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Mackinac, Formerly Michilimackinac

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Mackinac, Formerly Michilimackinac UC-NRLF k57^ % B M M33 7fiE jpMpMpfHpfB is A^^TR/^^fr^^fi^^^r^'^lf^^'f^^'f^ NEOSHO EDITION, Price, 2S Cents. 1895. By Mail, 35 Cents. MACKINAC, i FORMERLY MICHILINIACKINAC LOOKING BACKWARDS TO ABOUT THE TIME OF THE FLOOD, AND I FORWARD TO THE PRESENT TIME. I BY IvT. COL. JOHN R. BAILKY. I i "Ill DARIUS O. THORP, PUBLISHER, LANSING, MICHIGAN. C/^u^i/e^^i^^ yo/^ (^y^t/t/^j^^^iea/ cyt/. .yfuj^f^^^ ^^^r^i^i-A^e^rt^ %. POlNTE AUK PINS, MAP OF .. PWTJ-INE Ali^t-^lS^A^.-l^LAND, MICHIGAN. MACKINAC, FOKMEItLY ...'«"•• • • -o • •*• • • ••••••. ••• •. • • • • ••* ••,* •„• • , • • •*, IVIICHILIMACKINAC. BY JOHN R.i BAILEY, M. D. Attending Surgeon, Fort Mackinac, Micli ; (Late) Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, and Post Surgeon at Fort Mackinac, Mich., Fort Snelling, Minn., and Fort Hamilton, New York Harbor, and U. S. Physician for the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians at Michilimackinac. Brevet Lieut. Col. U. S. Volunteers and (Late) Asst. Surgeon and Surgeon Eighth Missouri Infantry Volunteers. Organizer and first Commander, 1861, New House of Refuge General Hospital, St. Louis, Mo.; Siirgeon-in-Chief and Chief of Operating Corps, 3d Div. 15th A. C; Chief Medical Officer on Staff of General Morgan L. Smith, Gen- eral Lewis Wallace, General Giles A. Smith, General Lightburn, General David Stuart, General William T. Sherman, General F. P. Blair, Jr., and General John A. Logan ; Surgeon in Charge of Special Field and General Field Hospitals at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Russel's House, Cor- inth, Memphis, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. Special Mgdipal Purveyor, Army of the Tennessee, in the Field, git Chattanooga. NEOSHO EDITION, 1896. P'^f-13 - HENRY MORSE STEFHEN» Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1895, By JOHN R. BAILEY, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. All rights reserved. Darius D. Thorp, Publisher, Lansing, Michigan. 590108 THIS VOLUME, STYLED THE '^KEOSHO" EDITION", IS, WITH LOVE, AND A TRIBUTE OF RESPECT, DEDICATED TO MY SISTER, MRS. MARY NEOSHO WILLIAMS, WIDOW OF GENERAL THOMAS WILLIAMS, U. S. ARMY, WHO WAS KILLED IN THE BATTLE OF BATON ROUGE, LA., AUGUST FIFTH, EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-TWO. t — "Ye say they all have passed away, That noble race and brave That their light canoes have vanished From off the crested wave; That 'mid the forest where they roamed There rings no hunter's shout; But their name is on your waters Ye may not wash it out. •* Ye say their cone-like cabins, That clustered o'er the vale, Have fled away like withered leaves Before the autumn gale; But their memory liveth on your hills, Their baptism on your shore; Your everlasting rivers speak Their dialect of yore.*' PEEFACE. Mackinac, formerly Michilimackiuac—looking backwards to about the time of ''The Flood" and forward to the pres- ent time, has been carefully written, and the following works and official reports referred to: Mitchell's Geography, 1843; Taylor's Manual of History; Michigan Manual; London and Paris State Papers; United States State Papers, and Official Keports; Sketches of the Life of Gurdon S. Hubbard; Let- ters and Documents of the American Fur Co. ; my own per- sonal copies of Official Letters and Keports, Fort Mackinac, Mich.; Memoir of Pere James Marquette, by John E. Bailey, M. D. ; Yerwyst—Missionary Labors of Marquette, Menard and Allouez;. Ancient and Modern Michilimackiuac; History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan (Black- bird's); Van Fleet's Old and New Mackinac; Maps of Mack- inac; Palmer's Historical Register, 1814; Shea's Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi; also. Shea's Catholic Missions; Hennepin; La Hontan, two volumes; Charlevoix, two volumes; Alexander Henry; Carver; Disturnell; New- comb's Cyclopaedia of Missions; American Missions to the Heathen; Geological Reports by Foster and Whitney, and by Professor Winch ell; Thatcher's Indian Biography, two vol- umes; Strickland's Old Mackinaw; Drake's Northern Lakes 8 PREFACE. and Southern Invalids; also, Diseases of the Mississippi Val- ley, by the same author; Holme's American Annals, two vol- umes; Robertson's History of America; Bancroft's United States; Bell's Canada, two volumes; Albach's Annals of the West; Lahnman's Michigan; Sheldon's Early Michigan; Historical and Scientific Sketches of Michigan; Neill's Min- nesota; Smith's Wisconsin, three volumes; Wynne's General History of the British Empire; Roger's Concise Account of North America; Dillon's Early Settlement of the Northwest- ern Territory; Heriot's Canada; Parkman's Pontiac; Park- man's Discovery of the Great West; Schoolcraft's Works, complete; Documentary History of New York, complete; History and Discovery of the North West, Butterfield's; and other works in my library. I am under obligation to 1st Lieut. Woodbridge Geary, commanding Fort Mackinac, and David W. Murray, Foley Brothers and George C. Ketchum, of the Island, for books of reference. The historical facts and dates are drawn from books, and matter that has long been accumulating, and much, in the last century, from personal observation of over fifty years of life, with the Indians, on the frontiers of our nation. J. R. B. Mackinac Island, Michigan, May 24, 1895. MACKINAC, FORMERLY MICIIILIMACINAC. " Lo! the poor Indian, whose untutored mind, Sees God in storms and hears Him in the wind." GENESIS OF THE INDIAN. To ascertain the genesis of a race or people we must carry our researches far back of modern times into the regions of antiquity. Man began with a mere existence, his personal wants and desires were all he had to care for. The Indian, like the Caucassian, is a creature of environment. He ad- vanced as his limited resources permitted, or descended to the lowest grade of savagery when driven out by a stronger tribe and forced to extremity. "O, why does the white man follow my path, " Like the hound on the tiger's track ? When the Spaniards first visited this, then unknown land, they found the inhabitants of the **^New World" in the various stages of society, from the lowest savage state to that of a half civilized people. From whence came these tribes and why their various conditions? They must have migrated from adjacent lands and reached this continent from the near shores of Northeastern Asia at a period unknown. America is a continuation of the land surface of the earth from Asia. The shallow straits of "Behring" are merely a depression in the uplift where the ancient drift and glaciers have washed through and by erosion made the original valley wider and deeper. 10 , HTSTOEY, OF MACKINAC. Peot'LE. OF, AL4SKA.—'^The^Esquimaiix are evidently of Tartar origin, and no doubt niigrated from Asia about the time of their wars in China during the ninth and tenth cen- turies." The language of that people, on the Eastern and Western coasts of Xorth America, by the sea, and of the Tchoutski bears a strong resemblance. Interpreters from Hudson's Bay, and Moravian missionaries from Labrador can converse with them. They, the Esquimaux, in speakiug of themselves, apply the word '^Eneuin" people. The begin- ning of winter is the first of their year. It is divided into four seasons and twelve moons. Kinzeghan, near Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, has long been a trading place with Tchuktchi or Asiatic tribes, who cross the straits, from East Cape, in boats, in mid summer, by way of the Diomede islands. They meet the natives of the coast, east and west, and those of the Mackenzie and Yukon river basins, who come far from the south to trade. In July the Mackenzie is navigable, for large vessels, into Great Slave Lake, more than one thousand miles south of the ^* Frozen Ocean," and the Yukon (or Kivhpak), as far. Fish and game are abundant in all this territory, and barley, oats and potatoes will grow to maturity at Fort Norman, latitude G4°31' north. (See *' Hours at Ilome,^' ^^Russian America," July, 1867, pp. 251 to 2G5.) In arctic climes, the days of summer are long, the heat of the sun often intense, nights are short, and the face of nature develops rapidly. The rivers and even the stream- lets become irresistible, moving Hoods. They teem with terrestrial life along their borders, and aqueous life within, and winged aerial upon their waters. Therefore, there is food enough, and to spare, for the Tartar Indian nomads. There is now living on Mackinac Island a mixed blood ORIGIN OF THE ABORIGINES. 11 Indian woman about 68 years old (who came here at the age of seventeen), of the Kilistinoux or Oree tribe. She was born in the Churchill river country, between Hudson's Bay and Great and Little Slave lakes. She says her people went to the north in summer by way of Great Slave lake to barter with the tribes on the *' Frozen Sea." They started early in March and did not return until the next year. They met the people from the ''Sea" coming up the river, half way. Some of her people returned and others went north and did not come back. Other parties went north by way of Red river (of the north) to trade and sell furs. They, too, would go one year, start in March, and not come back until the next season. Time then was no object. This woman. Madam Cadro (now Cadotte), is part French. Her people gave her in marriage to Cadro when she was only twelve years old. He was a ''Courier du Bois" and an " Engagee " of the Hudson's Bay Company. Madam Cadro is an intelligent, industrious, hard working woman, and is generally respected. She relates this story as a part of her life without the slight- est idea it has any bearing of importance.
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