Family: Passifloraceae Taxon: Passiflora suberosa
Synonym: Passiflora pallida L. Common Name: corky passionflower Passiflora minima L. corkystem passionflower devil's pumpkin indigo berry Huehue haole grain d'encre uvilla
Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 12 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n
102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1
103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1
201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n
204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y
205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y
301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n
402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n
403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n
404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n
405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n
406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0
407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0
408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y
Print Date: 4/28/2011 Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) Page 1 of 9 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y
410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y
411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 y
412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n
501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n
502 Grass y=1, n=0 n
503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 y
504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n
601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n
602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y
603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1
604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y
605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n
606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n
607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 1 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y
703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n
704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n
705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n
706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y
707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n
708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y
801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n
802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1
803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y
804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y
805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1
Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 12
Print Date: 4/28/2011 Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) Page 2 of 9 Supporting Data: 101 1958. Anonymous. Flora of Panama. Part VII. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 45(1): 1-91. 101 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA
103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA
201 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 2-high] "Native to and very Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised widespread in the American subtropics and tropics and the West Indies;" edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 202 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Quality of climate match data? 2-high] "Native to and very widespread in the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised American subtropics and tropics and the West Indies;" edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 203 2008. Steel, J./Kohout, M./Newell, G.. Climate [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Whilst all climate change and potential distribution of weeds: change scenarios saw a southward shift and increase in area and quality of the Whither the weeds under climate change?. climate match envelope for this species, at no stage did it encroach into Victoria. Department of Primary Industries, Frankston, The leading edge of the climate envelope never reached as far south as Australia Wollongong. Climatic conditions in Victoria do not appear to ever become suitable for the establishment and growth of this species...Little change in the size of the climate envelope. The species that showed little change in potential distribution were less homogenous than the increasing or decreasing groups. Passiflora suberosa and Prosopis pallida both lacked climatically suitable areas in Victoria under baseline conditions and under climate change their climate envelopes did not extend into Victoria either. P. pallida is declared noxious in Victoria and despite not appearing to be naturalised or present in the state, it is a WoNS, so its declaration in Victoria might be considered in the national interest. P. suberosa is not recorded as naturalised in Victoria, but it is likely to be present in gardens and unlikely to become weedy in Victoria under the climate change scenarios considered in this report." [restricted to tropical climates] 204 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. "Native to and very widespread in the American subtropics and tropics and the Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised West Indies; In Hawaii naturalized in grassland, shrubland, open dry forest, and edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop diverse mesic forest, and on exposed ridges, 0-610 m" Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 205 2010. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Passiflora suberosa. range? Yes] Widespread distribution in tropical & subtropical regions. http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/passiflora_suber osa.htm 301 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "In Hawaii naturalized in grassland, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised shrubland, open dry forest, and diverse mesic forest, and on exposed ridges, 0- edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop 610 m" Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 301 2011. Weeds Australia. Weed Identification - [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "A troublesome weed in Melanesia, Passiflora suberosa. Australian Weeds Hawaii, and now spreading in SE Asia, India and South Africa." Committee, http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi- bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=V1 8 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? An Environmental Weed. See 3.04] Weeds - Passiflora suberosa [Online Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/passiflora_suber osa/ 302 2011. Weeds Australia. Weed Identification - [[Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? A garden escape & invader of disturbed Passiflora suberosa. Australian Weeds areas with negative impacts in the natural environment. See 3.04] "Notes: Garden Committee, http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi- escape, naturalised in open forest and disturbed land. " bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=V1 8
Print Date: 4/28/2011 Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) Page 3 of 9 303 2008. Steel, J./Kohout, M./Newell, G.. Climate [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? Potentially] "P. suberosa is a vine that is change and potential distribution of weeds: native to South America and has become a weed in moist coastal and subcoastal Whither the weeds under climate change?. areas of southern to northern Queensland and the Gulf area of the Northern Department of Primary Industries, Frankston, Territory (Swarbrick 1981) and NSW (Andresen 2005). It has also invaded sugar Australia and Eucalyptus plantations (Seeruttum, Barbe & Guamgoo 2005)." [impacts to forestry & agriculture unknown] 304 1985. Smith, C.W.. Impact of Alien Plants on [Environmental weed? Yes] "An aggressive weed. It does best in the subcanopy Hawaii's Native Biota. Pp. 180-250 in Stone & layers where it smothers shrubs, small trees and the ground layer. In some areas Scott (eds.). Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems: it also smothers the upper canopy layer" preservation & management. CPSU, Honolulu, HI 304 2002. Garrison, J.S.E./Rauzon, M.J./Duin, [Environmental weed? Yes] "There are several species of smothering plants in K.N./Wilcox, B.A.. Marine Corps Base Hawaii: the shrubland, including ivy gourd, love-in-a-mist (Passiflora foetida), corky Invasive Species Management Study. Final passionflower (Passiflora suberosa) and jasmine (Jasminum fluminense). All four Report N47408-00-P-6207 p00005, Task 3. species spread rapidly once established, covering and eventually killing the Sustainable Resources Group Int’l, Inc., supporting trees and shrubs by shading them out. They are common in disturbed, Honolulu, HI lowland sites, and their seeds are dispersed by fruit-eating birds such as the Red vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), which are common at MCTAB. These noxious weeds should be controlled to the extent feasible, especially if they are found near wetlands or coastal areas." 304 2003. Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelson, D./Nagai, [Environmental weed? Yes] "smothers tall trees in mesic forests" G./Ching,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. CTAHR, UH Manoa, Honolulu, HI http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/weedsHi.htm l 304 2007. Department of Primary Industries and [Environmental weed? Yes] "Corky passionflower is a South American vine that is Fisheries. Fact sheet: invasive plants and an aggressive invader. It is usually most successful in the sub-canopy, where it animals - Corky passionflower Passiflora smothers small trees, shrubs and even the ground cover species. It has been suberosa - Biosecurity Queensland. Queensland observed smothering upper canopy species in some locations. It is recorded as a Government, weed in a number of countries throughout the Pacific region." http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_ EnvironmentalPests/IP 304 2007. Richardson, M.. Species Assessment and [Environmental weed? Yes] "Alien plant species are also a threat to Platydesma Listing Priority Assignment Form - Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens because they compete for light, space, and nutrients, and cornuta var. decurrens. USFWS, Pacific Islands degrade habitat. The primary nonnative plant threats to Platydesma cornuta var. FWO, Honolulu, HI decurrens are Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani), Clidemia hirta (Koster’s www.fws.gov/ecos/ajax/docs/candforms_pdf/r1/Q curse), Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Passiflora suberosa (huehue haole), Psidium 37V_P01.pdf cattleianum, Psidium guajava (common guava), Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry), Schinus terebinthifolis (Christmas berry), and Toona ciliata (Australian red cedar)." 304 2008. Blanfort, V./Orapa, W. (eds.). Ecology, [Environmental weed? Yes] "Invasive plants are one of the current threats to dry Impacts & Management of Invasive Plant forests of New Caledonia. Passiflora suberosa is one of the main aggressive Species in Pastoral Areas.. Secretariat of the species originating from pasture areas. It’s a vine that easily spreads in dry Pacific Community (SPC), Suva, Fiji Islands forests using its trailing stems." 305 2003. Weber, E.. Invasive Plant Species of the [Congeneric weed? Yes] "Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima…Where invasive, World. A Reference Guide to Environmental the plant forms dense curtains of trailing and climbing stems, completely Weeds. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK smothering trees, shrubs and understorey plants. The altered structure and reduced species richness of invaded forests prevents forest regeneration and affects wildlife by reducing the abundance of food plants." 401 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Herbaceous vines; stems angles, striate. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised Leaves membranous, polymorphic, blades lanceolate to sometimes ovate, 2.8- edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop 10.7(-14) cm long, 1.4-4(-9) cm wide, entire or shallowly to deeply 3-lobed, Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. pubescent or glabrous…" 402 1985. Smith, C.W.. Impact of Alien Plants on [Allelopathic? No] Not listed among potential impacts. Hawaii's Native Biota. Pp. 180-250 in Stone & Scott (eds.). Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems: preservation & management. CPSU, Honolulu, HI 402 1995. Cronk, Q.C.B./Fuller, J.L.. Plant invaders: [Allelopathic? No] Not listed among potential impacts. the threat to natural ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, London, UK
Print Date: 4/28/2011 Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) Page 4 of 9 402 2011. Weeds Australia. Weed Identification - [Allelopathic? No] Not listed among potential impacts. Passiflora suberosa. Australian Weeds Committee, http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi- bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=V1 8 403 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Parasitic? No] "Herbaceous vines" [Passifloraceae] Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 404 2008. Blanfort, V./Orapa, W. (eds.). Ecology, [Unpalatable to grazing animals? No] "The most widespread alien species in Impacts & Management of Invasive Plant sclerophyll forests was Passiflora suberosa, found in all sites and in virtually all Species in Pastoral Areas.. Secretariat of the plots investigated during this study. The density of the stems of this vine reached Pacific Community (SPC), Suva, Fiji Islands high densities in several sites. There was an apparent relationship between the frequency of browse of this vine and the density of ungulates at a given sites, which indicates that this species is not very attractive to ungulates. If they are given the choice, Rusa deer and cattle would probably prefer other food plants, but almost all the stems were browsed on the sites which had very high densities of ungulates … However, we have also seen that most of the alien plants were consumed by introduced ruminants, sometimes severely. Browsing by ruminants could therefore contribute to the control of the invasion of sclerophyll forests by some alien species. This hypothesis has been indirectly confirmed for P. suberosa in Tiéa (Pouembout), where this vine invaded large areas of the sclerophyll forest soon after an exclosure was erected to exclude ruminants from the area." [not preferred, but still palatable to some degree] 405 1981. Clark, D.A.. Foraging Patterns of Black [Toxic to animals? No] "The rats' preferential feeding is further illustrated by their Rats across a Desert-Montane Forest Gradient in disproportionate usage of uncommon foods. While Passiflora suberosa fruits and the Galapagos Islands. Biotropica. 13(3): 182- flowers had been eaten by nearly all rats in the 1975 savannah sample, this plant 194. occurred in no food quadrats, and I found only two small patches of it in the 5.1 ha grid." 405 2008. Blanfort, V./Orapa, W. (eds.). Ecology, [Toxic to animals? No] "The most widespread alien species in sclerophyll forests Impacts & Management of Invasive Plant was Passiflora suberosa, found in all sites and in virtually all plots investigated Species in Pastoral Areas.. Secretariat of the during this study. The density of the stems of this vine reached high densities in Pacific Community (SPC), Suva, Fiji Islands several sites. There was an apparent relationship between the frequency of browse of this vine and the density of ungulates at a given sites, which indicates that this species is not very attractive to ungulates. If they are given the choice, Rusa deer and cattle would probably prefer other food plants, but almost all the stems were browsed on the sites which had very high densities of ungulates … However, we have also seen that most of the alien plants were consumed by introduced ruminants, sometimes severely. Browsing by ruminants could therefore contribute to the control of the invasion of sclerophyll forests by some alien species. This hypothesis has been indirectly confirmed for P. suberosa in Tiéa (Pouembout), where this vine invaded large areas of the sclerophyll forest soon after an exclosure was erected to exclude ruminants from the area." 406 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Host for recognized pests and pathogens? Probably not] Widespread weed, with well-documented impacts. Host of pests and pathogens not listed among negative effects. 407 2004. Ulmer, T./MacDougal, J. M.. Passiflora: [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? Questionably] No evidence Passionflowers of the World. Timber Press, Portland, OR 407 2011. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: Cork-bark [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? Questionably] "On Dec 26, Passion Flower, Devil's Pumpkin, Indigo Berry, 2009, BertieFox from Saumur France wrote: I've been growing this in a Corky Passionflower, Corkstem Passionflower - conservatory for the last five years, with low light levels. Apart from its novelty Passiflora suberosa. value (the tiny almost invisible flowers) it's invasive (seeds sprout everywhere in http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1197/ the border) and the fruit taste awful. I'm surprised to read the seed is poisonous as I've eaten about fifty fruit (individually, not in a session!) with no ill effects. One of our dogs loves them and goes around the vine biting them off, with no ill effects either." 407 2011. Weeds Australia. Weed Identification - [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? Questionably] "Leaves, stems Passiflora suberosa. Australian Weeds and green fruit are poisonous." [Almost all other references give no mention of Committee, http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi- toxic properties of this plant] bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=V1 8
Print Date: 4/28/2011 Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) Page 5 of 9 408 2002. Garrison, J.S.E./Rauzon, M.J./Duin, [Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems? Yes] "Corky passionflower K.N./Wilcox, B.A.. Marine Corps Base Hawaii: (Passiflora suberosa) has properties similar to ivy gourd. It climbs up over Invasive Species Management Study. Final established vegetation and shades it out, leaving dead plants in the understory. Report N47408-00-P-6207 p00005, Task 3. This can increase the fire hazard and erosion potential in an area." Sustainable Resources Group Int’l, Inc., Honolulu, HI 409 2011. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann, [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? Yes] "Light Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley, Requirements: Light shade to full sun" K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your Neighborhood - Corkystem passionflower. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, FL http://www.regionalconservation.org 409 2011. Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation. [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? Yes] "Passiflora Native Florida Plants for Upland Communities. suberosa...Light Requirements … full sun to full shade" http://www.sccf.org/files/content/docs/Plants%20f or%20Upland%20Communities.pdf 410 2011. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: Cork-bark [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions? Yes] "Soil pH requirements: 5.1 to 5.5 Passion Flower, Devil's Pumpkin, Indigo Berry, (strongly acidic) 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (neutral) 7.6 Corky Passionflower, Corkstem Passionflower - to 7.8 (mildly alkaline) 7.9 to 8.5 (alkaline)" Passiflora suberosa. http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1197/ 410 2011. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann, [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions? Yes] "Soils: Moist, well-drained sandy Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley, or limestone soils, with or without humusy top layer." K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your Neighborhood - Corkystem passionflower. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, FL http://www.regionalconservation.org 411 1985. Smith, C.W.. Impact of Alien Plants on [Climbing or smothering growth habit? Yes] "An aggressive weed. It does best in Hawaii's Native Biota. Pp. 180-250 in Stone & the subcanopy layers where it smothers shrubs, small trees and the ground layer. Scott (eds.). Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems: In some areas it also smothers the upper canopy layer" preservation & management. CPSU, Honolulu, HI 411 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Climbing or smothering growth habit? Yes] "Herbaceous vines…" Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 411 2003. Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelson, D./Nagai, [Climbing or smothering growth habit? Yes] "smothers tall trees in mesic forests" G./Ching,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. CTAHR, UH Manoa, Honolulu, HI http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/weedsHi.htm l 412 1985. Smith, C.W.. Impact of Alien Plants on [Forms dense thickets? No] "An aggressive weed. It does best in the subcanopy Hawaii's Native Biota. Pp. 180-250 in Stone & layers where it smothers shrubs, small trees and the ground layer. In some areas Scott (eds.). Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems: it also smothers the upper canopy layer" preservation & management. CPSU, Honolulu, HI 501 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Aquatic? No] "Herbaceous vine…" [terrestrial] Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 502 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Grass? No] Passifloraceae Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 503 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Nitrogen fixing woody plant? No] Passifloraceae Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 504 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. [Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised tubers)? No] "Herbaceous vines…" edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.
Print Date: 4/28/2011 Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) Page 6 of 9 601 2008. Amela Garcia, M.T.. Breeding system and [Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat? No] "Summary: related floral features under natural and The breeding system, the floral characteristics and the visitors of the polymorphic experimental conditions of Passiflora suberosa Passiflora suberosa were studied in different natural populations of Corrientes (Passifloraceae). Boletín de la Sociedad and Misiones provinces, and at a partially-opened greenhouse in Buenos Aires. Argentina de Botánica. 43 (1-2): 83-93. The different reproductive indexes calculated evidenced that, although it is highly self compatible, autogamy is partial. The reproductive efficiency was similar in the field and in the greenhouse. The major relative reproductive success obtained by induced self-pollination suggests that the reproductive output may be improved with the help of pollinations, either natural or artificial. Although the single flower and the blooming are inconspicuous, the floral characters may be involved in wasps attraction. The scarcity or even absence of pollinators (depending on the sites) seems to be compensated with the capacity of autogamy and the extended flowering period. The successful treatments performed in the greenhouse and the long period of time the fruits remain on the plants constitute stimulant features to cultivate this ornamental, medicinal, edible and tinctoreous species." 602 2003. Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelson, D./Nagai, [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Seeds spread by animals." G./Ching,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. CTAHR, UH Manoa, Honolulu, HI http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/weedsHi.htm l 602 2007. Department of Primary Industries and [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Fruits are purple and are readily eaten by birds, Fisheries. Fact sheet: invasive plants and aiding in considerable seed dispersal." animals - Corky passionflower Passiflora suberosa - Biosecurity Queensland. Queensland Government, http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_ EnvironmentalPests/IP 603 2004. Ulmer, T./MacDougal, J. M.. Passiflora: [Hybridizes naturally? Unknown] "P. suberosa x P. coriacea" [cultivated hybrid Passionflowers of the World. Timber Press, documented, but unknown if Passiflora suberosa is able to hybridize naturally] Portland, OR 604 2008. Amela Garcia, M.T.. Breeding system and [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "Summary: The breeding system, the floral related floral features under natural and characteristics and the visitors of the polymorphic Passiflora suberosa were experimental conditions of Passiflora suberosa studied in different natural populations of Corrientes and Misiones provinces, and (Passifloraceae). Boletín de la Sociedad at a partially-opened greenhouse in Buenos Aires. The different reproductive Argentina de Botánica. 43 (1-2): 83-93. indexes calculated evidenced that, although it is highly self compatible, autogamy is partial. The reproductive efficiency was similar in the field and in the greenhouse. The major relative reproductive success obtained by induced self- pollination suggests that the reproductive output may be improved with the help of pollinations, either natural or artificial. Although the single flower and the blooming are inconspicuous, the floral characters may be involved in wasps attraction. The scarcity or even absence of pollinators (depending on the sites) seems to be compensated with the capacity of autogamy and the extended flowering period. The successful treatments performed in the greenhouse and the long period of time the fruits remain on the plants constitute stimulant features to cultivate this ornamental, medicinal, edible and tinctoreous species...P. suberosa would belong to class 2 (highly self-compatible) mentioned by Dafni (1992)." 605 2008. Amela Garcia, M.T.. Breeding system and [Requires specialist pollinators? No] "Although the single flower and the blooming related floral features under natural and are inconspicuous, the floral characters may be involved in wasps attraction. The experimental conditions of Passiflora suberosa scarcity or even absence of pollinators (depending on the sites) seems to be (Passifloraceae). Boletín de la Sociedad compensated with the capacity of autogamy and the extended flowering Argentina de Botánica. 43 (1-2): 83-93. period...Koschnitzke & Sazima (1997) reported low frequency of pollinators’ visits (wasps and small bees) of this species, even the study was carried out in a Brazilian preserve. Other observations on P. suberosa flower visitors restrict to the Galápagos isles. McMullen (1985) observed moderate activity of X. darwini on P. suberosa var. galapagensis in Santa Cruz, but it was not clarified if that activity resulted in pollination either. In Pinta, where there are no populations of Xylocopa darwini (the unique himenopteran in the archipelago), P. suberosa is a nectar source for the finch Geospiza fuliginosa during the dry season (Schluter, 1986)." [self- compatible, so specialist pollinators unnecessary] 606 2011. Weeds Australia. Weed Identification - [Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation? No] "Dispersal: Spread by bird- Passiflora suberosa. Australian Weeds dispersed seed and via trailing stems." [No evidence that fragments will establish] Committee, http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi- bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=V1 8
Print Date: 4/28/2011 Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) Page 7 of 9 607 2011. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann, [Minimum generative time (years)? 1] "Growth Rate: Fast [fast-growing vine Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley, presumably can reach reproductive maturity in one year] K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your Neighborhood - Corkystem passionflower. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, FL http://www.regionalconservation.org 701 2011. Weeds Australia. Weed Identification - [Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally? No] "Dispersal: Spread by bird- Passiflora suberosa. Australian Weeds dispersed seed and via trailing stems." [unintentional dispersal facilitated by Committee, http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi- birds, possibly other animals, and vegetative spread] bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=V1 8 702 2004. Ulmer, T./MacDougal, J. M.. Passiflora: [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] "Although Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Timber Press, suberosa (Plate 143) produces very small, unspectacular, apetalous flowers, it is Portland, OR valued and cultivated by many enthusiasts." 702 2011. Gann, G.D./Abdo, M.E./Gann, J.W./Gann, [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] "Landscape Uses: Informal Sr., G.D./Woodmansee, S.W./Bradley, groundcover or low-climbing vine." [still propagated as an ornamental in some K.A./Grahl, E./Hines, K.N.. Natives For Your locations] Neighborhood - Corkystem passionflower. The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, FL http://www.regionalconservation.org 703 2011. Weeds Australia. Weed Identification - [Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant? No] "Dispersal: Spread Passiflora suberosa. Australian Weeds by bird-dispersed seed and via trailing stems." [No evidence, and not generally Committee, http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi- grown with produce] bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=V1 8 704 1958. Anonymous. Flora of Panama. Part VII. [Propagules adapted to wind dispersal? No] "Fruit globose, deep purple, 0.5-1.5 Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical cm. in diameter" [fleshy-fruited] Garden. 45(1): 1-91. 705 1958. Anonymous. Flora of Panama. Part VII. "Fruit globose, deep purple, 0.5-1.5 cm. in diameter" [Although fruits could Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical potentially float and be dispersed by water, they are adapted for dispersal by Garden. 45(1): 1-91. birds and other frugivorous animals] 706 1958. Anonymous. Flora of Panama. Part VII. [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Fruit globose, deep purple, 0.5-1.5 cm. in Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical diameter" [fleshy-fruited] Garden. 45(1): 1-91. 706 2002. Garrison, J.S.E./Rauzon, M.J./Duin, [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Corky passionflower (Passiflora suberosa) has K.N./Wilcox, B.A.. Marine Corps Base Hawaii: properties similar to ivy gourd. It climbs up over established vegetation and Invasive Species Management Study. Final shades it out, leaving dead plants in the understory. This can increase the fire Report N47408-00-P-6207 p00005, Task 3. hazard and erosion potential in an area. It is also bird-dispersed, and produces Sustainable Resources Group Int’l, Inc., numerous small purple fruits. This species should be prevented from spreading Honolulu, HI into wetlands or coastal areas where it has the potential to smother desirable native vegetation." 706 2003. Garrison, J.S.E.. The role of alien tree [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "The plant species that had seeds distributed plantations and avian seed-dispersers in native by the most bird species were Clidemia hirta (four bird species), Passiflora dry forest restoration in Hawaii. PhD. suberosa (four bird species), Psidium cattleianum (three species), and Schinus Dissertation. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI terebinthifolius (two species)." 706 2007. Department of Primary Industries and [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Fruits are purple and are readily eaten by Fisheries. Fact sheet: invasive plants and birds, aiding in considerable seed dispersal." animals - Corky passionflower Passiflora suberosa - Biosecurity Queensland. Queensland Government, http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_ EnvironmentalPests/IP 707 1958. Anonymous. Flora of Panama. Part VII. [Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)? No] "Fruit globose, deep Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical purple, 0.5-1.5 cm. in diameter" [Although intact fruit may potentially be carried by Garden. 45(1): 1-91. animals, fruits and seeds have no means of external attachment, and seeds are primarily adapted for internal dispersal] 708 1958. Anonymous. Flora of Panama. Part VII. [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Fruit globose, deep purple, Fascicle I. Annals of the Missouri Botanical 0.5-1.5 cm. in diameter" [fleshy-fruited] Garden. 45(1): 1-91. 708 2003. Garrison, J.S.E.. The role of alien tree "Corky passionflower (Passiflora suberosa) and octopus tree (Schefflera plantations and avian seed-dispersers in native actinophylla) dry forest restoration in Hawaii. PhD. were found in intermediate abundance in bird feces." Dissertation. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
Print Date: 4/28/2011 Passiflora suberosa (Passifloraceae) Page 8 of 9 708 2003. Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelson, D./Nagai, [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Seeds spread by animals" G./Ching,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and [presumably yes] Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. CTAHR, UH Manoa, Honolulu, HI http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/weedsHi.htm l 708 2007. Morrison, C./Osborne, T./Harlow, [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "The most common species P.S./Thomas, N./Biciloa, P./Niukula , J.. Diet & in these studies were the fruit of Passiflora suberosa and leaves of V. amicorum, habitat preferences of the Fijian crested iguana C. insularis, D. elliptica, M. tilifolius and H. tiliaceus." (Brachylophus vitiensis) on Yadua Taba, Fiji:implications for conservation. Australian Journal of Zoology. 55: 341–350 801 2005. Bakutis, A.C.L.. Investigation seed [Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)? Unlikely] "Table 2.3. Relative mean density dispersal and seed bank dynamics in Hawaiian (seeds/m2) of 'not-dispersed (Not-disp.) and 'dispersed' (Disp.) seed in total seed mesic forest communities. MS Thesis. Dept. of rain in all vegetation types and mean density (seeds/m2) and relative mean Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, density (seeds/m2) of dispersed seeds per seed trap…" [Study documented seed HI rain of native and non-native seedlings. Highest density recorded for Passiflora suberosa = 81 seeds/m2] 802 2008. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed [Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)? Unknown] Information Database (SID). Version 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid/ 803 2003. Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelson, D./Nagai, [Well controlled by herbicides? Yes] "Probably sensitive to hormone-type G./Ching,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and herbicides but may require basal treatments to protect host plants. Young plants Natural Areas: An Identification and Management susceptible to drizzle application of glyphosate at 1 lb/acre." Guide. CTAHR, UH Manoa, Honolulu, HI http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/weedsHi.htm l 803 2007. Bush Regeneration Team. Bush [Well controlled by herbicides? Yes] "Small infestations: Cut, scrape & paint stem Regeneration Action Plan. McLeod’s Shoot, with glyphosate & water at 1:1.5 or carefully hand pull or prise up seedlings & Coorabell. Byron Shire Council, Mullumbimby, small vines. Larger infestations: use a combination of handweeding, pulling down Australia vines and foliar spraying with glyphosate & water at 1:50 (20ml/L) + metsulfuron http://www.byron.nsw.gov.au/files/publications/Bu methyl & water at 1.5g/10L + non ionic surfactant + sticker. Avoid using sh_Regeneration_Action_Plan_for_Mcleods_Sho glyphosate spray mix in areas with native grasses. The foliage on this vine has a ot.pdf very waxy coating therefore a penetrant & sticker oil is essential. Cover foliage well." 803 2007. Department of Primary Industries and [Well controlled by herbicides? Yes] "Corky passion flower can be treated with a Fisheries. Fact sheet: invasive plants and herbicide...Cut stump glyphosate (360 g/L) 1 part product to 2 parts water (e.g. 10 animals - Corky passionflower Passiflora mL in 20 mL water) PERMIT 7485 Apply in spring. Apply second application if suberosa - Biosecurity Queensland. Queensland necessary." [May require retreatment] Government, http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_ EnvironmentalPests/IP 804 2007. Department of Primary Industries and [Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire? Yes] "The most reliable Fisheries. Fact sheet: invasive plants and method of control for this species is hand pulling when the soil is moist. Care animals - Corky passionflower Passiflora must be taken not to break the stem above the roots, or the plant will regenerate. suberosa - Biosecurity Queensland. Queensland The above-ground vegetative parts of the weed can be removed using a brush Government, hook or similar tool." http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_ EnvironmentalPests/IP 805 2004. Markin, G.P./Nagata, R.F.. Host Suitability [Effective natural enemies present locally? Unknown] "The release of P. Studies of the Moth, Pyrausta perelegans perelegans might pose a very small threat to 20 species of Passiflora in Hawaii Hampson (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), as a Control (Neal 1965). All these species have been introduced, either for ornamentals (the Agent of the Forest Weed Banana Poka, plants bear showy flowers) or for their fruit. Several species, including Passiflora Passiflora mollissima (HBK) Bailey, in Hawaii. foetida L., P. putchella HBK, P. suberosa L., P. laurifolia L., and P. subpeltata Proceedings of the Hawaiian Ento Ortega, have escaped from cultivation and are now considered weeds (Haselwood et al., 1983). Ten of the most common species of Passiflora in Hawaii were included in this host test (Table 1). As expected, being closely related to banana poka, P. perelegans responded more positively to them than other species of plants."
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