Chapter 8, Presentation 3

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2 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions • Current evidence suggests that some facial expressions of emotion, called affect displays, are universal • Paul Ekman’s research shows that the primary emotions of surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness are universal • Ekman further argues that while people from divergent cultures may express emotions similarly, what stimulates the emotion and the intensity with which it is expressed is culturally specific. • Voluntary facial expressions such as smiling vary culturally • Sometimes it’s important to be able to control facial expressions

3 Affect Displays: Kate Fox

4 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions • Facial expressions for fear, anger, disgust go back to “caveman days” • Cross-culturally the same • Women better at reading expression than men – Men have difficulty distinguishing anger and fear • How much is expressed can vary considerably – Contrast between English and Middle-eastern expressiveness • Facial expressions sometimes involuntary, sometimes not

5 Affect display example: Intimidate

6 Affect display example: Intimidate • We take our facial expressions for granted • But actually quite sophisticated • Humans: most expressive faces of animal kingdom • Complicated set of facial muscles – Huge expressive range: 10,000 expressions (Ekman) • For primary emotions, similarities with facial expressions of monkeys – Points to evolutionary & biological nature of facial expressions 1 – Intimidation effective without physical contact – Strong effect of eye contact => varies with culture and context

7 Regulators Nonverbal regulators are those behaviors and actions that govern, direct, and/or manage conversation Examples: • Eye contact • Raising eyebrows • Vocal encouragers or negators • Communicator distance during conversation

8 Regulator Example: Intimidation

9 Regulator Example: Intimidation • Maori: indigenous people of New Zealand • Haka threat display: sends a clear message about intentions • Used by “All-Blacks” national rugby team

10 Adaptors • Adaptors are kinesic actions that satisfy physiological or psychological needs • Adaptors are usually performed unintentionally (more frequent under stress) Examples: – Scratching an itch, fidgeting, tapping a pencil, smoothing one’s hair

11 Paralanguage • Vocal qualities that typically accompany speech • Categories: – Voice qualities • Examples: pitch, rhythm, tempo, articulation – Vocalizations • Laughing, crying, sighing – Silence

12 Voice Qualities • Voice intonation – Vital in understanding real message in verbal communication... • High pitch or loudness can indicate alarm, warning • Question or statement • Literal meaning or sarcasm – Tonal languages • Role of tones not the same as intonation in non-tonal languages like English • Different words/meanings for same phonemes spoken with different tones – Mandarin: 4 tones, tone sandhi

13 Voice Qualities & Vocalizations • Vocal attractiveness – Stereotypes towards those with perceived unattractive voices/vocalizing – Can be important in interpersonal relations

14 Voice Qualities & Vocalizations • Vocal attractiveness – Stereotypes towards those with perceived unattractive voices/vocalizing – Can be important in interpersonal relations – Barry White voice: sensuality – “Naomi” Elmer Fudd laugh: unattractiveness

15 Voice Qualities: Accents / Silence • Cultural or regional accents – Study with 5-year olds – Non-native accents • Studies show often associated with negative stereotypes • Often face discrimination in housing and hiring • Silence – Different cultural significance • US: in mainstream culture perceived as awkward • In contrast, valued in Native-American & Asian cultures • Can be a problem in intercultural encounters

16 Proxemics • According to anthropologist Edward Hall, proxemics refers to the study of how humans construct and manage “microspace”- the distance between people in the conduct of everyday transactions, the organization of space in their houses and buildings, and the design of their towns.

-- Hall, The Silent Language, 1959; The Hidden Dimension, 1966.

17 Proxemics • Use of space and how it is perceived • Population size, climate & socioeconomic factors affect perception of space • Different cultural perspectives – Northerners vs. Southerners – China: Feng shui – Germany: extended territoriality

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2 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions • Current evidence suggests that some facial expressions of emotion, called affect displays, are universal • Paul Ekman’s research shows that the primary emotions of surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness are universal • Ekman further argues that while people from divergent cultures may express emotions similarly, what stimulates the emotion and the intensity with which it is expressed is culturally specific. • Voluntary facial expressions such as smiling vary culturally • Sometimes it’s important to be able to control facial expressions

3 Affect Displays: Kate Fox

4 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions • Facial expressions for fear, anger, disgust go back to “caveman days” • Cross-culturally the same • Women better at reading expression than men – Men have difficulty distinguishing anger and fear • How much is expressed can vary considerably – Contrast between English and Middle-eastern expressiveness • Facial expressions sometimes involuntary, sometimes not

5 Affect display example: Intimidate

6 Affect display example: Intimidate • We take our facial expressions for granted • But actually quite sophisticated • Humans: most expressive faces of animal kingdomChapter 8, Presentation 3 • Complicated set of facial muscles – Huge expressive range: 10,000 expressions (Ekman) • For primary emotions, similarities with facial expressions of monkeys – Points to evolutionary & biological nature of facial expressions – Intimidation effective without physical contact – Strong effect of eye contact => varies with culture and context

7 Regulators Nonverbal regulators are those behaviors and actions that govern, direct, and/or manage conversation Examples: • Eye contact • Raising eyebrows • Vocal encouragers or negators • Communicator distance during conversation

8 Regulator Example: Intimidation

9 Regulator Example: Intimidation • Maori: indigenous people of New Zealand • Haka threat display: sends a clear message about intentions • Used by “All-Blacks” national rugby team

10 Adaptors • Adaptors are kinesic actions that satisfy physiological or psychological needs • Adaptors are usually performed unintentionally (more frequent under stress) Examples: – Scratching an itch, fidgeting, tapping a pencil, smoothing one’s hair

11 Paralanguage • Vocal qualities that typically accompany speech • Categories: – Voice qualities • Examples: pitch, rhythm, tempo, articulation – Vocalizations • Laughing, crying, sighing 2 – Silence

12 Voice Qualities • Voice intonation – Vital in understanding real message in verbal communication... • High pitch or loudness can indicate alarm, warning • Question or statement • Literal meaning or sarcasm – Tonal languages • Role of tones not the same as intonation in non-tonal languages like English • Different words/meanings for same phonemes spoken with different tones – Mandarin: 4 tones, tone sandhi

13 Voice Qualities & Vocalizations • Vocal attractiveness – Stereotypes towards those with perceived unattractive voices/vocalizing – Can be important in interpersonal relations

14 Voice Qualities & Vocalizations • Vocal attractiveness – Stereotypes towards those with perceived unattractive voices/vocalizing – Can be important in interpersonal relations – Barry White voice: sensuality – “Naomi” Elmer Fudd laugh: unattractiveness

15 Voice Qualities: Accents / Silence • Cultural or regional accents – Study with 5-year olds – Non-native accents • Studies show often associated with negative stereotypes • Often face discrimination in housing and hiring • Silence – Different cultural significance • US: in mainstream culture perceived as awkward • In contrast, valued in Native-American & Asian cultures • Can be a problem in intercultural encounters

16 Proxemics • According to anthropologist Edward Hall, proxemics refers to the study of how humans construct and manage “microspace”- the distance between people in the conduct of everyday transactions, the organization of space in their houses and buildings, and the design of their towns.

-- Hall, The Silent Language, 1959; The Hidden Dimension, 1966.

17 Proxemics • Use of space and how it is perceived • Population size, climate & socioeconomic factors affect perception of space • Different cultural perspectives – Northerners vs. Southerners – China: Feng shui – Germany: extended territoriality

1

2 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions • Current evidence suggests that some facial expressions of emotion, called affect displays, are universal • Paul Ekman’s research shows that the primary emotions of surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness are universal • Ekman further argues that while people from divergent cultures may express emotions similarly, what stimulates the emotion and the intensity with which it is expressed is culturally specific. • Voluntary facial expressions such as smiling vary culturally • Sometimes it’s important to be able to control facial expressions

3 Affect Displays: Kate Fox

4 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions • Facial expressions for fear, anger, disgust go back to “caveman days” • Cross-culturally the same • Women better at reading expression than men – Men have difficulty distinguishing anger and fear • How much is expressed can vary considerably – Contrast between English and Middle-eastern expressiveness • Facial expressions sometimes involuntary, sometimes not

5 Affect display example: Intimidate

6 Affect display example: Intimidate • We take our facial expressions for granted • But actually quite sophisticated • Humans: most expressive faces of animal kingdom • Complicated set of facial muscles – Huge expressive range: 10,000 expressions (Ekman) • For primary emotions, similarities with facial expressions of monkeys – Points to evolutionary & biological nature of facial expressions – Intimidation effective without physical contact – Strong effect of eye contact => varies with culture and context

7 Regulators Nonverbal regulators are those behaviors and actions that govern, direct, and/or manage conversation Examples: • Eye contact • Raising eyebrows • Vocal encouragers or negators • Communicator distance during conversation

8 Regulator Example: Intimidation

9 Regulator Example: Intimidation • Maori: indigenous people of New Zealand • Haka threat display: sends a clear message about intentions • Used by “All-Blacks” national rugby team

10 Adaptors • Adaptors are kinesic actions that satisfy physiological or psychological needs • Adaptors are usually performed unintentionally (more frequent under stress) Examples: – Scratching an itch, fidgeting, tapping a pencil, smoothing one’s hair

11 Paralanguage Chapter 8, Presentation 3 • Vocal qualities that typically accompany speech • Categories: – Voice qualities • Examples: pitch, rhythm, tempo, articulation – Vocalizations • Laughing, crying, sighing – Silence

12 Voice Qualities • Voice intonation – Vital in understanding real message in verbal communication... • High pitch or loudness can indicate alarm, warning • Question or statement • Literal meaning or sarcasm – Tonal languages • Role of tones not the same as intonation in non-tonal languages like English • Different words/meanings for same phonemes spoken with different tones – Mandarin: 4 tones, tone sandhi

13 Voice Qualities & Vocalizations • Vocal attractiveness – Stereotypes towards those with perceived unattractive voices/vocalizing – Can be important in interpersonal relations

14 Voice Qualities & Vocalizations • Vocal attractiveness – Stereotypes towards those with perceived unattractive voices/vocalizing – Can be important in interpersonal relations – Barry White voice: sensuality – “Naomi” Elmer Fudd laugh: unattractiveness

15 Voice Qualities: Accents / Silence • Cultural or regional accents – Study with 5-year olds – Non-native accents • Studies show often associated with negative stereotypes 3 • Often face discrimination in housing and hiring • Silence – Different cultural significance • US: in mainstream culture perceived as awkward • In contrast, valued in Native-American & Asian cultures • Can be a problem in intercultural encounters

16 Proxemics • According to anthropologist Edward Hall, proxemics refers to the study of how humans construct and manage “microspace”- the distance between people in the conduct of everyday transactions, the organization of space in their houses and buildings, and the design of their towns.

-- Hall, The Silent Language, 1959; The Hidden Dimension, 1966.

17 Proxemics • Use of space and how it is perceived • Population size, climate & socioeconomic factors affect perception of space • Different cultural perspectives – Northerners vs. Southerners – China: Feng shui – Germany: extended territoriality

1

2 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions • Current evidence suggests that some facial expressions of emotion, called affect displays, are universal • Paul Ekman’s research shows that the primary emotions of surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness are universal • Ekman further argues that while people from divergent cultures may express emotions similarly, what stimulates the emotion and the intensity with which it is expressed is culturally specific. • Voluntary facial expressions such as smiling vary culturally • Sometimes it’s important to be able to control facial expressions

3 Affect Displays: Kate Fox

4 Affect Displays: Facial Expressions • Facial expressions for fear, anger, disgust go back to “caveman days” • Cross-culturally the same • Women better at reading expression than men – Men have difficulty distinguishing anger and fear • How much is expressed can vary considerably – Contrast between English and Middle-eastern expressiveness • Facial expressions sometimes involuntary, sometimes not

5 Affect display example: Intimidate

6 Affect display example: Intimidate • We take our facial expressions for granted • But actually quite sophisticated • Humans: most expressive faces of animal kingdom • Complicated set of facial muscles – Huge expressive range: 10,000 expressions (Ekman) • For primary emotions, similarities with facial expressions of monkeys – Points to evolutionary & biological nature of facial expressions – Intimidation effective without physical contact – Strong effect of eye contact => varies with culture and context

7 Regulators Nonverbal regulators are those behaviors and actions that govern, direct, and/or manage conversation Examples: • Eye contact • Raising eyebrows • Vocal encouragers or negators • Communicator distance during conversation

8 Regulator Example: Intimidation

9 Regulator Example: Intimidation • Maori: indigenous people of New Zealand • Haka threat display: sends a clear message about intentions • Used by “All-Blacks” national rugby team

10 Adaptors • Adaptors are kinesic actions that satisfy physiological or psychological needs • Adaptors are usually performed unintentionally (more frequent under stress) Examples: – Scratching an itch, fidgeting, tapping a pencil, smoothing one’s hair

11 Paralanguage • Vocal qualities that typically accompany speech • Categories: – Voice qualities • Examples: pitch, rhythm, tempo, articulation – Vocalizations • Laughing, crying, sighing – Silence

12 Voice Qualities • Voice intonation – Vital in understanding real message in verbal communication... • High pitch or loudness can indicate alarm, warning • Question or statement • Literal meaning or sarcasm – Tonal languages • Role of tones not the same as intonation in non-tonal languages like English • Different words/meanings for same phonemes spoken with different tones – Mandarin: 4 tones, tone sandhi

13 Voice Qualities & Vocalizations • Vocal attractiveness – Stereotypes towards those with perceived unattractive voices/vocalizing – Can be important in interpersonal relations

14 Voice Qualities & Vocalizations • Vocal attractiveness – Stereotypes towards those with perceived unattractive voices/vocalizing – Can be important in interpersonal relations – Barry White voice: sensuality – “Naomi” Elmer Fudd laugh: unattractiveness Chapter 8, Presentation 3

15 Voice Qualities: Accents / Silence • Cultural or regional accents – Study with 5-year olds – Non-native accents • Studies show often associated with negative stereotypes • Often face discrimination in housing and hiring • Silence – Different cultural significance • US: in mainstream culture perceived as awkward • In contrast, valued in Native-American & Asian cultures • Can be a problem in intercultural encounters

16 Proxemics • According to anthropologist Edward Hall, proxemics refers to the study of how humans construct and manage “microspace”- the distance between people in the conduct of everyday transactions, the organization of space in their houses and buildings, and the design of their towns.

-- Hall, The Silent Language, 1959; The Hidden Dimension, 1966.

17 Proxemics • Use of space and how it is perceived • Population size, climate & socioeconomic factors affect perception of space • Different cultural perspectives – Northerners vs. Southerners – China: Feng shui – Germany: extended territoriality

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