URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG THE YOUTH

A CASE STUDY OF DIVISION IN DISTRICT IN CENTRAL

BY

ABDIKADIR ISSE ABDI

1161-05194-04532

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELORS DEGREE OF SCIENCE IN STATISTICS OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

APRIL 2019 DECLARATION

Abdikadir Isse Abdi declare that this research is entirely my own original work and the report ias never been submitted to this or any other institution for the same award.

;ign Date ‘F~ A~r ~bdikad I\e bdi APPROVAL

[‘his research report has been done under my guidance and supervision as an academic ;upervisor and is due for submission to Kampala International University in Partial fulfillment of he requirements for the award of a Bachelor’s Degree of science in statistics.

ign______Date______

~1s. Nansamba Bitiyali DEDICATION

[‘his work is dedicated to the memory of my Father, [Isse Abdi Salah, may Allah grant him the iighest level of Jannah], who always believed in my ability to be successful in the academic irena. You are gone but your belief in me has made this journey possible.

III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

thank the Almighty Allah for giving me courage, wisdom, time and energy to complete my esearch.

Vly first sincere and heartfelt gratitude goes to my Mother, my sisters, brothers and friends for ~ursing me physically, materially and above all my family for paying my school fees up to the ~ighest institution, conspicuously my Brother/Sponsor Mohamed Isse Abdi for his generosity or cindness. May the Almighty Allah reward them abundantly. vly second warmest, most sincere and heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor Ms. Nansamba Bitiyali for the guidance in the whole research process thanks for being patient, lovely and aring. May Allah reward you abundantly.

~ina1ly I give thanks to my friends for their guidance and friendship they exhibited in the ;truggle to accomplish this study.

~‘1ay the Almighty Allah reward you all.

iv TABLE OF CONTENTS )ECLARATION \PPROVAL ii )EDICATION iii ~CKNOWLEDGEMENT iv [ABLE OF CONTENTS v JST OF TABLES vii JST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii \BSTRACT ix

HAPTER ONE 1 NTRODUCTION 1 • .0 Introduction 1 .1 Background of the study 1 .2 Statement of the problem 4 .3 Purpose of the study 4 .4 Research Objectives 4 .5 Research Questions 5 .6 Scope of the study 5 .6.1 Geographical scope 5 .6.2 Content scope 5 .6.3 Time Scope 5 .7 Significance of the study 6

HAPTER TWO 7 ~ITERATURE REVIEW 7 ~.0 Introduction 7 1 Causes of unemployment among the youth 7 ~.2 Consequences of youth unemployment 9 .3 Ways of addressing youth unemployment among the youth 12

~HAPTER THREE 15 4ETHODOLOGY 15 .0 Introduction 15 .1 Research Design 15 .1.0 Sample selection methods and size 15 .1.1. Selection of communities 15 .2 Sampling procedures 15 .3 Sample size and selection 15 .4 Data collection Instruments 16

V 3.5 Data collection Procedure 17 3.6 Data Processing 17 3.7 Data Analysis 18 3.8 Qualitative data analysis 18 3.9 Validity and Reliability of Instruments 18 3.9.1 Validity 18 3.9.2 Reliability 19 3.10 Limitations of the Study 19

CHAPTER FOUR 20 PRESENTATIONS, INTEPRETATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 20 1.0 Introduction 20 1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 20 1.1.1 Gender of Respondents 20 1.1.4 Educational Levels of the Respondents 21 4.1.4 Age of the respondents 22 4.2 Findings on causes of Youth Unemployment in Lubaga division, Kampala, Uganda 23

CHAPTER FIVE 32 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 32 5.0 Introduction 32 5.1 .1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 32 5.1.2 Causes of Youth Unemployment Lubaga division, Kampala 33 5.1.3 Findings on the effects of youth unemployment in Lubaga division 34 5.1.3 Findings on the solutions of youth unemployment in Lubaga division 35 5.2 Conclusion 36 5.3 Recommendations 37

REFERENCES 39

~PPENDICES 41 £\PPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE 41

~PPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE . 44 ~PPENDIX III TIME FRAME 45

vi LIST OF TABLES fable 1: Population size and sample size from the community 16 fable 2: Gender of the respondents 20 fable 3: marital status of the respondents 21 fable 4: Educational Level of the respondents 21 fable 5: Age distribution of the respondents 22 fable 6: work experience of the respondents 23 fable 7: showing that unemployment caused by absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance 23 Fable 8: showing whether unemployment is caused by corrupt attitude of individuals in power in Jganda 24 Fable 9: showing whether lack of experience is also one of the causes of unemployment 24 Fable 10: Racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in Uganda 25 Fable 11: No one can get job without bribing and this has led to unemployment 25 Fable 12: showing whether unemployment increases crime rates 26 Fable 13: showing whether unemployment leads youths to drug abuse 26 Fable 14: showing whether unemployment lowers country’s productivity 27 Fable 15: showing whether unemployment causes social/political unrest 28 Fable 16: showing whether unemployment can have an effect on tax base 28 Fable 17: showing whether there is need to create funding mechanism 29 Fable 18: showing whether there is need to encourage investors to invest in Lubaga 29 Fable 19: showing whether there is need to control population growth 30 Fable 20: showing whether government should give youth free business training to solve inemployment 30 [able 21: showing whether there is need to review education curriculum in Uganda 31

VII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

TJNAIDS United Nations’ Program on HIV/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ILO International Labor Organization

NRM National Resistance Movement

YES Youth Entrepreneurial Schemes

CBOs Community-Based-Organizations

CYF Commonwealth Youth Forum.

UN United Nations

MOFPED Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development.

GDP Gross Domestic Product

WEC World Employment Conference

MYA Ministry of Youth Affairs.

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences

YEN Youth Employment Network

vu’ ABSTRACT

This study was carried out in the community of Lubaga Division of Kampala District afier identifying the poor conditions youths in this area face.

The study had aimed at identifying the causes, effects and solutions of increasing rate of urban unemployment among the youth in Lubaga Division and exploring the measures that can be put in place to combat these youth problems.

The study used descriptive research design and employing both qualitative and quantitative ~pproaches in the search for the information.

The major causes of increasing rate of urban unemployment among the youth were found to be,

L~ack of skills and experiences, tribalism, this is where bosses employ people of their tribe hence eaving the qualified ones, negative attitude towards work among the youth. Over population imong the youth. Lack of relevant information on job chances most jobs are advertised in ~‘Tewspapers, over radio but youth have no chance of getting such information. rack of self—confidence and self-esteem, limited resources to start up a business for example and and capital. The study concluded that causes of increasing rate of urban unemployment, not )nly affected youth but also the whole community is affected in a way that it lags behind in erms of development when you compare it with other areas with well to do societies.

.t was recommended that to fight urban unemployment youth need to be sensitized and informed thout the causes, effects and solutions of urban unemployment among the youth.

[he study also recommended that efforts should be raised to help youth financially and )ractically equip them with skills to enable them create employment opportunities for themselves tnd reduce poverty levels and unemployment

ix CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction rhis chapter presents the background of the study, problem statement, purpose of the study, Dbjectives of the study, research questions and scope of study and significance of the study.

1.1 Background of the study

The concept youth means a person between the ages of 12-25 years according to common wealth Drogramme. The youth in Uganda contribute nearly 78% of the total population. The causes of ncreasing rate of urban unemployment among the youth is a complex and vexatious issue, for youth, psychologists and researchers. The Ugandan constitution defines the youth as people ~anging from the ages of 19 years to 35years. The United Nations describes the youth as people .n the age of 14 years to 24 years.

~n Economics, unemployment is a state when a person is available and willing to work but mrrently without work. Unemployed individuals are unable to earn money to meet financial )bligations failure to pay mortgage payments and paying rent to homeless, therefore closure or rviction and unemployment increase, susceptibility to malnutrition, illness, mental stress and loss )f self-esteem leading to depression. According to the study published in social indicator •esearch, even those who tend to be optimistic will find it difficult to look on the bright side of hings when employed.

~ccording to International Labor Organization (ILO), the unemployment rate is a measure of the )revalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of memployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labor force.

)uring the World Bank’s launching of the World Development Report (2007), which focuses on )evelopment and the Next Generation, it was noted that the share of youth in Sub-Saharan ~frica is currently the highest in the world with over 200 million young people between the ages f 12 and 24. According to the report the number of young people in the region will peak in ibout 20 years.

1 Challenges facing the youth in Uganda were a major topic for discussion during the World Bank’s launching of the World Development Report 2007, which focuses on Development and the Next Generation.

Although in 1986 the National Resistance Movement (NRM) government made a radical departure in organizing the youth and put in place structures to empower them socially and economically, these have not been accompanied by sufficient resources. Both the department responsible for youth and National Youth Council lack adequate resources. While a number of measures have adopted to address the concerns of the youth such as skills and enterprise development programs, the efforts are still insufficient to meet the varied need of the majority of the youth, (Youth Entrepreneurial Schemes (YES), 2002). It should be also noted that unlike in the past (1 980s to 1 990s) many youth serving organizations and community-based-organizations (CBOs) emerge, while doing commendable jobs, work independently of each other (balunzi, 2011).

To eradicate unemployment, Uganda requires creating 600,000 jobs every year yet the current investments generate only 2000 jobs every year. There is therefore need for awareness and build an adequate understanding of issues by the government to enhance youth employment opportunities through entrepreneurship skills development, increased investment industries; curriculum also has to be invested to emphasize knowledge base. (Commonwealth Youth Forum, (CYF). 2007.

Most of the world’s advanced economies have taken a hit to the labour force in the form of lost jobs during the recession. Virtually all the world’s advanced economies have suffered some effects from recession. Unemployment is a problem all over the world. Some countries have suffered a worse rate of unemployment than others. People who are currently incarcerated are riot considered to be part of the work force.

Uganda’s government in a bid to manage the unemployment and underemployment pressure and maximize the gains of labour migration initiated the externalization of labour programme. The External Employment Unit, in the Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development is responsible for the daily running of the programme. The overall objective of the programme is

2 to reduce unemployment and underemployment in Uganda by facilitating access to decent employment opportunities abroad; which substantially contributes to poverty eradication.

The Externalization of Labor is regulated by the Statutory Instrument No. 62, 2005, The Employment (Recruitment of Ugandan Migrant Workers Abroad) Regulations, 2005 which was launched on the 19th August 2005 by H. E. the President of the Republic of Uganda. Under the Regulations private companies are licensed to source and formally/officially place Ugandans to work abroad.

The Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development is the lead agency in the ~xternalisation of labour process by coordinating with other stakeholders, developing guidelines ~tnd monitoring the licensed private Recruitment Agencies activities.

N4igrant workers abroad are potential agents of development: they can contribute to the fight against poverty. They bring in needed skills physically or through new technologies, work ethics, experiences, entrepreneurial activities, investment including in building capacities in education md health, other expenditure and remittances.

The resultant orderly, dignified and front door entry of Ugandan migrant workers into labour ~narkets abroad will not only promote pride and patriotism but will also strengthen this country’s levelopment process through the increased investments, remittances and brain gain that are ound to ensue.

\Tote; Ugandans in the Diaspora can participate in the Externalisation of Labour Programme by ~stablishing recruitment companies in Uganda to source and formally/officially place Ugandans

:0 work abroad since they have an added advantage of the operations of the labour markets in heir respective host countries.

~ubaga division is one of the divisions that make up the city of Kampala; Uganda. The division akes its name from Lubaga where the division headquarters are located. The city’s five (5) livisions are; , division, Lubaga division, division, ~Takawa division.

3 Lubaga division is located in the western part of the city bordering Lubaga Division to the west and south of the division. The eastern boundary of the division is Kampala central division lies to the North of Lubaga division. Neighborhoods in the division include; , ,Lubaga,,,Lubaga,Mengo,,Lubya,Lugala,Lungujj a,Bukesa, Naakulabye,Kasubi, and .

1.2 Statement of the problem

Although the government and other stakeholders have tried to reduce on urban unemployment, causes of increasing rate of urban unemployment among the youths in Lubaga division in Uganda are not known and it is still on the increase!

If the above problem or situation is not tackled in time by the concerned stakeholders, the problem of urban unemployment in Lubaga Division is likely to worsen.

In Uganda, unemployment was not a big problem in the past but because of the increase in the population of young people, cases of unemployment have increased. Uganda has the world’s second youngest population with median age of 15.9 years (UN, 2015). Unemployment rate in Uganda increased to 2.10% in 2017 from 2% in 2016. Unemployment rate in Uganda averaged 2.38% from 1991 until 2017, reaching an all-time high of 3.50% in 2002 and record low of 0.94% in 1991.This study therefore set out to find the causes of increasing rate of urban unemploymentamong the youth in the division.

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study was to investigate the causes, effects and solutions of urban unemployment among the youth in Lubaga division.

1.4 Research Objectives

The objectives of this study were:

i. To identify the causes of urban unemployment among the youths in Lubaga Division. ii. To find out the consequences of youth unemployment in Lubaga Division

4 ii. To identify the wa ys of addressing youth unemployment among the youth in Lubaga Division.

1.5 Research Questions V i. What are the causes of urban unemployment among the youths in Lubaga Division? ii. What are the consequences of youth unemployment in Lubaga Division? ii. What are the ways of addressing youth unemployment in Lubaga Division? 1.6 Scope of the study

1.6.1 Geographical scope

The research was carried out from three selected communities of Lubaga Division and these were Nakulabye, Mengo and Lungujja. The study endeavored to analyze and find out the causes, effects and solutions of increasing rate of urban unemployment among the youth.

[.6.2 Content scope

Fhe study was concentrated on the causes of urban unemployment among the youths in Lubaga Jivision, the consequences of youth unemployment and ways of addressing youth inemployment among the youth in Lubaga Division.

[.6.3 Time Scope

[he scope of the study was confined to a period of 3months for collecting the data from the lifferent respondents in Lubaga division about the problem as well as reviewing the available )ublications on the subject.

5 1.7 Significance of the study

The results of the study are expected to show the causes, effects and solutions of increasing rate of urban unemployment among the youth in Lubaga Division, the study will benefit the following people;

Ministry of education and sports in order to develop policy guidelines and to propose new or to ~tmend existing laws to suit the youth, this is because some students take courses which cannot give them jobs after their studies due to lack of guidance from their parents and guardians.

I’he parents to realize that their support is a vital role to ensure employment opportunities :hrough acquiring education and quality learning of the youth in schools.

~esearchers, would use the findings as a benchmark for further research into the phenomenon.

[‘he research will help the youth to realize that there is need for education for a brilliant future md to create job makers than job seekers.

6 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter presents a review of the selected existing literature on causes, effect and solutions of urban unemployment among the youth.

2.1 Causes of unemployment among the youth

According to Keynesian economic theory of unemployment results from insufficient and [neffective demand for goods and services in an economic. Some believe that structural problems ~tnd inefficiencies in the labour market cause unemployment. According to Sadik (1990) lack of education contributes to unemployment status, Wages rates above equilibrium level corruption ~y some of the politi-buris. Lack of technical know low hyper- inflation.

&ccording to Chris Haslack (1987), in his book urban unemployment, he looks at unemployment eing caused by population in urban area. He contributes by explaining that the rate of inemployment among the young people is almost double the overall rates in most urban care ireas. A central reason for high rates of unemployment is low economic growth which is nanifested in low economic activity and investment rates which do not generate enough idditional employment.

.n Uganda it is grand nepotism and tribalism where parastatal jobs headed by one tribe in a rntion of over 40 tribes. Greedy and selfishness among some of Ugandan politicians and Lack of rue democracy due to informal ethnic diversities. Also the issue of gender inequality is another )lock that hinder one to access jobs based on cultural attitudes. Further unhealthy leadership ~ompetition create gaps to unemployment where one leave the job employed in and failure to yin put the same person to the hole of unemployment category.

~aziness is another cause of unemployment people just do not want to work they expect illiterate )eople lack knowledge due to a lot of money required especially at college level also many )eople are not aware of the importance of going to school and therefore they do not go.

7 Corruption has led to unemployment in many African countries for example Uganda is the most corrupt country in Africa as a fresher from university. These days one cannot get a job without bribing and this has led to unemployment because many youths do not have the money to bribe but if you have got the money good for you because you will get the job you are looking for with little sweat.

Lincoln (2007) identified that policies like structural adjustment which involve cutting costs, shading labour or freezing public sector wages and cutting employment through cutting public services effect youth so much. He added that governments tend to be excessively bureaucratic which cause unnecessary delay for youth to at least start their own businesses hence remaining inemployed. The situation of young people in the labour market is an aggravated by the fact that the formal labour ofjob queue for the formal labour market because they lack adequate skills and ~xperience (Ministry of Youth Affairs 2006).

)ther people cannot find jobs because of disabilities or health problems. If someone gets car tccident and get physically injured long term or becomes disabled it becomes difficult to do nany types of jobs. In other case a person may become ill and not be able to work for long )eriod of time.

am Lyomoki (2010) identified unemployment as one major problem that has worked against he development process in Uganda. He noted that there is no proper follow up of employment rends and job market demands in Uganda. He blamed Government for failing to put in place a Lational employment policy because he believes it is the only way the unemployment crisis can e dealt with. He noted that it is the work of Government to find a solution to this worrying trend nd warned that political and social stability in Uganda could be largely dependent on the way i~overnment handles this crisis in the coming years.

~ccording to Emanuel Otala (2010), the causes of youth unemployment in Uganda are many and ~arying but mostly included the mismatch between skills acquired and the labour market, rural Lrban migration, high population growth rates, quality of education and training, job seekers ~cking critical working skills needed by employers and the poor business and entrepreneurship kills. However his observations are criticized for not addressing the problem of employers sking for exaggerated working experiences from the prospective workers yet they very well

8 know they are fresh from schools thus denying them a chance to practice and acquire the experience, and ignored the financial and bureaucratic problems of setting up a business in Uganda which seem to have led many youths in Kampala into unemployment. Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development. MOFPED (2010)

2.2 Consequences of youth unemployment

The consequences of youth unemployment such as social exclusion, which can lead to drug abuse, crime and social unrest are extremely serious and damaging for society as a whole ~O’Higgins 2000). The time a young person spends unemployed, particularly if periods are Drolonged, can have permanently damaging consequences on the rest of that person’s “working” ife. even though long-term unemployment does not necessarily lead young people to behave insociably, behavioral patterns established early on in life, together with lack of training and ~mployment experience, are likely to affect the employment and earnings potential of young )eople for the rest of their lives (O’Higgins 2000). The lack of job prospects and the likelihood a desolate future for unemployed young people may contribute to socially deviant behavior. ~urthermore, this situation could reinforce marginalization of young people from the labour narket and society at large.

~.2.1 Young urban migrants have no jobs and limited social networks le motivation underlying urban-rural migration is similar to the motivation underlying nternational migration of young people. Many young people migrate from rural to urban areas xpecting better opportunities there. This has created a rapid growth in urban population and ritensified competition in the urban labour market. In a context where social relations are as rucial as qualifications, young urban migrants searching for a job face an uphill struggle of surviving” with limited social networks. Increasingly, the informal sector provides employment

) young educated people, whose access to modern sector employment is declining. With lower teracy rates, rural young people are at a disadvantage relative to more educated urban young eople. The rise in criminal activity, drug addiction and prostitution among young unemployed

9 migrants is due partly to the combined effects of the lack of social networks and insufficient job opportunities.

2.2.2 Youth unemployment contributes to crime and violence

Crime and violence have been increasing in many parts of Uganda among unemployed young people. Youth gangs, viewed as second or substitute families, typically satisfy the economic and social needs of unemployed young people through violence. Some young people enter the criminal world at a very young age and end up becoming victims of crime themselves. The combination of youth unemployment and availability of firearms has been deadly.

2.2.3 Commercial sex work is more common among young unemployed girls

[n Uganda unemployment has driven many young women and girls into sex work. Struggling to support families and provide care to sick members of the household, they are often restricted in :heir opportunities for education and training. The lack of job opportunities and their lisadvantageous social role, both in terms of assets (education and health) and cultural norms, nake them more likely to end up as sex workers (ILO 2005).

[he demand for commercial sex workers from international tourism flows to Uganda is on the ise. In Uganda, for example, sex tourism has challenged the well-being of poor unemployed roung women, who often struggle with hunger and destitution. In Uganda still the boost in breign tourism led to an increase in the number of commercial sex workers.

~.2.4 Drugs and unemployment

(oung people not attending school, living on the street and outside the reach of mainstream ervices, are more likely to abuse illicit substances than are employed young people. The major roblem drugs in Uganda as reflected by treatment demand. In Uganda, the main drug used by dolescents is marijuana, which in 2002 accounted for 99 per cent of seizures made by the uthorities, with 34.6 million users representing 7.7 per cent of the continent’s 15-24 year-old opulation. In other parts of Uganda, Drug abuse decreases young people’s possibility of finding mployment and results in additional costs to the economy. (John, A.J 2009)

10 2.2.5 Jobless young people: an unaffordable price

Youth unemployment and its possible repercussions come at a price to the economy, to society and to the individual. Furthermore, the health burden of HIV/AIDS on GDP in Uganda is closely linked to unemployed young people. (Ronald 2009).

2.2.6 Youth unemployment results in higher HIV medical costs

Unemployed young people are at a much higher risk of contracting HIV/AIDS than are employed young people. This is due to persistent behavioral risks, and lack of information, education and services (IJNAIDS 2004). Young unemployed women in Uganda are more vulnerable to HIV infection than are young men. At least three-quarters of young people infected ~y HIV in Uganda by the end of 2003 were women. This is caused partly by the lack of ~mp1oyment opportunities that many young women face, leading to commercial sex with older nen to support themselves and their families. Exacerbated by the higher biological vulnerability )f girls and women to HIV infection, gender imbalance, patterns of sexual networking and age mixing, girls and women are the main victims of this deadly disease (UNAIDS 2004).

~.2.7 Social costs of youth unemployment

~outh unemployment has a significant social cost. In addition to the indirect health cost, youth inemployment partly contributes to illicit activity, which increases insecurity. Even in developed egions the increase in criminal activity by unemployed young people has had a social cost. In Jganda long-term unemployment substantially increased young men’s likelihood of committing property crime. Providing more job opportunities for young men could reduce property crime ii Uganda by nearly 6 per cent a year. The crime rate could be reduced by nearly 15 per cent a ‘ear if these individuals completed high school. The increase in criminality in a country as a onsequence of youth unemployment causes losses in foreign direct investment. For example, oreign investors have cited crime as the biggest deterrent to invest in Uganda. Mass inemployment among young people also disrupts long-term development of labour skills and xperience. Sustained unemployment could also cause young people to be hostile to the world of york and more receptive to drugs and crime civil disorder, sometimes developing into civil strife nd conflict, is one of the most serious constraints to Uganda’s development. Young

11 unemployed men are prime candidates for recruitment as soldiers in any civil disorder. The chances of a poor country experiencing civil conflict have also been linked to the size of its youth population. In addition, lower education status of young men is associated with a higher propensity for internal conflict. (Tokman, V.E 1995)

2.3 Ways of addressing youth unemployment among the youth

Conclusions by the World Employment Conference (WEC 1976) revealed that to fight youth unemployment, ILO member states should place prime emphasis on the generation of employment, in particular to meet the challenges of creating sufficient jobs in developing countries such that by the year 2000 and thereby achieve full employment. It was noted that social policies should be designed to increase welfare of people especially youth and women since they constitute the bottom ladder in many developing countries in respect to employment, poverty, education, training and status, and the conference recommended that special emphasis should be placed on developing skills education development and employment of youths and women and on integrating them into the economic and civic life of that country. The conference specifically recommended that there is need for abolition of every kind of discrimination as ~egards the right to work, employment, vocational training and guidance, promotion of m-iployment and access to skilled jobs.

The loss in GDP attributed to youth unemployment combined with the cost of mitigating the mpact of drug use and criminality associated with unemployment reinforce the need to address he issue. The identification of key youth policy interventions and adequate resource allocation ire crucial. Domestic resources in Uganda are limited by low tax revenues and fiscal ;ustainability criteria that set upper limits on government expenditure, as well as competing )riorities of government expenditure in general. These binding domestic resource constraints ;hould not deter from refocusing public expenditure towards young people. Increased ~xpenditure to raise the educational and health status of young people does not divert funds to he social sector but is a way of prioritizing allocation within the social sector. More efficient )ubhc expenditure in general based on decentralization and a public expenditure tracking system ~ontributes to additional resources for youth targeting. The need to create an enabling ~nvironment for the private sector is important. One of the key areas is to mainstream youth

12 employment within development frameworks in order to mitigate the marginalization of young people in Uganda.

2.3.1 Youth employment policies must be mainstreamed

Job creation is essential to Uganda’s current and future generations. Investments in human Dapital can have low rates of return if output growth and aggregate labour demand do not adequately expand. Youth unemployment is a component of aggregate unemployment and Dannot be tackled unless economic growth is sufficient. Besides accelerating growth, rnainstreaming youth aspects within overall development paths is necessary. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers’ focus on employment creation as an exit strategy from poverty is a ~rucial policy instrument for targeting young people. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers identify three major areas of action for youth employment: training and education, nacroeconomic policies and private sector development. These are crucial areas for tackling youth unemployment, but they need to be deepened and backed by adequate resources. For ~xample, on-the-job training is listed as a way to tackle youth unemployment. However, the educational skills required for on-the-job training are not identified, undermining the cost ~ffectiveness of such actions. The identification of actions necessary for tackling youth inemployment must be well targeted and must be of a more structural nature. (ILO/UND Report [995)

~.3.2 Develop a national employment strategy targeting youth employment lie youth unemployment problem in developing countries has been internationally recognized. [he Youth Employment Network is UN-sponsored forum with young people involved as )artners in devising solutions to the unemployment issues affecting them. Of the 10 lead ountries adopting a National Action Plan on youth employment, 5 are from Africa. Though the iction plans are country specific, their main thrust is based on the four E’s: employability, equal )pportunity, entrepreneurship and employment creation. East Africa developed a comprehensive ;trategy after the 1998 Presidential Job Summit and has undertaken several initiatives to increase ~mployment opportunity for young people. (Bhalla.A.S 1998)

13 ~.3.3 Create job centers with a specific youth department

Fob centers coordinate demand and supply on the labour market: private sector enterprises can idvertise vacancies, saving job-seekers time and money from going to the enterprises to ask for a ob. To successfully establish job centres it is important to go beyond mere administration of vacancies. (Ministry of youth Affairs 2006)

~.3.4 There must be training and employability

The world employment report 1998-99(ILO 1998) focused on the issues of training and ~mployability. The report emphasized among others the role of education and training in Dromoting competitiveness the implication of changes in demand for different skill; the role that Liaining can play in overcoming the disadvantages faced by women in labor market; the need, particularly in developing countries to recognize the informal sector and consequently the role ~t has to play in training for employment; the need for training policies to place emphasis on vulnerable groups.

[n summary, it can be noted that unemployment has always existed in the past and its consequences have had negative impacts on the youth and their communities at large. The literature shows that solutions have been put in place to solve this problem though it is becoming rampant today. There is need to re-evaluate the society and engage in more research that will result in realistic strategies to solve unemployment among the youth today.

14 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter highlights the research design that was used in the study and describes the methods that were used in collecting data.

3.1 Research Design

The study was a descriptive survey research design in which both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Descriptive survey research design reduces the absence observed effect and easily describes every phenomenon under study.

3.1.0 Sample selection methods and size

3.1.1. Selection of communities

Two communities in Lubaga Division these are Mengo and Nakulabye were selected for the 3tudy using simple random sampling. All the communities named in Lubaga Division were written on small pieces of papers, which were folded, put in container and mixed up. Two papers were selected at random without replacement. The picked paper was the one from which the ;tudy were conducted.

~.2 Sampling procedures

Phe study population consisted of both female and male respondents. These was selected among uanagers in charge of workers. For the case of workers three males and three females were ;elected for the study. This is because both males and females were expected to be mowledgeable about factors leading to the urban unemployment among the youth. All were ~xpected to provide the researcher with reliable data.

.3 Sample size and selection n this study, the Slovene’s formula (1978) was used.

15 N

= 1 + N(e2) Where n is the sample size, N is the target population and e level of significance (0.05)

N ~ 1+N(e~)

100 n 1+100(0.0025) n80 Therefore the sample size is 80 respondents

The study involved the parents or guardians, community leaders and youth. 80 respondents were selected for the study as shown below.

Table 1: Population size and sample size from the community

Category Population Sample Community leaders 15 12 Youth 75 60 Parents 10 8 Total 100 80

3.4 Data collection Instruments

3.4.1 Questionnaire

The researcher used Open ended and closed ended questions. Closed ended were used to access firsthand information. Close ended questions were used to give respondents alternative answers and to avoid waste of time in thinking (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003), on the other hand open ended questionnaires were used because they ask open ended rather than yes or no questions in order to enable people to explain their thoughts feelings or beliefs in detail.

16 3.4.2 Interview guide

Interview guides were used as instruments in collecting data where by interviews were involved using of well worked documents laying out questions in a particular order so as to enable the response and recording possible. Interview in qualitative research may be defined as conversation between the researchers and the respondent, with the purpose of obtaining valid and valuable research information. During the course of the conversation, clarification was allowed there by enabling the interviewee to clearly reveal his/her point of view. Formal interviews with interview guides were used by all parents, respondents and youth.

3.5 Data collection Procedure

The researcher first secured an introduction letter from the university after the approval of the proposal. The letter was presented to the local authorities in the area of study in Lubaga Division ~n Kampala District. The introduction letter asked for permission for the researcher to carry out ~esearch in the area then the researcher carried out selection where by different people were ;elected by the aid of the local leaders. Data collection set off from all those selected respondents .n the village.

.6 Data Processing

[‘he processing of data was done after the collection of data for verification of the information that ~vas gathered and for attainment of completeness, accuracy and uniformity. Data editing involved thecking the information for errors, which were added advantage because it enabled the researcher o delete and eliminate possible errors that were traced which in the end manipulate the results of the tudy. Data was analyzed concurrently to avoid duplication thereby guiding the entire study for )alanced and critical analysis. The researcher used hypothesis based on the questionnaire and for ther items, tabulation, pie-charts and percentage and simple statistical methods were used for data resentation and analysis.

17 3.7 Data Analysis

Quantitative data analysis

The quantitative data involved information from the questionnaires only. Data from the field were too raw for proper interpretation. It is therefore vital to put it in order and structure it, so as to drive meaningful information from it. The raw data obtained from questionnaires were Dleaned, sorted and coded. The coded data was entered into the Computer, checked and $tatistically analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software package to generate descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis was applied to describe the Drimary variable and associated indicator items related to the study objectives.

3.8 Qualitative data analysis

~ualitative data were collected using interview discussions with respondents. Content analysis ~as used to edit the data and re-organize it into meaningful shorter sentences. The data were inalyzed and organized based on patterns, repetitions and commonalities into themes based on ;he study variables. The data then were used to reinforce information got from questionnaires to Iraw conclusion and recommendations.

[he variables of the study were measured using the four Likert Scale. Different variables were neasured at different levels. The variables were measured at nominal and ordinal scale. The iominal scale measurement was used in the first part of the questionnaire (demographics) which ~omprised items with some common set such as sex, age, marital status, designation and level of ~ducation of respondents.

L9 Validity and Reliability of Instruments

L9.l Validity

/alidity refers to the degree to which results obtained from analysis of the data actually represent he phenomenon under study. The validity of the research instrument is determined by pre esting. Mugenda and Mugenda (2013) assert that pre testing ensures clarity and accuracy of esults so that data collected gives meaningful, reliable results representing variables in the tudy. Pre-testing helped to estimate the time needed to fill the questionnaires.

18 3.9.2 Reliability

According to Mugenda and Mugenda ‘(2013), reliability refers to the measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields consistent results or data after repeated trials. This refers to Fiow consistent the research instrument is. Amin (2005) says that the instrument is reliable when ~t produces the same results when it is used repeatedly hence ensuring dependability and Drecision. To ensure the reliability, the researcher pre-tested the questionnaire.

3.10 Limitations of the Study. some respondents were not cooperative because they wanted to be paid or given some gifts. Uherefore the researcher overcame this by offering some tips and gifts to the respondents. some respondents were not cooperative because they suspected the researcher to be an agent ~rom a security organ in the country. The researcher first introduced himself to the respondents.

ome respondents lacked time for the interview so the researcher first set an appointment with ;ome of the respondents so as to fix a specific time for interviews

19 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATIONS, INTEPRETATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0 Introduction fhis chapter covers the presentation of the findings according to the themes of the study which were: causes, effects and solutions for urban Unemployment among the youth.

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Under this section, the researcher was interested in finding out the demographic characteristics of :he respondents. They are presented as follows:

1.1.1 Gender of Respondents

Che researcher wanted to know the gender or sex distribution of the respondents and this is ;hown in the following table.

[able 2: Gender of the respondents

ender Frequency Percentage (%) vlales 43 53.8 ~‘emales 37 46.2 ~ota1 80 100 ource: Primary Data n the above table 2, the study established that the males whose frequency is 43 and females who i~equency is 37 scored 53.8% and 46.2% respectively. This implies that males are the majority. ~his implies that most respondents were men due to the societal beliefs that the males are the nes whose are mostly unemployed.

20 4.1.3 Marital Status of the Respondents

The researcher wanted to find out the marital status of the respondents and the results are shown in the table below

Table 3: marital status of the respondents

[Vlarital status Frequency Percent (%) Single 45 56.3 [Vlarried 35 43.7 Total 80 100 Source: Primary Data

The study established that the majority of the respondents were single with a frequency of 45(56.3%) while the married were of frequency 35(43.7%).

4.1.4 Educational Levels of the Respondents

The study also sought about the educational levels of the respondents and the findings were as epresented in table 4. Under this section, the researcher was interested in finding out the ~ducation status of all respondents involved in the study.

[able 4: Educational Level of the respondents

R~ducation level Frequency Percentage STone 20 25.0 ertificate 22 27.5 )iploma 21 26.3 3achelor’s degree 13 16.2 Vlasters 4 5.0 [otal 80 100.0 ~ource: Primary Data

tudy findings in table 4 revealed that the least represented level of education was Masters with a requency of 4(5%), followed by another category with a frequency of 13(16.2%) of Bachelor’s legree. this was followed by another category with a frequency of 20(25.0%) who were none,

21 diploma holders had a frequency of 2 1(26.2%) and those holders of certificates had a frequency of 22(27.5).

This implies that illiterate, thus with low or no levels of education hence did not fully understand the concepts of youths unemployment.

4.1.4 Age of the respondents

The study went on to establish the different age groups of the respondents and the findings were as presented in table 5. The study also involved all respondents who are responsible and with mature understanding.

Table 5: Age distribution of the respondents

4ge Frequency Percentage (%) Below 20 10 12.5 Between 20-39 35 43.8 Between 40-59 20 25.0 50 and above 15 18.8 fotal 80 100.0 Source: Primary Data fhe study revealed that the majority of the respondents fell in the age category 20-39 years had a ~equency of 35(43.8%). Age category 40-59 had a frequency of 20(25%), followed by the ~ategory of 60 and above with a frequency of 15(18.8%), while the last category was below 20 years with a frequency of 10(12.5%). fhis implies that majority of the respondents were adults who ofien do understand the impact of youths unemployment.

22 4.1.5 Work experience of the respondents

The study also sought about the working experience of the respondents and the findings were as represented in table below:

Table 6: work experience of the respondents

Response Frequency Percent (%) Below 2 years 24 30.0 Between 2-5 years 38 47.5 Between 6-10 years 12 15.0 Over l0years 6 7.5 Total 80 100.0 Source: primary data

From the table above the majority had working experience between 2-5years with a frequency of 38(47.5%), followed by respondents below 2years working experience with a frequency of ~4(30.0%), 12(15.0%) had 6-l0years of working experience and the least category had over 10 years working experience with a frequency of 6(7.5%).

~ccording to the table the majority of work experience are those who work between 2-5 years 47.5%).

1.2 Findings on causes of Youth Unemployment in Lubaga division, Kampala, Uganda

Co achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the causes of Youth Unemployment n Lubaga division, Uganda. These are presented as follows:

Fable 7: showing that unemployment caused by absence of training facilities and sufficient iocational guidance.

~esponse Frequency Percent (%) ~Teutral 8 10 \~gree 32 40 ;trongly Agree 40 50 ‘otal 80 100

;ource: Primary Data (2018)

23 The table 7 above indicates that 40(50%) of the respondents strongly agreed, 32(40%) of the respondents agreed, 8(10%) of the respondents were neutral that one of the causes of unemployment in Uganda, particularly amongst the youth, is due to absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance.

The majority of the respondents (50%) strongly agreed that unemployment caused by absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance.

Table 8: showing whether unemployment is caused by corrupt attitude of individuals in power in Uganda

Response Frequency Percent (%) strongly Disagree 7 8.75 Disagree 5 6.25 ~“Teutral 19 23.75 ~gree 37 46.25 ~trong1y Agree 12 15.00 Fotal 80 100.00 source: Primary Data

[he study results revealed that 7(8.75%) of the respondents strongly disagreed, 5(6.25%) of the espondents disagreed, 19(23.75%) of the respondents were neutral, 37(46.25%) of the espondents agreed and the remaining 12(15.00%) strongly agreed that lack of employment is ilso linked to the bad leadership and corrupt attitude of individuals in power in Uganda.

[able 9: showing whether lack of experience is also one of the causes of unemployment

~esponse Frequency Percent (%) ~.Teutral 3 3.8 ~gree 38 47.5 ;trongly Agree 39 48.8 ~‘otal 80 100.00 ;omce: primary data

24 From the table above 3(3.8%) of the respondents were neutral, 38(47.5%) of the respondents agreed and 3 9(48.8%) respondents strongly agreed that lack of experience is one of the causes of unemployment.

The majority 39(48.8%) agreed that the “experience clause” that all employers emphasize when seeking for new employees is another cause of unemployment among the youth.

Table 10: Racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in Uganda

Response Frequency Percent (%) Strongly Disagree 4 5.0 Disagree 13 16.2 Neural 10 12.5 Agree 21 26.2 Strongly Agree 32 40.0 Total 80 100.0 Source: Primary Data

The study results presented in the table 10 above indicate that 4(5%) of the respondents strongly disagreed, 13(16.2%) of the respondents disagreed, 10(12.5%) of the respondents were neutral, 21(26.2%) of the respondents agreed and the remaining 32(40.0%) strongly agreed. This implies that the majority of the respondents revealed that racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in Uganda.

Table 11: No one can get job without bribing and this has led to unemployment

Response Frequency Percent (%) Strongly Disagree 2 2.5 Disagree 12 15.0 Neural 15 18.8 Agree 45 56.2 Strongly Agree 6 7.5 Total 80 100.0 Source: primary data

25 H’rom table 11, 2(2.5%) of the respondents strongly disagreed, followed by 12(15.0%) disagreed, 15(1 8.8%) were neutral, 45(56.2%) agreed and 6(7.5%) strongly agreed that no one can get ajob ~vithout bribing and this has led to unemployment.

4.3: Findings on Consequences of youth unemployment in Lubaga division

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the consequences of Youth Unemployment in Lubaga division, Uganda. These are presented as follows: rable 12: showing whether unemployment increases crime rates

R~esponse Frequency Percent (%) \Teutral 6 7.5 ~gree 25 31.5 strongly Agree 49 61.5 Total 80 100.0 source: primary data

The table 12 above shows that 6 respondents with a percentage of 7.5% were neutral (not sure), 25(31.5%) agreed and 49 respondents with a percentage of 6 1.5% strongly agreed that Lmemployment increases crime rate.

The majority of the respondents having a percentage of 61.5% strongly agreed that the increase ~n crime rates is due to youth unemployment.

Table 13: showing whether unemployment leads youths to drug abuse

R~esponse Frequency Percent (%) strongly Disagree 2 2.5 Disagree 9 11.2 ~‘Teutral 13 16.2 Agree 38 47.5 strongly Agree 18 22.5 Total 80 100.0 Source: primary data

The data in the table 13 shows that 2 respondents with a percentage of 2.55% strongly disagreed, 9 respondents with a percentage of 11.2% agreed, followed by 13 respondents having 16.2% 26 ~vere neutral(not sure), 38 respondents with a percentage of 47.5% agreed and 18 respondents vith a percentage of 22.5 strongly agreed that unemployment leads youths to drug abuse.

[‘he majority of the respondents that is 38(47.5%) agreed that youth unemployment has exposed ioung men and women in Lubaga division to drug abuse.

[able 14: showing whether unemployment lowers country’s productivity

~esponse Frequency Percent (%) trongly Disagree 1 1.2 )isagree 5 6.2 ~eutral 12 15.0 ~gree 26 32.5 ;trongly Agree 36 45.0 ~ota1 80 100.0 ource: primary data

Ehe table 14 above shows that 1 respondent having a percentage of 1.2% strongly disagreed, 5 espondents with a percentage of 6.2% disagreed, 12 respondents with a percentage of 15.0% vere not sure (neutral), while 26 respondents with a percentage of 32.5% agreed and 36 espondents with a percentage of 45.0% strongly agreed that unemployment lowers countries woductivity.

Ehe majority of the respondents (45%) strongly agreed that unemployment lowers countries roductivity, because in countries like Uganda where the youth form the largest proportion Lpproximately (65%) of the labour force and youth unemployment is high there is always low roductivity which comes with many other negative consequences.

27 Table 15: showing whether unemployment causes social/political unrest

Response Frequency Percent (%) Strongly Disagree 4 5.0 Disagree 11 13.8 ~‘Teutral 22 27.5 ~gree 43 53.8 Total 80 100.0 Source: primary data

From the table 15 above, there are 4 respondents with a percentage of 5.0% disagreed, 11 respondents with a percentage of 13.8% were not sure (neutral), 22 respondents with a percentage of 27.5% agreed and 43 respondents having a percentage of 53.8% strongly agreed that unemployment causes social/political unrest.

The majority of the respondents (53.8%) strongly agreed that unemployment is responsible for the rampant social and political unrest in the city.

Table 16: showing whether unemployment can have an effect on tax base

Response Frequency Percent (%) Strongly Disagree 3 3.8 Disagree 6 7.5 ~‘Teutral 15 18.8 ~gree 41 51.2 Strongly Agree 15 18.8 Total 80 100.0 Source: primary data fable 16 shows that 3 respondents with a percentage of 3.8% strongly disagreed, 6 respondents with a percentage of 7.5% disagreed, 15 respondents with a percentage of 18.8% were neutral (not sure), while 41 of the respondents having a percentage of 51.2% agreed and 15 respondents with a percentage of 18.8% strongly agreed that unemployment can have an effect on tax base.

28 The majority of the respondents (51.2%) agreed that there is always a tax deficit when large numbers of the population are unemployed because of the low tax base.

4.3: findings on ways of addressing youth unemployment among the youth in Lubaga division

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the solutions of Youth LTnemployment in Lubaga division, Uganda. These are presented as follows: fable 17: showing whether there is need to create funding mechanism

R~esponse Frequency Percent (%) \Teutral 8 10.0 ~gree 62 77.5 ~trong1y Agree 10 12.5 [otal 80 100.0 source: primary data

Fable 17 above is showing that 8 respondents having a percentage of 10.0% were not sure, 62 ~espondents with a percentage of 77.5% agreed and 10 respondents with a percentage of 12.5% ;trongly agreed that there is need to create funding mechanism.

[he majority (77.5%) agreed that there is need to create funding mechanism that are contingent )n mentorship and financial education.

Fable 18: showing whether there is need to encourage investors to invest in Lubaga

~.esponse Frequency Percent (%) ~eutral 3 3.8 ~gree 25 31.2 trongly Agree 52 52 ‘otal 80 100.0 ;o~ce: primary data

29 Table 18 shows that 3 respondents with a percentage of 3.8% were neutral (not sure), 25 respondents with a percentage of 31.2% agreed and 52 respondents with a percentage of 52% strongly agreed that there is need to encourage investors to invest in Lubaga.

Viajority of the respondents (52%) strongly agreed that in order to solve the problem of inemployment among the youths there is need to encourage investors to invest in Lubaga to find iiore jobs available. rable 19: showing whether there is need to control population growth

Response Frequency Percent (%) ~eutral 11 13.8 ~gree 31 28.8 trongly agree 38 47.5 Fotal 80 100.0 source: primary data

Fable 19 above shows that 11 respondents with a percentage of 13.8% were not sure (neutral), ‘ollowed by 31 respondents with a percentage of 28.8% agreed and 38 respondents with a ercentage of 47.5% strongly agreed that there is need to control population growth. vlajority of the respondents (47.5%) strongly agreed that there is a need to control the ever fast ~rowing youth population in Kampala.

[able 20: showing whether government should give youth free business training to solve inemployment

~.esponse Frequency Percent )isagree 11 13.7 ‘.Teutral 26 32.5 \~gree 43 53.8 [otal 80 100.00 ource primary data.

30 lie table 20 above shows that 11 respondents with a percentage of 13.7% disagreed, 26 of the ~espondents were not sure (neutral), while 43 with a percentage of 53.8% agreed that the ;overnment should give youth free business training.

Phe majority of the respondents (53.8) agreed that there should be free business training for the youth in Lubaga division. The training should help to equip the youth with the necessary skills to ~et up their own businesses, manage them and how to sustain them.

Fable 21: showing whether there is need to review education curriculum in Uganda

Response Frequency Percent Neural 7 8.8 Agree 18 22.5 Strongly Agree 55 68.8 Total 80 100.0 Source: primary data fhe table above shows that 7 respondents with a percentage of 8.8% were not sure (neutral), 18 respondents with a percentage of 22.5% agreed and 55 respondents with a percentage of 68.8% strongly agreed that there is need to review education curriculum In Uganda.

31 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

This chapter presents a summary of the findings of the study, the conclusions and recommendations made from the findings of the study.

The study was done purposely to investigate the causes, effects and solutions of unemployment among the youth of Lubaga division-Kampala, assessing the impact and contribution of Uganda’s education system on youth unemployment and to propose possible measures that can help to curb youth unemployment.

5.1 Discussion of findings

5.1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

The study findings revealed that the sample constituted of 80 respondents of which 53.8% were ~riales and the 46.2% remaining were females~ This implied that males are the majority, meaning that the most respondents were men due to the societal beliefs that the males are the ones who are mostly unemployed.

The study revealed that the majority of the respondents fell in the age category 20-3 9 years had a frequency of 35(43.8%). Age category 40-59 had a frequency of 20(25%), followed by the Dategory of 60 and above with a frequency of 15(18.8), while the last category was below 20 years with a frequency of 10(12.5%). This implies that majority of the respondents were adults who often do understand the impact of youths unemployment.

The study findings revealed that the least represented level of education was Masters with a [requency of 4(5%), followed by another category with a frequency of 13(16.2%) of Bachelor’s iegree. this was followed by another category with a frequency of 20(25.0%) who were none ~people who had never attended schools), diploma holders had a frequency of 21(26.2%) and those holders of certificates had a frequency of 22(27.5). Meaning, with low or no levels of education hence did not fully understand the concepts of youth unemployment.

32 5.1.2 Causes of Youth Unemployment Lubaga division, Kampala.

It was found out that 40 respondents with a percentage of (50%) of the respondents strongly agreed, 32 respondents with a percentage of 40% agreed, 8(10%) of the respondents were neutral that one of the major causes of unemployment in Uganda particularly amongst the youth, is due to absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance. This is in line with Briggs, (2014), noted that another vital cause of unemployment in Uganda, particularly amongst the youth, is due to absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance.

The study results revealed that the majority of the respondents agreed with a percentage 46.25% that lack of employment is also linked to the bad leadership and corrupt attitude of individuals in ~ower in Uganda. This is in line with Briggs, (2014), who noted that lack of employment is also [inked to the bad leadership and corrupt attitude of individuals in power in Uganda. Moreover, there is a lot of money embezzlement and power retention exhibited by policy makers in the education sector. This means funds required for improvement of education are diverted for ;elfish personal use. Hence, the education sector remains largely undeveloped.

Uhe researcher found out that Illiteracy was among the major causes of youth unemployment that s people have enough training and experience to face the world of employment. Most of inemployed youth today have taken the blame on their being illiterate because most of the jobs hat are available today are meant for the elites, so there should be government intervention in his situation. It should come out to set free education system so as to enable the youth become iterate, as well as to give trainings for them to get enough skills to create their own business or o get employed a certain company due to his/her skills.

[he researcher found out that high population rate of the youth in Lubaga division was yet mother cause of youth unemployment. Which means rural-urban migration and the general )opulation growth is responsible for the high numbers of unemployed or under employed youths n Lubaga division. This was one of those factors that O’Higgins (2000) pointed out as one of the najor causes of youth unemployment, and it has been found out that youth unemployment in ~ubaga division is partly caused by the increase in the population of the youth.

33 It can be safely said from the information gathered that youth unemployment cannot be generalized as being caused by just one thing, but is caused by a variety of reasons. Some of the main factors are: lack of relevant skills, educational qualifications, and tribalism.

5.1.3 Findings on the effects of youth unemployment in Lubaga division

The researcher found out that the maj or effect of youth unemployment increases crime rates. From our respondents, 6 respondents with a percentage of 7.5% were neutral (not sure), 25(31.5%) agreed and 49respondents with a percentage of 61.5% strongly agreed that unemployment increases crime rate.

That means the majority of our respondents said that there is an increase in the crime rates when the youth are unemployed. There are cases like theft, robbery and rape. This is in agreement with what Blanch flower (2009) says, that youth unemployment leads to an increase in the crime rates whereby he went ahead to show and expound the survey that was carried out by the UK police showing how crime involvement was increasing. Hutton (1973) also talked about crime as the last resort for unemployed person, this included stealing.

The study results revealed that youth unemployment has exposed young men and women in Lubaga division to drug abuse. 38 respondents with a percentage of 47.5% agreed and 18 respondents with a percentage of 22.5% strongly agreed that unemployment leads youth to drug abuse. Most of the unemployed youth in Lubaga division spend most of their time consuming drugs and these drugs have driven them in to committing crime and most of the cases that are being handled by the police stations include drug abuse.

The tremendous stress, rejection, fear and frequent bouts of depression that often results from being unemployed are high risk factors for the development of a drug use problem, many people who are struggling with the negative effect of unemployment turn to alcohol or drugs to mitigate the discomfort and sense of helplessness they feel and this can destroy their entire life.

The study also revealed high youth unemployment, the country’s productivity is lowered because in countries like Uganda where the youth form the largest proportion approximately (65%) of the labour force and youth unemployment is high there is always low productivity which comes with many other negative consequences.

34 According to the study, unemployment is responsible for the rampant social and political unrest in the city and country citing an example of 2018 riots in Kampala and other parts of the country. Study also pointed out that there is always a tax deficit when large numbers of the population are unemployed because of the low tax base.

5.1.3 Findings on the solutions of youth unemployment in Lubaga division

One of the major solutions to Urban unemployment among the youth in Lubaga division is that there is need to control the over fast growing youth population in Kampala which they said can be done by authorities availing better social services in villages that are ranked high at attracting large numbers of youths to the city and also to set up activities that can keep people occupied in villages.

The researcher found out that there is need to change the education system, this will help if the education system is changed into being more practical because it will equip the youth with necessary skills which will enable them to set up their own small scale businesses. Uganda’s education curriculum needs to be revised to suit Uganda’s situation particularly to address the unemployment problem which means that system has to be changed from theory to practical in order to produce people who can start up something with their hands and brains to support themselves instead of waiting for jobs in the formal sector which involve a lot of competition and technical knowhow demands of working experience even when it is clear someone is a fresh university product.

According to the study respondents suggested that there should be free business training to the unemployed youth in Lubaga division and this was represented by the majority of our respondents (53.8%) agreed that there is need of free business training. The training shall help to equip the youth with the necessary skills to set up their own businesses, manage them and how to sustain them. This training shall enable the youth in taking advantage of the free available resources in their communities and make them productive to the rest of the community. Hence leading to a reduction in the growing rate of youth unemployment in Lubaga division.

In order to reduce the problem of unemployment there is also need to encourage investors to invest in Lubaga division, 25 of our respondents with a percentage of 31.2% agreed and 52 respondents with a percentage of 52% strongly agreed that there is need to encourage investors

35 to invest in Lubaga. Majority of the respondents (52%) strongly agreed that in order to solve the problem of unemployment among the youths there is need to encourage investors to invest in Lubaga to find more jobs available.

The researcher found out that there were some solutions that were put in place to help in solving the problem of youth unemployment but unfortunately they were not implemented so this requires all the stake holders to come and make sure that these solutions are being implemented for the good of the youth in .

The findings that were got by the researcher from the field are in agreement with the literature of the topic of Urban Unemployment among the youth in Lubaga division.

5.2 Conclusion

The major cause of youth unemployment included high illiteracy rate among the youth and lack of capital. The research showed that illiteracy is the major cause of unemployment among the youth but this can be overcome by offering free education to the youth. The causes of youth unemployment in Lubaga can be overcome if the Government and Non-Government bodies come in and help the youth improve the entrepreneurial skills that they have and enable them access loans without collateral.

The effects of youth unemployment included, increase in crime rates and lack of self-esteem. the major effect of youth unemployment that was pointed out is the increase in the crime rates and according to the government and police officials most of these crimes were partly as a result of drug abuse among the juveniles.

All these effects can be overcome by helping the youth get employed. The general observation here is that the unemployment problem does not only affect them but also the community.

The solutions that need to be put in place are so many but it was found out that most of them were not implemented, so this requires the Government and all stakeholders to come together and implement the solutions that were put in place to solve youth unemployment in Lubaga division.

36 The study concluded that providing social services like education, health services, and security becomes difficult since unemployment lowers the tax base. The rate of economic and infrastructural development in this area is also low due to limited government revenue. The study noted that whereas some youths were perceived as being voluntarily jobless, and that their unwillingness to work is responsible for their unemployment, there is no proof or evidence to that effect and the nature of the unemployment problem is structural resulting from the deficiency in demand for labour in the labour market.

5.3 Recommendations

Higher institutions like the Government, Non-Government Organizations, youth councils and ministries, universities, vocational institutions and the youth themselves, are recommended to take the following actions so as to curb youth unemployment:

There is need to establish a youth development bank in Lubaga division to facilitate the provision of financial services to the youth. This will solace the problem of accessibility to startup capital as a result of their lack of collateral. This is because most of youth in Lubaga division lack startup capital, so the presence of this bank shall help to end the problem of unemployment.

The Government of Uganda should establish a full and independent ministry of the youth. This ministry would help in identifying the problems that the youth are facing and devise solutions to them. This is because the current ministry under which the youth belong is overloaded with too much concern which tends to overshadow the youth needs. So an independent youth ministry shall ensure focused planning and implementation of youth development.

The youth should review programs such as “youth entrepreneurship schemes. that previously failed so that they can build a strong partnership for viable and productive ventures so as to end youth unemployment in Lubaga division.

The Government should strengthen the Anti-Corruption Agencies at all levels to fight all civil servants who are engaged in corruption. This shall restrict on those who employ their relatives and friends yet they do not qualify to be employed.

37 The youth should shift away from the useless practices that they engage themselves in like betting which has kept them poor to real empowerment so as to be job makers but not seekers.

The Government is recommended to set up productivity centers where the youth should go and access free training on how to set up small scale enterprises. This would equip the youth with the necessary skills for managing their own businesses and enable them identify business opportunities which they may take advantage of.

The Government should provide more access to basic education and invest more in vocational training and streamline the education system to have work transitions while at school so that the issues of experience do not arise.

38 REFERENCES

Archibald Cailloway (1971): “Education Planning and Employment

Blanch flower (2009), Youth Unemployment: Déjà Vu

Briggs, J.E (2014) “Unemployment statistics and what they mean”. Monthly Labour Bulletin,

Washington DC; US Department of Labour.

CIA World Fact Book (2013). “http//www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook.

Curtain R. (2013). “The Case of Investing in Young People as Part of a National poverty Reduction Strategy.” United Nations Population Fund, New York Damachi N. A. (2011). “Evaluation of past Policy Measures for Solving Unemployment

Problem” in Unemployment in Nigeria; CBN Bullion Vol 25, No 4 Oct/Dec

Emmanuel Otala (2010) 1St May 2010: Kampala Uganda

Employment, Income and Inequalities in Kenya: International Labour Organization (ILO 1969) Report

Flavior Lonyero (2009): Unemployment among University Graduates. University

George Ogola Soti (1992): Analysis of some characteristics of Unemployment and the Influence of some

Kinobe (2010): Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development (MGLSD) Department of Youth Report (2010)

Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development Report (2010)

Nasser Ssebagala (2010): Dairy Monitor: May. 5th .20 10. Monitor Publications Kampala.

O’Higgins Nail (2001): Youth Unemployment and Employment Policy: A global Perspective: Geneva International Labour Office

Sam Lyomoki (2010) New Vision 21St May 2010: Kampala Uganda Selected Variables on Employment Growth.

39 The Unemployment crisis in Africa: Issues in Human Resource Development: Conclusions by the African Association for Public Administration and Management. Kampala (1988), Harare (1990)

Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) Report 2009

United Nations World Youth Report 2005

40 APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondent

My name is ABDIKADIR ISSE ABDI (1161-05194-04532), a student from Kampala International University, carrying out a study on urban unemployment among the youth: a case study of Lubaga Division in Kampala District in Central Uganda. I am very glad that you are my respondent for this study. The purpose of this questionnaire is to obtain your opinion/views to be included among others in the study. This research is one of the requirements leading to the award of Bachelor’s degree in Statistics of Kampala International University. It is hence an academic research and will not be used for any other purpose other than academics. Your co-operation and answers to these questions heartily and honestly will be significant to this study to gather the data needed.

SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1. Gender Male I I Female LJ

2. Marital Status ____

Married ____ Single 3. Educational Background Certificate I I Diploma I I Bachelor’s Degree I Masters 4. Age. Below 20 I I Between 20-39 I I Between 40-5 9 I I 60 and above I I

41 5. Work Experience Below 2 years 2-5 years 6-10 years I I Over 10 years I

Direction 1: Please write your rating in the space after each option which corresponds to your best choice in terms of level of motivation. Kindly use the scoring system below for section B, C andD:

Score Response Mode Description Interpretation

5 Strongly Agree You agree with no doubt at all Very satisfactory

4 Agree you agree with some doubt Satisfactory

3 Neutral You are not sure about any none

2 Disagree you disagree with some doubt Fair

1 Strongly Disagree You disagree with no doubt at all Poor

SECTION B: 1 2 3 4 5 Causes of youth unemployment in Lubaga Division

One of the causes of unemployment amongst the youth, is due to absence of — — — training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance

~ Lack of employment is also linked to the bad leadership and corrupt attitude — — — — of individuals in power in Uganda

Lack of experience is also one of the causes of unemployment

Racial discriminatiOn still prevails in many organizations in Uganda

42 ; No one can get a job without bribing and this has led to unemployment

SECTION C: 1 2 345 Consequences of youth unemployment in Lubaga Division

Cities where there is high rate of unemployment have a direct, positive — — effect on crime rates/unemployment increases crime rates

Unemployment has exposed young men and women in Lubaga division to — — drug abuse

Unemployment Lowers country’s productivity One of the effects of unemployment is that, Unemployment causes Social / political unrest

Unemployment can also have an effect on tax base

SECTION D: 1 2 3 4 5 Ways of addressing youth unemployment in Lubaga Division

There is need to create funding mechanisms that are contingent on — — — mentorship and financial education

There is need to Encourage investors to invest here in Lubaga

There is need to Control population growth

Government should give youth free business training

There is also need to review education curriculum In Uganda

Thanks for your responses

END

43 APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW GUIDE

Do you understand the meaning of youth unemployment?

What are the causes of urban unemployment among the youths in Lubaga Division?

How do you think causes of urban unemployment among the youths can be addressed?

What are the consequences of youth unemployment in Lubaga Division?

What are ways of addressing youth unemployment in Lubaga Division?

44 APPENDIX III

TIME FRAME

ACTIVITY JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

Topic formulation

Introduction writing

Literature writing

Methodology

Typing and correction

Reviewing

Final copy formulation

45