Genetic Landscape of Joubert Syndrome in French Canadians

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Genetic Landscape of Joubert Syndrome in French Canadians Université de Montréal Genetic Landscape of Joubert syndrome in French Canadians par Myriam Srour Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal Faculté de Médecine Thèse présentée à la Faculté de Médecine En vue de l’obtention du grade de doctorat en Biologie Moléculaire juin, 2015 © Myriam Srour, 2015 Résumé Le syndrome de Joubert est une maladie récessive caractérisée par une malformation congénitale distincte du tronc cérébral et du cervelet, associée à une anomalie des mouvements oculaires (apraxie oculomotrice), une respiration irrégulière, un retard de développement, et une ataxie à la démarche. Au cours de la dernière décennie, plus de 20 gènes responsables ont été identifiés, tous ayant un rôle important dans la structure et la fonction des cils primaires. Ainsi, le syndrome de Joubert est considéré une ciliopathie. Bien que le Syndrome de Joubert ait été décrit pour la première fois dans une famille canadienne-française en 1969, le(s) gène(s) causal demeurait inconnu dans presque tous les cas de syndrome de Joubert recensés en 2010 dans la population canadienne-française, soit début de mon projet doctoral. Nous avons identifié un total de 43 individus canadiens-français (35 familles) atteints du syndrome de Joubert. Il y avait un regroupement de familles dans la région du Bas-Saint- Laurent de la province de Québec, suggérant la présence d'un effet fondateur. L’objectif de ce projet était de caractériser la génétique du syndrome de Joubert dans la population canadienne- française. Notre hypothèse était qu’il existait un effet fondateur impliquant au moins un nouveau gène JBTS. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, nous avons utilisé une approche de cartographie par homozygotie. Cependant, nous n’avons pas identifié de région d’homozygotie partagée parmi les individus atteints, suggérant la présence d’une hétérogénéité génétique ou allélique. Nous avons donc utilisé le séquençage exomique chez nos patients, ce qui représente une approche plus puissante pour l’étude de conditions génétiquement hétérogènes. Nos travaux ont permis l’identification de deux nouveaux gènes responsables du syndrome de Joubert: C5orf42 et TMEM231. Bien que la localisation cellulaire et la fonction de C5orf42 soient inconnus au moment de cette découverte, nos résultats génétiques combinés avec des études ultérieures ont établi un rôle important de C5orf42 dans la structure et la fonction ciliaire, en particulier dans la zone de transition, qui est une zone de transition entre le cil et le reste de la cellule. TMEM231 avait déjà un rôle établi dans la zone de transition i ciliaire et son interaction avec d’autres protéines impliquées dans le syndrome de Joubert était connu. Nos études ont également identifié des variants rares délétères chez un patient JBTS dans le gène ciliaire CEP104. Nous proposons donc CEP104 comme un gène candidat JBTS. Nous avons identifié des mutations causales dans 10 gènes, y compris des mutations dans CC2D2A dans 9 familles et NPHP1 dans 3 familles. Au total, nous avons identifié les mutations causales définitives chez 32 des 35 familles étudiées (91% des cas). Nous avons documenté un effet fondateur complexe dans la population canadienne-française avec de multiples mutations récurrentes dans quatre gènes différents (C5orf42, CC2D2A, TMEM231, NPHP1). Au début de ce projet de recherche, l’étiologie génétique était inconnue chez les 35 familles touchées du syndrome de Joubert. Maintenant, un diagnostique moléculaire définitif est identifié chez 32 familles, et probable chez les 3 autres. Nos travaux ont abouti à la caractérisation génétique du syndrome de Joubert dans la population canadienne-française grâce au séquençage exomique, et révèlent la présence d'un effet fondateur complexe avec une l'hétérogénéité allélique et intralocus importante. Ces découvertes ont éclairé la physiologie de cette maladie. Finalement, l’identification des gènes responsables ouvre de nouvelles perspectives diagnostiques ante-natales, et de conseils génétique, très précieuses pour les familles. Mots-clés: Syndrome de Joubert, Cil, Ciliopathie, Zone de transition ciliaire, Séquençage exomique, Effet fondateur, Signe de la dent molaire, Canadiens-français, C5orf42, TMEM231, CEP104 ii Abstract Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a primarily autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a distinctive mid-hindbrain/cerebellum malformation, eye movement abnormalities (oculomotor apraxia), irregular breathing, developmental delay, and ataxia. Over the past decade, over 20 causal genes have been identified, all of which have an important role in the structure and function of the primary cilia. Thus, JBTS joins an expanding category of diseases termed “ciliopathies”. Though JBTS was first described in affected siblings of a French Canadian (FC) family in 1969, the underlying genesis basis of the disorder was unknown in the overwhelming majority of FC cases at the onset of this doctoral project in 2010. We identified a total of 43 FC individuals with JBTS from 35 families. We observed a clustering of the affected families in the Lower Saint-Lawrence region of the province of Quebec, suggesting the presence of a founder effect. The aim of this doctoral project was to characterize the genetic landscape of JBTS in the FC population, and we hypothesized the presence of a founder effect in novel JBTS gene(s). Therefore, we initially used a homozygosity mapping approach. However, we did not identify any shared regions of homozygosity amongst affected individuals, suggesting the presence of genetic and/or allelic heterogeneity. We therefore primarily used a whole exome sequencing approach in our JBTS patients, a strategy that is better suited for the study of genetically heterogeneous conditions. Our work has resulted in the identification of two novel JBTS genes: C5orf42 and TMEM231. In total, we have identified causal mutations in C5orf42 in 14 families (including the original JBTS family described in 1969), and TMEM231 in 2 families. Though the function and cellular localization of C5orf42 was not known at the time of the publication of our manuscript, our genetic findings combined with subsequent animal and cellular work establish the important role of C5orf42 in ciliary structure and function, particularly at the ciliary transition zone. TMEM231 had been previously shown to localize to the ciliary transition zone and interact with several JBTS gene products. We also identified deleterious rare variants in one JBTS patient in the ciliary gene CEP104, implicating CEP104 as a strong iii candidate JBTS gene. We identified causal mutations in 10 JBTS genes, including CC2D2A in 9 families and NPHP1 in 3 families. Definite causal mutations were identified in 32 of 35 families (91% of cases). We documented a complex founder effect in the FC population with multiple recurrent mutations in 4 different genes (C5orf42, CC2D2A, TMEM231, NPHP1). Prior to the start of this research endeavor, the underlying genetic etiology of Joubert syndrome was unknown in all 35 families. Now, a definite molecular diagnosis has been identified in 32 families, and a probable molecular diagnosis in the remaining 3. Therefore, our work has resulted in the unraveling of the genetic basis of JBTS in the French-Canadian population using WES, and reveals the presence of a complex founder effect with substantial locus and allelic heterogeneity. Keywords: Joubert syndrome, Cilia, Ciliopathy, Ciliary transition zone, Whole exome sequencing, Founder effect, Molar tooth sign, French Canadians, C5orf42, TMEM231, CEP1041 iv Table of Contents Résumé…………………………………………………………………………...……………..i Summary.....................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................vii List of Tables............................................................................................................................viii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………1 Clinical features associated with JBTS.………………………………….……………..4 Pathogenesis: JBTS is a prototypical ciliopathy……………………..…………………6 The primary cilium- basic biology………….…………………………………………..7 Key role of the cilia in neurodevelopment……………………….……………………..9 Cilia and Sonic HedgeHog Signaling…………….…..……….……...……….11 Cilia and the WNT pathway…………………………………………..……….14 Founder effect underlies many autosomal recessive disorders in French Canadians…………………………………………………..……….……………...….16 Landscape of Joubert syndrome in Quebec…………………………………….……..18 Hypothesis, aims and objectives………………………………………………...…….21 Chapter 2: Mutations in C5orf 42 are responsible for Joubert syndrome in French Canadians (Manuscript 1)……………………………………………………………………23 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………..25 Body of manuscript……………………………………………………………………………26 Supplemental Data and figures………………………………………………………………..39 Chapter 3: Mutations in TMEM231 cause Joubert syndrome in French Canadians (Manuscript 2)…………………………………………………………………………………44 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………..47 Body of manuscript……………………………………………………………………………48 Supplemental Figures and Tables……………………………………………………………..58 Chapter 4: Genetics of Joubert Syndrome
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