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Fire was then applled, first to the estufa (Kiva) w~Lch had.b~~n buLlt in t~e maLn plaza, and ther "·' ;:he entire pueblo, the \vhol0
~ : cay be~n~ employed: in this wor> 'destru"ction. Otcn.1in and hi.s ·sold ie~s rec;:ossed the river ~ .....1e can:;p havi:1g under good gua-rd .:.mcl ct.:stody the said 38.5 pers· : .. ar.d 8 il.lprisonc:d vag~ants, all of who;-;& he has ord~re:d to be t ..-~";:..:!d wi.L1 :dndness anci care. · (Hackett ... 1. 942: I: CC) . "Because the Is le ta T iwas had sur:::-ende.:ed to the · . I.· "·, ;, '• ~Spani~rds on December 6 without ?utting up a serioGs fi.ghi, the othei· ·p;.:e:b1.os were Ln opposition ag~i.nst these pa;:ticuL:.r Indi. i: l ·:,' ! to kill th.cm''. (Hac;kett 1942:I:CCI). l. · 0 Janua1~v 1682 Otermin and hiq group are at Estero Largo forty l.eaguas.· i' above Paso del Norte having travelled to that point from lsleta ~ros~ · s lng the dreaded ".Journada del M-..ierto", a trackless waste of .:wet · 60 miles, void of water and shelter.; The increas~d Ind.Lan caµ~Lycs. added to the problem ~f settlement at Paso del NorFe .and Oter.;iin! · desired to reorderithe settlement. : ; . ' I ' ; ... FehnJrirv l1. 1682 - From Estero Largo, Oter:ni.n wrote to the Vi.c2roy-- "'.1:'i1ose (Indians) t bring here with tbe pu;:-pose of set 1: 1 ing ::!·,cm whcl:'c . . Lt may be convenient, with ot~~rs of thcic nation ~ho came o~t tbc ·. :: other till•e, because it was L:1possible to r..a~ntc-iin and presc·.:-v.:! r:1crn b ' . ~. · · :thci~ pueblo inla~4; I also set out wlth the purpose of asso~biing· ' ·and reducing the Spaniards to two or tb:ee settlements, wh~re it should .. : ' seem m0re conven i.en t, as also the pres idi.o, in order that they m~y · r. ?lant crops, since on th is depends the i.r subsistence". · (Hu,;hes ' .· .· .1914:320), "On th~ same dace·Fatber Ayeta wrote _cc tbe Vi.cei.·oy ... :: ... : ." rcr.1ar-ki.ng that OtermLn wishes to settle InG.ians an9. Sp,:miards in ·~:-; union. As thi.s mode ~f set~lement differed from t~e form used in ..:.,,:_;,-':Kew Xc;-:ico, Ayet.:i thought the: Viceroy would h'1ve to r.. i .. ·.. \ '' Kf I l 0f "' "-' "' 'D A ~ "'"' \.' ~ T w ~ • ;., . , • · .,; ,· •'•"-'·'J·'• .:\.r·.url, u\J...,_:.._,\.i .LESLIE & scaw ~!..~'£Z records ar-e no:: clear as to e:x.:lct d.::it~s .::pd· loi..:~ti.o;rn o[ i;~j-~·~_;ions ;_mu. ?ucblos still, it i.s ~-c,lson.::ib"i....: ·to .:-1ssu;nc ~:i:lt i.n tnc.: c·,scs of Corpus Christi. du la Isleta ji1a l~wl..!s:.:::.·Q $Qn0:.·.J J(!~ Socorro, wcra bµilt and dedicated to a P~tro~ Saiat ~uring ~~I..! yaCl: of 1 The distances refer~ed to from Guad~lu'c.: dcl Paso ~re very near the sa~e today in the cases 0£.Senccu c~d Ysleta. Although San orenzo P~eb~o was later moved nearest to Gu~c!alupe and Socor~o ne · Fe:brLJ.~r'' 16.S2 - An i.r.ter..;sti.ng r.otaticr1' O::??e.::::s i.•--. t~1c archives oi the '.:'slet.:i Church 11issi6r, 11 'i'he 305 Ti.hua IndU::ns co~.1i.r.g fror.1 Islc::.:.i, 11 ~cw Mexico f.::ii.l ::o stay i.n Ysleta del Sui.· • Tbi.s no doubt refers to~ .·.· ti1e Isleta c!el :)L.:..· they atter..pted to found in l580 n..;c:;:- Ote:-i:iin's Real del S~ntisi.~J Sacraoento. Another notatio~ dated 1683 is to the. effect, "The Ti.roua I:-.di.ans joineC. the c.1r,1p 0£ Sacr~r.~.:::.1to an.:: i.t is now call~~ Socrn~ :~t0 de los TihLJ.as ·i.:.• also indicates a more tolerant attitude on the ?art of the clergy :toward the Tiguas ~~ the quest~on 0£ who was their patron saint, · (DccOj.llie undated pai:lphle t) . · ·.·. !·~rch, 1683 - A TiguQ, Alonoso Shimiti.gua, infor.1.ed Ot~nn i.n 0f the pl.'.lns of a r0vol t i~volvlnr; Ti.guas, 1-~ansos, Piros and Sumas . . (Ht;ghes 1914:376) I ' ' ' ~;\:l v. 1633 - 0 tcri.1ip dis covered another plot of t"e:v.ol t <.lnd cone luc:e;:; the Christi.an Indi~ns of El Pa~o are dissati.sfied wlth.Sp~~ish rule and susceptl~le to joining with. heathen trib~s to defeat the Spanish. 1 (1-iughes 1914:338). : · I · J ~ /.t:2us t :;_3. 1683 - Don J ironzo Pe troz Cruz.:i te becor:1e Governo::- ~:1d t!1e C.<.lthorized. pr8s i.dio was foundea about seven :Le agues rrom ·the .Puebl0 0:: T) • l '.\T d . d b . , d h L' l ' s ' . I , . ' 'I' I ;. aso ce i..o:cte an fill way e tween tn.:i t pJ.ace. an ,.t. 1 ~ ·~c.n , '4.C nn, · : · . .-· .1., \, Lorcn~p, called Nu.estr.J Sc-.1or<4:·1opl PU.Dr :.oi:d G.lo1·ios,o·.s·nn'.'J,)s12. ·T.b0' «,·· 1'1, r' ~· >.. ' , • :-;ettlC:.rr.L:n.ts WC.ff(! rc:.::.organizcd ~111~.. k:r- the, Jtt·ccti.on.of F~by ~~c'0l1s', /.,'' . ' be ·an fo':::- S?.::...-.i.ards (Th~s no dot.:bt reiers to the Ysleta, dcl S~r t'>112'· . '' i .•. _., 1 ':.'~-.;as. :·i.:..d· a::: tc;r.p-cc~' to found · iti · <.l · ~ie~ rby. p~Llce .:i~1d · ~o t ,..~·o .. t~.~ • 1 '-'('acr~ u,.i.i.;.:.L ...... ~·n"'-. \.l.J c".l!'I"")L.tHt.L la-,:L..L:...... calll">dC. ~ Y""..._,_ e"'a)L,. , H'·...:! . ...;J J..~~-,-o,·crC1·~1·'.Ji"'On ·. ""'tiC•tl ._, "- ~ .l'S'"S....L, '- , :ls,' ~o-:: Ind tans the following: Pueblo of Socorro fol.· Pi.::os I1.1d:..::r..:>, S~:;-:. 2:::-c.:ncisco £0:: Zu;:-1as' IndL.ms, S~c::a:r.c.:nto de lcs '.li.huas c~..:- Ys.;.ut.J i~1:.· • ! ' . • . 'l.' i..g'-laS, S::::-1 im to;1 : ..1 cic Senccu £or ? i.:-0::, .'.:ind Tomp b.·os, t!1c. :~...:w. (';_"l~:\·i..11·- -C .--,·· 'o-..._ • ' lJ ...... vC.'3:1•·r '"' .. L...... G··~-ud(:'l.,; ~ ... .'.::> of Zu·Y·S~ 'l l... ("joss;bl".. • ... J 'J(:'"Y~ p·"nr.. \.:..:. c sJ--L, "' ' ...f°;'1··~'cLs~o) t.' "' "' .... \,,,.. . ~ a~d tne conv2rsio~ of La Soledad of J.:inos Inclians ~s:ubllsh~J hcfo~~ 1680. L-. 1683, tlle Socor~o India1-.s plannG.:l to r.1u:.·d.;::r thcL:.· p:..·:l..!st, ?=a7 A~:onio Guer=a, so Socorro was ~oved closer ~o the pu~blo ~ La lsleta. (Hughe~ 1914:327-329) . l 1 · D T/.. ·:,f 0 ~~ 0. :\ l. S~·!". ·~: t· 7~ ·:·. : 3 LESL~i.: & SCi-lV·iJ.~~'~"~ •'.. : 16 '·,' ·'· f ~ ' :.. :"' ' " . BASKET MAKERS AND PUEBLO PERIODS .'J· •.. 1 • ~ i .. r•' l l: • l :.:: .· 1;. •;, .. ".· '· c. 1500 B. c. ·to 300 A.ti. - "Basket Makers'! Periods I and II; A , ·:.'. >1L:"Sell\i.-nomadic, pre-Pueblo .people who inhabited the; Sou·thwest· at the. ' · · .:. '.".beginning of· the· Chris tifan era. First agriculturists in the Soutn ... '' "· ... -:'>:·:·west; ~xcelled in basket weaving, ' · · · · · · I· · · ·. · ·,:, ,l" ' ,'\_I ' •' ' ,· •• , : ! ,·: . :·;. -,:·i:c·. 300 A.D. to 700 A.D ... "BC:l,sket Makers III"( f~rst truly seden~ary ·.;:·''.-.',,:people in Southwe~t; built C~}.lde slab houses; cul~ivated c-orn, beans, 1 ·.f' ·,· ·.·:,,···squash and tobacq9;· began usipg· pottery in the Sp*thwest. · ' • · :1 ~ ': I I • : -~ . ' • I · · · ··: c;: 700 A.D. to '900 A.-D.- ''Pueblo I": A roundheaded people, beli~ved . •· i· .~ . to have come from !the Northwest, who conquered and absorbed the . · ~· p .earlier ~asket Ma~er peopl~ and their culture; introduced horizon~al : · ·. ",.:.">'.· m~sonry, the bow and arrow and further developed pottery. 1 ' \- : ·~ .. :~ - : .;. ... ;. 1 • .:.. . c·. 900 A.D. to 1150 A.D. - "Pueblo II": Sometimes called.the \'.. · '· ·:· · developmental period, an outgrowth of the ."Pueblo I" culture. Th~ .. ·: unit type hotise became the small village or'group dwelling . .· ~ . ' . : :;,<:.. >.: c. ·1150 A.D. to 1350 A.D.- ''Pueblo III": The classic or Gl)lden Age . '.·> : . ·.:· ·: (of Pueblo Construction, in wh~ch was evolved a dra.ma, a r21igion · ,' · . "\and a system of government so' advanced that the Pueblo lndi'. : ·. ·:< extended· w·es t into Wes tern Ar~zona, east as far· as the Texas Panhandle, : :.j . . north as far as Central Utah and Southern Coloradq and south into 1 ~ .• ·' North~rn Mexico·including the El Paso ~nd Big Beqtj area of Texas, ., ·,.: . .... Gqod examples of the existancfl of earlier stages in the El Paso area are to be found in picturegraphs, petrographs, aqd fire pits cut into •t, stone within caves and cliff pverhangs of Hueco T~nks and of the ~ ., .t· ' '. ·~ latter phases in tre rancheriP,s and villages dati_rlg at 1200 A.D . .. '·and being excavat~d' in near P}'. ~alleys of. the Sa4inas •. , S0metime near the close of "Pueplo ·III". a· s~vere drought· appears. to have resulted in the abandoment: ·qf many Pueblos including.. those; 1of Mesa Verde. ~li 1 ···, 'Southern Colorado:,:·Pueblo Bonito in New Mexico"anq pos.sibly c.ll 'Ot · ).; . ' . , the eastern and southern most'.· including' t~e· El P~so area. .:.i'/; ·~"'Ii , '.,' ,.: " . .' ·:' , . '.'..'/:•. ;~ \, :' . "' .· . • ;\ . P· · c.1350A.D. to 1700A.D . .:. :."Pµeblo IV":· ·This pe'r:i;od"of.maximum,. ·, . ·".1 \, f ',J;, ~~~~~~~~ t~!/~~q~~~ c~~~~~~s i~i~~~nM~~~~; ~~;~~~~~i~~a,~i~~~~er It . r -,; I\ includes the advent: of the white man, the' conque~t of the Spanish [ l~ ·.·· and their attempt ~t Coloniza~ion and Christiuni~ation.; The Pue~lo (. .:; · ·; '' revo 1 L and remova L of the PueP, los of Ys le ta·, Socqrro, and Senecu:, · r ;).··'.,'.': as well as the seat of Spanisp government to El ~aso de Norte. f:t L ;1 .. · ·' ends with the Spanish re-conquest and subjection .of the Pueblos.i· t; .~ ~ ~ • j -'I ( !· . ' . C', 1700 A.D. to Present -. "Pueblo V": · Era of ·:thET present· day Pueblos ~.in New Mexico, Arifona and Te~as. 1.,, ') '· ' I !,·· :; , .: ' ' . . . ~ (' .,. ., .. ·:•• . :· . . " Dl.AW.<':ND, RA?H; :~~ .•.-u'\,.;; · '. LESLiE & SCH 'ti ~li'1'i ..., . •,· '- ' .. ·' ' ' ~ ., ... : • < . ; ~ i : r ' . ~ _, l I ·pv···..... ~ ... . ' ' . ~ •: II. •. ''-.: I 0 I SPANISH. EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION . j ' 1528- 531- The first ~umors of inhabited ·cities in the north reached '., .; ,: Ncxi o; a possible s9urce of the information was an ·Indian captured. "·· .;, •· · !.,·.:i> ·by .is d.c Guzman. the subsequent expedition by De G,uzman. failed.1 to ..... ' ... ~ ,... di's over these cities as he cmly explored· the country• as far. north L.- as Culiacan. · · i· • :'- :r ' . . ,, . ;, ' I : , ' '. 1 , i /,/; ,· ··~,·1536 J' · Pueblo' country first known to have been appr~ached by a".,'..'.'.: , .. :·'i'. Eu:ope~n ~lvar 'Nunez Cabeza de Vaca set ;to wandering: kfter being ';·1 · • I "'·,.i· .s.q,l.pwrecked on' the Gulf Coast .of Texas, passed through' the area of'' ·· .. ~.·tqe confluences of the Pecos' and· Conchos.,Rivers with ·the Rio ·Grande ':·' ,.;!\ ',•' thqn \~pward c'rossing: somewhere below E( ·Paso and wes'ttvard to Culiacan·· ·. , ·Sina ~da· on t.he west l::oas t of Mexico accompanied by 'A:lbnzo MalcJoonaco, _:, '.'·•Andrcs.·Dorantes and :an Arabian negro,·E.~tevanico. T.J:l~y told ~ales ·,.;Y i·'of>"Cibilo" ..~· seven; cities of Gold far to the north~,\ This journey .<, ;,',''. hel p~d, t:~ ' inS p ir~ ' th~ i Coron~do ~xped i t:t · · ·. ' :i: · .. , .:Vi: . 0 ' I · .. :l~·· ·· 1539 «-:· Fray Marc.os d~ Niza ·\~nd, a· group' 'guided by Cabeza de Vaca 1 s : . ,. , ..,;:·-:t <,:;Esteyanico reached I th~' Pl.teblo ''·of Zuni wh~re Estevanico was separated • ., . ·::'/(~ ;' ·from·:·the·: main gr'oup and killed by the Indians. Fray Marcos ·after, ••t'. . " '"· from ~ distance, viewing Hawikuh, principal village :qf Zuni, planted a cross and took possession of the new rdgion in th~ .name of Spain. . ; He th~n returned to kexico with a glowin~ and exagg~~ated report of what, he had seen and heard. • l ' .. · ·. Feb. 23, 1540 - Firediwith enthusiasm by these tale~~ Viceroy Mendoza .... •sent a great expeditibn under Francisco ~asquez de Cdronado and guided ,. by Fr¥y Marcos de Niza. • This expedition left Compo~. tela and ari·ived 'i ·at C~~iacan on March 28th and departed on April 22 ~rriving on July ., ' 7th at Hawikuh which he renamed Granada.' . *rhe Zuni Indians were routed ;, and Coronado· sent expeditionary groups to the Hopi villages, the . ; Grand!Canyon, the Rio Grande Valley and as far east.as the buffalo · ~ ;.plain~ in search of the rumored wealth. · · • Septe~ber 8th, 1540 :~Capt~ Alvarado in advance of C~ronado's army reached the Rio Grande and named it "Nuestra Senora"~ He met people fro~ 12 Tigua'villag~s (located ·north of present day Albuquerque). He was met by Indians playing pipes with.an old man for a spokesman. The .Indians were of 1good appearancev:earing cotton clothing and the skins of cows (buffaid) and feather dress¢s. ·. They wore their hair · short. The old men Jere in authority. Seven other villages in the province had been destroyed by those Indians who paint their eyes and live with the co~s. Alvarado sent back word to toronado recommending the army encamp with the Tiguas for winter.(Twitchell . 1963: Vol. 1., pg.292) Castaneda, a chronicler of Coronados expedition, described the 12 viliages as being on the banks of the river in a . vall~y six miles wide with 4 more villages at the base of mountains to the east and an additional three on the heights. He deocribed 8 villciges in the proytnce of "Tutaha uc'o ''41 miles Southeast (in the ·vicinity o-f Isleta,:New Mexico, south ·or present day Albuquerque). The Tiguas were governed by elders and worked together.· Women made the walls of houses and the men· placed the beams. Some· houses had ·:·. ',. 4 stories and they were both square and round estufas (kivas) undetground. The h6uses belonged to the women but the. estufas were. the sole province of the men. One years harvest was· enough for 7 · :. · so bountiful was theiharvcst. (the southwest direction given for · '· Tutahaoo has been ch~llenged but makes sense when m~gnetic declina· · tion is taken into account) (Twitchell l963:Vol. l, page 204.) \ . DT AMONn,, RAS.ff, BOLING ". 2· · LESLl.E &_ ·~~iHVAR'fZ ... , ., ' . . I .· .. . ' DIAMOND, RASH, BOLING LESLIE & SCHWARTZ : l ·The Sµaniards not content with the succ9r volunteered by the Indians . ' confiscated horses; food and clothing. After an inbident of rape the ,, Indians barricaded their pueblos and defied the Spanish demands for the balance of their stores. Capt. Gardenas on orders of Coronado to give no quarter assaulted two pueblo·which after ieige surrendered unde:r two Spanish peace signs '(two Spanish officers fold their arms). ·Two Hundred captives were taken and that night, 100 broke fre~ and • fought to the death after they perceived their companions were being. burnt at the stake•: Quoting Castaneda "As the country was level not a ,, man of tht~m remained alive, unless it was some who remained hidden· in ;che village and :escaped that night to spread throughout the country the news. that the strangers didinot respect the peace they . : had made, which afterward pro.ved a great misfortune'.'(Twitchell 1963: ..... ' Vol I, Pg. 208). · ""- '!1 I. ~ ·A~ril 1541 - Co~ortJdo's forces led astray by a Pa~nee Indian guide '')~; crossed the plains ·~o Quivira (Kansas-Nebraska border) in search of gold. They i:eturned to Tiguex for the .second winter• All the Tigua. pucb.los were now de~erted wit,h the Indians hiding LI< the mountains.·· • •• := I . •,J \~ Sprins 1542 - CoronJdo's forces returned to Mexico; finding no trace ,, .. I ' It . • I .;!1 ,,l .. of the rumored go14. Two missionaries were left b~hind -- Fray Juan de ,Padilla who went to Quivira and Fray Luis, a la~ brother, who . remained at Pecos., Both were probably killed by the natives whom . " .'.1 . theyj expected to'c9nvert. Coronado.repo~ted 71 vi~iages occupied . '' by the Pueblos and;others not enumerated. · Coronado 1s venture was dee1ried a dismal failure and coolec;l Spanish interest. in the N.orth. · . ' ~ .. ', . l 1543- • Aborigines-declared direct vassals of the b~own.(Bandelier Final Report I, 192, New Laws & Ordinances of the Government of the i··<' , Indies, Brayer 1939 . : 8 & 9 ) • { .·. '·' June:5, 1581 - . Fr~~ Agustin Rodriguez ,and two oth~t Franci~can ,I. !:·1.-:·, Fathers and.eight sdldiers commanded by Capt. Francisco Chamuscado and Indian servants =left San Bartholomae, Mexico fo~lowing the Rio ·~ ' Concnos north to thd Rio Grande. Then upstream north to El Paso · del Rio del Norte wtjere they crossed near the site~f present day El Paso and Juarezjdontinuing northward along the river to the area ,of the Tiguasi. All three frays met violent deaths after the soldiers returned i:d Mexico. Two of the priests were slain at the TigJa Pueblo of Puaray. They described the El ~as6 valley as: . "a marshy valley extending for more than 8 leagues (24 mil¢s), which was suitable fbr ranches and for the cul~ivation of anything that might b~ desired. We namedJ it Los Valientes. :We found it uninhabited." (The ~~di.~~~D' of ~ ?.:f~J.S£, Hammond & Reyj 1966) '..·'.! .' \ 1 Aft~r passing throhgh the El Paso area; the expedition encountered the domain of the Piros centered about~br~sent day Socorro, New Mexico. They found' the Piros at war with their Northern neighbor, the T(guas. The Pl~os Indians were closely related to the Tigu~s and 1spoke a language which was part of the same basic language _farn+ly of the Tiwa being Tanoan. · At· that time the T-:1noan speakers included in addition to the Tiwa and Piro, the Tewa, Tewa, Tano, and Tompiro •. Today only the Tiwa, Tewa and Towa are spoken. These .. :· DT />. ?lOND, RA AH, UOJ.ING .L.ESLlE & SCHWAR'l'Z ...,t \ ·. •' •, .· ' .. ' 3 . " /" .::. . ef ~. . ., ., 'I !• ' v . '·: ··. DIAMOND, RASH. BOLING LESLIE & SCHWARTZ . '; ;" '.·'';. ''.! early Spaniards in describing their first contact ~ith the Tigu~ Indians have left behind accounts of their custom, .habit and dress which can still be recognized in the Tigua•Pueblo at Ysleta, Texas. For example: . 1· ' . iI "We'entered the settlement, where the inhabitants gave us much corn. They showed us many ollas and other. -• I·· earthenware containers, richly painted,· and brought ~ quantities of calabashes and beans for· lis ·to eat. We took a 'ilttle, so that they ~hould not think we were greedy n6r yet receive the impression that we did not want it; among themselves they consider it disparaging if one does not accept what ~ls offered. ,One must take ~h.at they give, but after ta~ing it may throw it away wherever he wishes. Should bne throw it ·to the ground,: 1 they wiil not pick it up, though it may be something · they can .utilize. On the contrary, they will sooner let • :" · the thing rot where it is discarded. This is their prac- . tice. J;hus, since we understood their custom, we took. ii something of what they gave us. Moreover, we did this to get t~em into the habit of givingfreely without being asked. . Accordingly, they all brought what they could. The supply of corn tortillas,· corn-flour: gruel, calabashes, : and beans which. they brought' was such that enough was left. over every day to feed five hundred men. I Part of this the .. nativesicarried for us. The.women make. tortillas similar . to those of New Spa in, and tortillas of ground beans, too. · ·. In these pueblos there are also houses of three and four . .stories' similar to the onesrwe had seen'before; but the farther dne goes into the interior the large'r are the · · · ~ .~pueblos :and the houses, and the more num~rous the people. .. . ' . . . ; . ' . I .~ .' The·way they build th~ir houses, which are in blocks, is as f~llows: they burn the clay, build narrow walls, and ' .. • .J l ,.~ make addbes for .the doorwaysl The lumber used is' pine or. willows; and many rounded beams, ten and twelve feet long, are built intp the houses. The nativ~s 1 have ladders by. ·means of which they climb to their quarters. These are .. ) . 'it' ! ,. \ ·movable wooden ladders, for when the Indians retire at · i. ·night, tHey pull them up to protect themselves against ·,;_. :· ··,I .. ,! enemies Jince they are at wa~ with one another. i ' •. '· . ' ' :. . These people, like the others,- wear clothing. I have decided'.to describe their attire here because, for barbar~ ians, it is the best that· has been found~ It is as £ollows: ,· (some of} the men 'cut th~ir hair short ~nd leave on' top - " ' I mean, .'dn the crown of their heads, a sort of skull cap '" • ' I formed ~y their own hair, while others wear t~e Lr hair long, "· : ~ .. to the ~boulders, as the Indians of New Spain formerly did. • Some adorn themselves with pieces of colored cotton cl0th three fourths of a vara in length and two thirds in width, with which they cover their privy parts. ~er this they wear, fastened at the shoulders, a blanket of the same materiaiJ decorated with many figures and colors, which reaches to their knees, like the clothes of th~ Mexicans. Some (in fact, most) wear cotton s~irts, handpainted and embroidered,. that are very pleasing. They use shoes, be- . ~ . . . ' . ' " n r A u o N n., n .!1 ~ r-t. .13 or. ING LESLIE & SCHWARTZ 4 . ~ .... ' . '• . '' "' . ;' ·'.- ; I l ' ',_', · I ' \. \' '> ~ ,i •. " ' ''. '' . ' ' .} ,,.~ .: . · · .· low the waist the women wear cotton skirts, colored and .. ,·:, embroidered; and above, a blanket 0£ the same r.wteri.al, ••· .)·.;':;\ {. 1 figures ahd adorned like· those.used by'·;tpe men. They ,,·,· '.::·'/:,.\';; :'1.: ·., adjust it after the fashion of· Jewish women, and gird:: it 1 :,,,.i' 1:»,;.: ·· ,' '· with 'embroidered cotton sashes adorned wtth tassels .. ,'.._. '.'.<. '. ·: ; 1 ; •. • foods. These are similar to the mills tones in New Spa in, except that they are stationary; and the women, if they ..I '' ._:,~_·. · · have daughters, make them do.the grinding. · ,' ··: ./:, ), ; '. ·. · Th~ se Iridians a re very clean people J The men bear ·.·. · ,'. · · ;· · , . ' burdens, but not the women •. The n:a nner of carrying loads,': ·, '· ·' .·.;:, ::,' 1,'.:,.·.. ~'._" . sleeping, eating and sitting is the same: as that ·of the .~.-. 1 l· >·~: :T:: ..... ' Mexicans, for both men and women, except. that they carry <·" ... ·... ; :::.:.. · '.water in. a different way. For this the indians make and .' ...... "; ( ~- ... : "place on their heads a cushion of palm leaves, similar to " . ·I{.'.::'; . . . those used in Old Castile, on top of. wh ith they place and · ... , carry the water jar. It is all very interesting. . . :: . . ~ ; .i The women part their hair in. Spanish style. Some ha\.e . : '· .·. "'.'. light hair which is surprising. The girls do not leave ir . " .. / '.'; +~ .: •_: . tre ., rooms ex4ept when permitted by their parents. They are ' very ob~4ient. They marry early; judging by what we~ saw, 1 ·:· ', •. i' the womert are given husbands when seventeen yearsof ~ge. ~ • I I ~.- ~ ~ ' A man has one wife and no more. The woi:nen are the ones · who spin; sew, weave and paint. Some of the women, like the men~ bath~ frequently. Their baths ~re as good as th~e· ' ~ . ., of New Spa in·. . ·Their language is very easy to learn·. They are the most do~estic and industrious people and the best cfafts men found in New Spain. Had we brooght almg interpretors; some of, the natives would have become Christians~ because they are a very intelligent ,people and willing to serve. 11 (The ·Rediscovery of New Mexico, Hammond & Rey) November 10, 15S2 ~.A relief expeditiort with the avowed purpose of rescuing the FrancL~can friars led by Captain Antonio de Espejo left san Bartholomae. The name "New Mexico'' appears for the first time in writing on the title page of the journal of this expedition. Espejo's imagination was fired by the accounts of civiliazed people wearing clothing and living in multiple story houses and on the pretext of . DI AMo::-:n.· R J.. .~H. B0r. TNG : '1' LES·LIE & SCili \'i ARTZ .\ .. "·. ' , . ' ' ' • '. I;'). 'J •. ,'.,·' ' .... ~: :1, ·. :.~·-·--' '·~. 'f • .. \I, .'1 : , I ·". .... ·.i.: ..· .. - .' ~ ·' : ~··. •.· . v ' . ,. ; '. ' '·.'1 ...... ~ . • , : '..; 1. nr !. J.~f)N''.l, RASH, BOLnHl . ~' LESLIE & SCHWA~TZ ; ~ :· looking into the safety of the priests equipped an expedition of ... i~"' · · · 14 soldiers, 150 horses and mules and a few Indian servants. . ·~ · · · 1; .· , .. ::\1. :,Acco~panying the expedition .were two Cathol•ic pries,ts•, Fathers · !. '. , 1 '. .\· Bernardino Beltran and Pedro de There was c'ons iderable ; :· . I, , .. '.• , , Heredia~' . , ' .. ·.·",,., ·alarm for the safety of the priests who remained behind as the Con-· \ .\, . 1 chos lndi..:m who hud ~een left "t:Jith them· h.ad appeared in S:mta Bar- ;\ .>·:·1, · b.~r.a ;~ith .the tale, of their slaughter by the Tiguas .. : The chronicler :"·;..').,~,; ·;ot th i.s expedition. wa~ a Spaniard named Lujan w~o ·: i·,1. 1\area 'r:ca.~ the jun~tion of. t~e Conchos ~nd Rio Grande Rivers. i In·l·~ay , Y ,1 \,; of .1582, ,the' EspeJo expedi.t1on reached the Tigua Pueblo of ,Puar.aY(· and :, : 1 1 1 ':\:,i" ".ex.ecu~ed '16 Indians and burned many ot~er in their 'ki.;vas aft~r ·.. : .:·;'1 . 1. ·:~ •. • '': ', 1 1 ·, .·''' ·1a.ttacking, and taking· the Pueblo by force·.: Lujan sta~es that .the i'J • ·•. :, ··• ~ !- \ . . I I . ' 1 , ·, • ~ ! .' ' I I .. \; \· ) .. ".~xpe~Ltion was 'receiv~d ~~Il:.by, 1all .of the Pueblo T~ibes with the 1 ·) ::1 ~;·{.'.e.xcept,i?n of· the. Tigu~s. · ' Afi:er confirming the dea t1i of the two. '··h-V' Spanish ·priests left behind at Puaray, and conducting limited '' .~xplotation of the Pueblo country, the expedition r~turned to Mexico · '. possibly by way of Toyaville and present ;day Fort Davis and Marfa. i .· : : · On the journey Northward, the ·expedition .camped for several . ,· · days! in the El Paso valley to rest and refresh themselves and described·.·· . the y.:;illey as containing several lakes ithbich fish :were £.ound in abun~ance. They call~d the valley "La Cienega Grande" and\ found the . · ·· .:. indi~enour Indians, .the Manses, living in rancherio.s and having ·. · . · .·• homes; of tI".aw. They named their camp where they span t seven days, • • , , · "Los. Char os Canutillo" and record that they were well received by 1 ., the nati~es who supplied them with mesquite, corn and fish. As they left the r camp. Los Charcos Ca nut illo and cont iriued up the El Paso · valley, hey camped :successively at sites named by ~hem, ·"Las Salin.ls'; "Los Chardos de San Antonio", and on the 19th day· of January 1583, camp~d near present day downtown El ~aso referring to · ·· · it as i " os Vuel tos d~l Rio" (The Turns of the River) ' They named 1 '. the ar a, just West ;of the University of Texas at Ei Paso campus, 11 . •' Bar.ra cas de Los VJeltos del Rio".· (The.Rediscovery'of New Mexico, ., . Harrunon & Rey) · , , l . i : I , 1590 The Pueblo c9tlntry did not see any more Spaniards.until 1590 when ·b July 27, Castano de Sosa crossed the Rio Gra~de .near Del' ,. ·Rio, exas, and made ,his way to the Pueblo country via the Pecos River He set up h~ddquarters at the Pueblo of Santo Domingo South of Sa ta Fe with hi. band of would-~c settlers, and visited the Tigu Indians who fled at the sight and abandoned their pueblos unti.i · the Spaniards had left. This expedition was unauthorized and· on orders of the Vi6eroy, a daptain Morl~te with 40 soldiers travel~ ing u~ the converiti6nal Conchos-Rio Grande route arrived at the. Pueblo Santo Domingo on March 29, 1591, and placed De Sosa under arrest. Horlete thJn escorted De Sosa in chains with his settlers down the Rio Grande. On July 10, 1591, the party on its way south ward camped near Las Cruc~s, New Mexico, and paused to take testi mony regarding the caputre of De Sosa arid his con DIA?110.Nfl, Rt.fa, BOLING LESLIE & SCHWAR'.l.'i ,. 6 ' ·, T •.'. :, . ' .. ,!'. ' I H •,· . •, : : : ·. . \ ; ~ . ' ; ,: '. .t~ ·] l i ; ... '.f' " .,, ''·"' . ~TA ~l.ON,D, RAS~, BOLING :'. . ''. • ~- t \ . LESLlE & SCHWARTZ ·. ) , .. ,•' •'.· ' ''.. ' J :. ,' ·;- . ' . '•. - The following year Leyva de Bonilla and Antonio G11 tierrez de '.umana, stru~k out on another unauthorized c~pe , ''.;, ' 1595 - Don Juan de Onate was awarded a contract by the 1 'As:::::~:r. ':1 r. . \'>.: ... King of Spain for the colonization 'of New Mexico· at his own ': . . \ . ' ~ . , ? • l'i·... expense. ' : .. '\.. : \ '! ! ;'' J. ~ ! ·' '· .· · .. 1598 - The Sparlish expeditions previously discussed were not •1 .. \,~'· \::·;\·,.concerned with the colonization of either New Mexico ·or Texas. • ::..·~.. ·'- :\,,. · ~ i th the exceptl ion of the 111-fa ted expedition of Castano de , I( 1 1 · ~· • .,.,... · . Sosa. Coloniz~tion was actually accomplished by Don Juan Onate. -.·, ,· . '. ::Jt; ·! · .~· •• ·" 1 prominent Spaniard ·whose father, Cris tobol, had served under : · · ' ' · ·,':) ... : ' Cortez. Onate was married to Dona Isabel Tolaso Cortez.: She· ·. 1 ;·:·;,,',:.i:'.·;::····:•• ,\ ··.···:::"·.···.; ~.· ;.. tas the great granddaughter of . the Inc;J.ian King; Monte~uma; and _ 1 _ .~he granddaughter of the Conquistador Cortez. ;The Procu;ador l <'t'i"1 ·:,. ..1 : 9eneral of the ,Ohate Expedition was ,Gaspar Per'\!Z de. Vill.;igra;' 1 .-.:)~~:~,,.'. · ·>.', ~hose history df New Mexico ,was published at Alcala, . Spa in in : ' . • ,°•/\ . ·1610 < . ;i I .:'..J<' ~: :' \I • The Onate Expedition did not foll~w the. conventional ,:1._ · ;,, .. ·•. ·., :Conchos .. Rio Gr.;inde Route between Santa Barbara ·and El ·Paso and >:., ·. :·: 'instead struck out Northward across the barren desert ·from San ta. l .'. ,, · '".~ · · Barbara directly to the El Paso area. Villagr';l rca ched ~he Rio .~:' . ._: 'i Grande with. an .advance party on the 28th day of.April, 1598 and :~5'. · ·, · gives the 'following account of his arrival at the· river some . ', ..·;.- · 15 miles below present day El Paso:· ·· ,; ~-· c' ·,•,I •'. . ·. ·,. .,, ·~j~ faith·. was ~inally rewarded. That Providence . .. , ~: which never deserted us at length crown~d our effprts ·/ .. ·with success! After journeying, as stated, for fpur days ... without water, on the .morning of the fifth we joyfully .. ,· viewed iq the distance the long sought waters of the Rio .~ : . del Norte. ( .. -. ... ·:.: The guant horses approached the rolling stream and plunged tjeadlong into it. Two of them drank so much that they butst their.sides and died. Two other, blinded by 'their raving thirst, plunged so .far into the stream that they were! caught in its swift current and drowned. ·our 'men, consumed by the burning thirst, their tongues .swollen:and their throats p~rched, threw the~selves into the water arid drank as though the entire river did not carry enough to quench their terrible thirst. Then satisfied, , .. ; they threw themselves upon the cool sands, like foul wretches stretched upon some~ tavern floor. in a drunken . orgy, deformed and swollen ahd more like toads than men. ·Joyfully we tarried 'neath the pleasant shade of ihe wide spreading trees which grew along the river banks. It seemed to us that these we:re, · indeed, the Elysian; f iclds of happiness, where, forgetting all our pas.t misfortunes, we .. ' DTAMOND,;Rt-.~H, HOLING '' LESLIE & SCH \'Y ARTZ · ... : • 1 ·.·. . ; 0.,.,. ·, ::- \· ·, )1 :'..· DI A :1.0?\D, RASH, BOLING . ·. V .·:·.:". ::" :\ : . " \ ·.,. '·. .. ; ~ . " Ll:.SLlE & SCHWARTZ ·.···. ~- .,".:.: :'' .. v I .. .- "\ .'-' ' .... :. ·.L ;.~.,._I;.·,. . " ~ ,, '.' ': ::, ...' ; i". could l(e· beneQth the shady howers and rest our tir8 . " ; ·. ·'' ; · , , . The mighty river flowing swiftly by was such :a 1 • ~ ;. · ·~· ~ _'· •• f·-' '., ·.~· pleils ing ·Sight that its turbulent waters seemed to us a· 1 /' .::· ··:, l: · · calm and placid lake with scarce a rinple.'to disturb · ~" >/'. ··:: · .·:._ "i · '. :. · its peaceful surface. Its bountiful teemed with'· I . . . . '' . . . ~aters. . :. ; '. ::> .··\:;i·.·. !" ·..:- i many fist),: and we easily caught a great hllinber. The \. \1\, '.'.'. ,:':;· ·.· ,i· '. _': . · hunters th.en shot a large number .of ducks and geese. r ., :,•;I, . : . ·' : ;·l ·· :, :.\ .) 11 ' · · ·· · · · ' ' · ·· · To make our happiness co~plete,. we s~w our general I:' (Onate) and the rest oi the expedition approaching in the di.stance: j They had followed us, and it h~d now been ' ( several days since we had se~h them. It ~as, indeed, a ., happy meeting. We built a great bonfire and roaste'Cl the ...... ,: tneat and: fish, and then all sat down to a repast the like i\•. , ·~· ., . . "·· . , of which i we had never enjoyed. before. We were happy that :~HW.>-1:·;: ·· .·J_ . . our triai~ were over; as happy as were the passengers in '\i:•f 111 ~ ·... ·.·: .,. :,. the Ark when .they saw the dove returning with the 'olive .N:.~"'' · i - .' 1 . . branch in 1_his beak,- bringing· tidings that the deluge had _, ....'.}- · ··,; · subsided~·~ (Translation by Gilberto Espinosa) . ,, ', I !• ,.:' j . ~ ' ·: \, . •.).\·" .. ·,qn April 30, 1598, Don Juan Onate, by formal declarat.ion :took 1 . . : ,.. ' • .~.. possession of New Mexico on the banks of the Rio Grande. In !his ;,~' officia~ proclamation, "onate stated · ir\,1.. l .' .. .-: :.:~" \I •, .; . I. 1 :: I I.·. . ; I • ' ...: :· ~h~ first and not the least cause of this expedi·· · ti.on was· the death of those saintly preachers of the ·, ,' Holy Gospel, those true Sons of St. Francis, Fray ;Juan . :•.. de Santa·; Maria, Fray Francisco Lopez and Fray Augqs tin ! ' ' Rodriquez (Ruiz). They gave.their lives as the fi:rst tnar~yrs (doubtful) of the Holy Faith in these provinces. They suffered a martyrdom at.the hands of the Indians (Tiguas) which· they did not deserve, h.:iv ihg been well received and admitted by the Indians into their hdmes and having remained there among ~hem to preach the go$pel and i l • after ha~tng learned their language the Indians turned upon them and contrary to natural law returned evil for good and cruelly murdered them. (Onate ,was unaware of Coron~do's treatment of the Tiguas) These men were 1 • innocent of any wrong doing. i They simply were do i.mg wba t they could to assist the simple natives and tm ch them ways whic~ would be to their advantage and bring them the word of God. (If religious fanatasism brought about the death of the Fatheirs it was but a prelude to the bloody Pueblo ReVolt that followed.) This reason alone S'hould · justify this expedition. Another.reason is the .n~ed for correcting and punishing the sins against nature ~nd ...... , ···1 'I " • 1, !, nrA1M1::-1D, R/\rr-r. H0LrNa . . '." · 1 LESL~ & SCHWARTZ '. ··'. • ' ' 'I I ;,l .•' •, ... . ;~ '' ,; . ,, . "' .I~ -. ' ' : ~' ':' 1' ...... ; .• ; :· .. : .·". ~.? 1ni-:D, R•\SH, ·BOLING . ' . . : .:. LESLIE & SCHWARTZ . ·.I I " • ? ' ; ,· ' '· ;" \ ,; '. ,. • ~ " • • l • ' . . . ' l ' ' . ~ . . ·.; .•·•. :·:.· against humainty that exist among these be~~ti.a1 nations ·;: ~ · : : /and which Lt behooves my King and Prince. as a most , power- . ' . ; ·;/.;'',' . \.:~I; ful Lord to . correct and repress .• To rr,(;! as. ·h. is Servant ~.') '".:.·i·\· ' \ . ' ' ! : I I ·,1 : ~ 1. ,If ~'I t, .;· .. ,.,.... . ' " . .·. . ./, ... · ·, J.nc nate Party was unable ,to cross the Ri.o Grande; due tv its·':;:; :. \{ :i ,'·,flooded ond it i.on un t i.l they reached a ford used by th~ Ind i.ans in!( 1 ·' 1'..'; ;.•:\'the' arc near present day downtown El Paso where onthe'· 4th dar of,.: 1 1 .t'(/)lay > 15 8, they. effc·c ted a crossing. (Ga.spar Perez dc Villara, ·· ..·'/ . ,\ . . 1 "i; :(~~ A Hlsto·v 0£ New Mexico, tr~nslated by Gilberto Espinosa, Rio G~ande 1 1 ',\1 '\..',.'•'.: Press:> 1962). Ona te refers to th is crossing as "El P4s0" ·and wh il~ 1 1 ·./.'.,'.~:··.. :~1 ,Pa~ 'm,ay .. have s·ubsequently been name'd.:,'for th'e Pas~;'..,,in the. Moun~ains, 1 ' ·; ;·, ;; l:- t ;.·t,.s L: 7r~a i.~ .'that t~e, fir~ t. reference t~. El Paso wa.~;i.·as a pa~ sin~; of ., . ·;Y(:. .,.,the r er nna,not a mountaln pass. " . :!· '· ..• · · .. ,::: ·· · 1 1 ·/·:'\ .':.1 ,.f·\".. Vo 1.owing .. Ona.te's ;successful coloni~·~'tion of Ncw:¥exico,, the'.;/~ . ·:. \1"Y~r:io s· Pueblos were Christianized and mfssions consb;'ucted d(f! .-... Julv 11, 1598 - The flrst Spanish settle~ent and ~apital was founded (' ': .at San Gabriel de lo~ Espanoles on the Rio Grande at the TewatvLllage of Yukewingge. Septe:nber 8, l598 -·First. church built in New Mexico ·and dedi~ated to San J~an Bautista. ':;1 Januabv> .1599 - Battlk o~ Acoma, resultihg in a ;spa~ish victot~. .. Indians suffered overwhelming casualties. ' . .· c. 1600 Pr.esent Pueblo of San Juan founded . c. 1610 - Sen Gabriel abandoned and the Spanish capital estab~ished at La Villa Real de Sartta Fe de San Francisco de Assisi (Santa Fe), by Don Pedro de Peral ta, third governor of New Mexico.; . A regula:r ·miss im . •• ~ l i supply service established between Mexico City and Santa Fe. Be• t :. tweeri 1610 and 1614; tbe Palace of the Governor3 was .erected at Santa Fe. 1617 - There were ll: miss ion churches in New Mexico •. · 'The . Spa:nish population at th is ti.me was 48 men.· 1620 - A royal decree of the King of Spain required each Pueblo with the close of the cal~nda~ year to choose by populat vote a governor, lieutenant g6~ernor, and other officials as needed ~o carry dn the affairs of the pueblo. The decree stipulated that the inaug4rations" were to be held during the first week of the new year, Silver banded varas. or tanes w.erd given to. each pueblo governor as a symbol of his commission and ;~uthority, with the cross on the head mou~t symbolizing the surport of the church. These canes were to be passed on to the succeedirig governors.· · 1627 or 1628 - Isl~ta convent construct~d by Fr. Salas (Vetartcourt Croriica, Pg. 302 & 311, Twitchill 1963: Vol. I., F.N., Pg. 375) 1629 - Benavides recom.~ends missions be established among th~ M~nAus o.rt'he El Paso disti-ict to protect corrununications. (Hewitt & Fisher, 1943 :_86) : ;' ' .. ' . Dr AMOND~ RASR, notrNq .. LESLIE & SCHViAR'l'Z I . ''1·;.· . '' i' 'l' . . 'i,, . '. .9 . :1·. . ' I < j , I., ', .. ~.': .. '· ;'·: •'i' •,., :·:.·:: ,· , I ''.,:'. · 1630 -: San.Antonio D\.! Senecu Mission established a.t Senecu by . F~ay ~i'l.toni.o de. Artc.Jga. This was the first mission .found~d ar;r.:::mg ·-~ · tne Pi.ros and tne foundation may have been laid in 1626. · (Twicchill ·· · · · 1963: Vol I, F.N. ,,Pg. 231) . •' ·'. .. 1630 .. Benavides .Memorial. Taos. (Tiguas): 7 leagues (21 miles) · : above Piros. 15 or 16 pueblos. 7, 000 indians. Miss ions: San. ·. Antonio de Sandia and San Antonio de-Isleta. Piros: Both sides ofj the river for 15 leagues from Senecu to Sevelita. 15 pueblos.: ·; 6,000 .indians. 3 missions: Nuestra Senora del Socorro at Pi.lpbo, , ... S n'/\ntonio de Senecu and San Luis Obispo de Sevelcta .. Men~iops " ,.,' Ap.:ich(!s as pc.Jccful. Also mentions the Gilas (Apache) .,Navajo f;lnd , I V.Jqu~l.·os. (Twi tch~ll 1963: Vol. 1., F. Ni , Pg. 342) ·· · : · .1\:.:. t·:· •.,. 1 ~- December 1632 Fr. Pedro de Miranda, priest at Taos Pueblo an ·id hangi~g of 40 IndLans who refused to become Catholics; 'the upr1ising •; 1:., was sJpprcssed. A later uprising at· Jemez Pueblo resulted in :29 \( ... :;t:. being ;caught and p~m!.shed. · . · 1 :I.:·/,.'; : !/(\': lli.Q. :~ The Pueblos of Jemez, Isle ta, Alameda, San Felipe and qochi.ti. t>., consp ~re cl with 'the Navajos to revo 1 t and expel the Spanish; · th!e plot ~DI was d~scovered and, 9~of the ringleaders were hanged, others w~re sold }:~~}·1).l'.:·.into ilavery. (Hewitt & Fisher, 1943:180) · ' i· .·: <;; 1650 · •. Pl :i~J.. i Decedmb cr q, lp659 •dFounNdf t ion(Jla id )for£ mLshs ionM.aof our Lda dy of ! :}( · Gua a 1upe at aso e 1 orte uarez or t e nsos an 2umas.: (Decorine, Gerardo S.J., Undated Ysleta Church pamphlet, Twitchell, 1963: :Vol. I., F.N. ,":Pg. 427) .. 1660 ~ ThG conflict between the Spanish civil and religious autho cit"ie~ became ~o grav7 that the Franciscans threatened to abandon the missions in New Mexico. · !· 1661-i664 - GovernoJ bon Diego de Penalo~a forbade the exploi¢ation ~ the Indians by the friars in "spinning·and weaving ~dtton man~ns." On his return to x~xibo City he was tried by the in~~isition for offenses .Jg~1 i.nst: the clergy and a ruinous fine was impo&ed. Later, in Fr.;ince, Pc::-.alosa's stories of his experience stimulated th~ La Salle expe:diti.on of 1684-1687 to limit expansion of the Sp;:.mish holdirigs in the New:World~ · ' ~ r t Di2cemberl6, 1669 .. Governor Juan de Medrano y Mesia- ordered v~rious cncomendoros to muster at Isleta for defense of the Pueblos of the Snlina di.strict. Pueblos had choice of fighting for the Spanlards .:igairist the i\pachc or resisting their Spanish masters. (Forbes 1960: .. 165) : ~ ::he 1670 's warfare with the Apaches largaly brou~ht on :· .. ploitation of the Apache increased to the point where DI A}(. ONn., R "·SH I BOTJI'NG LESLlE & SCHWAR'l'Z . , 10 .. · '' ;"< .. , '. . ' ".·· ' • • I ' ..... · .. . i ~· . :i . ' ~ . .; 1iI RASH BOT ·y ·:· ; • I' ~O:i\D: ·n~G '' LESLIE & SCH \v AR1'z . '. ,·, !) " •• i ... , ' ' I '·' ., ',,' ·, i ·l.; ' '1675 · ~ Six i.n 1(,\ again:. The narae 1 i.ved on in theEl Paso region at Serl.ecu del Sur . •• 1, • \': 1.1: unti,l; the 20th Century. Senecu, New Mexico is now occupied by the. ~.·;~l'~i, .N~wM~xico town ot Saint Anthony. (Twitchell, l963t Voi. I., F.N., !;:'. i \.' Pg. 231) . \ '~ "',t 11 . ' I . , I I. t:!\ 1 '\ 1 'I ·1 :~.WlA· 167.6 ··.~ Rdid8 by .Apacihes resulted. in destruction of several Pueblos · ., and c.hurche6, and t~c killing of many Spaniards and'. converted Indians. :/ . Those who were captured were han&ed or· sold i.nt:o slav~ry. _· · 1.. -.:·( · l' ' ' ! ~ f i; • ·I . I III .i .\ I ,j .· ... THE PUEBLO REVOLT ~ugust. ; ' i 10, 1680 - M~rks the date of the beginning of the Pueblo Revolt led by a Cacique, Pope)of San Juan Pueblo together with Taqu of S~n Juan, Xaca of Taos, and Francisco of San Ildefonso~ At this. time the governor and capitan .. general of New Mexico was Don .Antonio ' de Oterrnin. His hesdquarters were in the capital city of Santa Fe, and Lt was in this ~pper part of the Rio Grande that mo~t Spanish colonists had settled. , A second segment of Spaniards lived farther to the south on the Rio Abajo, as thisportion of the Rio Grande . ; was called. They were in the charge of Alonso Garcia, lieutenant governor under Otermin. Their headquarters were irt the vicinity of Isleta Pueblo arid present day Albuquerque. Virtually, all the Pueblo Indians of ~ew Mexico with the exception of; tl;ic oouthern ) ·Ti.guas of Isleta Ptlcblo·and the Piros rose in revolt ag~inst the Spanish. The Indians hoped to exterminate the approximately 2500 Spaniards in thei.rlmi.dst and they believed that if any survivors should escape, theL:u "allies", the Mansos at El Paso del Norte, would f~nish them off. (Twitchill, 1963 Vol. I: Pg. 356, et seq.) . · August 11, 1680 .. Governor Otermi.n and his people· were completely ·surrounded at Santa Fe and communications between him and G.::i:cia, to the south, was cut off. Garcia and his people t6ok refuge Ln Isleta Pueblo. The Tiguas at Puar~y, Sandia and Alameda jotncd Ln the Pueblo revolt kLlling as many Spanlards as they could wlth the survivors in and near these three Pueblos falling back to Ysleta • . (Hackett: XLIX) D!Al!.ONn, RA.~H. B0LING · i · LESLIE & SCH\V 1.. R'l'Z ... ll . . \ l ' I ~ :' '' • o' :''' ------·------·- .,, nr l·.:lO-:\T1, Rt' s•.T •:·n" -,.,...... t 1 f '· ..... '\..l' l ..:.'"SL'" !.L..:.; " S G-~\•··r..,.,.J..c:.., . .... 'f ···" A4 orde::eci by the gove::nr.1en t of Ch .i.'.lual-"1t:.a on r>e:ce;:.-.::-e:- l, l825 t.2 tw.:::. the Pueblo of Yslcta and the Pueblo oi Soco:~o. Other ~ocu±2~ts 1 I- d j l '°'I 1 • ' . ...., • - r - ') . - \.., . l aa ... e u:1e 21.._, oo+ o.r r.::co~c:. ;_n .:ioCJl( :.; , !::'c:;;c ..J~- o;.: t .. e D.;;qc Rcco~ '11a~1l!r-.s '1..·1,j(: cc~•• ·· .. ··1','"•'·:-~·i_i:.c, ';";"'r· ~!v,"1 -1 ...... , .. "\.)l'""'·(· of:' j .. _)' ... . !"' _ at~ .J ~ __ .. ._ ...., ... ~, ~ '- ...... '4 \.Jc ...... ,l..; • ~ ... • :;, ~ ''·1-·'·~ ~ l! ~a ...... "" ...... :)ort~o-.1 of r:·i.:; year 1035 .Jlso i)(:r::.::i:..n to c: g:.:.::1t ;.-..:.:.:.:..:to the! L1 .:ul 23, 1754 - r-'athcr ':.'rigo Lecter -- "It~ t~1e mission o..: S<.ln L.Jrl..!~120 Jci Rc.: April 23, 1760 - BLshop Pedro T~~~~o~ in l~l '''" '") ' ...... I" 1'' 1 .. U~·~· • .Ls .-,·•'-" U •°'IL '"1 ")0l • ..J "'"• i t...-4·~ •·"" t' 0'"., • distri.ct ancl ia his renort. says o~ -Sl ''Th ~ is ~adc U? 0~ S?~~iards, ZurO?~anit~d ~ixt~r2s ~nd r~dians. Th~~~ is '1 .:i royal prcsid~o with a ca~it~~ a~~ ii~~y soldi2rs i~ t~12 pa~ of· ~ha -rr 7r.::: n·~"'·o- s···: ..,,.. (~-,.~-:nr: "1'"'~' ~-,.-,._,:ciL'o) :_, ."'i·ir- L...,r 1 v o:.:- D'lci~· l'\. L... 0 • ._ ._, ..,'-""'"'"" .... <..:."'-•"'- •14t..;;c..1 ...... , c, '-...,\;,,; .. 1~'-u.._ ...,._, ..._,u L..t"-4J ~ ... .._ .. ~ (0£ 3~~:--~GSS3) c:.r,cl St. Josc:)h~---~~: P~sJ h~s 35~ fa~... ,:..lLcs 0~: s~)~~~-:i.s!-:· .:.:cl l::uJ:\j)C<::ni.22C: c~tizc11~; w:r:~ 2:.:,.79 pe::.-scns. :·:10::.:~ is '-l iG-;..·bc: i~:ri.- ~ ~'2~~:-ts, tli2y ;.tai:1::~i.:1 a l~r:.._~L! r1·""1::~~:JLl.. o.~ v1-f1~.:;.r'""lrC.:..:~, t:... \J;1~ '\'Jl-:Lc~1! ::L~:· r.1:1,"~ ~~?a=~ wi~es, ~v2n b~~~er th~~ cho;:;e £:~~ ~~:r~s ~~J also br~~dv. I Ir~·- : ., • ... \ .... ·1 . : , .. .. : : • :J~~ :.:a:1, ~:J;--.~, c;nG. J~!.:1 ----s ...... i T..J,·-·:·::-::», .... ""'"'~., ~1 ~ ._, .Li..) .... ~ L ....l .L ..... "-1 "-. 1 •) •' t' •· 0 ~ 1 " •· ·; 1 ) . •. ~ "v "> • • t Q .j. •·I '.. ',··,· l. ~ :· i' )•, ;,. l · ','; 1 ,-I"•'• -•• ·.:,-,{\...;.' . ..,•!... , .... I (•"'\' ',; ''" .\.....!t.•..l.. L ) &..ll.....&":° L. .-~~"J 1.1\.,; \,.;.1,._ .U - --- • ------'-'La'-..:,..\.... \·•\.'-·~•.l-.\.\,.1,. 0 - • • • 1 ' ., ,. . • 4 ' •• :..--1...!l:(!.C!:,; tCJ i.ts r.,,.,~~.-...i_; o-::~n tel~ .~ul-,v ~~-'~-:~~-, Lt~; i..:1:~'-l l1 '.l 1... "'"~ ~: ~ ~l. ;~ :1~ ~ .,.... -...... ~ D1 11;·.;;;, :1 ..:· ::, ') ' - ~.I ~ • \ \,.;; 22 .1n:. .! Europl! .J·1cl., 3 (2') ~~::,.o-· .. h r.·1u u--co~u....., , '-4...;O'·,....,S~'-e~-., w .. ,,, "-- a.u u-v"''" ~• ~he~'-· ""''.:-'.:..ei.:4 "'l·-...... ~ 0 ~t..e~ .. ,~ t..,;'-..:Sl...... , .: +- -\.S.,.~ ?ranciscan r..issionary who re;;Ldes ti-:er2 pc:-t.l.:::;::ently has 111. f..:.-:.Ll~es of P i.ro::; Ind ia:1s with 425 persons; 13 f.El>:ii.i i.2s o:: . Zt:.1.a Indians w i tb : 1 1 r::.2 nr•'"L'Ons· a-.-; also· so:-,-ie L'·1:::G"' 1 Zi•r-·:s '· 11·0 a-·-:1 ''";1~" 'ta 1 •,-,.i~:r ,_h:· - .1, '""""- u a. > "''-4 a.u .. • ... \,,;;..... '---'•'ct ""a.• J...\;; u_'- L • 0 """oL•i l.l ~ ')C""'-'0'1•'' t-:.'1 •. 7 t1?·•11" C'ltL!''[-,;,".<. ~ • . .'•·• 2'3-l ! ._y l "~) ._rJ9 L.40,,L·~ ~.i... :oc· ...... ,.,J O;:l. ~UA..~;.,,.u-··)··~n; ; '-.;.ci 6.J..t...~\...,.,,.l ...1.11.4-•'\.t...'-A : .... ,,r··> e.,.:.:. ~:J...~; A.....,li..: ..;11 0 1 1 1 1L11 '')'· ·"''1··1c l·;;,. 1 L '-' .... :--··)' ._.; •• " 11-' .... '·J:t:" J._ .. - ' ~ ... ~.1 \ .. ., • .. A... d c .. ···-·'·h' '-• .... \,,,... "' ·-~I...' ...... '- 1.:> - .'\. . L4...... ,_·!.;\,. j .;..•. \....'.," l,; ...... ~.-'ll v ... t•.:..,, ' ~· v·-L4 .....• .,._. t ~ long, fivC! and.:.; i1<-ll.l \·Jid~ •;nc!: t:-:.:.;: pr-il.!st 1 s Lou;..;(! r.1e~;;url!s ~•L·.(.! vt.lr<.1s. (T 11 -L. ""1 1• ,.., ... : .... , , i ...s l -"' t.,(_., - ,. • - .... ~ l.. \...4 ~ a,...... J,. a+-··... - v""n ~· or: St. Anthony. le has a Fra~c~sc~~ Qis~o~ary ~~th 80 ~~~ilDes of Piros (Tihuas) In4ians and 429 'pcrso~s; 18 ~a~ilies of vecLnos wLth ·131 persons. It is :wo ilat 1e~gucs east of Scn2cu and five (4) ;;i -L'X V., .• .,.-" :. ....r=-.·om ._ l 4-1J... "Daso4 ) ciown~-'",,.'.,..,L ~ \...&.."'-'--4ll•• '.1.~'-.-..,,1..,:; \,,...6..a~._\...-l'~:..-,,-~t.., 'c... ~ ~'..,L'··•-y"-•' ,..., \.. -~ '-44-..._.~ • 11 i: 1 "ocn"" 1·0 - .L·s 1 o o·= 0,--~ i.,"s ,-. F-,,.,.,: ·c~-. •.11. t.I J.•- ·1·;t.! •. t.. ·--ucl1jJ -""' ~ ~- r.,d,,.....,<-4 .,,' J.J...-= \.J<::oc V-.J..V..... ··-·"" .. ,.._. .. M ._..,, .. ~\...J...~ c...4l4 .. -L·._,,.1·0·1··-·y w 1 ··\.., 4u,.. ,--: .. ,.1:'1':,.., o·~ Z1 ···1 !;): .•. )'-') .,-,...,Glj.,....,c ., ___ ; '1C") ,,.--.-• ..,OI1.S •• , Ut'.> I._• ._ J....l..l• L.Uh .. ~ \.:.!"-' .... ~uC.. \• -·\ µo '-•• .... "-.L•1o.I Lli..u .L.u-; .1\,,;.._.J .... -1··- is 011'' l·,.-,,-,l"'' ,,.,..,- u-r- 1·1··_, .. , ···1..; ''L· ••.~·-o·-- :;··i '):l"'O ·! 1J\"1'··'-·•""1 -'- L - l:.:ub •\..... wµu l. ~ Cl.'-4 c4l 1...4 .._') 4'\, J..,.._ "'' "--'.a.. ... ~ ~ l. \t. •' ~,'-\,.;'-'•· • •' S? - · 1 • - • • • ... J • \.... .- r-i. • '.' 'TT • .. 'I n~re Cl:Ce ~ ~.'.l;i1L lCS o;: ci.ti.zcns .1;--.clu.'--;..n~ t .. osc o.i: 1 t.:"l:_:rc:..,; 1;:·.c:. .::·;:(:n with 424 ?ersons. ~~e church is thirty-six va~as ~ong and seven wide and the transept mc~sure fou;:tee~ ~n~ three £ou=:hs varas. Each oi these four pueblos has a trLar in res~ce~ce. They. are as ~cr::il~ ·and luxuriant as zi Paso, with irrigation ditches whLch thci river fills without needl£or a cond:.iL-:::." 11 Chc:Jr::-Lzr:l - J:'h:s ::,~eb.lo Ls i1C:\·J c::~d~::.s tLtll:c:r µ<;::t~·o;1 Ls sd~ Fc.:.-ri~:~do. '-J~t.: t:OU""'-1 'G1 '°"''_;.~ T7c.:c; ·~-; c~--:~-,.. \·f--.. ,:-.'1 '.·~ -,:.,.1 ..;~·u"r'n, -.1.t Vc.l..:> .... uL.:. ,A.!'n ,..:..,.~"''- ;t::.CA .. .4... .JU v_, '-·~·)...._\,,.c...... D-·-u .. ~ ..... d,...... l;..:._ '-'- ~L.... - who p.J id ti1e e;~pe:.1sc.:s o.E ~i;:::y sc ::::1.::::-s L.'.C• ..i L)[Jl..'.t! .:is ~olC.:i011s Dnd with - ' . . - ~ - .- ' . . ~ , . ' \·) h .J t \-v'cJS "r".C!Cl.!bS.::!:..·y .LO~ cr:L!l.:: ..:~1:.~~·s UL"' VL ~~l..S ~:.i::-:..v~.ll.Q ~::\...!~.~ .. ~- '"' 1 secul.Jr nrL~st• wJs &~Jointed• .. wit~' 400 nesos• bcid• to him b,,J ; t~~ King.~ For p1:otection of frie p20:;::.2, n-:e:~1::y soldie~·s .Ero~.• r:1.; p:..~0:;ii.dio <.:it .El Paso are statLoGcd ~e::-a and ::h~y.cr~ re?lac2d at regula~ i~t(;::-v~ls. When I visited ~er~ cha church hud been sta~~ed------i: i~ 36 lcagu~ on c~a way to Chih~~~u~. T~e~e ~re 41 fa~~lies with 171 p~~sons. It oelongs ::o ·~ow ;t,e;.; ico, . . . . ., I, ' . ."J .. ·.'·'·, \.·, .·:I I 1 7 I' L'. .·,·. ,_ ri_J ...... San LI._')r \,;'::.-- ... ._:'.,·o' I s"u~,..,•U""-4 }l~1r~~os .Jt:::cibut.: Lng the: J({cl Lie F,::\., ~'!.7) Gct~ih~~~ 7. 1./(JG - i:,i....:: ... u ~1~L--sh~;.l l~iJl1:., 0:1 o:.·J~:..· of tl~'-! ·!\.·:.r:~~~~! c.J. ~-.:.Ji\.~~ 1 <:in i.71S?~ctL·):1 of ,1·11 tho pr2.->icios c.:: ::h13 1~··)<1t.:Lc:..·s Df l\.:.;:• ..,i S;\,:Ln ,H',J :.·e11Jr-t;> t~ t:~e X~:... Gl!es de C::-oL~·~, tl12 r.e\·J Vi.~....:.:.... v'./ ~t ~lL!xLco-.C~·~'-? 01.1 ~:i~s;'clate--- 11 :);1 til~ ~9::-h we. t:i.:-·~::ve:i.led .:::.ve l.8.::ig·L:c.:s no:..·t~ ov2r ~-o:i_l.:.;-.:; 1 -:- • 1 ~ ·~ 1· t·-i-i ...... 1 .,,..- !,-c ...... ~,-.- ·-0 ...... ,.-. " 1 cr ... ,- +-~ ...... o."·1 ·~r·l .~"~1 ... ~~ ... , · - 11 L"-e .ilJ...L.'.. ")) \•] ,. ~'udlJ.. ~'-"V,,...1a. ~ \...1.1..t.'--• 0 "-~·>"-;;::> .:;."' ...... ~b i...i f,,,.,;. '- uu '-• ,1.. ,,, •• .__L. .. i' •"'-,:-.,' ... '-" i... - ~ i'-'-tl°' ·-- ···u-~.c. ,,,, ar-~:,,e·.-· ., ...... n·"' .,,-.~-:ic;L·o or :~::c~:-·1·.:_,· S1...';10.-~1 b L 1 l. ·.,,._,~ ~ !Jd~~ ..ii.L:,, ~,l....; J...;..~ .'-• '-... ~ L "- ~ .... _...,_' •· - -"" - clC!l ?i-.:...1;:- de i?aso.~L.!l :Uo cl.::.:l :\o.:.·ce, \,·;;c:..·c t~-.l:!re Ls .::i ..:-~w~1L-~.- L,>:~~p.J;-:y 1 •' - ,., I , ' :-:. '7 ~·- • .. •• ...... ,., . ..., 1.' ,.,, ...... _..1'":") ~= ~ • .... "'\"- ...• c-1r;:.> 1.,_u .J ..... l:J .... L~/:-!-,L .. ·... •ll~r, :J,1G .... L... L.:l,;..: .:;L,11cc~ ... .. 0 • ; . • ...... ,,. ~ ~ c.· ?(' *) ,· .- .. '•, ") .. r;•' • .... , ,...,,.,) ~ _.; ... , , . l, ""l, · t·'-··, ·• ····h· ,1· ,.~, \"" · L•.C r.:.. ,,.1),_.r,y l..,, _;, ..... 0...1 .it._:.~>'-:...... il....: .ut..6 1 ._ u ... ~\v d·"'•'-'•-.:-:' \.. .. ,L: dl~':''1~ 1 1.....~ .. t.~ ..... 0 1 1 1 .: \· 1 ' ·1· •- 1· "I r•· 1 " •L'L'·'.'" '1"1' ')''1•·" ,•,,., 1 "'"1 ")U1..' ! '. ) ..._ "V 1. 6 It.. L l 1 \,..! j \... LI l.L , U !.,.I L \..; • "l .... l _.. ..J "'- • \..• ; C. li, ._ ()'~-. ...., \,,J -.. • '- t \.,.., '1• .__, • \.. ~ ~ )1)\ t ! ,.;:)_~t'•.'-\\':;';f'. -- ~;-,(! :...·:..v~·-_· to -~n'-2. ~,-~s~ ~l'Ji"'-6 Lts 1.. ~~~:~-...: :1.J~:!' l,~ ... ~ ~~·,;·.·.(_~s ~:;> ~·~1~· ;)~~~'t· 1 J...~):-; :,~ S ~-: Lo~·~;--120 L.~}. R...;Lli, Sc.Jn ....;~-.:·.J:.~L\.' (.\j S~2~~2c~:, :J~~:1 .\;~:: 1~)~~L0 .... L! ... ,.~ 1 :.:>2-2...:~, ~3 Pu~LsL::·.. ~ C.Jl1(:d?CL0:1 ~:2:.· SJ\.:.J._... ::\J ~:~"'.(: ~<-.. ~ l.... ~cLe~ ..~(~~ '~-----,~· ' O t ,. I r: c • ~ ~ • o .o. ) ,-.-.,•,.'.I(' ' ' "°: ' -, • ~~j0bS~2'l.~ Sl.tC! J...: .. ..i.J:'"~ ~.!..i.Z.:?,:..":..O ,:_~;~uy. ,,,,.,,-.:.;d..._'.i ~)-~.1...-L!~ ...... _ ~ .,. • -· - ..... _(;.._.,_, ... _.. ")· .. ·- . ·V ).....,_ '"". ~· .. ( ,. -, ... , . l .,,. .:... ',··,1;~· : ·.~•• :,, .... 1... L. - 1 C..:OJ,<- L.~~L~(! J con\..l.1..\..1.V~b :::, -~L-~··•"-" 0 '"" .,)\.: ~.1. -~'- ._:_,1,,...t.~.::, ...... , ·b· .. - - - J ta~ s of Xucstra Senora de C~a~~2.up2 ~E2~~~~fl~~ds, ~~sti~a::o, ~ I 1\ : ,: l, ;' {) , :-: ~. ~, ~~ , t) "-'' .... • ... \ \.:t L!::SL~~ ~ S~H\\·· 1.\.:~'~'~ DY/\;.~(;~~;., ;·~.~·.~~l, ·:.;C;LI:\~ L.Z.SLll: ~ .SC}:'..\: 1.l~,~~z :-:1ull.JC)::;, ·1 nd 1 oc ·-i.,., ''."'rr···' ., • ···1-1',)··s ... ,.\.,...... · '-• • I"'""c'-," '-~••·•,;~s "- L.1.~\.:. • ...._ ._6..._. ... , ~••\,.4..,~ :>'~-s...... J, ••- 1.,. .. t...i. L.t!..,C..:. ::;v: .. ~ ln.:.!~1 l..- Z.:!::"f,S (>l411sos). At s~~n Lo::-e4.z0 c.:.·e t;~-:; L:~:-.".C.S :41di ...1::a; a::- s~~~Cil t!~c ~~ros; at la Isle:a t~2 Ti;uas; ~= Soccrr0•Dor2 P~:os. In ~~en o~~ ;:i1e:..·e ;:.-;:I<; a im-J c~v~lLzec 1)2onl2. :-:10.se \·Ji10 'l.L•;e L1 Los TL·,·.. -: ... :·.; .. ; /I , &. 6. ---- il(_jcLei.1c> o~lor.g to th~s c:..a.ss. - ·.::-.2 ·.:ot.:-.1. ~s 5,t.CO so;.;::.s ..~ ..... ~ ···-"' .::! ~s VC':'"Y 1 ··' 11"'""·' ")··-·'t•p~· .. r- ">V(!·--,.~.t .. : .. _... --·-··· stretch oi l<.::;·. -- ,,,e·11•~ c··..... •-r.....i...... ~t.....:..._., • -''~· •'--"'"~'.:-) \,,;::; ""'.J ""••..... ••v ..... ~\.... n"'~ticu 1 · 1 ••• 1 y 1/':>·~-, ~-.--' ,-, ..•... ,,.,5 ,,.·.: ~:- ~--r. ~~•. n'o •· 1 ::.v i.'•,.,, .....t=,,,.l.· ...... • ~"- ...... w ... .._ "-.A..) 0 v .... 1'- 6.,u._..J- ~• .. l• \,,...... '-...... ~ ..... • .. \V-..J _..., v ,...,.,..., "'.'' .... ~ ..., ..... ,.. • ...... _ ... 'If I.. '.,.... ""\ ·- "'. .- ,...... ;: ..... , i t ... '{ 1t.... ! c ~ ...... ~ .._.,,t.;;...,~ c.. ... i..;; ••• a .... ) ...... \.4 .... \.1.:J~~u. l...... ~ ...... '::;) \\L• ..... •• ...... :._~ i.11 .:lt1cl1 C1l.>1;;1d.Jr.ce t~-:~t ~:1e)r ..s::.·l! al:.. c-:~\1 12d to.._.,.~~ 011 th,-2 :~·~cs. •; 1.-,., l. r . · ., b l. ·- ... ·- t '" ~," ; · -. .. ., . ·· .. i) 1 . 'J L' ., .. .-, ... ·• :. "' t '" · '" l·· ·• - ""' i' ~- • r '· · · ' -· • • '-••Ii..: lLfc.i l.ULt.. .J uaUf\.'-=- Y"•~..J\...<6l ...... \....:! •• ·~~ c. .. .,.,1....4 ;.)c.:; 4.,.t.;.._ / ...... u ..', 0·l4~ ...lL "" ...... ~'-!::) t:.ey o r.ot h;:i -...·v2s t cnoilg:1 ·ma L~2 ~or t~:.:; ~r sui-:-iJC1:-:: b2c~usc ::~1...! i:;:-cii.md :·~ rlr. O'L"••J tu· ,,;,....,, .. •s """•. d o·...+.r:·r· .~;--:.... ··''· rr-•,, --"· ..... 1- ,,: .·., ..... ' -'-J' \.4- """ v - - ~ .. - --- ...... :...... ~ \..:~~;.JlL~ • ..._,.L r~.\..0- c.J:: •• J::..1.y LS .:.:ilso he Alca~J2 :-r.:.1yor, a~1c :::~c pec;le a::-.::: c.H:::-,-::r.i.s::.:.;::i;.!d b~, i~vc 1 1 a...._U':'..--n~·sc"'··1 \... <...a. ..L1-.L~.".'..,.:-:-r"' '-'> "·'._,0""•• '--°''-'"c·~·".... L t.•U +-'·:.\.o4.•~ _....,~".'.:V"'' .._ _:e...... v~ .;_...,,..,(" ..... u .. .1.v) C:·'-'C''~ •• '·'''"VYL.L .."' , c.- ....,Lc··i·)c-··c ...... of fo r hundc~d pesos ~~~ually, p~~~ by ~:s X~j2sty. 7h~sa stipc~ds 1 '-r·ou ..1.. -· '"'"'"'"····a'ut...;.: uuvL,; b·r). .t'....,<..4\..,.,..a.'."\l·c~i-1,.,. 6 O,.."~'\,;.;. ....,.J...,, .• f-r.JJ'-" ·, '-'-A.U~--,-·,r·_., ~~ .,~--i...\.\',..1..!i i...fv., •.. ..J.._ :st-..,1·t-::; '"''' L .... , T."'.~'~__ _ ~~vi~:; would ~e hy ~~~~ms s~c::l c:~nsi~Q~:ng th3: ::~c ~~=til~cy of the Cc,u~-ry bri;:-.:;s th(;! m~ss~Oi.1.::.-y J~ c·..:aC:.::;:..--.::)2 al.o:-.e .:.;; c:r.nu.Jl i..:1.;::o;.:2 o;: f01-lr hl1~rl::ed pc.;;o.s'', · i~~u:JL C'.)r.. ~~r,:J2S f,~s i~~~~:iccti.c~-:.. . o~·.. a c:..... i.·:J" \1.).. ,_ ~~~ aio G::ande ov2:: the usual rou.:e ~o Sa~ta Fe anJ r~:ur~s t0 ~~ ::l~ ... "on;:o-.) ... ~ ... u·r"",-.:-...,. ~n ,4,....., "'.""'1u·•·'")rr~ ...... ,. . -~- p ..... 0 ,., .... L..h,, ---"\~·· ...... 0 0/ "-" .._ ;_ '-" ;. I. ... LI• l ._ U ...- .:.. 1 l.J • ::; ..., .._ • ..:. :::, • '. L •, 1.,; l .. '- <... 0...: u ._ " 0 u • :::> .~. c. ;, u ::i '- ,J ;. - S)erous and po?ulate~ ar2a north o~ Ju::-a.~;o, h8 b~licv~d it could defend Ltself ~y an organizatio~ oi a ca~?~~ent ffii:i:La ~~~2~ a res?onsible chiei. =~ h~s O?i~io~, ~~e g6=~iso~ ~~ere s~oul~ ~~ !",10'1Cd Oac~( to Cl-":ar~Lza..L c.:-:.d .~Jl~(:2ci .ur.. G2i.- ..,~u~·~sd:ctL-:,:1 c,f. :\uev~ Vizcaya. He ho;cc to cceate a ~cw Jcfe~se li~e ~po~ w~~ch )::-~s:Jios s~1'.)uld be placeG <::i: inter.v.Jls ci. 40 lca_:;--.1es. l~l.oi ;:2co;·:.. 'TIQr-. . .:i~.:: rl..!locarior. o~ twelve µ:..·esi.::ios .:::s ::oll.:r.v.s:. ·:·"""::,.::~c ~J tr.e o~n•:~s o~: the s~nta Cru~, T~rrc~atc ::o u;per ~cjai ?~:ia v~i:2;, ~ro~::cr~s fo s~~to Ja~in~o valley,, San Suc~av2ntu:~ to La~un~ Ascensio~, s: ~~so ~o Cho:l.·i.z~l, Guc.~oc1uill~ to ~):1:• 2!.~:-:,:·-!.o, .J-..:J..~;-.~~s :0 L;J Jun;:a, C1J:..·:...-~' .., . ------G ,) rdo to S.1:-4 Vicc.-:t12? Sa;.~ 38b~ :o ~<;:i::\.'2 ...·~:2, S::~""..::J :·~o;.;'""1 to tl~c ~~.: 1 ~a\lr~go I\iver, ar:d : ' 'J .J•. v-=- •• " ..... ; - • f t 1• • ' "O'' n .. - '. t - ' .. ; " 1 ... . d ; ..., .'. . .' .l •• ' ,~ ,.., ! -/ -. " ' " s,' '.' ,> 1' ',", " •. ' .... \.AlA.a...LL'~.:> .i.f...._ 4.t._;,./\...:J .. .1 cI.:;.,. "' ...., i_!._,,,J,..~.._, ~ ...... , • ..._.._L ...... \.-.t.i~-, -- ....., - '-' ~L•"'- cat~ 0i t~~t ~ission's ~o~~di~; ~s ~ pr~Hi~~0 ch~µ~: ~~~~ t~~ sit~ o.:: the 0~es:_C.:il) o~ ~~L.. \..!3~::-=~ Stlr.i.u::c. C:c.l l)~l~r c;r~\:i C.l~):::-Lc~o Sd11 '"'~'"·;:::;~ • ' . lit I ' c-;~.. 1\u~ 1 ust 13, 1633 b:/ G()Vi.2!:..-r~.0·: 0c11 Ji.ro~.-..zv lj2tL·o;! 2::l1Z~ltC, 1 ,·,~0:-.~,2 L!Otl~t:;>,. I I Q • •• • ,. / ,• '.·. J .. ··!·f''. •,I·; t'I i ·• . ',1 0:..;, .. )t -:.J ..-; tc1 tl1c c;~~(.;t locc::;tlon .. ,::-,.+,. .. ;~nts' ~:)!~(;:__;:.,~:~.<1 .. ; ~1.(1\..JcJ2«.r:,. i.~ · :.~ ~..;.:1l1\~h ~:-1.:.i:: S.:.:n .Jus~ vJ.::~; :.;~v(.;!d :-:;or1.12 t L;~·1..:i,·';:~~f~)::-.:.: • .>ui~,, 6, · los.:,' ;J~:d j)l~:...:~.~ 1 ...... ;, .. G•1• ,_1"' •• , .. • ••,i· ...... ,, D • .....·:1 '\' --1- ;..... - •••• .... --r i '"'•'\· ... · ·.1~· l··-'l""l·-...... , ,: ...... v"'-~ y ,.~c..oL \..6c:.!G'--4-L•1~~ j~ L ~J.. .. U.::>0 \_.,I....,;.._\ ...... ) ...... ;' ... ~v .L•'u JL,;.\,_;~i ...... I... ~ ... ,I....! !J .... c\ -"'-~~.s : 1 1 l.o~~,::~on· ~Cs.:J tl~ci~i o:,r2 ,\'~al:. BJ ~r. 3L.s:~ .JD. ,..i'~~·.:~r0~1 i:-.. 2.760 ~11~'"~ ...~·ubi. ~i: 1766'i_.J.._.. it(! 0: 11 Lc."t-!c:cL13:1G..:. d'2 le:-:> 'l'i~l:r-Lc~vs'j o~ r~·i.> 1 ul.·ci.~1~ ... :s. 1 ~::· 1 1 ...... -..r: 11 l 1 1.! -'.t '·Jt::.·.·.-·',, -- . ;...1...... ,·_"-•'....""is ··.,.jJ.."~ ,... c.~.~ '-'••"- f,'·\.\,,,4l)"'1· ..... ,... i..;.:...... ··--··-··-:i.·-.c·· :.. 1 .... ,,i...; .... ·~,,, t:1.:Jt 'th2 ,\_~~11~ .. -..... i..~;oil ...1t .. - " - , c: ~. , • . , • . ' . 1 ., ' ' f. t.. ' ,_ • ,·; \ ~L::4i:-Jr:l~~!...... ~ Jt..: t:iJ11~t'2r1-cu ·~o .. jat~ :~:..:.~~n:-~(i, .. :211c~ Lt :..s p:)sS.L1.J~.'2 ·i.,~~'-'L. ..J .. . • - .. , .. • .• ' ' S;::t El.:.z.'.:-:.i.J 'i·J.:.i.o,; fou:--.Je:d ~ li.t'CL\.i! ca:..-:i.L.::.:r rb.::;;) 1773, u: th..::~.:..:;,": .·• .LL;~:ic.. o :~...: L:r l'."..::c, :.o :..:. y R·,1b :.. ; \..;<:is o I'. i. I1 1~ 1 l?':~ ~ (). c (ju;-~ -c j ' I ' / - j\ J: -c.'"le 3ct::lL:·;.cn~ of. i·:l ~-)~~su dl.!l ·~·~o~t(! ....:s ;;i..\,·\..!:1 :;:\~ c~-:\:..: 1Ji Lts ... ~L·~L:..:er\S .Jf~>...!l... se:· ..·'";:1 '/~aI·s i.·c:;i.jc.:.:-,cL: ~he;.:..·iJ. ::r1""'b~~") .s~ttle:r,-:c~-:~ :.~--.~il:C.'-.!S .~i..v~ :~t~L :J; / .. ,/r;·\:·', ~ :. ;:····· ...... #" .. -·:· .... • ~ .. , , ...... , , ..•.. \ .. , ".' u· r,:.::::1.l:~ ~~ ..-;~ •. \'r· .... :\.'f~ n r _1. ~ t ~ ~: 9J, ·3 "'· ;.: ~ r, '~ c, :4 ~·:>. ~ L2.SL1Z ~~ JC~li\\·"r.~t'.'Z ~!ansos \·Je~·(;: l.t.3 :Zu':""s~ l"-"'a·.:,·-·-~- J.-..,~ ··'---- "-·-:. ~...,·---i, -· · · d - - "'"~' '-'-Lc-- ... i...~ L.lyi.,. --~·~} .·~\,...! ... ~ .. v'-'a .... .LJ' c:,·1i..i.11s:...~.sr1e, ti1ei::::- 0; 1 •• 1:\.,:n·" •. ,:-1... c:.ind on lc:;:-.cis ..... "'" c:tiz.:::·--s- ... ._...,"-·~ ....,._ .... 6 \•J..&.. .. ! t~.,:"'~J...J... .. J..u~.,.-~" .... ,,,'""' '---•o.... -d ;-,o;-r.cstcc:d:.;, so;-.~(! by pu~·chase ~~-.d so..-:2 ~y _s:.it f-.:0:-:1 u-.121::::- cb:.c~.:>. 11 11 .:ounci.Jr:.;: i.·1 i .. " ':he::: Yslctn ;-.~:.ss.i.on i.s descr:.be:d .:s • C!v""···y~1..r.~... • ...... ;.,...,. 6 v'...... '1..-:,., ...... u sC!:1a::.Jtc i:.:r-:.ga::i.o:-;. ditch a~1ci .J l.c.:..·gc n-.:;-::cer oi l.:..ibol.·ious cLvilizcC: 1 11 ·:·-d '-a·us•rio·u" :,...a 'a11s (''---.~ .... ; i-~ '.r., -;;-c;: ..... • 'o P...,..,1 -,~ .... 1·c137 ..._."• .L.1. ~ - ..., ..._._4 - • ~~ ..... u.v..._ ~\,,:!.._, ..-\ • .,. , "-' 1o .._ '-L".., , Y ••t.-t\..ot.{L .. '"",.. > ;,, J Hiscoric~l Docu~entb to ~cw X~xico, Was~1tn~ton, D.C~ Vol. 3, p~ge 506-507) 1775 - ~~~chus att.:.icked El Paso. (Schro~de= 1960:37) 177A - N~~va Viscaya placed un~er th2 c~~alle~ode croix. :.924:27) ...... , ,-, I ~ ,, LI,-,.... - l.Jj ~))' .:\1)~~c~1~s \·1~10 ro:Ji)e~ t:.,c c:::-e:'1. ~~:.'12 c~c s~:~ C:~)'~ .:~:~2r t~1Ls, 3 1 1 ·-:-;r,\'"'- i.··· GC!tad:r..12nt ..t.. Cft the" ca·)'t·'.. J... a- c..~,.,; .. L~ .....:o·,·-d ...... ~:-e,La. l..A...... \_,; ~~ ···o'·b'--.--.,...... ; L•r.~"J ~ ··-··...... _a.,c..;.a..;..,, .• u ~~ t~~ r~~z2d si~~rus an~ ch~s~d ~he~ to a plsi~ w~~~2 thL ~n~~y uivi..:.:cd or ciL3~)·u::-s2C., ':he',r ~vc:... l.l ~::t.:.c~,"3d J,JT Oi...::: s::-.all oa:... t\" '.·::~Le>,· .. .; "' "' . , • .,._,C'j•">d ., ,-,·-._,-,- rl-.,... .-,-, ·-F :-·c5.-{--, ,,,.,,.; J.•ic 'd .-:. '·}:·•·•'0·•5 I,-.·'°'--"' c,.._1...:;:c. .. l.. ._\.,;1,,.; ',J'-" ... -V•L L .. ._._..,, .1.. ' \..- ... J ••• L: ... ,, ... t...:u •\,.; u u\...: 0 u- 4 ~ ~.,u ,.-._ ...... ,.~~ v .. ~ and cn~ut:od ~ hoys an .-.... ~"-: ,· of ~:·1e r-.~-~-~-..,.,,,,...,- o.:: ~ ... ~r.-~.~'Jo·10·-:r'r ~y= t-'.-.,e r-...,: 17 -0.··s; t" .~-= G-L.- ...... - -- 4..lt..::~a.- "- .. •1...::.t • ._ - 4~''""'&.• .... v. o.,· - ._a.1 u .. a.- v~ ...... _ ) >.J.6. ?en11sylv.:11::..~. St.L·.-..-.~e:r oi 1954, ;:r.?.· 22. 14ch \·j::itte>i leaf ai1d 'l~"-f i'.•15, film 911., .,.0: .. cr.n~ l. •--, l- C?I. • ?~) Calve~ succeeds de C... ~ 4\, w... ~ ...... / ... ~ ...... u ~ovcmb~r. l70J - The: total ?.J?~lati..o~ o~ ~ew x~x:~o p~ovi~cc, including L1di.3;-.s a.-.ci El Paso D~s ::.:i.::t was gi.va<1 <.:.s ~-' 95~. (El P~.so area) co~tin~2 ~~ ~e~c2 U? to :~e ?~2sen: ~~~ s~y t~~: :~os~ \vho r.1~~\:2 t~~C!.!:::s ar.~ ~nC: roh~a~i.~s o::e svwL.! \\1 l~0s e :.... .:.-.:--.~i-.e~!.Js c.:r'2 04-~ tG~ r,1cs~s of :{obledo, ar.d i.~"':. :.Jct, -c~1ei.~ t:r~.c!·~S ~4~VC b~~~~ .[~)~l~-,.· ..;~~ .:md i:>.cy go a:-;.d .::or.,.:; .Ero:n -cb2 s.:~ i.d r.:csa.s. ,;:;d I, ~·.av i1-.s ;; i..vC;•'. t!-. :..s i.: .... .::o~-;;, ·· ..; l!L!SC~~t)"~:«·)r-.. :J\l Jos2 S~!rc..1)Li.J;1 clt2l r>1·~!,L..1-:- ·...)~ 1. s tr·~c t.u:i..·e of. S~i4 .J... ~-.. :on :o (~2 1~ I~ 12 ~.:.1 · i.1., · .... ~~;.L~ ConciL::io:.... c::..t::"1o~~i1 so;;,2\·.,!~(j .. .: dL!;-.~olLsi:~G 0n r:~~ Ol1tsLd~: ~:s r.~:1cs ;,·,-;oi:!.(!G, \·Ji-tl-: th2 c:·:C(!?t:o:-: ~J::. u:1Q t·:. Lt~ ~l~j ~111ot~~ r l)l.dc:~ 0:1~ " • • : ; .- .. r • ..., ..._ ' .., 1 ,. ,-.. , •• ...... ·, :-' • • ,.... ~) • ,-_ .~ ~ i ·~· ~ •..., ·- ' ..: .. ; ·. .. r ... ."'\ ··· '.\ + , • ) ...... ~~c:i .~nt.,; p;..~sc1-.l. \...... L!r6Jr;;,c....1, ..... c;,~,T .. ,~_..:...ae .... LJ1.,;:··~4\· ... u1...,;~ u1 .. 4U'-= ~j~ ;-"",:.,.s "'\\:;, 1 , , • .. ") - ... c_· · • : \/ ,~ t; .- i. '• ',· rl '",.· 1 C '"" T. ,'".J ~ .-:-. ~ ;:,, :;,: 'L. 7 j ~ ) ~/., L!., . ..,,_ • • 0 - ~ ..... ·v --...... -- ... ~ ... . \ ""- ... ~ '· .. \~-- .. ::..~\..! :J T/· ~.~ ·') ~.~ ·1, :: .:. s :·r, :3 ~-·'; ~~ ::~~ J· r., !.: .. ~ L. ~ ~ : ~..: ~) c :1 v· ... .i·~. ~ ~ ·.. : z n r,1-., ~/ n ;: '). 11 ,\ s :-r, i3 ():, r ~' u L;:: SI.. ll:: ~- SC ~I\~/ .~:i'l'Z • ) ,..:: ...... ~) .1-- -:.. ,..J .... '' c.uu ~ .... ~\..4 t.) J ::-c·volu~ic:!ary ~o::.::.C!s a~tc:r~~)~i~1~ ;:v :::.:.... oT,J ofi -:r,2 ;i~J1·~2 0£ Sp~i.~1. j~:: ~1-.. cluc!e:s t~~e £oli.o\·1i:16 p:-8c2~(.·.r~~ 32::::~:•:; s~'3t2~~2nts: "----).:..1 i_;1h~:1L~.::::-i~s o:. .:--Jc\·J Spai_~·., \·:i..:~;c..:.::: c:..:..sti.r;c-.:io~-.i \·::-.2-.:b~ I::u:,.·.};:.-_: ... :.~;, -·... : -. '!".... - --. · .. ·'II • • • • , 0£ ..... uJ..~ .- .. \..1n~ .... ~~ ../, \·/J.:.~~1 ~~-.'2 rL,;r:t :: :) ;...,--.u- e;;·,·,·.1;- oy•··-u .; :J...~~ "" '-'•L)'~ ·- ,..•J' )S '·"- ~C.CC.1:"U' .. Lrlf; :~ t~~~r ~cri[ ~nd v:r~~~~.--- '::1e; ·-.,u~~;un t:~c: ·.J·conl;r::'i of c.:.ve;::' .., c~~i..zc:: ...... ,Lll ~c l:"~~;~-.,~~t·e:~ .:!rl~ i)ro- .. ''·J 11 • "1'r···l" ...., ... ~L·-:,) 0.:... ' . ~c~tL:.U :j"f 1..l..~··. , ~L~\,,.;~ J-~ .i- inGi.z.r: i)l"O~J\;_.:- ~y i.. "·~:s 110·~ ;, ... ..:.·:1\::.Vi1\..!'-4, ,:..~-.c: L~""! t i.l t~-~(; JL!c is"Lc;~-. Lr~ tl"':C! :.~ ..-L :_ ~L').ci .:· -,_-. :~ ~ '/. s~11 1),'"1\':.~ .:. ti12 l.~1:-4~;·-..:,·:r~c of t~~ Plcn a~ Iguala was ~Ls~~:~rprcce~ to ~c~~ the ~nJ of w~~JshLp. ( 3 -..·a y c: r l 9 3 9 : :!. 7 ) " C"j , :_ .,I - l. t:-.::a tyof vcovLncc of M~xico. S·~~~~~~0~ ~7. 1821 - Xcxico oec~~es i~depc~~c~: 0t S)a~n a~~ ~cw : :. ~'. ? J. - l-! c.: ~ ~ C1. ~-·(4~>'~~ co:1c l~~~s ..----- :J ._; \:: I .. ;.a:..~ n ~~ i.41 :~c \V x~xi.co we=~ wa=cs ~= gr~nt lay within t~~ Cc~ulas. .) . ca~t~i~ gc~ercls could make s=.:::~~s a~~ v&li~~te l~~d sales ~v - . :~dic;·i.t.;;. Lr. fJ011-Incii.2.:-~s \V2::0. .::o~bi(:Cc:-: ~J r2sid12 \u~)\.J;! p~L!::,:.0 ... ..:.~~ ... GS. 5. '.lilc :=.;r)v~-·:Jr.-:2·.·. -~ pr~v Lded r,:..... ot~c.: ~0~1 ..-:.J ~~1Ll i..:..i~-..s. 6. ::-..(.:~.:.~ls .. -.~:(. f)~~o;: WCJ~l!r ~--.:_gllt·S to ~ll St~C~:·,: ...;., ~""~'/~.:"S ~-:r~c: ,-,~her- \·J::t~~.. .S \·:.~... ~~~ ccossctl o~ bo~dc::cd :heir 12~~s. (Rcccpi:ul~:Lo~, L:h :v) :L::12 :2, :.ey 17, I:, !;.4) 7. r:-,e ?UColo Indians i-:..::lC: :;1L:l.:: !._ei:-.ds :._n ..::...,.:.;-.~o~-., the ~~~d he;~~g ~ran~ad to the i~di~~ in t~c ~~~e o: their ?Ucjl0. v. ,_ ~ y -~ .. c c, ·i c'J • l.- ~ ' ( ._, .L C.i \:: ~ J... _, .J ' 0 ) Octojc~ 6, iS2l Iss~~nce a~ t~0 >:2xLc~~ Dccla::.:a~ion of InC:a2~~d2~cc ·.. friich ::;;:;affLr;:·.s that InC.:i...:~s wc;::e cit~zc~--..s of :>k:dco 0.1 an e.:.i-..:.::.l ti...:.sLs witb non I.;:,dia~1s. Agai..n t"cr~ is no 12:9::.:ess te::•·.-.L;-.ati.on o.: t::-.iste:e- ship. v. J..-~2L. - \·JL~i-: Lt-.c ~)C6L:-.~1L~1[; of t~~(; ~u~~ (J~ :·:~:-~Leo, ·:..:~1~12 \vr~~; tJ:)0~-.~,: \\'Lti1. .. • - 1 - ' . .., " • ,. ~ I • r• "I. • 1 ~~-,c u.-.:tc:cl S::.:;tc.:; i'.ln.:.l boo.:;.3 o.;:_;.:.::n ~o r. ... ow '1.J.~:r:.-.g,,,t~ie ~-m·~c:l't-: ,... 4'.'Cl>j.1.~···· 1 " ·,'.i t::·.L~'.. J...... l:"····...... ~, IJ''·e~··<-e:-.Ll \...... ' d l)""bu·r.-1..,.:..·...... b ..... ~r,r,·... '\,.; £!~1,:.s:...... "" \v:..:·Z!..a~-...·:;:.'-' 'i... ::-o:r. t:1c ~c.si:. <.:c:.:-0.~s :11..:!.' 1 :-Jln ins ;:0 :J<~.~ ca Fµ.:. · · ,;·. ; • •• \, '.! l \ II·" i,, ,, I ' ' . s··s t.:: 1 l Ls i-. c (l ~11~· t\~ f ~1: r S ~i~U~ 1.4· ~ 1-. (! ' ., ,· '' - . ~- . . . CovC! -:.-.or o: \....iC, .4..lil.:(..~ ~.. 1L.~ ' I _..,.,") / . ~ ,; ·,• ~.. ~ ~~ v .... DT/:~.~O;\;), ~/,SH. hO;.~.\v LESLlt: ~ ~0C-l\1v·Ar~'~.,z F~hrua~v 13. l829 - Boundary acco~d bet~ee~ Ysleta a~d S0n~cu- prov.:.:n by o.:-.i th of F:.·an.::: ls.:::o :·L.m.2z r.'.ad.:; ~n 1850 to _t:~~ s i.;n.::i ::J:::cs on tr.e: c.locu;-;-,c:n·c, said :"l;::-oof being gLv2r. bcio~·e J.>L L.::>.-i, cl2.:-:.;: of the 1 ··r,·•r.,·. County Cou·~t• oi r.1...., Pa::;o Cou'~~-y.. """' > '"-.···•-=-... ~ ...'\.c...tw • '1- • 1•"'""'- ""b ...... ~11.•\..:•i.--··.-~t ..J...~\..:. ,,i.·~c '- ~· ,.i,.,t'-"'u Pub_lo Duran wc:;s a \-.'Ltness (Igr• .::icio Du:.·.:Ji.1 was t~~e gov2i.·~1or o:: tb..:! Tiguas in 1835). The ac~or~ :::ecLtes that t~e Ind~a~s of Ysleta c~Qplaincd about earlier setile~ents and that they were not co~ sultcd. (El Paso County Deed Recdrds, Book D, p~. 392). X~v 18. l832 - The gove=nor of the St.:.1tc oi Chi~uahu~ issued his dec:::ec brou 6~ht about because 0£ so~e ciisnutes• c:isL~~0 b~twccn the pueblos of Yslet~, Soco~ro, Senccu and San Elizario &s to :~~~s granted them by the King 0£ S?ain on the i3t~ d Ju~e 30. 1814 - ?assage of th2 Indian Intc:cbursc Act ~v U.S. Congress, mc:.king t~e u;:1author:..zed sett:le:-.-...:::.1t of tr~jal lan~s "uy ___ , non-Ind I.ans, a f~der~ 1 0£ fense, .. . --~ ·-----·-- ?chruarv 21. 1835 - A circular of t~~ gove:~o= 0£ Chi~unhua .J~O?~~ ti1e opinion oi bis pe:.-:-.1a1--.ent d2;;utation to-wi~: l. Lands 1-=,:~ •. 1::cd to n~tives (Indians) prior to 10 Jcnuary, 1835 are ~or thci: use and ben0£it ar:.d cc:n 1 t be sold. 2. L:rn :;,=(:,of Jnnu.Jry 10, J..835 e:;;..~()l:..::;hu.:.! trr2 gc:nci'.'al survl!y oi the st<1tl! <.i•1 I '•' ' ?c<)t•1a.-·,r ?4. 1335 JulLc.i~1 ;~c1:µ.:.ll, iJ:::esLc..:.nl.t o.C t:h...:: E.i I\:;-;,) >;Ll.:;.::'~".r.· ULs~:Lct u:~Lc ..·s l5 ~-;-..Lliti~ r11cr.l ~i:1 :<.".'"!~~:1 31. lE; ...~s - Jul:3n ilet-:--.'-~:.':. ~:cp0r~~ ~l:.:.1~ tl1.:.: s'--~'"Jtits oC :::,~~~:~~~\.& o~&crv2d 5 A?achcs at the g~~vc of A~tonio Jose drin~~ng ~~~~~l ~~~. D I l. : .~ () ~ ~ .. ) , R ,'. ~ ~_.~ , :·; ~':t ·: ~ : ~: Ct Lz.s: .. il: ..:.:- s~I-:\·i' ..;· .. ~;·;.· .. ~ \ I 27 I DTJi.it.n':'\n, RASH; Hnti~G L.E.SLIE & SCHWAl\.'iZ warns residents from Ysleta to Sa~1 Eli.zari.o to be ale1·t and watch the road carefully. (Campbell :950) 1\•1:~L1 ~2, 1835 - Bcrnall advised :l1at A:xlches arereportcd i.r-. t>c arco intending on ambushing a small party. He aciv~s~s travc~ w::h caution Clncl maintenance of to1vn forces on alert. (Campteli 1950) 1l)')'-..:: ·-·- :>!.lv 5,_ 1335 - A.circular of the .::::lrrove~nor ..._,. o """-::: c:...;t.&4.i.4 t...u· O&.iu·:.:~.,a c;'-4ar '~~-' L ... ,t;~ opLnion of his pcrr.;anent de1n;tation to-wi.t: L. Law :fr :_9 0£ 22 Octobc:r-, :333 ~stc:ihlishing the geog:.·aphic body a= fl-.e state de cL:ired void the: L1w of 10 J~••ua:..·y, 1833 cstc1bli.sl-.in6 geacr.:.;l ::>•:rvcy. 2, Provision of Chapter 4 oi Law of Janua~y 10 on allot~cnt ~~~ adjustment of land to natives (Indians) appears to be the sEm~ in · law #19. 3. Prior. O?inion on native (Indian) land sales therc:ore renewed; (Campbell 1950) · Mav 28, 1835 - Th~ circular oflt~e Governor 0£ Ch~~uahu~ suspends both ?rior- ci.rculars that adopted 01)Lnio:-. 0£ t:12pe1-wanent deputati.on and request the Alcaldes to remit for the time being notice of lands. sold by na~i0cs and persons i.n possession, (Ca~pbell 1950) June 16, 1835 - Bernall warns Alcaldes of tte ~~stricc of the presence of Comanches and liQits s~uads in ?ursuit of the sa~e to five leagues march from town and further cautions '~hen by the tracks i.t is noted that Indi<:m forces are superior to those of the ;;xirti.es that are pursuing them, let ~hew halt". (Cc..--:1pbell 1950) Jtme 17, 1335 - Bernall advises a 50 peso fine c:nq 3 montl-.s i.n ?ri..;on for- failure of scouts to scrupulously exa"1ine the 'ot:1er bc:in;" of the river for sign of t~e enewy. (~??arently all of the Pueblos were o~ the right or south bank of the river at this tlme). (Cam?bell 1950) Ji.me 22. 1835 - A proclar.-.c:iti.0;1 £:-om the o££ice of t'.--.e C<);i'..1:a.:cli.ng oificc:cof the El Paso Di.strict to ·all AlcalC:es. "kc the r.:o.-:-.cnt you rccei.ve this 'orC:c-:: you will cOirli.lcJrid ti1at all fields of pro hibited tobacco be pulled up and bur.1ed ?ubli.c:y, ~eing car0:~1 to advise of having carried it. out i.n tl1i.s rr.anne:," (Campbell) .)11nc~ 25. 1335 - l\.cqucst £ro17, ~l--.~· ~·"\l.ctJ:de c)'Z Y3le~a tctl1c cv:::l".1.:.111(!Lng 0 f'. r; C" r () r ;.·. ;):• .. (' '\; ... ·-~; .~ t r· ~J'" ,. ~. ·1; ,, ;: f '""!'' ' 1""1 'L") 1) ., ,,/, :1 0 ·,•l.·l,. .• • \ ': ._ l l" ,~ 0 ._..._,,_ ...... ,_ ~"'4 '-Lt·">J u ....~'- ... •- """ .... L. ·-~ ~\.Jh ...... _ "'·u-"-"\ ,..._._ ... '"'·'-1...'- •o th<.it the..: nati.ve (IndLm) Ign~cio ;.Jur<.i;1 1 Governorc.ill,~) (J·2i:l1~<1.t1)~·y · '"· ·.·, di.l:linuti.ve) has ..-equcsted.per.r.issi.on to{see,tJ.e•cCr:1.'11<.ll1ding.oi:fL..:ci·· " \. for perr..ission fo;::. nati.ves (Ir.d,ians) to g::qw a little tobacco, .::=or·' •· ,• use on scouti.ng expcditi.ons only. Tbi.s' circu1..:1r refers .to '.natives (Indiun3) .:is "vc-cy ,poor. cl.::iss " .' (C.::l;-,ipbell 1950 ) . , .J-ulv 0. 13'35 - /..lc<:il.d12 of Ysleta r-epli.cs t.o ci.~·cuL:n· oi 20 ~:.:..y, ,.· 1935 anci places bef~rc the ?residency for prcscnt~~nt t61thc s~~~rnor. ]_. ;:'}-.e;~e:· arc no excess lands .in Ysl2 ca bcc<.lt:sc sor.:e L>~1d b. ll::>'2lcss and V DT/dr.n:~n. Tu,~r-r. :1or.rNG "'- LE!lLIE & :;,(;I!\'i ,;.\.~~'.. ,~.· ~I \ P!/ ~.~()::\n, °R."1Sff, };0:-7.\G LESLI~ u.: SCHW A.3.'l'Z . 1836 - An Apache chief went to El ~aso del No:::.-t6 to demand the ro:ease of h Ls wire 1 0 ',··,:1...... c .~. ? 1 of: -nd-i?- c·- - · ,..., ..i ' - ~. ~u..J'Jo' ~ Decl..,-.,-,·o--...... • ...... ;.. , 1;: I:!~ l:!.-.C<.:: oy .LCxas - i...oes ~10.:: imply El Paso and New Xexico area, however, af tcr s~rre~der of S nt~ A~na at San Jacinto on April 21st, 7exas claims ~11 lands north of R'o Grande from its mouth to headw~ters. Xexico'.did not respect t~is cl~i~ and contin~ed to control and occu?y this territory. Civil doc~fients of Ysleta 0£ 1835 do not ev~:-. tc:.ke note of civil wa:i: i<. Tcx.Js. J.?,J/) - The 1836 Te:-:.Js Co'1stitution rcco;::.izcd .:mC: non~)::..·ed z.:...l v.Jlid 1 ·1;:-r- 0'-"-dntsl '.,yV lo\.!cx1'co .:-;-.G._. .. , S:laL·n~ • ...:,..... U.-.. A~t..er \..•• prov:~VA...\... .:;,:~n.::: u brr•A-.n~"'d ... G.4 ti..~ J...Ci.·-_,- '°-'-' ._. \....4u..:.>U~ he~drights to all inhabit~nts of Texas except AfrLcans and IndLa~s. (Th is would reinforce O?inio.-1 that even unde:: -che Republic of 7e::-:us) Indians were de?cndent wards) (Giles, History anC: DisoositLnn of •.. T2x.Js Public D0~~i.n, pages 7 & 9) .>·c2::iocr. 19. ::.836 - -:::ie Congress of ti1e : lfij7 - Gonzales, a Tc:os I.-.di.al1, is 3overnor o.: ~ew Ne;·d.co and w.Js j,-,urdcred by : •...-.nijo in 1937 (3ancioli.er 1966:75) , c-")9 K' - b . d - D ·~~ ,...., . .., ...... , .. s ';...... '\~~, ... i.· ...,, .... _s t·vo- ... -... , L4 '"''.°")'1Y r.,: -u~s ~ - l.OWc.1 s ese l.ge a .. .. u..: .... o ~"'"'' ..,y •• I.! •• i..;c;... \• •• 1.;; .J.. "t..: - .1. ... s . ..-. jul1gLng by :hci::trac--:o"-and of B2::~1al 1 s r.-d;:~:~ry C:i.r~cti.v2s.) ~nci ~ook fligh: (Calendar History of the XLowa In6i~ns, Xooney, Ja~85) 17th· Annual Report, Bureau of Ethno:o0y) .'I.1nu.:n.·,, 20. 13LO - The common l.:.w of E:<-..glai.1d w.::s <.:dop:ted by th.:; 'I'e:xa:> Leg is la ::u1·e except laws relating ~o Spz.:"1 Lsh and }:e:-;icc;1: land g~ar. ts (Sales Texas Cons~ituti.on, page 129-134) J2cc:-:.ber. 27 1 1846 - Doni.phc:in cnt~r-s El. ?.::iso m-.c! Ar.1e:=i.car. trOv"?S 0ccu:.)y tnc .:irca i.mtLl. :i?ebru.:i-:y 8, 1847.Dc:ndol.ier,1938:316-17) '. Jcccnbc~ 29. 18L5 - By join;: resolution (9 s~~~:lOS) of J.S. Consr~ss 1 Tcx~s is a~mittcrl to the Union on an c~ual foot~n~ with the orLg:n~:. l~ ~t..Jtcs in a~_l respects w::-iatcvc::. A p1·i.or :.·c:rnlu;:i.on ~:~:.·c:1 l, lS45 (5 5t~t. 7~7) had required ~s ~ condition cf ~~niss:on that T~~~~ ou::-ec..:> ~o cec.!c to ti1e .U.S. al::. pub:ic ccii.fices, po~~s) ~~~·.. 1s, e:~~., ~~a other bui.ldings and works pcrt.Ji.ning to ?Ublic d~icnse :n cxchanga i·or allow i•.z:;, ':'c;..:a s to re ta in as a State., i. ts p-~b l i.e. f·,.mds '1nd V.'.lc~:. t ~~G ~no?~~q?~iated l.Jnds. a ~csult of aonexatio~ 0£ Texas ~nG its clai~cd t~~ritory. VI. , ,. :~ 1~r::.r"r· ..-:-:l .::...'"'- ... ·... ~ .... ~-. '".i .. ,, ..,,....--...,.,, .- ..... ~ "!""(" /~~. ~'-],'=; t 1.2. l~2!~ (:, - v-••- - u;..~ . .1 .. ,1_.,., ·•• .,'\.---. .. t... • .J ...... '-'•~• .'JC!~c~£t::. .-:,0s;;.;2~~s ~;J:-. . of :\°~\J :-:~;·:;:.cv. Di /·. ~ ,: <; ~ T~, ~ ~ ! . :·~ : : , r~ (J !4' 1:·,; G· LE.SL~ I~· ~ SC; ii\'/ J.. I~ 'f::: 29 ! ' \ ' Scntc~her 22. lS46 - ?:ocl~matLon o~ C~vil Gover~~e~t at s~~~~ Fe and Ci-,a1·:.es Brent ap;Jointe 1 1 ~ ~0 1 /L-'."1r,, :~Y-. .0.• 1 \-~ ·-~·n~n ~· r• t "T .. .. - '.2')·-·- -_, Lorr - C"'"-'-'~0n"' ... vvi.;_i-,...... nc.;,1 .. L;J.:cs..:;..cs-..,,.' 5 t:--.·-~... •c):·y _ wi.th ti11..! N.:.;v.ijo~ _D_r_.~_c_i:._·i·_.-,_h_.:_· _-:-_2_· _'7_• .___l_S'-4_() - Co 1on~1 D.')n i. :);1.::i n .m .. ~ Li, S . t l"OO ;1s en~'-~;~ ;.: :. t> .:.1 so of Brazitos. They occu?y the a:ea u~til ieb~u~:y S, l.848. l.846 - E.c-;:-ocr:.: O. I:.::ayc:: cor.cluc!2s wit:: res'.Jc:ct to ~:l.!xic<:;.-.-'.:~;:i..:_;;.-. ?olicy from 1321 to 1846 thdt: :~~~~o =~~L~~s oi New ~cx~co w12rc sti.11 wards, :)ut \\1 ith the titlC! 0£ c.:..ti.:.:~ns. 2. S?.:::b;; i.:.:w. regulating Indian rights and ?::o:.:~ctio~ ::-2~ai~ the s~~c. 3. :he governor's authority re~aLns th~ s~me. ~. Laxity ~nd corrG~:.:~0n l<..!d to :r.ucb e11c:.--o~c~1~ent. 5. 'I'Ltie ~~c=-:.il L~c~ ~L1 t:~~ ri~~l:>~u Ll~l(• not Lndividual I~di~ns. are assassin~ted. Plot to take attack Taos Pueblo ~nd ~ill l.50 }"'.J r,gcd. . . - ~C!;)~-u~~,, 2. 1847 - Le:::e:.... o~ L~. i. s -3 :J::'L._:.:.: ~------~------des c rip ti on of dress, langua~c, dialect ~n~ ~cligi~n. (:~n~~lic= 1933:316-17) l,'jL~8 -- 1 ':'l1e ..;p~cl1\3 1~1Ji~11s ~r"\..! COl':t~l"'.~~:_~y ;--::da\.L~1t; l11cu:·s~\):"°.S ;.:~·1.):i, t:~-.e r,iot111tai~;) u1)011 the settlcwe~1~s of l~:.. :!;:so---" :-rLgltes ~~.··\)~ts. (Schroeder 1960:55) F2b=unrv 2. :843 - SLgn:~g oz t~0 t~ea:y o~ Cu~~&:~;2 H:~~l~o (9 Stat. 922), e•1di.r.8; th2 \Ya~ \·.l~::;i :-:2:-::.co c.~G p~-0\.·~~ i1g th~:~ ~:~:-:Leo . - . - . ..., '. . ~clin~~ish all claL~s to t~e ter~~:cry eas: o= ~~e ~~a ~=a~~~ ~~~ cede the p:.-esent N'2\·1·:":12:,Lco ~r~d t.:??2r c~:.:.to~-~~~ c:::-2as ::o t~c :..;i1~:2 G St~tes. Articles VIII ~n~ IX o~ t~2 tr0~ty ?~ovL~2~ ~or rc~os~L::o~ CJnd :'~\J::ccti..:)l1 f;;,r tl-,c.! :.;~1Ltec~ St~:.='2s o: :~~(! rL~>.:s ~o :):.... ~vcJ~0 ~J:.."·~):~h.~~·t)" (!5 t:U1)1 ish.::d Ul1d(!r ::~-.e S;)dl: ~sr. dr:d :<2:~~~~~-:r1 ::2 r::"i ~::·.~s. (.:\1 ~:10\..:~~~·: :l--.12. Indian ?O?Ul~tio~ :~ t~c area arc not ~~nt~0~e~, th2 ?~at~~u~0~ of · · · · · · ._ .. · e ~ o:: "\.'~ ··: .... o l;~,--0::1'2 ~ -c~~,"2 ::-~ - tnc;_r }Yl'.'OiX~l'."t'J' ri.gnts as p:.:-:..or ~L1..LZ~;1.::. .L ••1.;:.-. ... -- ...... i,,\ S?Or.si.:Ji.lity o~ tb:: United s·.:~t.::s i.r.cl·~.::i.i1g t~1Q::,..;; :n ~h6 E 1 :?a.:>.'.) ~ ..... " \" (r· c v ('"_c1.,,r": l'J.:.3.\)'"·. . o .. ec1) \•, u. t-J. • 1o.J,';1 ... 4\ c ..._' ' ' ' ' .· -···.... -,, . .::·;:: ·:·.. ·,-:-·:-;;c "'- r.1 T.\ ~ .~ ' I ,\ I i ' ! ." I. • ~ • • • • I \ ...... ·~ r l", J • • .. t ~"I L:.:. s i .. : ~ & ~ L- ... \ i .·.A\..~ ::; 0 n:;..:r.cY:-:n. 111'.S:-1, hOLi:\G L~.:>Lil·: & ~CH w 1:.w:z I 13!:9 - Cl!nsus reconi...:d s!1owL-.g \·.slet~1 3i1Cl So.::,:-.r~-0 \·:Lt.::: 000 :1~i.-s:n1s 1 ovc· r- 5 years- or- <.:t:;c. , S en..'.'ltc .:.:-;.:.:c.~ DJc, lb.:...~-50:2C6)~ · - :'hi.s • s~;1,2 year resp.)nsi.bili.ty .::or the Sure<':....: of fr,dU... A:E~.:~::-s w I .June 10. 18l~9 - Con..-e;;po;-:dence ;.:J:-;-;. W.E.C. Wl-.i.tt~•1.;, Lt. 0£ il:°:•1:~L:ecrs to G~neral J.C. Totten, Chic~ 0: Cor~s U.S. En~ine~r~ 0~vcs f ~~~rt bLit good dc·scripti.oil of "La Isla" LlnC: t:;.;;: j)'deblo or 1sl12tw l)l1 c ... i...3 1 1 1 i..sland "-- ... ·. .:: L""a 1 to the last t~ei..r ar.~r.iosity to t:1e :-:e::x~cans. r.. •!:':es2 I~clL~ns r;: gr2a::er h~art t~an the::ir Qaste~s, ~eet the Anac~2s. ~Ji.th thc~r o~n w2~·)o~s. 0 ··rd ··cc-- ..... ·ne~s-,lv·°'s :,.,v:o;., ..... e 5 ..... :11 '--J ': •• ,, ...... ,.,~ - -··· :~·-- 1 ·~··· :•; 1' L• 11• ~ 1 '-= ~ ..... • "-" ~ ._._.; :. ~-~~- ";_L~~~';~-'-~-~·-;\;;._:t.J\·l,. ~·~·:.:<..:~._~ one 1.0 rr,any o.._d ._us t0:-:1S, .JnG D;J t ualt Cur ._s 1.. la>l .... Z\;!4, 1...;ey Wu :-...... ) .J 1 ...... · "" ~ • ..... ur ..... or- ·l 1 · ~ d J • ,..,... · ' - ~1...u"" .. ,:..x~ '-' c-d1.io..... LC "n ~agc;•1 ri.::2.s. 1r: ..c:i.-: n.·..;:-:,oers are:~::.:.s::: dwi..ndling away andbut CJ few yc~rs wi..l~ ?~ss bc~o~c :he last ~~cer :ires of ti1C!i..r race wi.11 be c;.;:ting1..:i..si;2ci. 11 (Sen<:t•~ Exec. D .:. 13Li-9-50:289) (120 yccrs latL!::::- ti1cy .J::::-c stL:..:;_ Ln ::b-3 .s.:ir.~2 ?l[1 .-::2 a~; r.i.:rny in number- <1nd wi.t.h ti1e s<:1m'3 ;:-.yths, b.::liL:.fs, t~aditio•1s, ..::n~ .... ~ 1 1·('f;on B11 ..... no '-a ...... ' ,,_1,;.._ 0 ;_ lo UC. l, ;... ~ ....-:>.) 1049 - The Mescaleros <::vai..1 t~.:::u.se::;_ves r:1e con~1..:sL0:1 on ::te ·.0.:-.::2:.- :.:-.d ,.. ,;u· "sleta d.,1 Su·- SOCO'"'·o ..i.,·; .:;-,, ... c:a-- .,,....J 1"f0 J.. u ...... 4. \,;: .L 1 \ .. .. \...... \,,,:;;... lo.) \..4 .... ) """ .. .. ~;;-i;.,,~-.-'" .J.. - f.J 0 ..... L \,.J '-4 .... Lt s··1·""' .. ~r.."...... p.... ~.. .. ~ (Stanley F., T~e Anaches of New Xcxico ~540 to 1940, i902 Te~ws f~~pa ?rLnt Sho?) j 1 0 I 9 ,,.,l C ' ' ; .• - . 0 -'- . .. ,: J C: C - \, . ,. > ..· ' .1"'-+ - .L~e Ot-lc:.a~ ..... co._,,.1.;!S)~ n1...-...:.1._I.:!~ O.i... 8:7.2:::;~ ..,, ...... ~ ou.1, ...... ~ a~t·l ..__ ~.~ ...:.1~-.. - 0 :-:.;- t't',:·· ~· l ...... - r , .... , \ .... -... .. ! ... 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J~\,,,.L!•uL.~ .. . ~;1 rh:.5 \-J3'j' (ir1di.c,1!:~ng a mLJr!") ::t-.c varioL:s :r1dic:~, l'l1'2l1 . .:.~).-.; 1-~~...: ... :~2'-: • ~ • • \. - • • • • '. ! . ~n ::his t2rrito~y iln~~ :~e se:cti.on o.:: .::01..:~~rv w~:..c~ t~e:~~? ~~~~~~0n~s :... c r.1a y be: VJ.: ..: 11 to ;,,.·~ ::-.e::-:.~ C: ~ t !; Ci t . -Ci1 e: r c 3 i' e · t\.. <) ~r: .i L<-·· n P--.iL' ~,:. c1 ;.; '! <.~ L)\\' ~l. P;iso, ':.s:.L!~ • I • ' , . , ') I • ' t>~, in!->~i.:.:t1tLn.6 SL:CZ"1 ~ co::-~-.~i.ssLCii"l ~:s \·;~s ~~~co~::~·.:cnL,L:\.. ,J;,r t~~'""! 1r'-~·-" .. "-·~~~ • • • , -·~"> 1 ·--«:- ., ..... 1.. ,; .1 ,,,..,.]., - (:.)'·''';.I, ..•,' '\f·..-.-l·, .. , ~:-, ~11.S '1~ii'iULJ.L ::'.~1~(! - ... 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(A.u,J., fLl8s, Dc~t. of Kew Mexico, V. 20 6~ld50:) (?h2 Of~~ci~~ c!c:-4cc L;> .:t:L-.2.s S. Cc.!i.:~01_:.~~, A4.Jc~, ::\.~.C!., 1915: 39, 4.!...--45, 73, - C: • , 4 ~ 7 2 -1 7 'J, 2 6 • r r - r ('. I I ,,., / C: ~ : ) J I 0 - 1 )..J, 10 , .. - 1 U-Lol, ~)~, ~~~, ..J,_v ~ ?.Jgc ~. O~ rcspoucl<.:mce to J~rnes S. Cc.l:-:our:. h.:: st~ tcs "tbe: ;;.;oove ;1u ..-:~~r.:1:: ior. w.::.s taken f~orn the census orde~ed by the le:;Lslature o~ Xew x~xico, cor:.vc;1cd Decemb~r 1847, whi.d~ Lr.cll.!ues only 1::-..::ise of 5 yea::-.s oi .:.;;;l! <.ind u~\·Jc:.:.·d ar.tl co•1::L1u2s ''t:·.e p:.·otectio:-, of tb.::sc =•-.(_L.:i-.s :.~-. .:;~e:L.· -'.·fc:<.: ; . 0.:: 0 ;_.:, •• , ....,,.. •'.> II t'1·, •D ·"~·son:-·-- .. , ~-.• c.: ")~·,--,·)e·• - " .. -- u ...,c, J.. UL\;;'-4t..,.----·~ ••• ._1.,,~ \..1.4.LL.Ao"""'-'i.;::• "I·--j.• a r.; ~ 1 - ~ • - . : I ~ .._ ...... , -- ~ . ...l. 7 ,...... :: .., .- l• (1 ~ :.J ...... \ . ~) ')" .... i "1 .,, ) l. ~ . ~ , .. 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