The Environmental People

Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan for Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of 12.05MLD Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram Municipality

Client:

Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, Southern Region, Madurai.

Contractor:

Eco Protection Engineers Pvt. Ltd, Chennai.

CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i – viii I INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 09 – 10 1.2 Sewage Treatment Plant – The Project 10 – 12 1.3 Environmental Status 12 1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 12 1.5 Environmental Management Plan 13 1.6 Legal, Policy & Institution Frame Work 13 1.6.1 Water Act, 1974 13 1.6.2 Air Act, 1981 14 1.6.3 Environment Protection Act 1986, & Notifications 15 1.6.4 Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) and TNUDF 15 1.6.5 Operation Policy and Directorate of the World Bank 15 1.6.6 Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) 15 1.6.7 Noise Pollution Rules 2000 16 1.6.8 National Archaeological Sites prevention Acts 16 1.7 Clearances Required from Competent Authority 17 II PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 General 18

2.2 STP- Location 19 2.3 Downstream Of STP Site 19 2.4 Project Cost 25 2.4.1 Construction Cost 25 2.4.2 Operation & Maintenance 26 2.5 Sewage Treatment Plant 26 - 33 2.5.1 Treatment Processes and Unit Operations 27 - 33 2.6 Power Details 33 2.7 Man Power 33 2.8 Sewage Disposal-Current Status 35 2.9 Disposal /Reuse 35 2.10 Sludge Handling and Disposal 35 III BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS 3.1 Methodology 37 3.2 Air Environment 38 - 49 3.2.1 Climate and Meteorology 3.2.2 Wind 3.2.3 Ambient Air Quality 3.3 Noise Environment 49 - 53 3.4 Water Environment 53 - 57 3.5 Soil Environment 57 - 67 3.5.1 Geomorphology 3.5.2 Geology 3.5.3 Soil 3.5.4 Land Utilization 3.5.5 Land use / land cover 3.5.6 Observations 3.6 Biological Environment 67 - 68 3.6.1 Development of Green Belts 3.7 Socioeconomic Environment 69 - 70 IV PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS 4.1. General 71 4.2. Prediction of impacts 71 – 74 4.2. a. Air Environment 4.2. b. Water Environment 4.2. c. Soil Environment 4.2. d. Noise Environment 4.2. e. Flora and Fauna 4.2. f. Socio Economic 4.3. Evaluation of impacts 74 V PUBLIC CONSULTATION 5.1 General 76

VI ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 6.1 General 77 6.2 Environmental Management Plan – Pre Construction Phase 78–80 6.2.1 Sitting Phase 6.2.2 Planning Phase 6.2.3 Designing Phase 6.3 Construction Phase 80 - 81 6.4 Operation and Maintenance Phase 81 - 82 6.5 Personal Safety Systems 83 6.6 Safety Measures 83 - 84 6.7 Environmental Monitoring Plan 6.7.1 General 84 6.7.2 Monitoring Plan 84 - 86 6.7.2. a. Air Environment 6.7.2. b. Water Environment 6.7.2. c. Soil Environment 6.7.2. d. Noise Environment 6.7.2. e. Socio Economic 6.7.3 Off Site Monitoring 86 6.8 Environmental Cell 87 6.9 Budgetary Estimate (Annual) 87 6.10 Compliance Reporting 87

VII SAFETY WORK PRACTICES FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 101 VIII ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT MEASURES 8.1 Greenbelt Development 106 IX PROCESS DESIGN CALCULATION 113 ANNEXURES I Compliance Statement for Consent to Establish Order II NOC & Consent to establish from TNPCB III Public Consultation IV Sampling Location V Water Analysis Report

List of Tables Table No. List of Table Page No. 1.1 Clearances Required from Competent Authority 17 2.1 Characteristics of the Raw Sewage 27 2.2 Characteristics of Treated Water 28 2.3 Man Power 33 2.4 Process and Unit Operations Design Specifications 34 3.1 Environmental Attributes 28 3.2 Climatalogical Summary 30 3.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations 32 3.4 Techniques used for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 34 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Results 35 3.6 Noise Monitoring Locations 41 3.7 Noise Level Standards 42 3.8 Ambient Noise Levels Results 42 3.9 Water Quality Sampling Locations 44 3.10 Characteristics of Ground water quality 45 3.11 Characteristics of Surface water quality 46 3.12 Soil sampling locations 52 3.13 Standard Soil Classification 53 3.14 Soil Characteristics 54 3.15 List of Flora in the study area 58 3.16 List of Fauna in the study area 58 3.17 Suggested plants for Green belt development 60 3.18 Theni Population Details 61 3.19 Literacy Rate in Theni 61 3.20 Theni district workforce engagement in different sectors 62 3.21 Table 3.21 Workforce engagement in different sectors in Theni 62 4.1 EIA Matrixes 67 4.2 Environmental Management Plan for Pre-Construction Phase 82 6.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Phase 83 - 86 6.3 Environmental Enhancement and Special Issues 87 6.4 Trouble Shooting/ Remedial measures and responsibility 88 – 98 6.5 Operation & Maintenance Check List 99 - 102 6.6 Environmental Monitoring plan 103 - 105 6.7 Cost Estimate for Environmental Monitoring Plan 106 6.8 Cost Estimation for Greenbelt Development 107 6.9 Operation & Maintenance Log Sheet 108 8.1 Suggested Plant Species for Greenbelt development 115 List of Figures

Fig. No. List of Figures Page No. 1.1 Theni District Map 11 2.1 Location of STP Site 15 2.2 Project Site Layout 16 2.3 Treatment Scheme for Sewage Treatment Plant 19 3.1 Wind rose Diagram for December 31

3.2 3.2 Ambient Air Quality for PM10 36 3.3 Ambient Air Quality for PM2.5 37 3.4 Ambient Air Quality for SO2 38 3.5 Ambient Air Quality for NOx 39 3.6 Noise Level Results 43 3.7 Drainage Overlay on Geology 48 3.8 Soil Map of India 50 3.9 Soil Map of India 51 3.10 Land Use & Land cover 52 3.11 Particle Size Classification of Soil 54 3.12 Figure 3.12 Nutrient Content in Soil 55 3.13 Figure 3.13 Exchangeable Cations in Soil 55 3.14 Figure 3.14 Organic Matter (%) in Soil 56 6.1 Green Belt Development 98

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT – Theni – Allinagaram Municipality

Theni Municipality has proposed to establish a 12.05 MLD capacity Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) with Activated Sludge Process (ASP) at Theni Allinagaram, Theni District, Tamilnadu as part of the underground sewerage scheme to cater to the infrastructural needs of the Municipality.

Theni Allinagaram is a first grade Municipality in Theni District situated 75 km West of Madurai in NH 49 extension (Madurai to Cochin). The Population of this Municipality is 85424 as per 2001 Census. The average annual rain fall of this town is 770 m. The mean temperature of the project area is 34oC. The main occupation of the public is business and agriculture. The contour of the town ranges from 278 m to 323 m. The total of the town is 22.23 sq.km. The length of road is 78 km. The ground water table during summer is reported to be approximately 15 to 18 m below ground level.

ABC Environ Solutions PVT. Ltd., has been approached by M/s. Eco Protection Engineers PVT. Ltd., to conduct Baseline Environmental Studies at their STP Site in Theni Allinagaram Municipality.

Theni-Allinagaram municipality is in the forefront in completing the underground drainage systems and that Sewage Treatment Plant for a processing capacity of 12.05 MLD is proposed for immediate implementation. The Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is envisaged as state-of-the-art plant, on the basis of an Advanced Biological Treatment Process followed by disinfection.

The Extended Aeration process is incorporated as the core treatment process of the STP, as it can offer the BOD removal efficiency at 95-99% which should ensure the treated sewage for BOD at less than 20mg/l and TSS at less than 30mg/l.

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The STP gets operated to its design parameters and ensures the quality of the treated sewage as per the standards of Water Act of MoEF and guidelines of Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board.

Theni-Allinagram Municipality has already obtained “Consent to Establishment” from Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board for the Sewage Treatment Plant in the proposed location.

2.0 TREATMENT PROCESSES AND UNIT OPERATIONS:

The municipal sewage drawn through the under ground sewerage system will be treated in four stages of treatment viz., ƒ Primary Treatment - Screening, Degritting ƒ Secondary Treatment - Aeration Tank (Modified (ASP), Secondary clarifier and Sludge Dewatering Unit (Centrifuge). ƒ Disinfection: - Chlorine Treatment

The sewage is screened, degritted in the preliminary treatment with mechanical screens, grit chamber. The pre-treated effluent will then be taken to an Aerobic Tank, designed on the basis of Extended Aeration (a modified ASP) with a secondary clarifier. The sludge will be fully recycled to have MLVSS at 3000-4000 mg/l and for F/m ratio of 0.03 to 0.5 Kg BOD/Kg MLSS. Day so that BOD5 and TSS removal efficiencies will be 95-99% and 80- 90% respectively.

The clarified effluent will be dosed with hypochlorite solution so as to ensure complete killing of pathogenic micro organisms. The treated sewage will be collected in treated water collection tank at STP Site and it will be pumped to the Thamaraikulam. The treated sewage which is envisaged to confirm to standards for use of treated sewage for Agriculture, will be taken to the existing irrigation systems of channels.

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The proposed STP will have flow and quality monitoring facilities, so as to ensure the operation of STP as per the standards and guidelines of TamilNadu Pollution Control Board.

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS:

The location of the proposed STP has been choosing on the basis of the environmental standards, geological conditions and facilities for the disposal/reuse of treated sewage.

Theni is generally found to have a sub-tropical meteorological conditions with moderate wind conditions, poor rainfall with moderate atmospheric temperatures and humidity. The location of STP is adjoining to the grave yard (Electrical crematorium) and relatively away from residential locations.

AIR ENVIRONMENT:

The parameters chosen for assessment of air quality were Particulate Matter (PM 10 and 2.5 µ), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) in the four different AAQ

Locations. In the study area, PM10, PM 2.5, SO2 and NOx concentration observations are found to be within the specified standards of CPCB at all locations.

NOISE ENVIRONMENT:

The Noise monitoring was carried out in four different locations in day and night time. The daytime Leq varied from 42.1 to 48.9 dB (A) and the night time Leq from 40.3 to 43.5 dB (A) within the study area. All the Noise Level results are found to be within the specified standards of CPCB at all locations.

WATER ENVIRONMENT:

Water sampling has been conducted to establish baseline water quality in the area. Four Ground Water and Two Surface Water samples are collected and water analysis was carried out for physical and chemical parameters as per the methods prescribed in IS and “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. The physicochemical characteristics of ground water and surface are compared with the standards (IS 10500: Indian

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Standards/Specifications for Drinking Water) reference values. in the study area were moderate to very hard in nature. The chloride content in the studied area ranged from 24-187 mg/L. The sulphate content in the ground water is found to be from 28 to 78 mg/L. All the chloride, sulphate, lead and iron values are within the IS standards in all the area. The lead and oil & grease values are below detectable limit in both the Vaigai River and Thamaraikulam.

The baseline water environment in and around 2 km radius of the proposed Project Site were established in line with the ISO 19001 Standards. The Mullai Periyar River flows in the Eastern side of the STP site at a distance of 0.3 km. The flow direction and flow accumulation of the study area clearly indicates the control of the structural features on the river system. From the STP site the surface water flows towards East.

LAND ENVIRONMENT

Red loam soil is the predominant Soil type in this district accounting for 37.48% followed by red sandy soil of 14.53%. The other types of soils are lateritic soil, black soil, and sandy soil.

According to the land utilization pattern only 40 % of it is under agriculture. Excluding the forest area which is 34%, the remaining 26% of land may be brought under waste land development programme.

Soil samples are collected from four different locations. The analyzed results are compared with soil classification, from the observations it was found that the soil in the study area shows moderate fertility.

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

The biological environment includes mainly terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. No endangered Species found in and around the project site. The list of plant and animal species recorded in the study areas are discussed in the report.

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SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Theni district socioeconomic environment and the anticipated impacts of the proposed project is discussed in the report. The areas of discussion in this chapter are demographic structure, economic activity, education, literacy profile, land use and infrastructure resources.

The results of the ambient air quality, Noise level monitoring, Water Quality Analysis and Soil Sampling results at different locations in Theni Allinagaram, noted that all emissions/results are within the limits of existing regulations of the CPCB/TNPCB/IS standards. For further improvement and maintenance of the existing compliance to environmental laws, it is recommended that Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan has to be strictly implemented, complying with the TNPCB/CPCB regulations.

4.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

The Installation of STP will stop the discharge of untreated sewage which is at present used for irrigation and land disposal. The proposed STP will improve the present status of land and water in the Theni-Allinagaram area.

The STP will render the treated wastewater to adhere the standards of BOD5 and TSS so that it will be fully reused. Hence, the installation of STP will improve the environmental quality of Theni-Allinagaram.

The impact matrix was drawn for the Sewage Treatment Plant and it is found that the installation of STP will have more positive and proactive impact on the environmental quality of Theni-Allinagaram.

5. STATUTORY APPROVALS /PERMITS: The environmental permit for this kind of project is consent from State Pollution Control Board. Theni-Allinagaram Municipality has already got consent for establishment from TamilNadu Pollution control Board, for starting the construction activities.

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A copy of the “NOC & Consent to Establishment” from Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board for establishing the Sewage Treatment Plant for Theni Allinagaram, in the said location, is presented in ANNEXURE-I.

Consent to Operate: Anyhow, consent is required for operating the plant. On completion of all works and before one month of time, Theni-Allinagaram municipality needs to apply for consent for operating the plant.

Consent renewal: The consent for operation can be taken only on annual basis from TNPCB and its validity only upto end of March of the every Year. Every year, application must be filed during February-March along with requisite consent fee to state PCB for renewing the consent or permit to operate the STP for the next one year period.

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN: The installation STP is essentially the core of EMP for Theni-Allinagarm, as it will help the town to ensure safe disposal of its domestic wastewater.

The EMP for the STP is largely on the activities of the following. • O&M schedules • Monitoring systems • Peer-review-meetings on performance • Statutory approvals/permits • Environmental monitoring of disposal systems/Reuse areas • Worker’s Health Surveillance • Personal safety of workers • Green belt development An exclusive cell is proposed for implementation of EMP with requisite manpower and annual budget allotted to it. The annual budgetary estimate is assessed for 12.00 lakhs for implementing the recommendation of the EMP.

The protocol of Environmental cell for implementing the EMP is presented in Fig 1. vi

FIG. 1a ENVIRONMENTAL CELL

Chairman (Municipal Commission) Theni-Allinagaram

Project Incharge (Theni-Allinagaram Municipal Executive Engineers)

Operation Head (O& M –Engineer AE grade) (All statuty approvals/ Public grievances)

Chemist. Plumber Electrical Electrical a. Lab Assistant a. Field Assistants (2 Nos) a. Field Assistants (2 Nos) a. Field Assistants (2 Nos) - Analysis of samples - Maintenance of pipelines, - Maintenance of all electrical - Maintenance of all electrical - Maintenance of operating leaks installation installation - Maintenance of Fire Fighting parameters - Pumps/Blowers - Maintenance of Fire Fighting Systems Systems b. Personal Safety Systems

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FIG. 1b ENVIRONMENTAL CELL

Executive Engineer (TWAD Board)

Assistant Executive Engineers (TWAD Board)

Assistant Engineers (TWAD Board)

Operation Head (O&M – In-charge)

Lab Chemist. (01No.) Plumber (01Nos.) Plant Operator (01Nos.) Electrical a. Lab Assistant (01 Nos.) a. Field Assistants (1 Nos) a. Field Assistants a. Field Assistants (1 Nos) - Analysis of samples - Maintenance of pipelines, - Maintenance of all electrical - Maintenance of all electrical - Maintenance of operating leaks installation installation

parameters - Pumps/Blowers - Maintenance of Fire Fighting - Maintenance of Fire Fighting Systems Systems b. Personal Safety Systems

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CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL:

Theni Allinagaram is a first grade Municipality in Theni District situated 75 km West of Madurai in NH 49 extension (Madurai to Cochin). The Population of Theni Municipality is 85424 as per 2001 Census. The average annual rain fall of this town is 770 m. The mean temperature of the project area is 34oC. The main occupation of the public is business and agriculture.

Theni Allinagaram Municipality is the headquarters of Theni District. The town is situated at 300 m above Mean Sea Level, between 100o37” N Latitude and 77o20”E Longitude. Theni is linked to Periyakulam, Bodinayakkanur and Cumbum towns by major district roads. A Master Gauge (MG) railway line links this town with Madurai Corporation. Theni Allinagaram was constituted as Grade III Municipality in 1964 and later upgraded to a Grade II Municipality in 1972. Population of the town at that time was 24,606. Pursuant to 1983, Theni Allinagaram was classified as a First Grade Municipality.

The contour of the town ranges from 278 m to 323 m. The total of the town is 22.23 sq.km. The length of road is 78 km. The ground water table during summer is reported to be approximately 15 to 18 m below ground level.

Theni district is in the Southern part of Tamil Nadu. This district is surrounded by the Western Ghats, with it green stretches of cultivated lands and tea gardens. Silk cotton, soft towels, coffee seeds, cardamom, mango, are the main produce of the district. Theni district is the main route for the tourist bound from Madurai to Kochi via Bodinayakanur and Munnar and Madurai to Thekkadi wildlife sanctuary.

Theni Municipality has proposed to establish a 12.05 MLD capacity Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) with Activated Sludge Process (ASP) at Theni Allinagaram, Theni District, Tamilnadu as part of the underground sewerage scheme to cater the infrastructural needs of the Municipality.

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The location map for the project site is shown in Figure 1. The Project is implemented under third Tamil Nadu Urban Programme financed by international development Agency.

The quantity of municipal sewage is assessed for 12.05 million litres per day, on the basis of population and water use pattern presently, the sewage is not properly treated and hence a full fledged Sewage Treatment Plant is envisaged in the project, to serve Theni-Allinagaram Municipality.

The proposed STP, for processing 12.05 MLD, of sewage should be planned, designed, constructed, operated and maintained, in harmony with the existing environmental conditions and ambience.

The installation of STP should enhance the present environmental status of the project location and Theni as whole. The operation of STP should ensure prevention of water pollution and provide qualitatively, standardized water for irrigation and ground water recharge by the reclaimed water from the municipal wastewater.

1.2 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT – THE PROJECT

The sewage from the domestic areas of Theni-Allinagaram is envisaged for full fledged treatment and treated water is planned for use in the farming activities and ground water recharge through rain water harvesting structures.

The sewage treatment plant is designed to process 12.05MLD of sewage. The proposed STP is based on the Modified Form of Activated Sludge Process which will ensure contaminant-free water after the treatment.

The installation of STP is planned for execution on DBOT (Design-Build-Operate- Transfer) basis, leaving the performance of the STP to the responsibility of the contractors.

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Theni District

Tamil Nadu

Project Site

Figure 1.1 Theni District Map

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M/s. Eco Protection Engineers Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, a turn-key status environmental engineering firm is preparing the detailed process and plant design for the STP.

M/s. ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, has been appointed as EIA consultant for conducting requisite Environmental Surveys, for Environmental Impact Assessment and preparing Environmental Management Plan.

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS:

There also no sensitive or environmentally or socially important places, nearby. The proposed project location is surveyed for all the environmental attributes like Microbiology Air, Water, Soil, Noise and Human using Standard Protocols and as per the guidelines of MoEF, New Delhi. The existing environmental dimension of the project location shall be surveyed for a comprehensive data to develop strategies for monitoring the environmental components in the post project scenario. A snap survey on all the components of the surrounding environment in the 5Km radius of the project location was carried out and environmental setting of the project location was assessed.

1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

The environmental base line data of the project location is interpreted with the resultant and residues of the proposed STP activities. The activities that concern the collection, transfer, treatment and disposal of wastewater through Theni town has been interpreted to identify the impacts of such activities on the surrounding environmental attributes of the project location. EIA matrix is drawn for the STP and it is found that the installation of STP will impart significant positive impacts on the project environment.

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1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN:

A detailed EMP is devised as per the guidance documents of MoEF. The EMP is detailed exclusively for three different phase of the Project viz., • Design Phase • Construction Phase • Operation And Maintenance Phase Off site monitoring of water and soil in 5 Km radius of the project site, especially in the areas of treated water disposal are recommended. The sampling and analysis of water and soil samples be carried out as per standard procedures and as per the guidelines of EIA notifications of MoEF. The EMP will be adhered in principle during the period of the execution of project and also after with an exclusive “Environmental Cell” for operating and maintaining the STP.

1.6 LEGAL, POLICY & INSTITUTION FRAME WORK

This section reviews the policies, regulations and administrative framework within which the project is to be implemented. The review includes the Environmental and social framework of TNUIFSL, operational policies / directions of the World Bank and sector-specific environmental policies and regulations of the Govt. of India and Govt. of Tamilnadu.

1.6.1 Water Act, 1974

These laws seek to control pollution of water and enhance the quality of water. Under this law, it is mandatory to obtain Consent to Establishment of STP and the effluent to be treated to meet the discharge standards of inland surface water and discharged as per the standards stipulated by TNPCB before discharge into the river or on land for irrigation and pay consent fees as stipulated for local bodies viz., Town Panchayat, Municipality, Corporation which are causing water pollution.

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1.6.2 Air Act, 1981

This Act provides prevention, control and abatement of air pollution. With a framework similar to the Water Act, the Air Act gave the central and State Board’s authority to issue consents to industries operating within the designated air pollution control areas. The State also prescribes emission standards for stationary and mobile sources.

1.6.3 Environment Protection Act 1986, & Notifications:

In order to create national environmental legislation, the EPA articulates a policy for environmental protection covering air, water and land and provide a framework for Central Government to coordinate between Central and State Authorities established under various laws, including the Water Act and Air Act. Under this umbrella Act, the Central Government must set National Ambient and Emissions Standards, establish procedures for managing hazardous substances, regulate industrial sites, investigate and research pollution issues and establish laboratories and collect and disseminate information.

Among other relevant legislation, the Public Liability Insurance Act (PLIA) of 1991 mandates that business owners operating with hazardous substances take out insurance policies covering potential liability from an accident and establish Environmental Relief Funds to deal with accidents involving hazardous substances. The National Environmental Appellate Authority Act of 1997 requires the Central Government to establish an authority to hear appeals on area restrictions where operations will not be carried out or will be carried out with certain safeguard measures.

In 2005, Parliament enacted the Right to Information Act designed to promote greater transparency and accountability of the government and public participation in decision- making. 1.6.4 Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) and TNUDF

TNUIFSL has categorized urban infrastructure projects into three categories viz. E-1, E- 2 and E-3. As per ESF, the Theni-Allinanagam STP project comes under E1 category. The E1 projects require EA and approval of World Bank prior to implementation. The projects comply with the environmental resettlement and social standards set forth in the TNUDF’s Environmental and Social Framework.

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1.6.5 Operation Policy and Directorate of the World Bank

Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) is one of the ten safeguard policies of the World bank, which provides the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidance for the lending operations.

The OP 4.01 requires the borrower to screen projects upstream in the project cycle for potential impacts. Thereafter, an appropriate Environmental Assessment (EA) approach to assess, minimize / enhance and mitigate potentially adverse impacts is selected depending on nature and scale of project. The EA needs to be integrated in the project development process such that timely measures can be applied to address the identified impacts. The policy requires consultation with affected groups and NGOs to recognize community concerns and the need to address the same as part of EA.

1.6.6 Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB)

The TNPCB has the mandate for environmental management at the state level, with emphasis on air and water quality. The board is responsible for: • Planning and executing state-level air and water initiatives, • Advising state government on air, water and industry issues, • Establishing standards based on National Minimum Standards, • Enforcing and monitoring of all activities within the State under the Air Act, the Water act and the Cess Act, etc. • Conducting and organizing public hearings for projects as defined by the various Acts and as stipulated by the Amendment (April 1997) to the EIA Act; and, Issuing No-objection Certificates (NOC) for development projects defined in such a way as to include road projects. • The NOC from the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board TNPCB in pursuant to the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, the Cess Act of 1977 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981. • The State Pollution Control Board issues a No-objection Certificate (NOC) after accepting the application for the project.

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1.6.7 Noise Pollution Rules 2000

In order to curb the growing problems of noise pollution, the government of India has enacted the noise pollution rules 2000 that includes the following main provisions: • The state government may categorize the areas as industrial or commercial or residential. • The Ambient air quality Standards in respect of Noise for different areas has been specified. • The State government shall take measures for abatement of noise including noise emanating from vehicular movement and ensure that the existing noise Levels do not exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under these rules. • Areas not less than 100 m around Hospitals, Educational institutions and Court is declared as silence area under these rules. • A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority and the same shall not be used at night, between 10 pm to 6 am. • A person found violating the provisions as to the maximum noise permissible in any particular area shall be liable to be punished for it, under the provision of these rules and any other law in force. 1.6.8 National Archaeological Sites prevention Acts:

1.6.8.1 The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958

In order to bring out the legislation on par with constitutional provisions and provide better and effective preservation to the archaeological wealth of the country. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 (No 24 of 1958) was enacted on 28th August 1958.

This Act provides preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance for the regulation of archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and other similar objects. Subsequently, the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules 1959 were framed. The Act along with Rules came into force with effect from 15 October 1959. This Act repealed The Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951

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1.6.8.2 The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972

The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act 1972 (No. 52 of 1972) is the latest Act enacted on 9th September 1972 for effective control over the moveable cultural property consisting of antiquities and art treasures. The Act regulates export trade in antiquities and art treasures, provides prevention of smuggling and fraudulent dealings, authorizes compulsory acquisition of antiquities and art treasures for preservation in public places and provides certain other matters connected therewith or incidental or ancillary thereto. This Act was supplemented with The Antiquities and Art Treasures Rules 1973. The Act and Rules have been in force with effect from 5th April 1976. This legislation revealed the Antiquities Export Control Act, 1947 (Act No. XXXI of 1947)

1.6.8.3 The Treasure Trove Act, 1878

The Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878 (Act No. VI of 1878) was promulgated to protect and preserve any treasure found accidentally but having archaeological and historical value. This Actwas enacted to protect and preserve such treasures and their lawful disposal. In a landmark development in 1886, James Burgess, the then Director General succeeded in prevailing upon the Government for issuing directions forbidding any person or agency to undertake excavation without prior consent of the Archaeological Survey and debarring officers from disposing of antiquities found or acquired without the permission of the Government.

1.7 Clearances Required from Competent Authority:

1.1 Table

S. Clearance Statutory Activity Status No. Required. Authority The Consent for Establishment has been Establishment Consent To obtained from TNPCB vides Proceedings No: Tamil Nadu of Proposed Establishment DEE /DGL/F.No.DGL-125/W/2009, Dated: Pollution 1.0 Sewage under Air and 31.12.2009, Consent Order No: Control Treatment Water Act, 62/OL/2009/31/12/2009 for the proposed STP. Board. Plant 1981 The photocopy of the Same is enclosed as Annexure – II. Commissioning Consent To Tamil Nadu of Sewage Operate under Pollution Consent To Operate will be obtained from 2.0 Treatment Air and Water Control TNPCB once it is ready for commissioning. Plant Act. Board.

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CHAPTER – II

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1. GENERAL:

Theni-Allinagaram is a first grade municipality in Theni District. Tototal area of the town is 22.23 Sq.km. There is no sewerage system existing in Theni Allinagaram. Sewage disposal is primarily through septic tanks. In general, it is discharged in to the open street drains. Some soak pits of shallow depth and inadequate size are also in existence. These soak pits do not function properly and thereby allowing the sullage overflows. The street drains carrying sullage and sewage, are ultimately discharged in to water courses.

The sewerage system will comprise of construction of 12.05 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant of Activated Sludge Process, laying of main sewer line diameter of 150 mm and 600 mm for a length of 4.50 km and secondary/laterals for a length of 56.80km in diameter ranging from 200 mm to 600 mm. In the system two lifting Station has also been proposed , one lifting station to pump about 0.25 MLD of sewage to be transported to a gravity sewer through a pumping main of diameter 200mm and a length of 120 metres and other one lifting station to pump about 0.75MLD of sewage to be transported to STP site a pumping main of diameter 150 mm and a length of 1.50kms. One Main pumping station has also proposed to pump about 11.30MLD of sewage to sewage treatment plant through a pumping main of diameter 600mm and length of 3.0kms. For house service connection it has been proposed 110 mm & 160 mm diameter ODU PVC pipes (4 to 6 per manholes). The house service connection is provided normally to the manholes, where 2 or 3 House Service Connections (HSC) will be to Road Side Chamber (RSC) and RSCs will in turn be connected with manholes. Also provision has been made in the cost estimate for dismantling cum refilling the septic tank / soak pit utilities for those who do not find space for effecting a separate connection.

The collection system is designed for the volume of waste water to be generated for the projected population of 2024. Per capita wastewater generation is considered as 80% of the net water supply. Peak factor has been considered to design the sewer lines.

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2.2 STP- LOCATION:

Location : Karuvelnaickanpatty Village Area Available : 3.81acres STP Area Requirement : 1.04 acres Area for future expansion : 0.64 acres Ownership : Theni- Allinagaram Municipality The site for the proposed STP is 3.81Acre, in SF. No. 107 / Village,karuvelnaickan Patty and Theni district. The geological position of the STP site is, Latitude: 100°36’’N Longitude: 770 20’’ E The location is fully owned by Theni-Allinagaram municipality, which was assigned to TWAD Board for establishing the said Sewage Treatment Plant.

The location of the STP site is presented in Fig. 2.1.

2.3 DOWNSTREAM OF STP SITE: The following sources are available in the river vaigai from downstream of STP location of Theni-Allinagaram UGSS.

S. No. of Distance in Name of Scheme Qty in MLD Method of Treatment No. Infiltration well KM 1 Palacombai CWSS 3 Nos. 1.96 3.10 Adding of Bleaching Condemned 2 Nos. powder 2 Vallalnathi CWSS 3 Nos. 1.75 3.25 -do-

3 Collectorate WSS 2 Nos. 0.50 3.30 -do-

4 Kunnur WSS 1 No. 0.25 3.40 -do-

5 Theni Municipality WSS 3 Nos. 2.50 3.50 -do-

6 Unjampatty WSS 3 Nos. 0.50 3.90 -do-

7 Saruthupatty WSS 1 No. 0.25 5.60 -do-

8 Medical College WSS 1 No. 0.25 5.70 -do-

9 Arappadithevanpatty CWSS 2 Nos. 1.15 5.80 -do-

10 Andipatty WSS 5 Nos. 2.20 6.10 -do-

11 Theni Municipality WSS 8 Nos. 6.00 6.60 -do-

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The following parameters were tested periodically.

9 Physical Parameters:

ƒ Appearance ƒ Colour ƒ Odour ƒ Turbidity ƒ TDS ƒ Electrical conductivity 9 Chemical Parameters:

ƒ PH ƒ Total Alkalinity ƒ Total Hardness ƒ Calcium ƒ Magnesium ƒ Iron ƒ Mangenis ƒ Ammonia ƒ Nitrite ƒ Nitrate ƒ Chloride ƒ Fluride ƒ Sulphate ƒ Pospate ƒ Permananganet test

9 Bacteriological Parameters:

ƒ Total coliform ƒ Fecal coliform ƒ Strepto pocci

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Figure 2.1 Location of STP Site

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Figure 2.2 Project Site Layout

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2.4 PROJECT COST

The total project cost is estimated to be Rs.7.78 Crores (Detailed breakup is given in Table) and the total operation and maintance (O&M) cost is estimated to be 0.606Crores (Detailed break-up is given Table 2.3.1 & 2.3.2).

2.4.1 CONSTRICTION COST: Project Cost

Amount S. No. Description in Rs I Capital cost:

a. Submission and acceptance of detailed designs, drawings and estimates. 5,94,000.00 b. Hydraulic process design and layout of the plant. 4,95,000.00 c. Structural design and construction drawing for primary units. 6,43,500.00 d. Structural design and construction drawing for secondary units. 7,42,500.00 e. Structural design and construction drawing for sludge handling, treatment 3,96,000.00 arrangements unit and auxillary units. II Submission and acceptance of detailed Environmental Assessment 1,98,000.00 Report. III Construction of the following components of the plant 1 Receiving Chamber 7,42,500.00 2 Screening units 26,73,000.00 3 De-gritting units 42,57,000.00 4 Distribution box & Bye-pass arrangement 9,90,000.00 5 Primary and Secondary Units 3,86,10,000.00 7 Chlorination Tank 41,08,500.00 8 Sludge Sum p and Pump house 31,68,000.00 9 Centrifuge House 76,72,500.00 10 Administrative Building including Furniture and Laboratory Equipments 30,69,000.00 11 Internal Roads, Pathways, Pavements, Storm water drainage 6,43,500.00 12 Misc. Civil works 6,43,500.00 13 Site Clearance, Disposal/ Plot Development – Landscaping etc. 2,47,500.00 14 Electrical Works including (Bidder to specify various units) 79,20,000.00 Total 7,78,14,000.00

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2.4.2 OPERATION MAINTANCE COST:

S. No Description Amount in Rs.

1.0 Trail Run 8,00,000.00

2.0 O&M Cost for 5 Years Fixed cost (Man power, maintenance of all Civil a. Structures and entire plant House Keeping, all repairs 36,00,000.00 including spares & Replacement, Oil & Grease cost) Variable cost (except TNEB power charges, Diesel cost, b. Chlorine Dosage costs) other chemical consumable cost 15,42,524.00 and safe disposal grit / sludge transportation to site c. Environmental Monitoring Plan during Operation Phase a. Green Belt 1,20,600.00 b. Safety Training c. Personal Protective Equipments, etc.

Total 60,63,124.00

2.5 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT:

The STP is planned for installation at SF. No. 107 / Village, karuvelnaickan, Theni. As the location is away from any significant habitation and at the tail end of the drainage systems, the STP operation will be at ease and will not invite any apprehension from the public. The STP layout is presented in Fig. 2.2. The STP is envisaged for 12.05 MLD Capacity to serve the entire community under Theni Municipality. The STP is planned and designed on the basis of Modified Activated Sludge Process.

The typical characteristic of the sewage is presented in Table. 2.1.

The schematics of the Sewage Treatment Plant is presented in the Fig.2.3.

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2.5.1 TREATMENT PROCESSES AND UNIT OPERATIONS:

The proposed Sewage treatment plant is designed to have a high rate aerobic biological treatment process, namely, Extended Aeration process followed by Disinfection to ensure pathogens-free treated effluent, which can be readily used for irrigation. Unit operations are designed to achieve stage or step wise removal of Solids and organics. 9 Receiving Chamber

9 Fine Screen channel

9 Detritor Tank

9 Flow Measurement

9 Aeration Tank & Secondary Clarifier

9 Chlorine House & Chlorine contact tank

9 Sludge Sump

9 Centrifuge

9 Disposal line

• Table: 2.1 – Characteristics of the Raw Sewage:

S. No Parameters Units Values

1 pH - 6.2

2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mg/l 236 3 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 452 4 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 220 5 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/l 61 6 Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l 50 7 Total Phosphorus mg/l 5 8 Sulfates mg/l 54 9 Faecal Coliform/100ml MPN 106 10 Total Coliform /100ml MPN 107 11 Chloride mg/l 200 12 Oil & Grease mg/l < 1

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• Table : 2.2 – Characteristics of Treated Water:

S. No. Parameters Units Values 1. pH - 5.5 -9

2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mg/l ≤ 20 3. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l ≤ 250 4. Total Suspended Solids mg/l ≤ 30 5. Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ≤ 50 6. Nitare Nitrogen mg/l ≤ 5 7. Total Phosphorus mg/l ≤ 5 8. Total Coliform /100ml MPN ≤ 1000 no. 9. Oil & Grease mg/l < 5

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• Fig: 2.3 – Treatment Scheme for Sewage Treatment Plant:

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The inlet chamber will receive the raw sewage to pass it further to screen channel and subsequently to the grit chamber. In screen channel floating matters are trapped and removed. In grit chamber, grit is being removed. The sewage having been treated for screening and grit removal is then treated biologically. The treated wastewater is disinfected in chlorine contact tank to meet the fecal coliform limit.

A portion of the settled biological sludge is recycled to aeration tank to maintain the active biomass content in aeration tank. Excess sludge will be collected in Sludge sump, from where it is fed to the centrifuge for dewatering before its disposal or its use as manure. The filtrate from the centrifuge shall be returned to the receiving chamber.

Primary Treatment Process: a. Receiving Chamber:

An inlet chamber is provided ahead of screen channel to receive the sewage from the pumping station.

b. Fine Screen Channel:

Mechanical fine screen is provided with manual standby facility for the 100% percent of the flow is provided for the screening operation. The manual screening process is undertaken by screen consisting of 50 mm x 3mm thick flats with 6 mm clear openings to trap the floating materials.

The mechanically operated screen will be equipped with a mechanism, which will automatically rake at a pre-set sensor control. The screenings will be collected in a hopper located above the water level such that the screenings can be easily collected in a collection cart.

Each of the standby screen channels will have manually cleaned bars screens with bar clearance of 10 mm. Aluminum gates are provided with RCC platforms and access staircase. Hand railing is provided on all platforms.

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b. Detritor Tank:

The grit removal consists of two essential elements grit collecting mechanism and grit washing mechanism. Each operates separately but in hydraulic communication with one another.

The removal of grit is essential to,

• Protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and accompanying abnormal wear. • Reduce formation of heavy deposits in pipeline, channels, and conduits.

Mechanism:

• The detritor is a continuous flow tank in which the grit settles due to gravity and the water overflows through the outlet weir on the opposite side.

• The settled grit is scrapped by means of a scraper mechanism towards the openings on the classifier sidewall at the bottom. • The collection chamber works on velocity principle and is so designed that only grit settles down and organic matter overflows. • The classifier mechanism consists of a reciprocating rake driven by a gear drive fitted with a motor. • The grit collected is given a thorough washing and is delivered from the top of the classifier through a chute for further disposal.

The Organic Return Pump / Mixer return the washed organic liquor lying in the classifier back to the detritor collection chamber. d. Flow Measurement:

After screening and grit removal, the sewage enters into the flow measurement channel (Parshll Flume), where Ultra Sonic Flow Meter will be installed to measure the flow of incoming sewage.

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e. Aeration Tank: (Biological Treatment)

A process in which wastewater continuously flows into an aerated tank in which a culture of suspended microorganisms biologically flocculate and metabolize colloidal and soluble organic material (BOD).

Primary organisms – bacteria, consume soluble and colloidal organics.

Secondary organisms - Protozoa consume suspended organics and dispersed bacteria.

Aeration provides:

Mixing - Necessary to keep micro-organisms in contact With the organics.

Oxygen - For metabolism. f. Chlorine Contact Tank:

Outflow of the secondary clarifier water will be carried to chlorine contact tank by RCC channel/pipe. Chlorine diffuser arrangement shall be made at the inlet of chlorine contact tank for the mixing of chlorine to the incoming flow. In chlorine contact tank, chlorine gas will come in contact with treated sewage and will remove the faecal coliform by chemical reaction (Disinfection). RCC Baffle walls shall be provided in the tank to prevent the short circuting. g. Sludge Sump:

The sludge withdrawn from the secondary clarifier is collected in the sludge sump. Sludge pumps will be provided in the pump house with necessary valves and piping. The pump house will have rising main from pumping station to centrifuge. The sludge will be pumped to the centrifuge for dewatering. h. Centrifuge:

The dewatering of the sludge will be carried out in centrifuge. The centrifuges shall be housed in an elevated platform such that the dewatered sludge falls directly on to the cart to be taken for disposal. A polyelectrolyte dosing system comprising of tanks, agitators and pumps is provided to dose dewatering polyelectrolyte at the centrifuge inlet to aid sludge dewatering. The filtrate is disposed off to the receiving chamber.

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Sludge Quantity: • Sludge Produced (Before Dewatering) : 86.76m3/day • Sludge produced (After Dewatering) : 4.82m3/day i. Proposed Disposal Line: The treated sewage from chlorine contact chamber will be collected in final treated water tank and then it will be pumped to Thamaraikulam through pipe line. The final treated water tank, pumping and piping arrangement are all arranged by TWAD Board / Municipality. Which is being used for Agricultural Purposes. The pipe line is of closed conduits with inspection chambers at an interval. j. Supernatant Collection Tank: The sewage to be generated from the Administrative block and centrate from centrifuge will be sent to Supernatant Collection Sump and then pumped into receiving chamber for further treatment. k. Bypass Arrangement: Bypass Arrangement shall be provided from the PTU Outlet Chamber to Chlorination tank inlet for the purpose of ensuring the sewage should be treated atleast by chlorination method during the maintenance period. During that period, chlorination will be done excess for ensuring the outlet parameter as per the design standard. This will be monitored and recorded by regular analysis of the sewage and treated water samples. 2.6. POWER DETAILS: The power supply required will be provided by TNEB. Generator will be installed as power back up. D.G. set capacity of 200 KVA (1 No), will be used for power requirement during emergency conditions in operation phase.

2.7. MAN POWER: S. No. Description Nos. 1. Plant Operator 2 2. Lab Chemist 1 3. Lab Assistant 1 4. Watchman / helper 2 5. Gardener / Farm Assistant. 2 Total Man Power 8

Table: 2.3

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• Table : 2.4 – Process and Unit Operations Design Specifications:

S. No Name of the Unit Design parameter 1. Receiving Chamber Average Flow- 12.05 mld. Peak Factor-2.25 Detention Time-60 secs.

2. Fine Screen Average flow –12.05 mld. . No. of units-2 Nos.(Mechanical-1 No, Manual-1 No) Approach velocity at Avg flow –0.3m/sec Velocity through screen at average flow- 0.6m/sec Velocity through screen at Peak flow- 1.2 m/sec 3. De gritting Average flow – 12.05 mld. No. of units-2 Nos.(Working-1 No, Stand by-1 No) Surface overflow rate – 960m^3/m^2/day Velocity –0.15m to 0.30m/sec Detention time-60sec.

4. Aeration (for ASP) Average flow – 12. 05 mld Peak factor –2.25 MLSS-3000-4000 mg/lit MLVSS/MLSS –0.80 F/M=0.3-0.5 kg BOD 5day/ Kg MLSS/day HRT- 4-5 Hours. Kg of O2 required/Kg of BOD removed-0.8 to 1.0 Return Sludge-25-50%

Secondary Clarifier ( if required) Average flow – 12 .05 mld 5. ( for ASP) Peak factor –2.25 Overflowrate– 15- 25m^3*/m^2/day(Avg flow) 40-50 m^3/m^2/day (Peak Flow)

6. Chlorine contact Tank Dosage-10ppm Contact time- 30 minutes Average flow-5.58 mld

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2.8 SEWAGE DISPOSAL-CURRENT STATUS: At presently, Theni-Allinagarm does not have an Existing Underground sewage scheme. Most households in this town have water seal latrines with septic tank arrangement. Sullage is let into soak pits. But, in many areas of city, sullage and domestic sewage is discharged into storm water drains resulting in unsanitary conditions. Overall sanitation situation in the town is not satisfactory and hence needs improvement.

2.9 DISPOSAL /REUSE: The treated sewage, as it is envisaged to adhere the standards of characteristics (Importantly BOD5 at less than 20 mg/l and TSS at less than 30mg/l), can be safely disposal into the disposal into Thamaraikulam through pipeline. The pipe line is of closed conduits with inspection chambers at an interval. which is being used for Agricultural Purposes.

The characteristics of the treated effluent are listed in Table 2.3.

Method of Disposal: Disposal body : Thamaraikulam Distance from the STP : 0.75m Mode of Disposal : Closed Conduit

2.10 SLUDGE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL:

The sludge generation will be very less and the proposed extended Aeration process of Treatment will produce highly “Stabilized Sludge”, which will be recycled in the aeration tank for MLSS built up of 3000-4000 mg/l. The excess sludge, will seldom taken to Dewatering Unit for Sludge Centrifuge. The dried sludge will be used as manure in the green belt activities of STP location.

The sludge generation will be very minimum as the MLSS requirement is very high at 4000 mg/l. The re-circulation of the sludge will result is complete mineralization of the sludge.

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The sludge generation for such extended aeration plant is very little as the sludge recirculation is almost 100%. The sludge wasting in SDB is only Occasional and seldom. Hence, it can be reused for green belt (as stated in page 2.9) or if excess at times, can also used to farming activities as manure (as stated in (7.2C).

The excess sludge (after usage of sludge recircling and green belt) will be dumped at 5km from the STP site on the municipality solid waste yard.

Treated Sewage Disposal Pipe Line

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CHAPTER – III

BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

The following section describes the existing environmental settings in the study area. In order to identify any potential impact and changes to the natural and socioeconomic environments, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the nature of those existing environments prior to commencement of the proposed activities. This translates as a need to characterize the existing baseline environmental and socio economic conditions including establishing the prevailing conditions for a range of media through primary monitoring, undertaking focused surveys, and the collection of secondary information from various published sources. This includes the physical environment comprising air, water, land components, biological environment, and socio-economic environment. The major purposes of describing the environmental settings of the study area are:

• To understand the environmental characteristics of the area • To assess the existing environmental quality

• To identify environmentally significant factors

3.1 METHODOLOGY:

Attributes of the physical environment like air, water, soil, and noise quality in the surrounding area were assessed primarily through field studies and by undertaking monitoring and analysis of samples collected from field. Information about geology, hydrology, prevailing natural hazards like earthquakes, etc have been collected from literature reviews and authenticated information made available by government departments. Socioeconomic data has been obtained from the census and various government departments. All the samples are collected in the month of 11th January 2011. The Environmental attributes monitored are presented in the Table 3.1. Sampling Locations map is enclosed as Annexure I.

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Table: 3.1 Environmental Attributes

S. Attribute Parameter Source of Data No.

1 Water Quality Physical and Chemical parameters Four ground water and two surface water samples are collected at study areas during this period. 2 Ambient Air PM 10, PM 2.5, SO2 and NOx Ambient air quality monitoring at four Quality locations 3 Noise levels Noise levels in dBA Noise level monitoring at four locations

4 Soil Soil types and samples analyzed for Data collected from secondary data pertaining physical and chemical parameters. to soil type and analysis of soil samples at four locations 5 Ecology Existing terrestrial flora and fauna within Field survey and secondary data the study area 6 Geology Geological history Secondary data 7 Land Use Trend of land use change for different Secondary data categories 8 Socio-economic Socio economic Based on field survey and data collected from aspects characteristics of the study area secondary data

3.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT:

The existing quality of the air environment serves as an index for assessing the pollution load and the assimilative capacity of any region and forms an important tool for planning project activity in the area. Primary ambient air quality data was collected to understand the air quality in the region and to assess the impacts on air environment.

3.2.1 Climate and Meteorology:

Climate and meteorology of a place can play an important role in the implementation of any developmental project. Meteorology is also the key to understand local air quality as there is an essential relationship between meteorology and atmospheric dispersion involving wind in the broadest sense of the term.

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A. Climate:

In the plains, the temperatures range from a minimum of 13 °C to a maximum of 39.5°C. In the hills, however, the temperatures can range from as low as 4-5°C to 25°C. The district is known for its salubrious climate, hills and lakes. Cumbum, Uthamapalayam and Theni are charming towns in the district. Resounding cascades, silver-lined clouds resting a top billiard green hill tops, sheer rock faces and temples of antiquity are the stuff that distinguishes these places from others. These unique places warm the soul and provide the much-needed balm to the mind.

The district receives rainfall under the influence of both southwest and northeast monsoon. The rainfall data from 3 stations viz. Periyakulam, Bodinaikanur and Uthamapalayam for the period 99 years (1901-1999) have been considered for the analysis.

Normal annual rainfall is of the order of 791.2 mm out of which 47% (375.5) received during NE Monsoon and 22% (172.7) is received during SW monsoon. The mean daily minimum temperature varies from 20.9°C (January) to 26.3°C (May) and mean daily maximum temperature varies from 29.7°C (December) to 37.5°C (May). The evaporation values vary from 80 mm to 325 mm. The climatalogical data have been furnished by department of economics and statistics, government of Tamil Nadu.

B. Meteorology:

Meteorological information is important for devising baseline ambient air quality monitoring plans and for the prediction of impacts from air quality modeling. Secondary data has been collected from various sources including data from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). The climatalogical summary for Theni is provided in Table 3.2.

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Table 3.2 Climatalogical Summary

Mean Mean Mean Mean Number of days Temperature(oC) Total Number of Month Rainfall Rainy Daily Daily (mm) Days HAIL Thunder FOG SQUALL Minimum Maximum Jan’10 19.9 30.4 10.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Feb’10 20.7 32.6 5.3 0.6 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.0 Mar’10 22.5 35.2 13.3 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Apr’10 24.9 36.6 44.3 2.6 0.0 7.4 0.1 0.1 May’10 25.9 37.3 55.1 3.8 0.0 10.8 0.0 0.1 Jun’10 25.8 36.4 48.5 2.6 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 Jul’10 25.5 35.4 57.6 2.8 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 Aug’10 25.1 35.3 85.5 4.5 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 Sep’10 24.3 34.6 108.8 6.2 0.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 Oct’10 23.4 32.4 189.9 9.2 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 Nov’10 22.4 30.2 153.1 7.1 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 Dec’10 21.0 29.4 63.5 3.9 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Annual 23.5 33.8 837.9 45.2 0.0 65.4 0.2 0.2

EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN THE MONTH OF JANUARY

Temperature(oC) Rainfall (mm) Year Lowest 24 Hours Highest Highest Maximum(Date) Monthly Total Minimum(Date) (Date) 2010 20.0 (01) 5.8 (25) 11.8 (10) 23.7 2009 33.0 (30,31) 18.2 (01) 2.7 (27) 2.8 2008 34.0 (29,30,31) 18.0 (20) 0.9 (05) 1.6 2007 33.8 (23) 19.0 (2,4,5) 11.6 (28) 12.8 2006 33.6 (25) 17.4 (20) 7.2 (16) 9.9 2005 33.5 (25) 18.0 (11) 0.3 (01) 0.3 2004 35.0 (27) 18.2 (12) 2.3 (27) 2.3 2003 33.2 (25) 18.6 (15) 0.1 (10) 0.1 2002 34.8 (26) 17.4 (14) Trace (06) Trace 2001 32.1 (26) 18.4 (21) 3.1 (31) 3.1 ALL TIME 35.0 (27,2004) 15.0 (14,1990) 122.6 (08,1990) 301.0 (1943) RECORD Source: IMD, Chennai

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3.2.2 Wind:

Wind speed and wind direction plays a major role in dispersion of pollutants. The predominant wind direction was found to be EAST (E). Winds are generally light to moderate with some strengthening in monsoon season. The catchment is influenced by winds from south – west and north – west during June to September and from north – east and southeast during October to April. The average wind speed in the catchment varies from 4.9 to 9.6 km/hr.

Figure3.1 Windrose Diagram for December

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3.2.3 Ambient Air Quality: The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at the selected locations within the study areas. The purpose of the estimation of background pollutant concentration was to assess the impact of the proposed STP on the ambient air quality. The parameters chosen

for assessment of air quality were Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Sulphur Dioxide

(SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).

A. Selection of Sampling Locations

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been established through field

monitoring data on Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) at specified locations within the study area. The locations for air quality monitoring were scientifically selected based on the following considerations using climatalogical data. • Meteorological conditions • Topography of the study area • Representativeness of the region for establishing baseline status • Representativeness with respect to likely impact areas. The ambient air quality monitoring locations for theni municipality STP are given in the Table 3.3. Table 3.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations

S. Distance Environmental Code Location Geographical Location Direction No (km) Setting 1 AAQ1 Project Site N 09º59’54.66” - - Barren Land Karuvelanayakanpatti E 77 º 30’05.96” 2 AAQ2 Forest Road, Theni N 10º00’29.44” NW 2.01 Residential E 77 º 29’10.46” 3 AAQ3 Amatchiyapuram N 09º59’18.35” SSE 1.87 Residential E 77 º 30’38.62” 4 AAQ4 Vedapuri N 09º59’51.15” WSW 2.52 Residential E 77 º 28’43.15”

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B. Parameters for Sampling

Respirable Particulate Matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) were the major pollutants associated with proposed project. Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons (HC) were minor pollutants, which are usually ignored because of their low emission quantities as well as their extremely low concentrations in the study areas.

C. Instruments used for Sampling:

Respirable Dust Samplers APM 460 BL of Envirotech were used for monitoring particulate matter (PM10), gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx. Fine Particulate

Samplers APM 550 of Envirotech was used for monitoring PM 2.5.

D. Sampling and Analytical Techniques:

PM 10 and PM 2.5 have been estimated by gravimetric method. In RDS, ambient air is sucked through a cyclone. Coarse and non Respirable dust is separated from the air stream by centrifugal forces acting on the solid particles and these particles fall through the cyclone's conical hopper and get collected in the sampling cap placed at the bottom.

The fine dust (<10 microns) forming the respirable particulate matter (PM10) passes the cyclone and is retained on the filter paper. A tapping is provided on the suction side of the blower to provide suction for sampling air through a set of impingers which contains absorbing solutions for SO2 and NOx. Samples of gases are drawn at a flow rate of 0.2 lpm.

PM2.5 was determined by fine particulate sampler. The air inlet has a circular symmetry so that air entry is unaffected by wind direction and is designed to keep out rain, insects and very large particles. The inlet section immediately leads to an impactor stage designed to trap particles with an aerodynamic diameter larger than 10 microns. Thus the air stream in the down tube consists of only medium and fine particulates. The streamlined air flow of the down tube is accelerated through the nozzle of the well shaped impactor designed to trap medium size particulates with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 microns. To avoid sampling errors due to the tendency of small

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particles to bounce off the impaction surface a 37mm diameter GF/A paper immersed in silicone oil is used as an impaction surface.

The air stream leaving the WINS impactor consists of microns. These fine particles are collected on a special teflon membrane filter of 47 mm diameter.

Modified West and Gaeke method (IS-5182 part-II, 1969) has been adopted for estimation of SO2 and Jacobs Hochheiser method (IS-5182 part-IV, 1975) has been adopted for the estimation of NOx. The techniques for sampling and analysis of parameters are presented in the Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 Techniques used for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

S. No Parameter Technique

1 Particulate Matter (PM10) Respirable Dust Sampler (Gravimetric method)

2 Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) Fine Particulate Sampler (Gravimetric method)

3 Sulphur Dioxide West and Gaeke 4 Nitrogen Oxide Jacob & Hochheiser

E. Results: Various parameters like maximum, minimum and average have been computed from the monitored data for all the locations and the results of ambient air quality monitoring for Theni Municipality STP are presented in the Table 3.5.

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Table 3.5 Ambient Air Quality Results

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx Code Location Min Max Avg 98 Min Max Avg 98 Min Max Av 98 Min Max Avg 98 per per g per per AAQ1 Project Site 36 44 41 42.9 16 21 18 20.3 5.0 5.6 5.2 5.4 8.9 9.8 9.3 9.5 AAQ2 Forest Road 63 78 69 76.3 24 33 29 30.2 5.3 6.6 5.9 6.1 10.3 14.4 12.6 14.1 AAQ3 Amatchiyapuram 32 39 36 37.8 15 19 17 18.6 5.0 5.4 5.2 5.3 7.6 10.3 9.4 10.1 AAQ4 Vedapuri 42 56 48 54.2 22 27 24 26.3 5.2 6.2 5.8 6.0 9.9 11.6 10.4 11.3 CPCB STANDARDS Industrial/ Residential / other 100 60 80 80 area

Note: All values are expressed in µg/m3

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F. Observations:

1. PM10

A maximum value of 78 µg/m3 was observed at Forest Road, Theni (AAQ2) attributing to the vehicle movement observed on the road close to this Area. Next higher value of 56 µg/m3 was observed at Vedapuri (AAQ4). A lower value of 39 µg/m3 was observed at 3 Amatchiyapuram (AAQ3) and the project site (AAQ1) PM10 concentration was 44 µg/m which is lower than the 24 hours applicable limit of 100 µg/m3. The Figure 3.2 shows the graphical representation of ambient air quality for PM10 in the monitored locations. In the study area, PM10 level observations are found to be within the specified standards of CPCB at all locations.

Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Quality for PM10

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2. PM2.5

In the study area, PM 2.5 level observations are found to be within the specified standards of CPCB at all locations. The maximum value of 33.0 µg /m3 was observed at Forest Road, Theni (AAQ2). The next higher value of 27.0 µg/m3 was observed at Vedapuri (AAQ4). The lower value of 19.0 µg/m3 was observed at Amatchiyapuram (AAQ3) and 3 the project site (AAQ1) PM2.5 concentration was 21 µg/m which is lower than the 24 hours applicable limit is 60 µg/m3. The Figure 3.3 shows the graphical representation of ambient air quality for PM2.5 in the monitored locations.

Figure3.3 Ambient Air Quality for PM2.5

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3. Sulphur Dioxide:

In the study area, SO2 level observations are well within the specified standards of CPCB 3 at all the monitored locations. The higher values of SO2 were observed to be 6.6 µg/ m at Forest Road, Theni (AAQ2) and 6.2 µg/m3 at Vedapuri (AAQ4). The lower value of 5.4 µg/m3 was observed at Amatchiyapuram (AAQ3) and 5.6 µg/m3 was observed at the 3 project site (AAQ1) which is lower than the 24 hours applicable limit is 80 µg/ m . The

Figure 3.4 shows the ambient air quality results for SO2 in the monitored locations.

Figure3.4 Ambient Air Quality for SO2

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4. Oxides of Nitrogen:

The higher values of NOx were observed to be 14.4 µg/m3 at Forest Road, Theni (AAQ2) and 11.6 µg/m3 at Vedapuri (AAQ4). The lower value of 10.3 µg/m3 was observed at Amatchiyapuram (AAQ3) and 9.8 µg/m3 was observed at the project site (AAQ1) which is lower than the 24 hours applicable limit is 80 µg/m3. The Figure 3.5 shows the ambient air quality results for NOx in the monitored locations.

Figure3.5 Ambient Air Quality for NOx

3.3 NOISE ENVIRONMENT:

Unwanted noise and unpleasant sounds are generally classified as noise pollution. It is measured in decibels. Normally a person begins to identify sounds when a level of 10 to 15 dB(A) is reached. The other end of the scale is known as the threshold of pain 140 dB(A), or the point at which the average person experiences pain. The most common and universally accepted scale is the ‘A’ weighted scale which is measured as dB(A).

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The environmental assessment of noise from the industrial activity, construction activity and vehicular traffic can be undertaken by taking into consideration various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, and annoyance and general community responses.

The main objective of monitoring of ambient noise levels was to establish the baseline noise levels in different zones. i.e. Residential, Industrial, Commercial and Silence zones, in the surrounding areas and to assess the total noise level in the environment of the study area.

A. Identification of Sampling Locations

A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise sources in the area. The sampling location in the area was identified considering location of industry, commercial shopping complex activities, residential areas with various traffic activity and sensitive areas like hospital, court, temple and schools. The noise monitoring locations are presented in Table 6.

B. Instrument used for Sampling

Noise levels were measured using a sound level meter. The sound level meter measures the Sound Pressure Level (SPL), the Maximum Sound Pressure Level (max) and the equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) by switching on the corresponding function mode.

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Table3.6 Noise Monitoring Locations

S. No Location Code Location Geographic Location N 09º59’54.66” 1 N1 Project Site E 77 º 30’05.96”

N 10º00’29.44” 2 N2 Forest Road, Theni E 77 º 29’10.46”

N 09º59’18.35” 3 N3 Amatchiyapuram E 77 º 30’38.62”

N 09º59’51.15” 4 N4 Aranmanaipudur E 77 º 28’43.15”

C. Method of Monitoring:

Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were taken at all locations, with an interval of 1 minute over a period of one hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night noise levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the locations covered in the study area. Noise levels were recorded every one minute in the following manner. To obtain noise levels at 8 AM, noise readings, with setting at ‘A’ response slow mode, were recorded continuously for 60 minutes. All the readings were obtained for 24 hours. These readings were later tabulated and the frequency distribution table was prepared.

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Table 3.7 Noise Level Standards

Limits in dB (A)

Category of Area / Zone Day Time Night Time Industrial Area 75 70 Commercial Area 65 55 Residential Area 55 45 Silence Zone 50 40 Source: CPCB Note: Daytime shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.

D. Results:

The summary of computed ambient noise level parameters like Lday, Lnight for the study area presented in Table 8 compared to the standards specified by CPCB mentioned below in Table 3.7.

Table 3.8 Ambient Noise Levels Results

Location Leq day Leq night Sampling Location S. No Code dB(A) dB(A) 1 N1 Project Site 43.8 41.4 2 N2 Forest Road, Theni 48.9 43.5 3 N3 Amatchiyapuram 42.1 40.3 4 N4 Aranmanaipudur 44.2 42.1

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Figure3.6 Noise Level Results E. Observations

¾ The daytime Leq varied from 42.1 to 48.9 dB (A) and the night time Leq from 40.3 to 43.5 dB (A) within the study area. All the values are within the CPCB standards.

3.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT: Water sampling has been conducted to establish baseline water quality in the area. Water analysis was carried out for physical and chemical parameters as per the methods prescribed in IS and “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (American Public Health Association)”.

A. Sampling Locations

The details of the water sampling stations are presented in the Table 3.9.

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Table 3.9 Water Quality Sampling Locations

Distance Location Geographical Type of from Location Direction Code Location Water Project Site Km W1 Project Site N 09º59’54.66” Ground - - E 77 º 30’05.96” Water W2 Forest Road N 10º00’29.44” Ground NW 2.01 E 77 º 29’10.46” Water W3 Amatchiyapuram N 09º59’41.75” Ground ESE 1.20 E 77 º 30’41.95” Water W4 Aranmanaipudur N 09º59’41.06” Ground SW 1.31 E 77 º 29’27.81” Water W5 Vaigai River N 09º59’54.09” Surface SE 0.31 (Amatchiyapuram) E 77 º 30’21.19” Water W6 Tamaraikulam N 10º00’12.44” Surface NNE 0.64 (Karuvelanayakanpatti) E 77 º 29’55.78” Water

B. Results

The physicochemical characteristics of ground water and surface are presented in the Table 3.10 and Table 11 and it’s compared with the standards (IS 10500: Indian Standards/Specifications for Drinking Water) reference values.

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Table 3.10 Characteristics of Ground water quality

LIMIT AS PER

S. NO PARAMETERS UNIT IS 10500 : 1991 W1 W2 W3 W4

1 pH at 25°C - 6.5-8.5 7.65 7.41 7.67 7.40

2 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 500 888 1087 456 630

3 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 300 560 570 304 410

4 Chloride as Cl mg/l 250 163 187 24 64

5 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 200 70 78 28 38

6 Fluoride as F mg/l 1.0 0.66 0.54 2.36 1.14

7 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.05 BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03)

8 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) 0.19

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Table 3.11 Characteristics of Surface water quality

S. NO PARAMETERS UNIT W5 W6 1 pH at 25°C - 7.84 8.23 2 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 96 645 3 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 16 55 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand at 27° C for mg/l 2.9 12 3 days 5 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.2 4.6 6 Lead as Pb mg/l BDL(<0.03) BDL(<0.03) 7 Detergents, Anionic mg/l 0.04 0.12

8 Oil and Grease mg/l BDL(<4) BDL(<4)

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C. OBSERVATIONS: Ground Water: ¾ The pH of ground water in the study area varies between 7.40 - 7.67.

¾ TDS values were found to be from 456 to 1087 mg/L and Total Hardness varied from 304 – 570 mg/L. This indicates that water in the study area were moderate to very hard in nature.

¾ The chloride content in the studied area ranged from 24-187 mg/L. The sulphate content in the ground water is found to be from 28 to 78 mg/L.

¾ The lead values for all the locations are below detectable limit and the Iron values also below detectable limit expt. Aranmanaipudur (0.19 mg/L). All the chloride, sulphate, lead and iron values are within the IS standards in all the area.

Surface Water: ¾ The pH of the surface water was found to be 7.84 at Vaigai River and 9.31 in Tamaraikulam.

¾ TDS values were found to be 96.0 at Vaigai River and 645 in Tamaraikulam.

¾ The COD and BOD value in the Vaigai River was found to be 16 mg/L & 2.9 mg/L and Tamaraikulam was found to be 55 mg/L & 12 mg/L respectively.

¾ The Dissolved Oxygen and Detergents values are 6.2 mg/L, 0.04 mg/L and 4.6 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L in Vaigai River and Tamaraikulam respectively.

¾ The lead and oil & grease values are below detectable limit in both the Vaigai River and Tamaraikulam.

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3.5 SOIL ENVIRONMENT:

3.5.1 Geomorphology: Theni District is characterized predominantly by structural and denudational land forms viz., structural hills, residual hills, linear ridges and pediment. Bazada zone is found well developed at the foot hills on the western and northern part of the district. The valleys are characterized by colluvio fluvial sediments. The hilly terrain act as catchment area and runoff zones while the bazada zone bordering the hills form a good recharge zones.

3.5.2 Geology: The prominent geological formation in the study area is basaltic sediment rocks composed by AC-Charnockite in north and northwest part and quartzite in south and south central area. In the south west region along the Suruli river basin quartzite abundant. AMP-Garnet Biotite Gneiss has been distributed. AMH-Hornblende Biotite Gneissover laid on the igneous rocks in north and North west of the Valkaradu hills in the study area. Lineaments have been founded in north towards south west between AMH Hornblende Biotite Gneiss around Valkaradu RF and AMP-Garnet Biotite Gneiss in south west near Suruli river.

Fig:3.7 Drainage Overlay on Geology Page 58 of 119

3.5.3. Soil:

Red loam soil is the predominant soil type in this district accounting for 37.48% followed by red sandy soil of 14.53%. The other types of soils are lateritic soil, black soil, and sandy soil. The district is characterized by red, black and brown soils. The major part of the area is characterized by red soil, which can be either transported or lateritic (insitu). These are medium to heavy textured soils with moderate to higher permeability. The black soils are limited to less than 1% of the area. They are fine textured with low permeability. The brown soils are limited to less than 1% of the area and they characterized by low permeability.

The Soil map of India is shown in the Figure 9. For studying soil quality of the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use conditions. The physical and chemical concentrations were determined. The samples were collected from these different depths viz., 30cm, 60cm and 100cm.

The present study of the soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help in future in identifying the incremental concentrations if any, due to the operation of the proposed project. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives;

• To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area and • To determine the impact of proposed project on soil characteristics

Four locations within the study areas were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz., 30cm, 60cm, and 100cm below the surface. The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics.

Details of the soil sampling location are shown in Table 3.12 and the results are presented in the Table 3.14 respectively.

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Figure 3.8 Soil Map of India

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3.5.4 Land Utilization:

According to the land utilization pattern only 40 % of it is under agriculture. Excluding the forest area which is 34%, the remaining 26% of land may be brought under waste land development programme in order to augment the revenue and to make use of the agricultural laborers throughout the year.

Figure 3.9 Soil Map of India

3.5.5 Land use / land cover: The whole study area mainly covered with agro based land uses. The area except Western Ghats in West and North west and Valkaradu RF in South east covered with cultivable lands, plantation, fallow, current fallow, barren, vacant and waste lands.etc, along the Suruli river bed and west part to the settlement around the water tanks, the rich agricultural lands distributed toward north to south and west to east. North and North east part compass with dry lands and barren lands. The middle region of the study area occupied with cluster settlements in core and isolated settlements in peripheral. Valkaradu RF and its slope covered with natural vegetation and open scrubs at the upland area and surround with dry barren lands.

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Figure 3.10

Table 3.12 Soil sampling locations

Location Distance Environmental S. No Place Geographic location Direction Code Km Setting 1 S1 Project Site N 09º59’54.66” Barren Land - - E 77 º 30’05.96” 2 S2 Forest Road N 10º00’29.44” Residential NW 1.94 E 77 º 29’10.46” 3 S3 Amatchiyapuram N 09º59’41.75” Residential SE 1.66 E 77 º 30’41.95” 4 S4 Aranmanaipudur N 09º59’41.06” Residential SW 1.43 E 77 º 29’27.81”

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Table 3.13 Standard Soil Classification

Chemical Ranking Parameters Very Low Low Moderate High Very High pH <4, very 4-5, 5-8, Ideal for 8-9 Strongly >9 Very Strongly Acidic Strongly Plant Basic Strongly Basic Acidic Growth Electrical <2000, 2000-4000 4000-8000 8000-16000 >16000 conductivity Non saline Saline Moderately Highly Saline Extremely (μS/cm) Saline Saline Total Nitrogen (%) <0.05 0.05-0.15 0.15-0.25 0.25-0.5 High >0.5 Very Low Low Moderate Very High

Total Phosphorous <5 5-10 10-30 30-60 High >60 Very (mg/kg) Very Low Low Moderate High Sodium - <200 Non 200-500 >500 Sodic (mg/kg) Sodic Moderate Potassium - <150 Low 150-250 250-800 High >800 Very (mg/kg) Moderate High Calcium - <1000 1000-2000 >2000 High - (mg/kg) Low Moderate Magnesium <40 Very Low 40-100 100-300 >300 High - (mg/kg) Low Moderate % Organic Matter 0.5-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 High >5 Very Low Low Moderate Very High

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Table 3.14 Soil Characteristics

S. No TEST PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 1 pH 8.65 8.52 8.41 8.36 2 Electrical conductivity, mS/cm 0.129 0.172 0.456 0.239 3 Available Nitrogen, mg/kg 27 36 21 49 4 Available Phosphorous, mg/kg 18.3 21.5 14.7 28.2 5 Available Potassium, mg/kg 88 152 324 212 6 Exchangeable Calcium as Ca, m.eq/100g 2.14 1.77 2.54 1.22 Exchangeable Magnesium as Mg, 1.02 1.24 1.81 1.54 7 m.eq/100g 8 Exchangeable Sodium as Na, m.eq/100g 0.92 0.83 1.58 1.31

9 Organic matter (%) 0.85 0.42 0.31 0.57 Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy 10 Texture Classification Clay Clay Loam Clay Loam Loam Loam 11 Sand (%) 63.1 58.0 64.2 68.5 12 Clay (%) 29.8 25.3 10.0 21.1 13 Silt (%) 7.1 16.7 25.8 10.4

Figure 3.11 Particle Size Classification of Soil

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Figure 3.12 Nutrient Content in Soil

Figure 3.13 Exchangeable Cations in Soil

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Figure 3.14 Organic Matter (%) in Soil

3.5.6 OBSERVATIONS

¾ The soil analysis results are given in Table 3.14. The results were compared with soil standards given in the Table 3.13. It has been observed that the pH of the soil was ranging from 8.36 – 8.65 indicating the soils are strongly basic in nature. The soil in the region is strongly basic with a pH in the range of 8-9. Conductivity of the soil ranges from 129 to 456 µS/cm. Since the EC value is less than 2000 µS/cm, the soil is said to be non saline in nature.

¾ Texture of the soil sample is predominantly Sandy clay loam. Soil organic content varied from 0.31-0.85 % which indicates the low level of organic matter.

Nutrient Content

¾ The available nitrogen content ranges between 21.0 to 49.0 mg/kg in the locality and the value of phosphorus content varies between 14.7 to 28.2 mg/kg. This indicates that the soil have smaller quantities of Nitrogen and Phosphorus.

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¾ The potassium content varies from 88 to 324 mg/kg which indicates that the soils have better quantities of potassium.

Exchangeable Cations:

¾ The Calcium content in the soil widely fluctuated from 1.22 to 2.54 m.eq/100 g soil indicating low to high amount of calcium in the soil.

¾ The Magnesium content in the soil ranges from 1.02 to 1.81 m.eq/100 g soil. This indicates that the soil contains moderate to high amount of magnesium in the soil.

From the above observations it was found that the soil in the study area shows moderate fertility.

3.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT:

Study of biological environment is one of the most important aspects for environmental assessment, in view of the need for conservation of environmental quality and biodiversity. Ecological systems show complex inter relationships between biotic and abiotic components including dependence, competition and mutualism.

Biotic components comprises of both plant and animal communities which interact not only within and between themselves but also with the abiotic components viz. Physical and chemical components of the environment.

Generally, biological communities are the good indicators of climatic factors. Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are important in environmental assessment for safety of natural flora and fauna. Information on the impact of environmental stress on the community structure serves as an inexpensive and efficient early warning system to check the damage to a particular ecosystem. The biological environment includes mainly terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. No endangered Species found in and around the project site.

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The list of plant species recorded in the study areas are given in the Table 3.15 and the commonly found animals in the study areas are given in the Table 3.16.

Table 3.15 List of Flora in the study area

S. No. Botanical name Local name 1 Saraca indica Asogam 2 Azadirachta indica Veppam 3 Sesbania grandiflora Agathi 4 Musa paradisiaca Banana tree 5 Cocos nucifera Thennai 6 Derris Indica Pungai 7 Psidium guajava Guava 8 Hibiscus rosa sinensis Chebbaruthi 9 Ficus religiosa Arasu 10 Moringa tinctoria Murungai 11 Mangifera indica Mamaram

Table 3.16 List of Fauna in the study area

Salvinia Oscillatoria Duckweed Spirogyra Water snake Oedogonium Frog (Amphibian) Hydra Gerrius Streptocephalus Lymnea Egg cases of lymnea and planorbis Back swimmer Nostoc Mosquito Larvae And Pupae Insect Larvae

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3.7 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT:

The following section discusses the baseline scenario of the socio-economic environment in the theni district and the anticipated impacts of the proposed project on the socio- economic environment. The areas of discussion in this chapter are demographic structure, economic activity, education, literacy profile, land use and infrastructure resources.

A. Demography

The population details in the theni areas according to 2001 census are shown in Tables 3.18. Table 3.18 Theni Population Details

Parameter Total Male Female Sex ratio Population 1093950 552986 540964 978

Population 126127 66705 59422 891 (0-6)

Scheduled castes 211800 107109 104691 977

Scheduled tribes 1686 855 831 972

B. Education and literacy profile

Literacy is an important indicator to assess the Human Development Index of the area. Literacy rate in the theni area is tabulated in Table 19. Literacy rate of Theni is 71.58 % as per census 2001.

Table 3.19 Literacy Rate in Theni Parameter Total Male Female Percentage

Literates 692797 398150 294647 71.58

Illiterates 401153 154836 246317 28.42

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C. Economic Activity Table 3.20 shows the Theni district workforce engagement in different sectors.

Parameter Total Male Female Percentage Population 1093950 552986 540964 100

Workers 520280 318282 201998 47.56

Non workers 573670 234704 338966 52.44

Table 3.21 Statistics of working and non-working people in Theni

Parameter Total Male Female Percentage

Main workers 50436 33390 17046 10.65 Cultivators Marginal workers 2229 873 1356 4.79

Agricultural Main workers 245989 129061 116928 51.93 laborers Marginal workers 31716 12058 19658 68.1

Household Main workers 10959 5581 5378 2.31 workers Marginal workers 1363 312 1051 2.93

Other Main workers 166324 130028 36296 35.11 workers Marginal workers 573670 234704 338966 52.44

Table 3.21 Workforce engagement in different sectors in Theni Industries in Theni: The cotton ginning, extraction of oil from various oil seeds, cotton and chilly trading are the main business in this district. Many textile industries are located in and around theni as the climate are suitable for Textile Industries and it provides employment opportunity for the local people. Vermiculate used for manufacturing cement and paints are available in cumbum valley area. Once famous for its agricultural products, it retains its agricultural tint of economy and remains a backward industrial area. Industrial estates have come up with orientation for small scale and cottage industries.

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CHAPTER-IV PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

4.1. GENERAL: Sewage Treatment Plant is an important pollution control system for any Environmental Management Plan for a community, so also it is for Theni. Anyhow, failure in the proper and scheduled implementation, Planning and designing of the processes and treatment operations and most importantly operation and maintenance of Sewage Treatment Plants, will ultimately impart health and environmental pollution in the project location.

The sewage collection and transfer are not part of this project. Anyhow, its failure also Should be taken into account, as that will influence the operation of STP.

The impacts due to the proposed installation of STP are evaluated for all environmental attributes of the project location.

4.2. PREDICTION OF IMPACTS:

Any stagnant sewage is unsightly, odorous and offers a potential spot for the breeding and propagation of mosquitoes and other files. Improper management of Sewerage system will adversely affect the performance of the STP, Whatever be the efforts taken for better operation of STP. Hence, the municipal Engineer needs to ensure proper collection of sewage into sewers and transfer it for the design parameters to the sewage Treatment plant.

4.2.a. Air Environment:

Stagnant sewage and on ageing, it starts smell, giving out odorous gases due to partial facultative degradation of organics present in the sewage.

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The fowl gases that comprises largely H2S, contains CO2 and Sulphur Oxides. The gas is the product of partial biodegradation of the organics, by the anaerobic micro organisms. The gases are unhealthy and on its concentration, the “Sawer Gas” has examples for having killed sewer workers. Hence, ageing and stagnation of sewage should be prevented by flooring the sewage is sewerage in the designed rate and should be favoured for immediate treatment in the STP.

The STP may also result in non halogenated VOCs and semi VOCs that can concentrated to impart health impacts in the long run, if not properly managed for complete biodegradation of the sewage in the STP.

4.2. b. Water Environment:

The treated sewage is desired for irrigation in the present proposal of STP. Hence, the requisite degree of treatment efficiency is most important to remove the pollutants like TDS @ < 30 mg/l, BOD5 - @ <20mg/l and O&G @ < 10 mg/l.

The quantity and characteristics of the treated sewage in the outfall sewer line from the STP shall be monitored and implemented as deciding factors in the reuse/recycle strategies of treated sewage.

It must be noted that surface water pollution should be avoided as the treated sewage is envisaged through existing natural nulla, irrigation tank and finding its destination for irrigation. 4.2.c. Soil Environment: The project location is surround by extensive activities of cultivation and, some parts of the area is under intensive agriculture.

Through the treated sewage from the proposed STP will be boon for meeting the water requirements for irrigation, any untreated sewage may severely damage the soil structure by the deposition of solids. Page 72 of 119

The untreated sewage may cause organic and inorganic carbon deposits in the soil strata which in turn, can covert it as non fertile and will weaken the water bearing capacity of the soil structure.

The disposal of untreated or even treated sewage @ more than 35 KL per Hecare of cultivable land per day, will sicken the soil, known as “Soil Sickness”.

The sickened soil, on time, will become arid and will loose the ingredients of fertility and capacity to retain water in the matrix.

4.2.d. Noise Environment: The quicent Calm conditions of the project location will receive significant disturbance due to continual operation of the pumps, motor, blower and compressions and DG set in the STP. Hence, such noise making equipments be put our centimerus performance monitoring for its efficiency and structural strength.

4.2. e. Flora and Fauna: STP operation will ensure the immediate environmental attribute of the project location as clean and free from pollutants. Hence, flora and fauna will recure possible impacts due tot eh propound project.

4.2.f. Socio Economic: The population of Theni will get pollution free water courses with the implementation of the proposed STP. The avoidance of stagnant sewage will enhance the hygienist of the Theni which will in turn will help the peoples from water borne diseases. As the proposed location for STP is owned by Theni-Allinagaram municipality, no land acquisition is involved.

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The land is vacant and unoccupied and has no human settlement or activity. Hence, there is no requirement of resettlement and Rehabilitation. 4.3. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS:

The impacts on different components of environment and other related issues are fully assessed and classified. The impacts are considered on four different accounts as follows: Impact I : Mitigated by environment management plans and systems Impact II : Not yet fully, qualitatively assessed Impact III : Not yet fully, quantitatively assessed Impact IV : Positive impacts on the environment The widely adopted Matrix method for evaluating the impacts of the STP on its environs, is used in this study for evaluating the impacts of the proposed STP project of Theni. Data generated from Existing Environmental Status (EES) studies formed the basis for the Matrix method. The impacts in the post project scenario of the plant are studied on classified environmental components viz., Physico-chemical environment, biological environment and human environment, as listed in the matrix.

The EIA matrix, with evaluated parameters, is presented in the Table 4.1.

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TABLE 4.1 EIA MATRIXES

INDEX PROPOSED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT P. Significant pollution but control measures were Incorporated Z. Significant benefit out of the STP S. Significant pollutant but short term and Solid Waste Pumps Energy

information available are insufficient. Growth Disposal – Disposal Treatment Green Belt Pipe line & Noise Level Reuse Land Reuse Land Equipments

R. Significant pollution and long term and Permanent. forse Labour Ammonisation Ammonisation Measures APC Water Table Z Z Quantity Z Z Quality P Water Flow Rate Z Water Balance Z Z Z Z Recharge Z Z Z Z Z Meteorology Air Air Quality P P p Emission Rate P P Use-Pattern Z p Z Soil Characteristics P

Physio-Chemical Land Water Resources Z P Mineral Resources Coastal Intensity P P Noise Duration P P Frequency P P Species Z Flora Population Z Habitat Z Species

Biological Fauna Population Habitat Community Disease

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS Health Occupational health hazards p p Personal Hygiene p p Z Population Z Z Z Employment Z Z Z Education Z Z Socio-Economic Use-holds Z Z Z Z

Human Intra Structural Facilities Z Z Z Z Z Amenities Z Z Z Z Commerce Z Z Z Z Landscape Z Aesthetic& Man Made Objects culture Monuments

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CHAPTER –V

PUBLIC CONSULTATION

5.1GENERAL

An advertisement in Dinathanthi dated 04.08.2010 was issued declaring to convene stake holders meeting on 12.08.2010.

Accordingly Stake a holder meeting was convened at Theni-Allinagaram municipality on 12.08.2010 by the commissioner, Theni-Allinagaram municipality and the meeting was attended by public, ounselors of local body, & EE/sewage –Division/Theni.

During the meeting the pros &cons of installing STP within the municipal graveyard were analyzed, no opposition received/raised and it was decided to locate the STP site within the municipal graveyard.

During public consultation related papers is presented in ANNEXURE –II.

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CHAPTER –VI

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

6.1 GENERAL:

Sewage Treatment Plants, in general, form the core for any Environmental Management plan for a local body to ensure proper management of Wastewater from its Community. Anyhow, the wastewater management plan requires specified designs, strategies for its collection from source points, transfer through public/Private areas, treatment and ultimate disposal of treated Wastewater or recycle/reuse. They pose environmental concerns for the environment around and more particularly the community that surrounds.

Environmental Management Plan needs to be designed to prevent and mitigate the possible pollution indexes due to the activities involved in wastewater collection, transfer, treatment and disposal of municipal wastewater treatment plants.

The 12.05MLD Capacity of STP, rather the wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), to serve the population of Theni-Allinagaram will require significantly larger operations through habitations, commercial areas and finally end up to continue in a receiving water body.

A specifically designed EMP is framed for incorporation and implementation during all stages of WWTP (STP) Viz., Planning, Construction and Operation.

The implementation of EMP is important as that of implementing the proposed STP (WWTP) itself.

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6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN – PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE: The sitting, planning and designing of Sewage Treatment Plant shall adopt the most Suitable technical option from the available options towards the one that is environment friendly with less foot print and conservative on energy front.

6.2.1 Sitting Phase:

The STP be sited in a location which has the natural gradient which shall predominantly reduce the requirement of Sewage pumping in the sewerage system. Hence, a detailed sewerage plan be scrutinized with options of STP locations.

The STP location also is preferably keeping a distance of minimum 1.0 to 2.0Km from the classified residential Zones. The planning and building approval authorities be either consulted or and later informed on the location of STP. The finalization of the STP location be confirmed on taking he preferred location put up on the Master Plan of the Theni.

6.2.2 Planning Phase:

There are several options of treatment processes for treating municipal Wastewater (here referred sewage) like Activated Sludge Process, Extended Aeration processes, UASB followed by ASP, Conventional Anaerobic Digester followed by ASP, Contact Stabilization Process, etc.,

The sewage be analysed for its characteristics from different locations, on different time and duration and even for different seasons.

The Composite, representative sewage be analysed through random and regulated samples drawn and analysed using protocols as per Standard Procedures.

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The parameters of study be for pH, Solids (TSS, TDS, TS), BOD5, COD, Total Nitrogen, Total phosphorous and O&G. Anyhow, the parameters need not be restricted only for the above. The commercial activities be examined for certain activities like electroplating, where in cyanide be analysed as added parameter.

The quantification of the sewage and source projects of the generation are the major concern. The sewage plan shall be checked for its veracity of the demography.

The demography Theni was studied for a population of 85424 in the year 2001. The life expectancy period of STP at 25-30 years be interpreted to arrive the design capacity of STP.

The design capacity of the STP has been arrived for 12.05 MLD for the life expectancy period of 30 years.

6.2.3 Designing Phase:

The hydraulic and structural designs of STP are ensured after the requisite planning tools on Sewage quantity and characteristics.

The process design with the choice of a particular process, here in, Activated Sludge Process, was made on the findings that the sewage confirms largely a conventional Indian Sewage with TSS at 220 mg/l and BOD5 at 236mg/l.

The Topography and contour map of the STP location, project impact map (5 KM) and the service area/sewerage of Theni be interpreted for designing the hydraulics of the sewage flow through the sewage treatment plants. The objective of hydraulic design will get the sewer size, gradient and the specification of the sewer appurtenances. The proposed STP location and sewage plan has been

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securitized for hydraulic profile and the design was made by M/s. Eco Protection Engineers private limited, Chennai.

The structural design has no many options except to use standard practices for design that confirm to IS standards. The structural components of STP are confirmed for M 30; Standard of Reinforced cement concrete as per IS 456 and material of construction used for the standard specification as per IS 3370.

The design packages were used to optimise the material requirement and also to give the requisite strength for structures against tensile, compression and shear. The design of STP structural components was made by M/s. Eco Protection Engineers Private Limited, Chennai using the latest software systems for RCC design. The following measures are implemented with the responsible government bodies; • Site clearance, including permission for nay trees. Anyhow, this is not credible in the present case, as the site is almost barren and vacant. • Baseline data on Environmental attributes in the project location • Temporary traffic arrangements be planned. • Consent – to – establishment from TamilNadu Pollution Control Board, by filling applications in Form-I & II along with this document on REIA/EMP. • Temporary labour/worker’s camp with bank amenities be planned.

6.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE: The construction, Erection, Commissioning, start up and performance run of the sewage treatment plant is envisaged for a time frame of Two year.

PERT chart was devised for the entire program of the contract execution for proving STP with the defined scope of work.

During this period of construction, the concerns of public for dust, unusual traffic,esthetic and also for Odour problems during start up periods be addressed properly.

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The following measures also be incorporated in the schedule of work during the construction Phase of the Project” • Green belt development in the open spaces, leaving spaces for internal roads. • The Top soil be preserved and shall be compacted on the top surface on completion of the project. • The disposal of construction debris be made in consultation with the Theni Municipality. • Oil/lubricants use be properly managed and prevented for its spillage/wastage. • Ground water Contamination be prevented from the disposal of construction Waste and leak/spills of sewage. • Sign Boards, explaining the activities be put up for necessary guidance and alertness for the common people. • Electrical installations be made with requisite approvals from TNEB. • Personal safety systems be provided for all workers /Laborers. • Necessary Insurance coverage be made for the worker’s involved in the Project. • First Aid facilities be always available in the construction site. A doctor on- call be arranged for emergency purposes.

6.4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE:

The operation of STP to treat and dispose the treated sewage to confirm the Disposal standards of MoEF and TNPCB is the most important and keep its performance sustainable is the important task.

It is important to note that the operation of STP is continual, round the clock and in no circumstances, the plant will be non-functional and untreated sewage is disposed off.

The following measures are important to implement as part of EMP;

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a) Trained peoples of sufficient account at least one plumber; one electrician; two field assistants, all in two shifts. One operation Head with a chemist are important to undertake the necessary sample analysis and fix the operating parameters of MLVSS (@ 3000-4000 mg/l); DO (@ 1-2 mg/l) and SVI (@ 100-120 mg/l) for better performance of the proposed STP. b) Electromagnetic flow meters be installed and auto logging for influent and effluent quantities be recorded on hourly basis, and daily average flow be monitored, for fixing the operating parameters, of the STP. c) A DG set is almost –important to support the operation of Aeration system during the periods of Power failure and Keep them in operation, round the clock. d) Documentation and data logging be made in standard formats and stored in soft and hard copies. e) The operation head be always receptive for any complaints from agriculturists landowners and from the common peoples. f) A well drawn green belt be developed around the STP area and be kept clean and with more esthetic value. g) The maintenance of pumps, motors, blowers, etc., be carried out on daily, weekly and monthly basis, as per the recommendations of the system suppliers. Especially, the stand by units shall always be kept in good operating conditions. h) In Chlorine gas exposed to eyes, shivering your eyes with plain water for 10 to 15 minutes. If you wear contacts, remove them before rinsing your eyes, and place them in the bags with the contaminated clothing. Do not put the contacts back in your eyes.

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A format of daily log sheet is recommended for daily accounting of operation and maintenance of the STP. The Environmental Management Plan presented in Table 6.1. The Trouble Shooting/Remedial Measures and Responsibility is presented in Table 6.2.

6.5 PERSONAL SAFETY SYSTEMS:

The skilled operators are provided with shoes, goggles, gloves and cloth mask during their working hours in the plant.

They should be trained in all aspects of the operation and maintenance schedules of all equipments viz., motor, pump, compressor, DG set, Aerators, etc.

First Air Box be provided in all strategic location of the STP at least on a locations viz., office, laboratory, clarifier/Aerator, so that in case of any accidents the affected person(s) can be given first aid treatment at the site.

A log of information on general Hospital, public health centre and medical shop shall be maintained in the administration office of STP.

Fire fighting guns are provided in three location of the STP viz., Electrical power home, administrate office and laboratory.

6.6 SAFETY MEASURES:

1. The station site will be enclosed with 2.5m Compound wall, lockable gates, designed to discourage entry by unauthorized persons and animals.

2. Provide safety, unauthorized entry and TWAD address signage.

3. Necessary arrangement made for free accessing to all tanks and buildings like Walkway, Staircase, Handrails and pathways.

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4. All the employees who work in STP site will be given safety training and they will be allowed to operate STP.

5. Gas detection and monitoring equipment where required. Where gas alarms are provided, install an indicator light outside the building so that the operator can check gas levels before entering the building.

6. Portable ventilation and blower equipment, intrinsically safe, with sufficient hose, where required. 7. Portable lighting equipment intrinsically safe, where required. 8. A good practice of safety is maintained by way of a safety week once in six months and awareness programmes will be conducted once in six months.

6.7 ENVIRONEMNTAL MONITORING PLAN:

6.7.1 General: The location of STP for at least 5km radius, considering it as the probable Impact Area, should be put under continuous environmental surveillance.

The 5km radius is conventional for water and land polluting activities. It could be seen that 5km is the limit from any identified water course for establishing any not industrial activity. The attributes of the location viz., Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Flora & Fauna and Human (social status) need to be continually monitored for any possible impact due to the activities of STP. The installation STP is expected to bring high standards for living for Theni Town and will prevent water and soil pollution. 6.7.2 Monitoring Plan: The environmental monitoring plan is exclusively drawn for all the components of environment. The treatment plant on one points will upheld the living standards of Theni and other may harm the hygienist –or hazzle free environment.

The monitory plan is also planed for 5km radius of area from the project site. Page 84 of 119

6.7.2.a. Air Environment:

There will not be any emission stack from the STP activity. The release of VOC and SVOC from the STP activity is appreciated.

The wind profile of the project location warranted the monitoring plan for the 5km radius from the impact location. A snap Ambient Air Quality Survey shall be organized once in a month by either the TNPCB or any approved laboratory. SPM, RPM, SO2, NOX, Co, Pb and Odour be the parameters for the AAQ survey. At least 5 AAQ station are recommend for the survey.

6.7.2.b. Water Environment:

The water resource of the project location has been geo-surveyed for its features and characteristics. The probable impact due to sewage, treated or untreated, should be monitored. The Raw Sewage and treated wastewater be continuously shall be checked continuously with the quantity of the treated wastewater.

6.7.2.c. Soil Environment:

The disposal of untreated sewage, even the treated sewage if not properly disposed it will lead to “Sickness” of the soil on its disposal on it.

The characteristics of the soil in the project location should be maintained by taking sample on every month. The sludge disposal on to open land should not be practiced. The dewatered sludge be used a manure and given to local farming activities.

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6.7.2.d. Noise Environment:

DG set, Air compressor/Air Blowers, motor and pumps etc., are certain sources for Noise generation and propagation.

Since the area in away from the population and noise cannot be a major pollution index for the proposed plant.

Anyhow, all these rotating equipments, as listen above, be monitored by O&M contract by all the respective suppliers for specific parameters.

6.7.2.e. Socio Economic: The project of STP will ensure clean, more hygienic ambience to all the peoples of Theni. Anyhow, if not properly managed the stagnation of sewage or ageing will make the area unhygienic. Any such stagnation as pool of sewage will make the area more assumable and favorite for plays or insects. The health impact due to the operation of STP shall be monitored. The ground water will be prevented from any possible commercial and industrial activities. The land for the project is owned by Municipality and hence no acquisition of land in involved. The living conditions of peoples of Theni will essentially improve, on commissioning of the STP.

6.7.3 OFF SITE MONITORING:

The project impact area is assessed for 5 Km radius around the project site. Requisite samples on water, air and soil be taken and monitored periodically as per the guidelines of CPCB. The schedule for offsite Environmental monitoring is presented in Table 6.3. The frame work of offsite monitoring as listed in Table 6.2 be enacted for the listed time frame. Page 86 of 119

6.8 ENVIRONMENTAL CELL:

An exclusive wing shall be made responsible for continual operation of the STP with best of its performance of treatment to ensure the treated sewage @ TSS < 30 mg/l and BOD5 @ < 20 mg/l. The cell shall be evaluated annually for its performants and Constituent members, and be allotted annual funds. The operation head be authorized to spend the funds with approval from LB of Theni.

The protocol of the proposed Environmental cell is presented in Fig. 6.2.

6.9 BUDGETARY ESTIMATE (ANNUAL) The EMP objectives better operation and maintenance of the STP and also monitoring the quantity and quality of the raw and treated sewage. The plant operation for exclusive parameters of operation Viz., TSS, BOD5, MLVSS, SVI etc., be continuously monitored.

As the treated sewage is planned for disposal into the existing natural irrigation systems, necessary monitoring schedules for water, air and soil quality be implemented. A Budgetary estimate for the effective implementation of EMP is present in Table 6.4. and 6.5.

6.10 COMPLIANCE REPORTING:

The implementation of all the management measures above would be reported to TNUIFSL through regular compliance reporting. A sample format proposed to be used for O&M is provided in Table 6.6.

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Table 6.1 Environmental Management Plan for Pre-Construction Phase

POTENTIAL RESPONSIBLE S.NO MITIGATION MEASURES TIME FRAME IMPACTS AGENCIES 1. Clearances All clearance required for Environmental aspects during construction Before construction Eco Protection Engineers will be ensured and made available before start of work. Pvt. Ltd., 2. Tree cutting The STP site identified is barren land and hence does not involve tree Pre-construction & Eco Protection Engineers cutting. construction phase Pvt. Ltd., For laying line of treated effluent disposal, adequate care would be taken to avoid tree cutting. In case of any need arising for tree cutting, compensatory plantation would be done in the vacant land available in the STP site in addition to the greenbelt plan. Compensatory plantation will be done by way of re-plantation of twice the number of trees cut will be carried out in the project area. 3. Baseline parameters Baseline parameters have been recorded during the baseline study and Construction & Eco Protection Engineers monitoring would be carried out as per monitoring plan provided. Operation phase Pvt. Ltd., 4. Disposal of treated wastewater i) The construction and operation activities for STP will be initiated Pre-construction & post- Eco Protection Engineers only after obtaining necessary consents from the TNPCB. construction phase Pvt. Ltd., ii) The quality of treated water will comply with the discharge standards for disposal into water body. iii) Performance standards will always be maintained, ensuring efficient working condition of treatment plant. 5. Storage of materials Pipes and other construction materials would be stored in the vacant During construction Eco Protection Engineers portion available in the STP site. Pvt. Ltd., 6. Construction of labor camps i) All relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building During construction Eco Protection Engineers and the other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Pvt. Ltd., Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 iv) All temporary accommodation will be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. The sewage system for the camp will be planned and adequate health care will be provided for the work force.

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Table 6.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Phase

POTENTIAL RESPONSIBLE S.NO MITIGATION MEASURES TIME FRAME IMPACTS AGENCIES 1 Compensatory plantation of There is no tree cutting involved, however as three rows of trees are Pre-construction and Eco Protection Engineers trees planned along the periphery of the STP site. construction Pvt. Ltd., In case any tree cutting arises compensatory plantation of twice the number of trees felled will be done in the vacant land available in the STP site. 2 Protection of top soil and The top soil will be protected and compacted after completion of work. During construction Eco Protection Engineers Environmental enhancing Top soil from the STP area will be stored in stock piles and used for Pvt. Ltd. gardening purposes. 3 Disposal of construction debris A suitable site will be identified for safe disposal, in relatively low During construction Eco Protection Engineers and excavated materials. lying areas, away from the water bodies, residential and agricultural Pvt. Ltd. fields etc., and got approved by the Engineer. Care will be taken that the dumped material does not affect natural drainage system. 4 Pollution from Fuel and i) All location and lay-out plans of such sites will be submitted prior to During construction and Eco Protection Engineers Lubricants the establishment and will be approved by the Engineer. operation Pvt. Ltd. ii) We ensure that all vehicle / machinery and equipment operation, maintenance and refueling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of fuels and lubricants does not contaminate the ground. iii) All spills and collected petroleum products will be disposed off in accordance with MoEF and state PCB guidelines. 5 Contamination of ground water (i) Contamination of ground water quality is not envisaged as the During operation Eco Protection Engineers treated water quality will comply with the standards laid down by PCB Pvt. Ltd. for disposal onto water bodies.

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Table 6.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Phase

POTENTIAL RESPONSIBLE S.NO MITIGATION MEASURES TIME FRAME IMPACTS AGENCIES ii) The sludge arising from the treatment plant would be dried and disposed off by the municipality periodically. ii) Regular monitoring of the treated sewage quality and ground water quality in the nearby areas will be done and ensure compliance with PCB standards.

6 Informatory signs and hoardings Erection and maintenance of informatory, safety signs, hoardings During construction Eco Protection Engineers written in English and local language wherever required will be Pvt. Ltd. provided. 7 Risk from Electrical All required precautions will be taken to prevent danger from electrical During construction Eco Protection Engineers Equipment(s) equipment and ensure that Pvt. Ltd. i) No material will be stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public. ii) All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public in construction zones. All machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provision. 8 Disposal of treated waste water i) The treated water quality will be complied with the standards of During Operation Eco Protection Engineers TNPCB before let out into the stream. Pvt. Ltd. ii) Efficient working condition of treatment plant will be maintained. iii) Stream water and other water bodies receiving STP discharge will

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Table 6.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Phase

POTENTIAL RESPONSIBLE S.NO MITIGATION MEASURES TIME FRAME IMPACTS AGENCIES not be polluted. 9 Disposal of sludge The dewatered sludge from STP will be use as manure/will be sent to During Operation Eco Protection Engineers municipal solid waste facility. Pvt. Ltd. 10 Labour camp and facilities i) Uncontaminated water will be supplied to labours for drinking Pre-Construction, and Eco Protection Engineers cooking and washing purposes. operation Pvt. Ltd. ii) Sufficient quantity of potable water (as per IS) will be supplied in every work place / labour camp site at suitable and easily accessible places and regular maintenance of such facilities. 11 Safety aspects i) Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent the accidents and from During Construction Eco Protection Engineers the machineries. All machines used will confirm to the relevant Indian Pvt. Ltd., Standards code and will be regularly inspected by the PIA. ii) Where loose soil is met with, shoring and strutting will be provided to avoid collapse of soil. iii) Protective footwear and goggles will be provided to all the workers employed on mixing of materials like cement, concrete etc. iv) Welders protective eye shields will be provided to workers who are engaged in welding works. v) Earplugs will be provided to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation. vi) All necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, safety belts, ear plugs, masks etc., to workers and staffs will be

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Table 6.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Phase

POTENTIAL RESPONSIBLE S.NO MITIGATION MEASURES TIME FRAME IMPACTS AGENCIES provided. We will comply with all the precautions as required for ensuring the safety of the workmen as per the International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention No.62 as far as those are applicable to this contract. vii) Do not employ any person below the age of 14 years for any work and no women will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. 12 First Aid The following arrangements will be made for the workers: During Construction Eco Protection Engineers i) A readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of Pvt. Ltd., sterilized dressing materials and appliances as per the factories Rules in every work zone. ii) Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick persons to the nearest hospital. 13 Odour Nuisance Greenbelt will be developed around the STP site for control of odour During construction Eco Protection Engineers nuisance to the surrounding areas. Pvt. Ltd. 14 Implementing TNPCB The conditions stipulated by the TNPCB while issuing Consent to During construction Eco Protection Engineers conditions Establish for the proposed STP will be implemented. Pvt. Ltd.

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Table 6.3 Environmental Enhancement and Special Issues

ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT AND IMPLEMENTING S.NO SPECIAL ISSUES LOCATION AGENCY 1 Flora and Chance found Fauna We ensure that reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent workmen or Project area Eco Protection any other persons from removing and damaging any flora (plant/vegetation) Engineers Pvt. Ltd., and fauna (animal) including fishing in any water body and hunting of any animal. If any wild animal is found near the construction site at any point of time, it will be immediately reported to the nearby forest officer and appropriate steps / measures will be taken in consultation with the forest officials. 2 Chance Found Archaeological i) STP site does not fall under the sensitive area. Project area Eco Protection Property ii) All fossils, coins, articles of value of antiquity, structures and other Engineers Pvt. Ltd. remains or things of geological or archaeological interest discovered will be dealt with as per provisions of the relevant legislation. Care will be taken to prevent the workmen from removing and damaging any such article or thing. 3 Monitoring of environment i) Seasonal monitoring of Air, Water, Noise and Soil quality will be done. Project area Eco Protection parameters ii) The parameter will be monitored according to Environmental Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Monitoring Plan. 4 Sensitive Areas i) The dust and noise impacts due to vehicle movement during construction Project area Eco Protection and their effectiveness will be checked and minimized with precautionary Engineers Pvt. Ltd. measures. 5 Clearing of construction of Site restoration plans will be prepared for approval by the engineer. On During construction period Eco Protection camps and restoration completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared away, all Engineers Pvt. Ltd. rubbish cleared, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the site will be left clean and tidy.

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TABLET 6.4 TROUBLE SHOOTING/ REMEDIAL MEASURES AND RESPONSIBILITY

S.NO. UNIT OPERATIONS TROUBLE SHOOTING / REMEDIAL MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY 1.0 INLET CHAMBER a) Over flow Regular-/Controlled operation of pumps Operation and Maintenance Contractor 2.0 FINE SCREEN CHAMBER a) Clogging of debris Operation and Maintenance Contractor Periodical / regular cleaning of clogs-rubbish/rugs screenings b) Head loss Operation and Maintenance Contractor Periodical / regular cleaning of clogs-rubbish/rugs screenings

c) Odor Cleaning of clogs Operation and Maintenance Contractor d) Mechanical damage of Repair/Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract screens/racks/platform/ Handrails/ ladder period – Theni Municipality

3.0 DETRITOR a) Clogging of debris Operation and Maintenance Contractor Periodical / regular cleaning of clogs-rubbish/rugs screenings

b) Head loss Operation and Maintenance Contractor Periodical / regular cleaning of clogs-rubbish/rugs screenings c) Odor Cleaning of clogs Operation and Maintenance Contractor d) Mechanical damage of Repair/Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract screens/racks/platform/ Handrails/ ladder period – Theni Municipality

4.0 SCUM TRAP a) Odor Operation and Maintenance Contractor Removal of clogging Regular/ Periodical removal of scum b) Mechanical failure Proper maintenance Operation and Maintenance Contractor 5.0 PARSHALL FLUME CHANNEL a) Settling of Grit Periodical removal of grit Operation and Maintenance Contractor

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S.NO. UNIT OPERATIONS TROUBLE SHOOTING / REMEDIAL MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY b) Reduction In Velocity Removal of grits and regulated the pipe value Operation and Maintenance Contractor 6.0 DISTRIBUTION CHAMBER a) OVER Flow a) Operation of pump Operation and Maintenance Contractor b) Check on all valves Operation and Maintenance Contractor c) Check on electrical power Operation and Maintenance Contractor 7.0 AERATION TANKS a) odor Operation and Maintenance Contractor a) Proper operation of Aerators b) Enhancement of MLSS. b) Poor MLSS(200MG/L) b) Recirculation of sludge for MLSS>4000mg/l Operation and Maintenance Contractor c) Poor DO c) Proper operation of Air Blower Operation and Maintenance Contractor d) Mechanical failure d) Blower failures (Clogging Membrane diffusers) Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality e) Electrical failures Blower failures Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 8.0 SECONDARY CLARIFIER a) Sludge floating Sludge recirculation Operation and Maintenance Contractor b) Poor settling Sludge recirculation Operation and Maintenance Contractor c) Feul odor Check on the physical structure conational operation of Operation and Maintenance Contractor aerators d) Mechanical failure Proper operation Repair and Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 9.0 SLUDGE RECIRCULATION SUMP a) Clogging Check on valves and Pumps Operation and Maintenance Contractor b) Mechanical failure Repair /Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 10.0 CENTRIFUGE PLATFORM a) Mechanical failures Regular check on blade/Impeller/ motors Operation and Maintenance Contractor b) Electrical faults Repair /Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 11.0 PRE PREPARATION TANK HOPE

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S.NO. UNIT OPERATIONS TROUBLE SHOOTING / REMEDIAL MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY a) Overflow Proper and controlled operation of Pump Operation and Maintenance Contractor b) Mechanical failure Repairs and Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 12.0 CHLORINE ROOM AND YARD a) Tonner leak Ensure all valves properly operated. Operation and Maintenance Contractor Tonners placed in –position Hoods Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality Safety measures and Emergency Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 13.0 CHLORINATION UNIT a) Over/under dosage PLC based operation for the dosage of pre determined dose of Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract chlorine period – Theni Municipality b) Mechanical failures Repairs/ Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality

14.0 TREATED WATER DISPOSAL - The treated sewage after disinfection by chlorination will be disposed at Thamaraikulam, a distance of 0.75 km from the STP site through pipes. (Closed Conduit), - TWAD Board / Theni Municipality

14.0 LAB a) Instruments i) Calibration ii) Proper operation as per the instruments manual Repair / Mechanical/electrical failure Replacement Operation and Maintenance Contractor Operation and Maintenance Contractor/ Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality

b) Chemicals/ Glass wars Replacements Operation and Maintenance Contractor/ Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality

15.0 MCC CONTROL ROOM

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S.NO. UNIT OPERATIONS TROUBLE SHOOTING / REMEDIAL MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY a) Instrumentaion facult Calibration and proper maintenance of instruments Operation and Maintenance Contractor/ Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality b) Wiring fault Proper maintenance Replacement Operation and Maintenance Contractor/ Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 16.0 GENERATOR ROOM a) Requirement of fuel Stock of fuel for atleast 24 hours requirement Operation and Maintenance Contractor/ Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality b) Noise Repair /Replacement of parts Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 17.0 BLOWER YARD a) Noise Proper maintenance of blower/motors Operation and Maintenance Contractor Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality

b) Mechanical failures Repair /Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality

c) Electrical fault Repair /Replacement Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality 18.0 PUMP ROOM-I a) Noise Proper maintenances of impellers/casing Operation and Maintenance Contractor b) Leakage Proper maintenance of Pumps, glands/joints Operation and Maintenance Contractor c) Mechanical failures Repair /Replacement Operation and Maintenance Contractor Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality

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S.NO. UNIT OPERATIONS TROUBLE SHOOTING / REMEDIAL MEASURES RESPONSIBILITY d) Electrical fault Repair /Replacement Operation and Maintenance Contractor Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality

19.0 WORKERS TOILET a) Odor Daily cleaning Operation and Maintenance Contractor b) Water Supply Proper maintenance Operation and Maintenance Contractor c) Washing Accessories Providing buckets, mobs, soap etc, Operation and Maintenance Contractor d) Physical damage of sewer appurtenances Repair /Replacement Operation and Maintenance Contractor Up to Contract period – Contractor After Contract period – Theni Municipality

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6.5 Operation & Maintenance Check List for STP ASP Method

PERSONAL S. DESCRIPTION QTY PROCESS REMEDIAL MECHANICAL REMEDIAL REMARKS PROTECTIVE NO OF UNIT (Nos) ISSUE MEASURES ISSUES MEASURES EQUIPMENTS

Manual screens will Highvis jacket or vest, be used when either waterproof overalls, Periodical Clogging of of mechanical coarse standard overalls, hard 1 Manual Screens 2 cleaning Screen or fine screen break hat, safety boots, gloves shall be done. down or conveyor dust mask, ear protectors, Breakdown safety glasses

Tighten the connections And /or change the Low oil level due hoses. to oil leakage Exchange the seals of High-vis jacket or vest, cylinder Manual screens will Water proof overalls, Periodical Mechanical Clogging of be used when the standard overalls, hard 2 2 cleaning Gear unit for any Screen Screen mechanical screens hat, safety boots, gloves shall be done. damage, Loose Repair/replace gear under maintenance. dust mask, ear protectors, connection or if unit, Correct the safety glasses any circuit connections/reset the breaker has circuit breaker. tripped.

Highvis jacket or vest, Regular preventive waterproof overalls, 2 Remove grit Mechanical maintenance such as Standby unit will be Grit Separator Carryover of standard overalls, hard 3 (1W+1 more failure takes place lubrication, topping of used during grit hat, safety boots, gloves S) frequently in Gear box oil and alignment check maintenance dust mask, ear to be done. protectors, safety glasses

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PERSONAL S. DESCRIPTION QTY PROCESS REMEDIAL MECHANICAL REMEDIAL REMARKS PROTECTIVE NO OF UNIT (Nos) ISSUE MEASURES ISSUES MEASURES EQUIPMENTS Gear unit for any damage, Loose Repair/replace gear connection or if unit, Correct the any circuit connections/reset the breaker has circuit breaker. tripped. The MLSS concentration in the aeration High-vis jacket or vest, Excessive / tank can be waterproof overalls, less MLSS regulated by standard overalls, hard Aeration Tank 01 - _ 4 Concentratio controlling the - hat, safety boots, gloves n. rate of sludge dust mask, ear protectors, return based on safety glasses SVI determined experimentally.

Highvis jacket or vest, Regular preventive Keep in stock waterproof overalls, Mechanical maintenance such as essential spares and Secondary Floating of Regulating the standard overalls, hard 2 failure takes place lubrication, topping of take one unit out of 5 Clarifier Sludge Return Sludge hat, safety boots, gloves in Gear box oil and alignment check service in the event of dust mask, ear protectors, to be done. break down safety glasses

Pump Failure due Highvis jacket or vest, to wear and tear Routine maintenance waterproof overalls, 2 of impeller, such as glad packing, Standby unit will be standard overalls, hard 6 Centrifuge (1W+1 bearing, shaft and impeller & shaft used during hat, safety boots, gloves S) pump choaking. alignment with maintenance dust mask, ear protectors, Fluctuation in adequate spare at site. safety glasses power.

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PERSONAL S. DESCRIPTION QTY PROCESS REMEDIAL MECHANICAL REMEDIAL REMARKS PROTECTIVE NO OF UNIT (Nos) ISSUE MEASURES ISSUES MEASURES EQUIPMENTS

Pump Failure due Highvis jacket or vest, to wear and tear Routine maintenance waterproof overalls, Return/Excess 2 of impeller, such as glad packing, Standby unit will be standard overalls, hard 7 Sludge Transfer (1W+1 bearing, shaft and impeller & shaft used during hat, safety boots, gloves Pumps S) pump choking. alignment with maintenance dust mask, ear Fluctuation in adequate spare at site. protectors, safety glasses power

Pump Failure due to wear and tear Routine maintenance Highvis jacket or vest, of impeller, such as glad packing, waterproof overalls, Standby unit will be Centrifuge feed 2 bearing, impeller & shaft standard overalls, hard 8 used during pumps (1W+1S) shaft and pump alignment with hat, safety boots, gloves maintenance choaking. adequate dust mask, ear protectors, Fluctuation in spare at site. safety glasses power Highvis jacket or vest, Regular preventive Mechanical standard overalls, hard 3 maintenance such as Standby unit will be Blower for failure takes place hat, 9 (2W+1 lubrication, topping of used during Aeration Tank in Motor & safety boots, gloves dust S) oil and alignment check maintenance Blower mask, ear protectors and to be done. safety glasses.

Regular preventive Highvis jacket or vest, Mechanical 2 maintenance such as Standby unit will be standard overalls, hard Blower for Sludge failure takes place 10 (1W+1 lubrication, topping of used during hat, safety boots, gloves mixing in Motor & S) oil and alignment check maintenance dust mask, ear protectors Blower to be done. and safety glasses.

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PERSONAL S. DESCRIPTION QTY PROCESS REMEDIAL MECHANICAL REMEDIAL REMARKS PROTECTIVE NO OF UNIT (Nos) ISSUE MEASURES ISSUES MEASURES EQUIPMENTS

Regular Preventive maintenance such as

1. Daily inspection of The operator all chlorine Cylinder. Highvis jacket or vest, should be waterproof overalls, 02 Excessive / careful in Leakage of Standby unit will be 2. Ammonia should be standard overalls, hard 11 Chlorinator (1W+1 Less dosing administering Chlorine gas from used during kept handy for checking hat, safety boots, gloves S) of Chlorine calculated cylinder. maintenance for leaks. dust mask, ear protectors, doses safety glasses accurately. 3. Chlorine cylinders storage building should be well ventilated.

DG set will be operated during power failure. Preventive Maintenance Highvis jacket or vest, are as follows: waterproof overalls, Power standard overalls, hard 12 interruption / Power failure 1. Inspected daily to hat, safety boots, gloves failure maintain safe and dust mask, ear protectors, reliable operation. and safety glasses.

2. Daily check the engine

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6.6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

AIR QUALITY MONITORING Project stage Pre construction, construction & operation period

Parameter SPM, RPM, SO2, NOx, CO, H2S and Pb Sampling method Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Standards Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Rules, CPCB, 1994 Frequency Once before start of work & once every season of the year during construction & operation period and at two locations. Duration Continuous 24 hours / or for 1 full working day Location Two stations – 1. STP boundary in the downwind direction 2. Nearest residential area Measures Wherever air pollution parameters increase above specified standards, additional measures as decided by the engineer will be adopted Implementation Contractor through approved monitoring agencies Supervision Implementing agency WATER QUALITY MONITORING Project stage Pre construction, Construction & Operation period Parameter • pH, BOD, COD, DO, TDS, Pb, Oil & Grease and Detergents for Surface water.

• pH, TDS, Total hardness, Sulphate, Fluorides, Chloride, Fe, Pb for groundwater. Sampling method Grab sample collected from source and analysis as per Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater Standards Indian standards for Inland Surface Water (IS: 1226, 1982) and for Drinking water (IS: 10500, 191) Frequency Once during construction and Monthly at two locations (surface water) and at one location four times per year during operation period. Duration Grab sampling

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Location Surface water i) Outlet from the STP ii) At 500 m away from the downstream of the outfall of STP site Ground water • Nearest bore well Measures At locations of increase in water pollution, all inflow channels will be checked for pollution loads and channel delivering higher pollution loads will be terminated from disposal into the water source and other methods of disposal will be adopted. Implementation Contractor through approved monitoring agencies Supervision Implementing agency NOISE LEVEL MONITORING Project stage Pre-Construction and Operational phase Parameter Noise level on dB (A) scale noise levels on dB (A) scale Special Guidance • Free field at 1m from the equipments whose noise levels are being determined • Equivalent noise levels using an integrated noise level meter kept at a distance of 15m from edge of pavement Standards MoEF Noise Rules, 2000 Frequency Once every season (except monsoon) during construction period and at two locations, 4 times per year during operation period. Duration Readings will be taken at 15 seconds interval for 15 minutes every hour and then averaged. Location At one location, near the equipment yard, or at sensitive locations such as residences, schools, hospitals etc. Measures Increase of noise levels causing disturbance to the sensitive receptors, management measures as suggested in the EMP will be carried out. Implementation Contractor through approved monitoring agencies. Supervision Implementing agency. SOIL QUALITY MONITORING Project stage Pre - Construction and Construction Parameter Monitoring of Pb, SAR and Oil & Grease

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Sampling method Sample of soil collected to be acidified and analyzed using absorption spectrometer. Standards Threshold for each contaminated set by IRIS database of USEPA until national standards are promulgated. Frequency During the pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons for the construction and operation period. Duration Grab sampling Location At one location in the point of sludge disposal or where the dried sludge is used as manure. Measures At location of increase in pollution level, source will be identified and will be diverted from future disposal. Implementation Contractor through approved monitoring agencies. Supervision Implementing agency. GREEN BELT MAINTANCE Project stage Pre - Construction and Post Construction Duration Growth and survival of trees planted will be monitored at least for period of 3 years. Implementation Contractor through approved monitoring agencies. Supervision Implementing agency.

Apart from the above mentioned monitoring requirements, any major accidents/spillage during bulk transport of hazardous materials. Depending on the type of spillages/accidents the parameters to be monitored will be decided by the engineer and will be carried out through approved monitoring agencies and supervised by the implementing agency.

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Table 6.7 Cost Estimate for Environmental Monitoring Plan

Cost / sample S. No Description Monitoring locations Frequency of monitoring Total Amount (Rs.) (Rs.) Cost estimation of Environmental monitoring during Construction Phase 1 Air Quality Monitoring 2 1 4500 9,000 2 Water Quality Monitoring 3 1 3800 11,400 3 Noise Level Monitoring 4 1 500 2,000 4 Soil Quality Monitoring 1 2 2500 5,000 5 Mobilization charges 20,000 Total (Rupees Forty Seven Thousand and Four Hundred only) 47,400.00 Cost estimation of Environmental Monitoring during Operation Phase (per year) 1 Air Quality Monitoring 2 4 1850 14,800 2 Water Quality Monitoring Surface water 1 4 1650 6600 Ground water 1 2 1650 3300 Out fall STP 1 12 1650 19800 3 Soil Quality Monitoring 2 1 2350 4700 4 Noise Level Monitoring 2 4 500 4000 5 Mobilization charges 30,400 Total (Rupees One Lakh and Nine Thousand and Six Hundred only) 83,600.00

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Table 6.8 Cost Estimation for Greenbelt Development

S. No. Description Cost per tree in RS. Total Amount in RS. 1.0 290 Trees plantation 75.00 21,750.00 2.0 Maintenance 15,250.00 Total 37,000.00

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TABLE 6.9 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

Log Sheet

Daily observation:

Aerator Secondary clergy Effluent Q m S. 3/hr Flow Q, m 3/hr Shift Recirculating No. pH MLSS mg/l DO mg/l SVI mg/l of Sludge (%) 1 2 3 Day Shift 4 5 1 2 3 Night Shift 4 5 Weekly observation:

Influent Effluent Remarks S. Daily Average No. Flow Q, m 3/hr TSS pH BOD mg/l pH TSS mg/l BOD mg/l mg/l

1 2 3 4

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CHAPTER –VII

SAFETY WORK PRACTICES FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (DOS AND DON’TS)

S. No. DOs DON’Ts 1.0 Post "NO SMOKING" signs at all entrances to Aeration Tank Do not smoke, light open flames, or produce sparks in the facilities and at other conspicuous places. immediate vicinity of tanks and buildings, or other conspicuous areas

2.0 Practice good personal hygiene and safety to guard against Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling grit, screenings occupationally related diseases. or sludge

3.0 Wear clothing that protects the arms and legs. Avoid loose-fitting clothing that could get caught in moving Keep shirts tucked into pants Equipment

4.0 Wear the appropriate protective gloves whenever working in Never allow wastewater, biosolids, or chemicals to come contact with wastewater, biosolids. into contact with cuts or broken skin.

Wash hands with a disinfectant soap after handling Do not place fingers into mouth, nose, ears, or eyes while Wastewater, biosolids, or chemicals. handling wastewater, biosolids, or chemicals.

5.0 When working with classifiers or grit equipment, beware of Do not sacrifice safety for speed rotating equipment.

6.0 Wear safety harness or life jacket when leaning on or hanging Do not sit on aeration tank guard rails or safety chains over aeration tank guard rails or safety chains.

7.0 Use care and caution when using hand tools, power tools, and Do not use tools and equipment unless trained and portable power equipment. experienced in the proper use and operation.

8.0 Use care and caution when lifting heavy tools and equipment. Do not use defective tools or equipments for handling tough jobs

9.0 Use care and caution when working in the laboratory. Do not place fingers into mouth, nose, ears, or eyes while handling chemicals. Store chemicals in a safe place where they are not hazardous to personnel or property. Do not have personal contact with chemicals

Wash hands with a disinfectant soap after handling chemicals.

Wash off chemical spills on skin immediately with running water.

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S. No. DOs DON’Ts 10.0 Keep all work places including service rooms, storage rooms, Do not walk on sludge. Do not walk on bare foot or in passageways and exits clean and orderly. slippery footwear.

Keep all walk areas free of sludge, slime, caustic, polymer, rags, grit, grease, oil, or other materials that could cause slipping.

11.0 Have at least two persons present before entering a launder or Never enter a sedimentation tank effluent trough or weir weir trough: one person to enter the sedimentation effluent through alone and unattended troughs or weir trough, the other in the clear to observe in the event of an emergency

12.0 Plant personnel must be trained and instructed on the use and Never leave a cylinder suspended. handling of chlorine, chlorine equipment, chlorine emergency repair kits, and other chlorine emergency procedures. Avoid dropping chlorine cylinders.

Use extreme care and caution when handling chlorine. Avoid banging chlorine cylinders into other objects.

Lift chlorine cylinders only with an approved and load-tested Never apply direct flame to a chlorine cylinder. device. Except to repair a leak, do not tamper with the fusible plugs Secure chlorine cylinders into position immediately on chlorine cylinders.

Store chlorine l-ton cylinders on their sides only (horizontally) Do not hammer, bang, or force chlorine cylinder valves under any circumstances Always keep valve protection hoods in place until the chlorine cylinders are ready for connection Never enter a chlorine atmosphere unattended

Use only the specified wrench to operate chlorine cylinder Never store other materials in chlorine cylinder storage valves. areas; substances like acetylene and propane are not compatible with chlorine. Open chlorine cylinder valves slowly; no more than one full turn

Have at least two personnel present before entering a chlorine atmosphere: One person to enter the chlorine atmosphere, the other to observe in the event of an emergency

13.0 Use care and caution when working around all electrical Do not bypass electrical safety devices. equipment Do not use open-face drop lights. Observe "DANGER" and "HIGH VOLTAGE" signs. Consider all electrical conductors and equipment to be "live" Never tape frayed or damaged electrical cords. until positively proven to be deenergized. Never use an empty electrical control panel as a storage Use only wooden or fiberglass ladders when working around locker electrical lines and equipment. Never use electrical tools in or near water without ground fault interrupter circuit. Have frayed or broken electrical cords repaired Never stand in water when using an electrical tool or Immediately equipment

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CHAPTER –VIII

ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

The following Enhancement Measure is encountered to overcome the environmental impact so far studied in the previous chapters.

ƒ Greenbelt development

8.1 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

A green belt for 2962.00 Sq.m is planned for the development of green belt. The green belt development plan is presented in Fig. 6.1. The budgetary estimate for the development of envisaged green belt in the project location is presented in Table 2.3.2. Theni Municipality has handed over 3.81acres for the installation of STP components to treat 12.05.00 mld at percent. AREA DETAILS: Total area of the site : 15418.523 Sq.m I. Present Scenario: 1. Area for Proposed STP, Including, Roads, platform, steel bridge, Walkway and pathway etc. : 4706.17Sq. m 2. Area for future 7MLD STP plant : 2641.60 Sq. m 3. Green Belt Area : 2961.21 Sq. m 3. Saving Area : 3155.46 sq. m 4. formed road (12.0m Wide) : 1954.08Sq. m Total Area : 18418.523Sq. M

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9 Survival Monitoring: Atleast once in a week, the responsible officer for green belt development as per the Environmental Cell, shall monitor the plants and shrubs in the green belt for their status and survival rate. The contractor is recommended to hire the services of a horticulturist to monitor the green belt, periodically to suggest necessary measure for watering, application of manure, pesticides, etc.

9 Impact Area:

The Extent of 1km, 5km, 10km and 20km radius are the guidelines from Ministry of Environmental and Forests and TamilNadu Pollution Control Board.

9 Reuse of treated Sewage: Anyhow, the local peoples are surveyed for reuse of the treated sewage for farming activities. The total land allotted for Theni-Allinagaram STP is 3.81acres in which 1.04 acres will be used for sewage treatment plant and the vacant land will be developed with green belt. Around the STP 4 rows of tree will be planted and the distance between the plants will be 5 meters, the predominant wind direction recorded during study period was SE and SW, and predominant wind speed was in the range of 4 - 10 Kmph hence the thick plantation will be in southern direction of proposed project site.

GREEN BELT DESIGN

Distance between rows : 2.5 m Distance between trees : 5 m Rows of plants provided : 4 rows in North, South and East, 2 rows in West direction Total green belt area : 2961.21Sq.m Total number of plants : 290Nos.

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• A comprehensive greenbelt plan shall be implemented to improve the ecological condition.

• The trees in subsequent rows will be interspaced and the trees of subsequent rows be selected in such a way that the canopy is sloping.

The total trees after the implementation of this plant will be around 290 trees. This will be more than compensate for the loss of green cover and will serve the important environmental objectives of the dust and fumes capture, noise attenuation and wind barrier while also improving the aesthetics.

• The proposed green belt will be integrated with the existing plantation and locally available and sustainable species shall only be chosen for plantation

• Green belt development will be taken up along with the consumption work so that plantation will grow to adequate height by the time of plant commissioning. Thus greenbelt will be effective in containing the pollutants due to the plant operations.

• The trees selected for greenbelt development will be such a fashion that the canopy is sloping. The main purpose of green belt development is to contribute to the following factors.

1. To attenuate noise level generated from the plant; 2. To improve the aesthetics of the plant area; 3. To trap the vehicular and fugitive dust emissions; 4. To act as a pollution sink for gaseous emissions; 5. To maintain ecological balances; 6. To prevent soil erosion and to protect the natural vegetation; 7. To utilize the treated effluents.

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A) Planned Species for Green Belt:

While selecting the plant species for the proposed green belt, the following points have been taken in to consideration: 1. Should be a fast growing type; 2. Should have a thick canopy cover; 3. Should be perennially green; 4. Should be preferably of native origin; and 5. Should have large leaf area index.

B) Recommended Species for Plantation Based on climate and soil characteristics of the study areas, some species are recommended for plantation. The climate of the region is tropical, where there is medium rainfall as well as extreme heat and soil temperature is very high in summer. Hence in order to have a ground cover, some fast growing species, which do not require watering, have been recommended for mass plantation. The below mentioned species not only resist water stress but also covers the ground quickly and also have wider soil adaptability. For protecting the environment from dust, temperature, chemicals, emissions the following species have been recommended.

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Table 8.1 Suggested Plant Species for Greenbelt development

The above given suitable trees will be planted in consultation with the local body at the time of implementing greenbelt operation.

GREENBELT IMPLEMENTATION

S.NO SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME

1. Eucalyptus Gum Tree Tailamaram 2. Polyalthia longifolia Ashoka tree Ashokamaram 3. Aegle marmelos Bel Vilvam 4. Azadirachta indica Neem Vepa 5. Pongamia pinnata Pungam Pungam maram

The above given suitable trees will be planted in consultation with the local body at the time of implementing greenbelt operation. GREENBELT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The greenbelt will be developed in an area of 2961.21 square meters by planting 4 rows of trees with an interspace distance of 5 meters in the predominant wind direction. The plantation of tree saplings will be done during monsoon season in a phased manner. The Phase I has been commenced by initially planting 70 tree saplings and the photographs are shown in Figure 7.1.

The second, third and fourth phase of tree plantation will be done with regular intervals. During the second phase of tree plantation programme another 70 tree saplings will be planted. In the third phase, 75 numbers will be planted and in the last phase, 75 tree saplings will be planted. The first and second phase of tree plantation will be completed within December 2012 and third and fourth phase will be completed within April 2013.

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Figure 8.1

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Annexure - I COMPLIANCE STATEMENT FOR CONSENT TO ESTABLISH ORDER NO. 62/OL/2009, PROCEEDINGS NO: DEE/DGL/F.NO.DGL-1251/W/2009, DATED: 31/12/2009 UNDER WATER & AIR ACT

S.No. Special & Gareral Conditions Status 1.0 The above consent to establish cannot be We ensure that the Sewage Treatment construed as comsent to operate unit shall not Plant will not be commissioned without commence the operation without obtaining the obtaining Consent to Operate from the consent to operate. Board under the Water & Air Acts. 2.0 The industry shall make a request for grant of The Municipality will apply to TNPCB consent to opetaet at least thirty days before the prior to 30 days for Consent to Operate. commissoning of trail production. 3.0 The init shall construct compound wall around We provided the compound wall around the boundery of the unit. the boundary of the unit. 4.0 Samles of water from the wells or any other We adhere to the conditions stipulated nearby water sources have to taken by the unit by the Board. and get them analyzed by the board laboratory to develp base line data to assess the existing water quality. 5.0 The unit shall provide an alternate power source To ensure continuous operation of STP, along with separate energy meter for the effluent the Contractor will install 250 KVA DG treatment plant to ensure contiuouse operation of set as alternate source of power during the effluent tratment plant. power failure scenario. 6.0 This consent does not authorise or approve the We adhere to the conditions stipulated construction of any physical structures or by the Board in the Consent Order. facilities or the undertaking of any work in any natural water course. 7.0 Any change in the details furnished in the Any change / quantity of flow in the conditions has to be bouought to the notice of the Sewage Treatment Plant will be board and got approved by the board, before intimated to the Board for approval. obtaining consent to operate under the said Act. 8.0 The unit has to comply with the provisions of We confirm that, there won’t be any Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 to provide storage of hazardous material in the STP immediate relief in the event of any hazard to site during the operational phase. For human beings, other living creatures / plants and disinfection, chlorine is used which is properties while handling and storage of stored in 1 ton capacity toner. All the hazardous substances. (if applicable) safety norms will be strictly followed at the time of operational phase.

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S.No. Special & Gareral Conditions Status 9.0 Consent to operate will not be issued unless the Consent to Operate will be applied on unit complies with the conditions of consent to completion of the construction works establish. and comply with condition as per the CTE of TNPCB. 10. In case there is any change in the management, The Municipality authorities will inform the unit shall inform the change with relevant if there is any change in the management documents immediately. to TNPCB along with relevant document. 11.0 The unit shall provide adequate watersprnklers The theni-allinagaram municipality for the control of dust emission during the alredly provided the 10ft bitmun road loading and unloading of construction material. from NH to STP site. So as to minimize the dust emmission. 12.0 The units dhall develop green belet of adequate For the development of green belt, width around the premises. various species identified are listed in Table – 8.1

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ANNEXURE II

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ANNEXURE –III

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Annexure – IV Sampling Locations

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Chapter - IX

Process Design Calculations

for

12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant with

Activated Sludge Process (Extended Aeration)

at

Theni- Allinagaram

TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, CLIENT: Southern Region, Madurai.

ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LIMITED, CONTRACTOR: th Plot no: 943, 54 street, Anna Nagar West Extension, Chennai-600101, Tamilnadu, India.

TITLE: PROCESS DESIGN CALCULATIONS

DOC NO: 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 No. of Sheets 11

G.M K.R C.C

Initial Sign Initial Sign Initial Sign 2 02/08/2012 Prepared by Checked By Approved by Rev. no Date Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

1.0 Design Basis:

Sewage Treatment Plant : 12.05 MLD Peak factor : 2.25 1.1 Raw Effluent Characteristics:

S. No. Parameters Units Values

1. pH - 6.2

2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mg/l 236 3. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 452 4. Total Suspended Solids mg/l 220 5. Total Kjeldahl Nitragen mg/l 61 6. Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l 50 7. Total Phosphorus mg/l 5 8. Sulfates mg/l 54 9. Fecal Coliforms/100ml MPN 106 10. Total Coliforms /100ml MPN 107 11. Chloride mg/l 200 12. Oil & Grease mg/l < 1

1.2 Treated Effluent Characteristics:

S. No. Parameters Units Values

1. pH - 5.5 -9

2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) mg/l ≤ 20 3. Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l ≤ 250 4. Total Suspended Solids mg/l ≤ 30 5. Ammonia Nitrogen mg/l ≤ 50 6. Nitare Nitrogen mg/lit ≤ 5 7. Total Phosphorus mg/l ≤ 5 8. Total Coliforms /100ml MPN ≤ 1000 no. 9. Oil & Grease mg/l < 5

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 2 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

2.0 UNITS SIZING CLACULATION:

2.1. Receiving Chamber:

Average Design flow : 12050 m3 /day

Peak factor : 2.25

Peak Flow : 27113m3/day = 1129.7m3/hr

No. of Receiving Chamber : 01No.

Hydraulic detention time during Peak flow : 60 Seconds

Required volume of the receiving 1129.7x 60 Chamber : ------m3 3600 : 18.8 m3

Provided Liquid depth : 2.0m

Area of the Chamber : 9.4m2

Consider length of chamber : 3.1m

Required width of Chamber : 3.032m Say : 3.10m Provide, Size of Receiving Chamber : 3.1m x 3.1m x 2.0m LD+0.5m FB

2.2 Coarse Screen Chamber:

Average Design flow : 12050 m3 /day

Peak factor : 2.25

Peak Flow : 27113m3/day = 1129.7m3/hr

Number of Screen Chamber : 2 Nos. (01No. Mechanical Working+01No. Manual St. By) For each 100% of peak flow

Velocity through screen during Peak flow : 1.2 m / sec (As per CPHEEO Manual)

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 3 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

Mechanical Course Screen:

Design Flow : 1129.7m3/hr : 0.314m3/sec

Provide 50mm x 10mm SS 304 bars Clear opening between bars : 20 mm

As per manufacturer specification, the size of screen chamber as follows,

Size of Mech. Coarse screen channel : 4.0 m x 1.2 m x 0.50 m + 0.50 m FB

Manual Coarse Screen:

Provide 50mm x 10mm SS 304 bars Clear opening between bars : 25 mm

Area of flow considering for peak Flow : 0.314 x 35 1.2 25 : 0.4m2

Provide width of screen : 1.0m

Consider liquid rise in channel : 0.40m Say : 0.50m

Velocity during peak flow : 0.314 1.0 x 0.5 : 0.628m/s

Number of bars : Width of screen (Clear opening + thickness of bar)

: 1000 25 + 10 Number of bars, n : 29Nos.

Size of Screen Chamber : 4.0 m x 1.0m x 0.50m LD + 0.5m FB

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 4 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

2.3. Fine Screen Chamber:

Average flow : 12050m3 /day

Peak factor : 2.25

Peak flow : 1129.7m3/hr : 0.314m3/sec

Number of Screen Chamber : 2 Nos. (01N0. Mechanical Working+01No. Manual St. By) For each 100% of peak flow Velocity through screen during Peak flow : 1.2 m / sec (As per CPHEEO Manual)

Mechanical Fine Screen

As per manufacturer specification, the size of screen chamber as follows,
Size of Mech. fine screen channel : 4.0 m x 1.2 m x 0.50 m + 0.50 m FB

Manual Fine Screen:

Provide 50 mm x 6mm SS 304 bars Clear opening between bars : 6mm

Area of flow considering for peak Flow : 0.314 x 12 1.2 6 : 0.523m2

Provide width of screen : 1.0m

Consider liquid rise in channel : 0.523m Say : 0.5m

Velocity during peak flow : 0.314 1.0 x 0.5 : 0.628m/s

Number of bars : Width of screen (Clear opening + thickness of bar)

: 1000 6 + 6 Number of bars, n : 83Nos.

Provide, Size of Screen Chamber : 4.0 m x 1.2 m x 0.5m LD + 0.50 FB

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 5 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

2.4. Detritor Tank:

Number of Tanks : 2 Nos. (1W+1S)

Average flow : 12050m3/day

Surface over flow rate : 960m3/m2/day

Area of Detritus tank : 12050 ------m2 960 : 12.55m2

Provide Length of detritus tank : 3.6m

Reqd. Width of detritus tank : 3.486m Say : 3.6m

Side water depth of tank : 0.6 m

Provide, Size of Detritus Tank : 3.6m x 3.6m x 0.6m SWD x 0.5 m FB

2.5. Parshall Flume:

Average flow : 12050m3/day

Peak flow : 27112.5m3/day : 1129.6m3/hr

Velocity thru’ channel at peak flow : 1.2 m/sec

Area of channel : 1129.6/3600 1.2

: 0.2614m2

Provide liquid depth in the channel : 0.50 m

Required width of the channel : 0.523m Say : 0.60m

As per the enclosed parshall flume tabulation, Throat width L : 0.30 m Dimension B : 1.34 m Dimension F : 0.60 m Dimension G : 0.90 m Length of flume : 2.84m Considering upstream and downstream in the flume,

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 6 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

Total Length of flume : 5.50m

Width of flume : 1.20m

Provide, Size of the parshall flume : 5.50m x 1.2 m x 0.50 m LD + 0.50 m FB

2.6. Aeration Tank:

Design flow of Aeration tank : 12050m3/day

BOD concentration in raw sewage : 236 mg/l

Based on exhaustive literature review, we carried out lab trials and conducted detailed studies at the site to arrive at the design parameters for the Aeration tank.

Volume of Aeration Tank : Q in m3/day x Inlet BOD ------MLVSS X F/M

: 12050 x 236 ------2800 x 0.16

Volume of Aeration Tank : 6348m3

No. of Aeration tanks : 1No.

Detention time provided : 6348 ------x 24 12050

: 12.6 hrs

Providing 5.0 m ELD Plan 6348 area of the Aeration tank : ------m2 required 5.0

: 1270m2

Provided Length of Aeration Tank : 50m

Width of the Aeration tank : 25.4m Say : 25.0m

Provide, Size of aeration tank : 50.0 m x 25.0m x 5.0 m LD + 0.5 m FB

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 7 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

Diffused Aeration System:

Oxygen Required at BOD Load:

12050 x 236 Total BOD load : ------kg/d. 1000

: 2843.8kg/d.

12050 x (236 – 20) x 1.28 O2 Required : ------1000 : 3331.6kg of O2/day

Air required : 3331.6kg/of O2/ day ------0.65 x 0.95 x 1.29 x 0.21 x 0.225x 24

: 3688m3/hr

Capacity of Blower : 1845m3/hr @ 6000mmWG

Nos. Of Blower : 2W + 1S

Diffuser Size : 93 mm x 1000mm L

Air Flow Rate per Diffuser : 15m3/hr

Total Nos. of Diffuser : 246Nos.

2.7. Secondary Clarifier:

No. of clarifier : 01Nos.

Design flow of clarifier : 12050m3/d : 502m3/h

Consider, Surface loading rate for Average flow : 20m3/m2/d

Area of Clarifier (A) : 12050 ------20 : 602.50m2

Diameter of Clarifier (D) : √ (A x 4) / ∏

: √ (602.5 x 4) / ∏

: 27.697m

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 8 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

Check the Surface Loading Rate at peak flow,

Surface Loading Rate : 12050 x 2.25 ------602.5 : 45m3/m2/day

(OK, as its range from 40-50m3/m2/day)

Consider, Side Water Depth of Clarifier : 3.5m

Provide, Size of Clarifier : 28.0mDia x 3.5m SWD + 0.50 m FB

Recirculation Rate: X Recirculation Ratio : ------Xw – X X – MLSS Concentration in the aeration zone

Xw – MLSS Concentration in settling zone

X : 4000mg/lit

Xw : 10000mg/lit

4000 : ------10000-4000

Recirculation Ratio : 0.66

Recirculation flow : 502 x 0.66 : 331.32m3/hr

Recirculation Pump:

No. of Pumps : 02Nos. (1No. Working+1No. St.By)

Capacity of Pump : 332m3/hr @ 10m Head

Excess Sludge Generation:

12050 x {236-20} BOD Removed : ------1000 : 2602.8kg/day

As per CPHEEO Manual Page no. 234, the Excess Sludge will be 0.25 to 0.35kg/kg of BOD removed For the Extended Aeration System having on primary clarifier.

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 9 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

Consider, Excess Sludge generated : 0.35 kg / kg of BOD removed

: 2602.8 x 0.35

Total Excess Sludge : 910.98kg/day

The sludge produced will be readily settable and as also observed during our studies the expected Dry solids concentration in the settled sludge would 1.0%.

Density of Excess Sludge : 1050kg/m3

The Volume of the excess 910.98 Sludge produced : ------m3/d {0.01 x 1050}

Volume of sludge produced per day : 86.76m3/day

2.8. Sludge Sump:

Nos. of Tanks : 1 No.

Volume of Sludge Produced per day : 86.76m3/day : 3.615m3/hr

Retention Time : 4hr

Volume of Sump : 14.46m3

Provided Liquid Depth : 2.0 m

Area of Tank : 7.23m2

Provided with of sump : 1.8m

Required length of Sump : 4.016m Say : 4.0m Provide, Size of Sludge Sump : 4.0m x 1.8m x 2.0 m LD + 0.5 m F.B

2.9. Sludge Sump Pump House:

Area of Sludge Pump house : 20m2 Provide, Size of Sludge Pump House : 5.0 m x 4.0 m x 3.5 m Height

2.10. Sludge Centrifuge:

Volume of Sludge produced per day : 86.76m3/day

Hours of operation of centrifuge : 16 hrs/day

Capacity of centrifuge : 86.76/16 : 5.422m3/hr

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 10 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

Provide, Capacity of Sludge Centrifuge : 5.5m3/hr

Nos. of Centrifuge : 02 Nos. (1W+1S)

2.11. Centrifuge House:

Area of Centrifuge House : 36 m2

Provide, Size of Centrifuge House : 6.0 m x 6.0 m x 8.0 m Height

2.12. Sludge Centrifuge Feed Pump:

Capacity of Pump : 6m3/hr

Head : 30MWC

Nos. of Pump : 02 Nos. (1W+1S)

2.13. Poly Electrolyte Dosing System:

Dosing Tank:

Volume of dry sludge : 910.98kg/day

Dosage of ploy electrolyte : 0.8kg/ton of dried solids

Required quantity of poly electrolyte : 0.73kg/day

Considering 0.1% Concentration of solution

Nos. of tanks : 01Nos. (1W)

Detention Time of dosing tank : 12 hrs

Required volume of the tank : 0.73 x 100 x 12 0.1 x 24 : 365liters

Provided, Volume of Tank : 500Lit

MOC of the Dosing Tank : HDPE

Dosing Pump:

Capacity of pump : 0-35LPH

Head : 0.3kg/cm2

No. of Pumps : 02Nos. (1W+1S)

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 11 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

2.14. Chlorine Contact Tank:

Design Flow : 502m3/hr

Provided detention period : 30 minutes

Volume of the chlorine contact 502 x 30 Tank required : ------m3 60 : 251m3

No. of Tank : 1 No.

Provided Liquid Depth : 3.5 m

Area of Tank : 71.71m2

Considered Length of Tank : 12.0m

Width of the tank : 5.976m Say : 6.0m

Provide,

Size of Chlorine Contact Tank : 12.0 m x 7.0m x 3.0 m LD + 0.50 m FB

2.15. Chlorination cum Tonner Room:

Area of Chlorination Shed : 35 m2

Provide,

Size of chlorination Shed : 7.0 m x 5.0 m x 3.5 m Height

2.16. Blower cum MCC Room:

Area of Room : 91 m2

Provide,

Size of Room : 13.0 m x 7.0 m x 5.0 m Height

2.17. Administration, Store House, Laboratory Building:

Area of Administration, Store House, Laboratory Building, etc. : 50 m2 + 50 m2 (G+1)

Provide,

Size of Room : 10.0 m x 5.0 m x 4.0m Height (G+1)

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 12 of 13

Client: Contractor: ECO PROTECTION ENGINEERS PVT LTD, TAMILNADU WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD, th Southern Region, Madurai. #943, 54 Street, TVS Colony, Annanagar West Extn, Chennai. Project: Design, Construction, Supply, Erection & Commissioning of 12.05 MLD Capacity Sewage Treatment Plant at Theni-Allinagaram. Document No. Design Checked Rev. Date Process Design Calculations 10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 GM KR/CC 2 02/08/2012

2.18. Transformer Yard& Sub Station:

Provide,

Size of yard : 8.0m x 4.0m

2.19. Security Room:

Provide,

Size of Room : 3.0m x 3.0mx 3.5mHT

10-TWAD-STP-12MLD-BE-01 Page 13 of 13