The Carthage Vanguard Volume 3 the Carthage Vanguard

The Carthage Vanguard Volume 3 The Carthage Vanguard Copyright © by The Carthage Vanguard http://carthage.edu/vanguard Originally Published in the United States by Carthage College in 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced without prior written permission from the publisher, with the exception of brief quotations for review purposes. This is an original, academic journal. Any findings are academic and do not go so far as to claim to be true under every circumstance. Academic review is welcomed for the furtherment of education. The Carthage Vanguard Volume 3 From the faculty adviser- Welcome to the third volume of the Vanguard, an innovative, interdisciplinary journal for undergraduate research, produced entirely by a student editorial board. In these pages you will find the fruits of many hours of labor as the authors honed the methods of inquiry and creativity for their disciplines. Students may pause to reflect on their own pursuits, appreciate the investment of mind and time by these authors, and take away a bit of inspiration. And if so, the Vanguard staff would consider its mission as met. To truly appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of the Vanguard, one might observe the editorial staff at work, as is my privilege. They each bring their own sense of what constitutes quality schol- arly and creative work in their discipline, and draw upon that knowledge to set a high standard for the Vanguard. They also bring other talents that contribute to real interdisciplinary collaboration- leadership, intellectual curiosity, technical expertise, and pursuit of excellence in all they do. Senior members of the editorial board, many of whom have served since the journal’s inception, deserve our thanks and admiration. Cami Christopulos and Laurel McKenzie, our Co-Editors in Chief, have provided strong leadership for a talented staff including Taylor Kloha, Ben Massat, and Richard Stauffer. We thank these seniors for establishing a strong foundation for the next editorial staff. Enjoy your reading of this year’s Vanguard. Dennis Munk Faculty Adviser to the Vanguard Associate Provost for Faculty Development & Research Professor of Education i. The Carthage Vanguard Volume 3 From the Co-Editor in Chief of Natural Sciences and Humanities - Three years ago, a handful of sophomores, juniors, and seniors came together to create what might be the first of its kind: an interdisciplinary undergraduate research journal, completely written, ed- ited, and published by students. Now that the last of those founders are preparing to graduate in a few weeks, the Vanguard will move on into a new stage of its development, continuing to add to Carthage’s exemplary research community. While it pains me to leave Carthage and this group with which I have such an integral connection, I am incredibly proud of the legacy we have created; I look forward to see where our new editors, reviewers, and researchers will take this experiment in the future. The Carthage Vanguard seeks to promote and encourage student research. Its devotion to all disciplines represented on campus speaks to the diversity of our student body and the educations avail- able to us. In part, the Vanguard strives to make connections between disciplines and departments; by associating the fine arts with the natural sciences, the professional studies with the humanities, we hope to inspire new ways of thinking, learning, and discovering. In addition to our interdisciplinary approach, we have always hoped to augment the already exemplary tradition of research here at Carthage. From independent studies to summer research experiences to senior theses, the work being produced by students is admirable in both quantity and quality, and the greatest shame is that we are not better able to share with our peers the subjects we find so fascinating. Here, the Vanguard hopes to make a difference, by soliciting and publishing this kind of student-driven work in a student-drive environment. Our reach and scope changed over the few volumes that the Vanguard produced, but the passion and diligence devoted to the research continues on. I expect the publication will adapt and change throughout the years, but I truly hope it maintains its student-oriented values and beliefs. Of course, every student group needs a mentor. To that end, now is the time to express a fervent gratitude to Dennis Munk, Associate Provost for Faculty Development and Research, professor of education, and stalwart advisor to the Vanguard team. His commitment to our cause was evident since the first day, and his gracious decision to become our advisor at the end of last year proves to be a lucky break for us. Without his calm and collected support as a faculty member, the students of the Vanguard would have seriously questioned their sanity and the value of this publication. Finally, the graduating members of the Vanguard must express their thanks for those young and determined enough to take on this challenge in the years to come. And to all of our reviewers, editors, and authors who worked exceptionally hard this past year, volunteering many lunch hours, afternoons, and late nights to make sure the Vanguard published a third volume, thank you. This is truly a student-operated organization to be proud of, and you are those students who made it possible. Thank you once again for your commitment to research and learning, and please enjoy the third volume of the Carthage Vanguard. Laurel McKenzie Co-Editor in Chief ii. The Carthage Vanguard Volume 3 The Carthage Vanguard Staff Cami Christopulos Co-Editor in Chief of Professional Studies and Social Sciences Laurel McKenzie Co-Editor in Chief of Natural Sciences and Humanities Ben Massat Managing Editor of Natural Sciences Taylor Kloha Managing Editor of Humanities Jessica Livingston Marketing and Creative Specialist Rich Stauffer Editorial Reviewer of Natural Sciences Dan Setzke Editorial Reviewer of Natural Sciences Logen Bartz Editorial Reviewer of Professional Studies Brett Grimes Editorial Reviewer of Social Sciences Paige Myers Editorial Reviewer of Humanities iii. The Carthage Vanguard Volume 3 Table of Contents Letter from the adviser............................................................................................... i. Letter from the Co-Editor in Chief............................................................................. ii. Vanguard Staff.......................................................................................................... iii. Humanities A Culture of Consumption: How Quack Medicine Dominated Nineteenth-Century American Advertising..................................................................................................................... 1 By: Laurel McKenzie Professional Studies Bridging the Gap for STEM Students: Increasing Retention Rates in Higher Education Institutions .................................................................................................................................. 10 By: Cami Christopulos Managing the Friction Between Five Generations in the Workplace............................................... 25 By: Michelle Balcerzak The Power of Perception: How Design Impacts Consumer Behavior.............................................. 33 By: Taylor Kraft Social Sciences The Effects of Transracial International Adoption on Cultural Identity........................................ 40 By: Kayla Clair The Impact of Diversity on a Small Liberal Arts College in the Midwest...................................... 46 By: Paige Myers Natural Sciences A Comparative Analysis of Cluster P and Cluster I Mycobacteriophages...................................... 58 By: Megan Fallert iv. A Culture of Consumption: How Quack Medicine Dominated Nineteenth-Century American Advertising Department of History Carthage College By: Laurel McKenzie Abstract Newspapers from local and regional papers of nineteenth-century America were often statured by advertisements for quack doctors and the wares they peddled, known as snake oils or patent medicines. Despite bizarre treatments, ridiculous promises, and grave medical consequences, these advertisements and the suspect goods and services they promoted were pervasive fixtures of American culture well into the twentieth century. This project focuses on primary sources from the late nineteenth century in order to understand what cultural, economic, and technological factors contributed to the rapid expansion of the quack medicine industry during the last half of the nineteenth century. A secondary focus of this project examines how the technology and culture of the era hindered the response of licensed physicians in their attempts to shut down the quack medicine industry. Overall, this project contributes to the histo- riographical study of nineteenth-century American medicine and advertising by identifying the connections between consumer culture, public health, and new information technology. pharmacists, while saving the public from often toxic and Key words addictive medicines. The sign continued, responding to Nineteenth-century America, telegraph, quackery, news- the question it had posed: “Our honest answer must be papers, advertising that [patent medicine] is WORTHLESS… When sick, consult a good physician. It is the only proper course.” AUTHOR NOTE: This submission is an excerpted sec- This was sound advice, and the store was lauded in 1913 tion from the complete essay of the same title. For the by the Medical Women’s Club of Chicago, as

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