMES ALENA RUSINOVÁ Silesian University in Opava, School of Business Administration in Karviná Univerzitní nám. 76, CZ-733 40 Karviná Tel.: + 420 - 69 / 6398 221 Fax: + 420 - 69 / 6398 317 e–mail: [email protected] PATRICIE BARTOŠOVÁ Silesian University in Opava, International Relation Office Bezručovo nám. 13, CZ-746 01 Opava Tel.: + 420 - 653 / 684 270 Fax: + 420 - 653 / 218 019 e–mail: [email protected] Key Words: international relation, international programmes, educational programmes, vocational training, students mobility, teachers mobility Introduction The aim of the performance is to approach some of EU international programmes and evoke a discussion on possibilities of co-operation and preparation of educational programmes within the frame of programmes offered by the EU. LEONARDO DA VINCI programme The aim of this programme is to support the development of the quality, innovations and European dimension in the systems and practice of the special education through multinational projects. In accordance with the decision of the European Council, the organisations from 15 EU countries, associated countries of the Central and Eastern Europe, including the Czech Republic, Norway, Liechtenstein, Iceland, Cyprus, Malta and Turkey can participate in the above-mentioned programme. SOCRATES Erasmus The goal of the programme is to strengthen the European dimension in the education on all the levels and within the whole
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Education and Culture
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Education and Culture Life Long Learning: Education and Training, Programmes and Actions Director Brussels, 17 June 2005 D(2005) 4229 – GB/mct SOC/COM/2005/003-Rev-3-en NOTE FOR THE ATTENTION OF THE SOCRATES COMMITTEE MEMBERS The Community Action Programme in the Field of Education Socrates GENERAL CALL FOR PROPOSALS 2006 EAC/32/05 (Text with EEA relevance) (closing date for certain Actions is 1 November 2005) I. INTRODUCTION II. THE ROLE OF THE ANNUAL CALL FOR PROPOSALS III. GENERAL ACTION LINES III.A. COMENIUS – SCHOOL EDUCATION III.B. ERASMUS – HIGHER EDUCATION III.C. GRUNDTVIG – ADULT EDUCATION AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL PATHWAYS III.D. LINGUA – LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING III.E. MINERVA - OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) IN EDUCATION III.F. OBSERVATION AND INNOVATION IIII.G. ACCOMPANYING MEASURES IV. FINANCIAL SUPPORT IV.1. General rules IV.2. Possible level of grants and average grants for decentralised actions V. CLOSING DATES FOR SUBMISSION (= DISPATCH) OF PROPOSALS VI. APPLICATION AND SELECTION PROCEDURES 1 I. INTRODUCTION The decision establishing the second phase of the Socrates programme was adopted by the European Parliament and Council on 24 January 2000 (Decision No. 253/2000/EC). The programme covers the 2000 - 2006 period and has a budget (EU 15) of € 1850 million. In view of the enlargement of the EU this global budget has been increased up to € 2.060 million (EU 25). In addition to the 25 Member States of the European Union, the programme is also open to participation by the EFTA-EEA countries1 within the context of the Agreement on the European Economic Area, as well as the candidate countries2.
    [Show full text]
  • Commission of the European Communities
    COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 12.2.2001 COM(2001) 75 final REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION FINAL REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOCRATES PROGRAMME 1995 - 1999 REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION FINAL REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOCRATES PROGRAMME 1995 - 1999 1. FRAMEWORK AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 The purpose of the report This report concerns the implementation of the SOCRATES programme during the period 1995 to 19991, which corresponds to the first phase of the programme. It takes into account all analyses available, particularly the conclusions of the interim evaluation2 and of four external evaluations completed in November 2000.3 In the interest of transparency, all these external evaluations are available on the Commission’s Internet site.4 This document has undergone thorough consultation within the SOCRATES Committee and the support group set up by it.5 The analysis and information gathering carried out must also inform the debate at the broadest level in order to contribute inter alia to the success of the new phase of the SOCRATES programme6 by drawing on the experienced amassed between 1995 and 1999. The report comprises an examination of the results achieved by the programme in relation to the objectives set by Decision 819/95/EC. This analysis is followed by a summary of the main developments in the programme, considering at the same time the transition of the programme from its initial phase to the second phase and the political environment in which SOCRATES evolved. It is intended to be a 1 In accordance with Article 8(2) of Decision No 819/95/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 14 March 1995 (OJ L 87 of 20.4.1995) amended by Decision No 98/576/EC of 23 February 1998 (OJ L 77 of 14.3.1998).
    [Show full text]
  • ERASMUS in the SOCRATES Programme Findings of an Evaluation Study
    Cover Erasmus.qxd 29.08.02 10:20 Seite 1 Ulrich Teichler (ed.) Ulrich Teichler (ed.) Ulrich Teichler ERASMUS in the SOCRATES Programme Findings of an Evaluation Study ERASMUS, the “flagship” among the educational programmes of the European Union, underwent substantial programmatic and structural changes when it became a sub-programme under the umbrella of the SOCRATES programme in the mid-1990s. The role of the centre of the univer- sity was strengthened at the expenses of the net- works of departments, and more emphasis was placed on curricular innovation, teaching staff mobility and on involvement of the non-mobile students. This study, being part of the SOCRATES 2000 Evaluation Study, aims to examine the changes occurred in ERASMUS in the late 1990s. It draws from available documents and statistics, and comprises surveys of students, graduates and academics as well as interviews with those involved in curricular innovation and “thematic net- ACA Papers on works”. The authors call for efforts to keep acade- Lemmens ERASMUS in the SOCRATES Programme ERASMUS in the SOCRATES International Cooperation in Education mics involved, to establish administrative proce- dures based on trust and to ensure a stronger role of curricular innovation. ISBN 3-932306-41-4 Ulrich Teichler (ed.) ERASMUS IN THE SOCRATES PROGRAMME Findings of an Evaluation Study ACA Papers on International Cooperation in Education Ulrich Teichler (ed.) ERASMUS IN THE SOCRATES PROGRAMME Findings of an Evaluation Study Disclaimer This publication is based on the SOCRATES 2000 Evaluation Study. Chapters 2-10 of this publication are edited and partly shortened versions of the Evaluation Study.
    [Show full text]
  • Gateway to Education Socrates
    Directorate-General for Education and Culture Socrates European Community action programme in the field of education (2000-06) Gateway to education European Commission Gateway to education Cooperation The second phase of Socrates, the European education programme started on 1 January 2000 and runs for seven years. It takes over from the programme's first phase, which lasted five years and achieved very successful results. The figures speak for themselves: 500 000 students undertook a period of study in another European university, 10 000 schools took part in European partnerships, and thousands of projects were developed to promote European languages. The second phase of Socrates will carry on along the same path, while introducing some new features. There will therefore be emphasis on two key ideas: the promotion of lifelong learning and the building of a Europe of knowledge. Opening up access to knowledge, irrespective of age or place, is important for a number of reasons. It makes it easier to get a job in a world in which it is necessary to adapt to increasingly relentless change. It is a way of obtaining recognised qualifications, social skills and personal fulfilment. Lastly, it is a way of discovering other cultures, broadening one's horizons and preparing to exercise active citizenship. The systems and practices in education vary enormously from one country to another. This is a feature of the Europe in which we live. In this context, European cooperation, whether through mobility, pilot projects, European networks or comparative studies, offers huge advantages. It provides a fertile ground for innovation, the quest for quality, and the implementation of new ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • EAFP Report Prepared in European Commission. Erasmus Subject
    ERASMUS Subject Evaluations Summary Reports of the Evaluation Conferences by Subject Area Volume I Agriculture Archaeology Biology Chemistry Languages Pharmacy Physics Teacher training Tourism and Leisure Women’s studies EUROPEAN COMMISSION Erasmus: Subject Evaluations The information presented in this publication does not necessarily reflect the position or the opinion of the European Commission and is therefore the responsibility of their authors. General Table of Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................................................... i - 1 to 6 Section I Studies in Pharmacy in Europe ........................................................................................... I - 1 to 18 Section II Tourism and Leisure ........................................................................................................... II - 1 to 11 Section III Chemistry in Europe: Past achievements and future directions........................................ III - 1 to 26 Section IV Biology ............................................................................................................................... IV - 1 to 29 Section V Physics Studies for tomorrow's Europe .............................................................................. V - 1 to 21 Section VI Agricultural Sciences ......................................................................................................... VI - 1 to 31 Section VII Archaeology: Education and Training
    [Show full text]
  • The Erasmus Programme Paul Bolton
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 8326, 6 January 2021 By Sue Hubble Alex Bellis The Erasmus Programme Paul Bolton Contents: 1. History of the Erasmus Programme 2. Aims of the Erasmus Programme 3. Structure and funding streams 4. UK higher eduction student participation in Erasmus+ 5. Participation compared to other EU countries 6. Erasmus+ post Brexit 7. Parliamentary debate on participation in Erasmus+ 8. A new UK mobility programme 9. European Commission proposal 2021-27 cycle 10. Further reading www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 The Erasmus Programme Contents Summary 3 1. History of the Erasmus Programme 5 2. Aims of the Erasmus Programme 7 3. Structure and funding streams 8 4. UK higher eduction student participation in Erasmus+ 10 4.1 Destination of UK students 11 4.2 Participation by disadvantaged students 11 4.3 Funding received by UK students in Erasmus support grants 11 5. Participation compared to other EU countries 12 6. Erasmus+ post Brexit 13 6.1 Erasmus+ participation during the transition period 14 6.2 The UK to leave the Erasmus+ programme 15 7. Parliamentary debate on participation in Erasmus+ 16 7.1 Issues around continued participation in Erasmus+ 17 8. A new UK mobility programme 18 8.1 Government announces the Turing scheme 18 9. European Commission proposal 2021-27 cycle 21 10. Further reading 22 Cover page image copyright Flagging support by Dave Kellam. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 / image cropped. 3 Commons Library Briefing, 6 January 2021 Summary The Erasmus+ scheme provides funding for education, training and sport, with a particular focus on youth work, but it also provides funding for activities aimed at all ages.
    [Show full text]
  • Socrates Action Week 1997 Results
    Socrates Action Day 1997 Results “Evidemment, la Communauté ne peut imposer des règles aux universités en raison de leur autonomie et du nouveau principe de subsidiarité inclus dans le Traité sur l’Union Européenne à propos de l’éducation. Mais elle peut, de toute façon, être at- tentive afin que dans la réalisation de la dimension Européenne, les étudiants deviennent des acteurs principaux“ Domenico Lenarduzzi Director General of DG XXII : Education, Training and Youth Contents Socrates Action Day Index 4 Foreword 5 Flashback 7 The duty of AEGEE... 7 Association des Etats Généraux Introduction 9 des Etudiants de l'Europe Background 11 AEGEE - Europe European Results 13 PO Box 72 I. Financial Overview 13 B-1040 Bruxelles Ett. -1 II. Students Mobility 13 Belgium III. Courses recognition 14 IV. Teachers' Mobility 15 tel. +32-2-736 6466 V. Financial support for Universities 16 fax +32-2-736 7354 VI. Miscomunication... 16 e-mail [email protected] VII. Academic Follow Up of Erasmus http://www.aegee.org Students 17 Imprint VIII. Language Courses 17 © AEGEE - Europe, 1997 Socrates and Turkey 18 All Rights Reserved Resolution on Students' Mobility 18 Editor: Hélène Berard Conclusions 20 Sergio Caredda Proposals 21 Follow-up 22 Printing:Dekonick S.A., Brussels Appendix 1 23 Circulation: 1000 copies Appendix 2 24 Appendix 3 25 Credits: Logos and title of project ©AEGEE,Europe, 1997 Participating locals 26 All textes are copyrighted ©AEGEE,Europe, 1997 Brussels, November 1997 With the Contribution of European Commission oreword Education plays a major role in today's Europe. Prob- lems like unemployment, sustainable development , em- ployability which are on the agenda of the Union and of all governments can only be solved through a serious educational policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Aspects of the Use of English in Europe
    KEY ASPECTS OF THE USE OF ENGLISH IN EUROPE Claude TRUCHOT Marc Bloch University, Strasbourg Language Policy Division Directorate of School, Out-of-School and Higher Education DGIV Council of Europe, Strasbourg 2002 The opinions expressed in this work are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All correspondence concerning this publication or the reproduction or translation of all or part of the document should be addressed to the Director of School, Out of School and Higher Education of the Council of Europe (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex). The reproduction of extracts is authorised, except for commercial purposes, on condition that the source is quoted. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface .............................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 7 1. English in education ............................................................................................ 7 1.1. Early beginnings........................................................................................ 7 1.2. Widespread introduction of English, longer courses .......................... 8 1.3. English and other languages ................................................................... 8 1.4. English as a teaching language............................................................... 9 2. English in the sciences .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Concerning the Community Position Within the Association Co~Ncil
    COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, OS~ 03 .1997 COM(97) 14 final 97/ 0021 (CNS) Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION concerning the Community position within the Association Co~ncil , on the participati(m of Romanja in Commtmity programmes in the fields of training, youth and e~ucadon ' . (presented by the Commissi~n) Explanatory Memorandum The Additional Protocols with Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania have entered into force on 1 February 1996 (Additional Protocols with Hungary and the Czech Republic), on 1 July 1996 (Additional Protocol with Slovakia) and on I August 1996 (Additional Protocols with Bulgaria and Romania). In view of Association Council decisions which, according to Article 2 of the Protocols, are to fix the conditions and modalities of these countries' participation, the Commission services have held exploratory discussions in the respective capitals during the first semester of 1996 covering a first group. of programmes (Leonardo da Vinci, Youth for Europe III, Socrates, Media II) for which the legal basis has been adopted in 1994 and 1995, and provided for the participation of associated CEC's. During these discussions, information has been provided on the content of each of the programmes concerned, on the progress and timetable of preparatory actions which are being implemented, and on conditions and modalities for these countries' participation, including the cost o(participation. More particularly, taking into account that, according to Article 3 of the Prptocols, the CEC's will themselves meet the costs resulting from their participation, they have been invited to make the necessary provisions in their budgets for 1997, on the basis of cost estimates provided by the Commission.
    [Show full text]