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Mmubn000001 109833945.Pdf PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/148574 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-25 and may be subject to change. DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN FOUR WEST JAVANESE VILLAGES W.M.F.HOFSTEEDE DECISIONMAKING PROCESSES IN FOUR WEST JAVANESE VILLAGES PROMOTOR: PROF. DR ΕΜΑΛJ. ALLARD DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES IN FOUR WEST JAVANESE VILLAGES PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT TE NIJMEGEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS MR. W.C.L. VAN DER GRINTEN, HOOGLERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER RECHTSGELEERDHEID, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN DE SENAAT IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP VRIJDAG 2 APRIL 1971, DES NAMIDDAGS TE 2 UUR PRECIES door WILHELMUS MICHAEL FRANCISCUS HOFSTEEDE geboren te Delft Druk: Offsetdrukkerij Faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen Nijmegen 1971 PREFACE This study deals with decision-making processes by West Javanese village com­ munities. My interest in the development of village communities goes back to the time when I was studying pedagogics at the Catholic University of Nij­ megen, the Netherlands, as a preparation for a teaching assignment at a teach­ er training college in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. The preparation of a thesis about the interaction between Western education and the social life in West Java, discussions with Indonesian students, who at the time were studying in Europe, participation in a discussion group on community devel­ opment under the guidance of Mr. T.R. Batten at London University in the year 1952, have aroused my interest in the development of village communi­ ties. In the beginning I started to approach these problems from the point of view of educational sociology about which the Indian social educationist Dayal wrote in 1960: "Its approach is to educate and organise the community for solving its problems." ^ Henceforward I became desirous to acquire more intimate knowledge about the human relations in these village communities. After having worked as a teacher in West Java from 1957 onwards, in 1964 an opportunity to organize a field research in the domain of village development in West Java presented itself. This research was carried out at the time in cooperation between the IKIP (Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan = Institute for Teacher Training and Educational Sciences) and the Catholic Parahyangan University, both situated in Bandung. It was carried out by a number of advanced students from these two university institutes under the guidance of the present writer and Miss Rahajoe Soegarda, senior lecturer in the sociology of education, at the time head of the department of educational sociology in the faculty of education at the above-mentioned IKIP, together with Mr. Hartojo, at the time secretary to this department. At this initial stage researches were made in the villages of Situradja, Tjidjeler and Bangbajang, situated in the subdistrict of Situradja and in the villages of Purwadadi, Belen- dung and Sindangsari, situated in the subdistrict of Purwadadi.2 The experi­ ence gained during a preceding field research in 1962, in which several of my fellow-workers had participated, proved to be of great help towards designing and carrying out of the field research in 1964. This preceding research in 1962 had been focused on the process of self help in six other West Javanese villages under the guidance of a research team of the Faculty of Pedagogy of the State University Padjadjaran in Bandung.3 When I started to organize the material collected in 1964 with a view of preparing a doctoral dissertation, a certain hiatus in the data became apparent 6 and I therefore decided to continue our research and to focus it on decision­ making processes. Moreover, the number of villages was reduced to four: viz., the villages of Situradja, Bangbajang, Purwadadi and Sindangsari. With this end in view in 1967 I have spent another four weeks on research in each one of these villages, accompanied by several Sundanese students and graduates in the sociology of education of the IKIP. I have regularly discussed the design and programming of this research with two fellow-workers, i.e., Mrs. Rahajoe Hanafiah (née Rahajoe Soegarda) and Didi Sudiadi, sociologist of education and subdistrict head at Lembang near Bandung. In the 1967 research we based our methodological approach on theories of community development as formulated by authors such as Peter du Sautoy, T.R. Batten and on formulations stated at international conferences. After the publication of A.W.M. Keune's dissertation on community development 4 in 1969 I have chosen as a frame of reference the theory of community development, as systematized by him. A brief formulation of this starting- point is given in Chapter I. We have been fully aware of the interdisciplinary character of the theory of community development. Various sciences, having as their object of study human behaviour have rendered significant contributions to its development. This interdisciplinary character is implied in this study in so far as we are using concepts and methods adopted from social geography (Cf. Chapter HI), social anthropology, social psychology and sociology. Choice of area For this particular research we have chosen the province of West Java mainly on practical grounds, since almost all the field workers were living in the town of Bandung, the capital of this province and had a good command of the language spoken in the Western part of Java. We have chosen the subdistrict Situradja at the suggestion of a subdistrict head in the neighbourhood of Bandung and also of professor Anwas Adiwilaga, professor of the State Uni­ versity Padjadjaran and the IKIP in Bandung, as this particular subdistrict was known as an area of small peasants and, as such, was famous for its village community development. We have chosen the subdistrict of Purwadadi at the suggestion of professor Kampto Utomo, professor of the Institute of Agricul­ ture in Bogor, on account of the fact that thus far in this subdistrict only minor researches had been carried out. He enabled us to take advantage of the results obtained in a survey, made of this subdistrict by Arie Lestario,^ a student at the Institute of Agriculture in Bogor. 7 Acknowledgements This study could not have been accomplished but for the cooperation of a number of people to whom I am greatly indebted. Feelings of sincere gratitude go to the board of the IKIP in Bandung, in particular to the late professor Gazali Soerianatasoedjana and the present rector professor Achmad Sanusi, to Mr. Winarno and the present dean of the Faculty of Pedagogy, Mr. Udi Turmudisaputra, to Mr. Sant oso, Mrs. Rahajoe Hanafìah, Mr. Musa and the present chairman of the department of sociology of education Mr. Bohar Soeharto, for their sympathy and their assistance through encouraging students and some staff members to take part in our field research. I feel very indebted to the board of the Parahyangan University in Bandung, especially to professor Geise and the sociologist Rev. Harsono for their moral support and valuable suggestions. Sincere gratitude is due to my colleagues and friends Mrs. Rahajoe Hanafìah and Mr. Didi Sudiadi, who have been a source of valuable inspiration imparted to me and the other field workers during the planning and execution of our field research and the processing of the results of this field research. Further I am particular grateful to the professors Anwas Adiwilaga, Kampto Utomo, R. van Brakell-Buys, philosopher, E. de Vries at the time Rector of the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague and the educationist Mr. Sanioso, the social geographer Mr. Soepardjo Adikoesoemo, the anthropologist Rev. J. Oudejans and especially the sociologist Rev. A. Baan in Djakarta and the sociologist H. van Roosmalen, reader at the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague for their most valuable suggestions for our field research and the prepa­ ration of this dissertation. We are very grateful to the military commanders and regents and officials in the regencies (kabupaten) of Sumedang and Subang, for their cordial recep­ tion, their permission to let us carry out this research and their introductions to the military commanders and the heads in the subdistricts Situradja and Purwadadi. We are very much obliged to these same officials, because they have also contributed a great deal to the success of our research, particularly by introducing us into the villages under research and by extending to us their sympathy and hospitality as a valuable moral support. Unforgettable for us are the village heads and their assistants in the villages under research who introduced our field workers to their village communities in such a pleasant way. Thanks are due to the populations of the villages involved, whose hospitality and friendly intercourse has made our research to an unforgettable experience for all concerned. In particular should be men­ tioned here our key informants: 8 at Situradja: the village head Raden Rachmat, the village secretary Mr. As­ inità, two retired teachers Raden Sastrawiria and Mr. Purawinata, the former village head Raden Wiriadisastra, two traders Mr. Maad and Mr. Suhalim; at Bangbajang: the village head Mr. Mustopa, the headmaster Mr. Djamkapra- dja, a peasant Mr. Entjo, the head of the ward Bangbajang Mr. Askandi, a superintendent of the forestry Mr. Atjam; at Purwadadi: the village head Mr. Suwirja, two retired subdistrict heads Mr. Ibrahim and Mr. Kurdi, a retired army driver Mr. Omo, our host, two teachers Mr. Tito Sumarlo and Mr. Hussein, the chairman of the traditional Islamic Political Party Nahdatul Ulama, Hadji Tohir and the chairman of a national­ istic Political Party, IPKI (Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia) Momo Sukarno; at Sindangsari: the village head Mr.
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