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(Apocynaceae) Da Cadeia Do Espinhaço De Minas Gerais, Brasil

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(Apocynaceae) Da Cadeia Do Espinhaço De Minas Gerais, Brasil Capítulo V. Asclepiadoideae do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais, Brasil Abstract A survey of the Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) of Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil, was prepared as part of the floristic studies conducted by Universidade de São Paulo in campos rupestres. The subfamily, traditionally known as Asclepiadaceae, comprises 99 species and 20 genera in the region. Most species are included in Ditassa R.Br. (41 spp.) and other genera of Metastelmatinae; Oxypetalum R.Br. (21 spp.) is, however, the second largest genus. The species are arranged according to their postulated affinities. Descriptions, synonymy, illustrations, and comments on the species and genera accepted in this study are provided. The diversity of Asclepiadoideae and the restricted geographical distribution of many species confirm the high rate of endemism characteristic of Espinhaço Range. This work has indicated several taxonomic problems that will require broader populational studies or worldwide analyses of particular taxonomic groups. Key words: Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae, Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais. Resumo O estudos das Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais, Brasil, foi preparado como parte dos estudos florísticos em desenvolvimento pela Universidade de São Paulo nos campos rupestres. A subfamília, tradicionalmente conhecida como Asclepiadaceae, conta com 99 espécies e 20 gêneros na região. A maior parte das espécies está incluída em Ditassa R.Br. (41 spp.) e outros gêneros classificados em Metastelmatinae; Oxypetalum R.Br. (21 spp.), porém, é o segundo maior gênero em número de espécies. As espécies estão organizadas de acordo com suas supostas afinidades. São apresentados descrições, sinonímia, ilustrações e comentários para as espécies e gêneros aceitos neste tratamento. A diversidade de Asclepiadoideae e a distribuição geográfica restrita de muitas espécies confirmam o alto índice de endemismo característico da Cadeia do Espinhaço. O levantamento indicou uma série de problemas taxonômicos que exigirão estudos populacionais mais abrangentes ou análises mais amplas de determinados grupos taxonômicos. Palavras-chave: Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae, Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais. Introdução As Asclepiadoideae chamam a atenção por sua diversidade morfológica e estrutura floral singular, estando entre os grupos mais complexos dentre as angiospermas. O grande número de espécies e a ampla distribuição, associados ao desconhecimento das relações filogenéticas de seus representantes, explicam a artificialidade da classificação utilizada e a desorganização nomenclatória encontrada no grupo, principalmente no que diz respeito à flora do Novo Mundo (capítulo IV). Brown (1810) foi o primeiro a dividir Apocynaceae Juss. em duas famílias (“ordens”), atentando para o valor taxonômico dos polinários; os membros com grãos de pólen reunidos em polinários s.l. (incluindo as unidades polínicas de Periploca L. e Secamone R.Br.) passaram, então, a ser incluídos em Asclepiadaceae R.Br. A segregação de Asclepiadaceae é bastante discutível e sua delimitação tem sido tratada de diversas maneiras (vide Nicholas & Baijnath 1994). Schlechter (1905, 1924), Bullock (1956), Hutchinson (1969), Dyer (1975) e mais recentemente Swarupanandan et al. (1996) trataram Apocynaceae, Periplocaceae Schltr. e Asclepiadaceae como três famílias distintas. 59 Capítulo V. Asclepiadoideae do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais Dahlgren (1980), Cronquist (1981), Takhtajan (1983), Rosatti (1989) e Nicholas e Baijnath (1994) voltaram a considerar Periplocaceae em Asclepiadaceae, mas mantiveram Asclepiadaceae separada de Apocynaceae. Finalmente, Stebbins (1974), Thorne (1976, 1992), Takhtajan (1997), “The Angiospems Phylogeny Group” (APG 1998), Bremer et al. (1999), Judd et al. (1999), Endress e Bruyns (2000), Rapini (capítulo II) e vários autores recentes voltaram a considerar os três grupos em uma única família (Apocynaceae), o que tem sido corroborado em trabalhos cladísticos no grupo (Judd et al. 1994, Struwe et al. 1994, Sennblad & Bremer 1996). Asclepiadaceae s. str. (excluindo Periplocaceae e Secamone) possui características singulares e sua condição monofilética é pouco discutida. No entanto, sua segregação torna Apocynaceae parafilética, classificação inviável dentro dos modernos princípios de sistemática. Assim, é preferível adotar uma posição taxonômica holística e considerar Asclepiadaceae como subfamília (Asclepiadoideae) de Apocynaceae, evitando a manutenção de Apocynaceae s. str. (capítulo III). No Brasil, após o tratamento de Fournier (1885), as Asclepiadoideae foram estudadas por Malme (e.g. 1900, 1905, 1927), principalmente nas primeiras décadas do sec. XX. Posteriormente, Araújo (1950) reconheceu 489 espécies (21 introduzidas) de Asclepiadaceae s.l. e elaborou uma chave para a determinação dos 65 gêneros (12 exóticos) encontrados no Brasil. Desde então, o principal estudioso do grupo no Brasil tem sido Fontella-Pereira (e.g. 1965, 1970, 1977, 1979a, b, 1980a, b, 1981, 1988, 1989a, b, 1990, 1991, 1998). O estudo das Asclepiadoideae e a peculiaridade da flora da Cadeia do Espinhaço têm oferecido excelentes condições para o desenvolvimento teórico de idéias em sistemática (e.g. capítulo I) e servirá também de base para estudos mais aprofundados no grupo. Material e métodos Este tratamento inclui exclusivamente as espécies encontradas na região da Cadeia do Espinhaço do Estado de Minas Gerais (Figura 1), limitada ao sul pelo rio Paraopeba, tendo Ouro Branco e Ouro Preto como municípios mais meridionais, e ao norte pela divisa com a Bahia, nos municípios de Espinosa e Rio Pardo de Minas. A Cadeia do Espinhaço é o principal divisor entre a Bacia do São Francisco e o oceano Atlântico; abrange uma área de aproximadamente 1100 km de extensão, com larguras que variam de 50 a 100 km e altitudes superiores a 800 m (Giulietti et al. 1997). Localizada nos Estados de Minas Gerais e Bahia, a Cadeia forma um grande “S”, grosseiramente orientado na direção Norte-Sul (Torquato & Fogaça 1981), limitada ao sul pela Serra de Ouro Branco (20o35'S) e ao norte por alguns maciços isolados (ca. 10oS). A região é caracterizada por solos rasos e arenosos, onde são freqüentes as formações quartzíticas e os afloramentos areníticos. A vegetação é composta predominantemente por campos rupestres associados a outros tipos de vegetação, apresentando manchas de cerrado e matas de galeria (Giulietti et al. 1997). O levantamento está baseado nas coleções depositadas nos herbários BHCB, BHMH, ESA, F, HB, HXBH, MBM, MO, NY, OUPR, R, RB, SP, SPF, UB e UEC. As excursões ocorreram principalmente entre maio de 1997 e março de 1999 e foram realizadas em diferentes épocas do ano, abrangendo toda a extensão da área de estudo, mas priorizando as regiões de campos rupestres. O material coletado pelos autores encontra-se depositado no herbário SPF. Nas chaves de identificação, as espécies mais relacionadas aparecem agrupadas e 60 Capítulo V. Asclepiadoideae do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais podem ser diretamente confrontadas (a chave completa é apresentada como apêndice); os passos apresentam referência geográfica para táxons restritos a regiões específicas do Espinhaço. As espécies estão ordenadas de acordo com suas supostas afinidades, facilitando a comparação das descrições, distribuições geográficas e ilustrações. Os gêneros e espécies são acompanhados de citação da obra original, indicação da espécie-tipo do gênero, de acordo com Farr et al. (1979), e do material-tipo da espécie, sempre que disponível. A maioria dos sinônimos foram compilados da literatura; nos gêneros estão organizados conforme a data de publicação e nas espécies, de acordo com a data de publicação dos táxons baseados no mesmo material-tipo. A descrição dos gêneros procura abranger todas as espécies do táxon, enquanto a das espécies está baseada no material examinado, salvo raras exceções, e então, é indicado o material adicionado; materiais não examinados são acompanhados de “n.v.” (non vidi). A terminologia morfológica está baseada em Stearn (1998), eventualmente Radford et al. (1974), e para indumento, Hewson (1988). No entanto, podem haver variações: por exemplo, oval refere-se à forma plana de ovo, diferindo de Stearn (1998), que utilizaria ovado (“ovate”). As medidas das sementes não incluem a coma. Os materiais examinados estão ordenados no sentido Sul-Norte, de acordo com a numeração para municípios (Figura 1). Localidades semelhantes são indicadas com “ib.” (ibidem); coleções do mesmo local, data e coletores, mas com numerações diferentes, com “id.” (idem) e materiais sem indicação de coletor ou data, com “s.c.” e “s.d.”, respectivamente. A fenologia está abreviada: “fl” (flor), “fr” (fruto), “bt” (botão) e “st” (estéril); a sigla dos herbários segue Holmgren et al. (1990). Os comentários reúnem informações encontradas na literatura, nas fichas de herbários e em observações de campo e laboratório. As medidas e desenhos das estruturas florais foram realizados com auxílio de câmera clara acoplada ao estereoscópio e estão baseados principalmente nos materiais depositados nos herbários SP e SPF. Resultados As mais de 1900 coleções de Asclepiadoideae provenientes da Cadeia do Espinhaço de Minas Gerais foram incluídas em 20 gêneros e 99 espécies, duas destas exóticas. Como resultado inicial deste tratamento, foram descritas sete espécies novas (Ditassa auriflora Rapini, D. bifurcata Rapini, D. inconspicua Rapini, D. itambensis Rapini, D. magisteriana Rapini,
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