August

THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY AND THE PLA Hsiao Hua

FRIENDSHIP WITH CHINA Dr. Hewlett Johnson h NEW PEKING Jack Chen

Supplement: Doatments on the Cease-Fire Negotrations in Korea ' vol. Iv Peoples China 41 Yang Shih Ta Chieh, Peking, China

This journal appears on the lst and 16th of each month. Entered as first-class printed matter at the General Post Office of China.

Editor: Chiao Kuan'hua

Vol. 4, No. 3 CONTENTS August 1, 1951 EDIT'ORIALS The PlA-Defender of World Peace. 3 Old Poison in a New Bottle. 3 ARTICLES The Chinese Communist Party and the PLA. .Hsiao Hua 4 Friendship with China...... Dr. Heuslett Johnson I The Just Struggle of the Iranian People. .Saifudin 11 Thirty Years of the Communist Party of China-IL... .Hu Chiao-mu 12 PrcTORIALS Chairman Mao Lectures at Yenan. .Oil Painting by Lo Kung-liu L7 The PLA Today. 18 Peking, Heart of the Nation. .:.... 20 Chinese People's Volunteers Capture a Key ' Mountain Pass in Korea...... Woodcut by Yen Han 36 FEATURDS New Peking .Jack Chen 2l A Regiment of Heroes...... Pui Shilt' 24 How the Tillers Win Back Their Land-VII The First Taste of I{appiness . . . Hsiao Ch'ien 25 CULTURAL TRONT The PLA's Cultural Troupes ...... 30 CT/RRENT CHINA July 11-25, 1951 31 Letters from Our Readers 32 SUPPLEMENT Documents on the Cease-Fire Negotiations in Korea

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RATES FOR ABROAD 6 months one year (P$tage Included) (post free) u.s.s.R. Rbls. 7.00 Rbls. 13.00 Ind,ia . Rs. 4.00 Rs. 8.00 U.S.A. and Canada us $2.00 us $3.50 u.K. .. 9/- 77/- Hongkong HK $7.00 HK $13.00 Published by the FOBEIGN LANGUAGES PRESS, ?6 Kuo Hui Chieh, Peking, Chlna. Vol. 4, No. 3 People's China August 1, 1951 The PLA-Ilefend,er of World Peuee The Chinese people celebrate August 1, the This rvas achieved becatxe the PLA has been birthday of their People's Liberation Army, with guided by the revolutionary strategy and tactics of unbounded pride in its role as defender of the Mao Tse-tung, based on the principles of Marxism- people's rights and of world peace. Leninism. years, It was only after the Chinese people, led by During these 24 stormy the revolutionary the Communist Party, created their own armid forces have always maintained their unshakable confldence in This is because they forces that the revolution was assured of victory. the final victory. high politicaf consciousness and are closely Today, after the achievement of that victory, the have a united with the people. This is because they under- PLA, under Commander-in-Chief Chu Teh, close stood that the material advantage enjoyed by the comrade-in-arms of Chairman Mao Tse-tung, stands enemy, such as a profusion of arnaments, wag a guardian borders the People's as the of the of transient factor while the permanent and decisive as the guarantor of the people's independ- Republic, factor was the support of the arvakened masses of ence and democracy and the assurance that Taiwan, the people in a just cause. the last unliberated part of China, will be freed. The victory of the PLA is the living proof ot August 1 is a date of particular sigriflcance to this fundamental law of war. Further proof of thai the oppressed peoples of the colonlal and semi- has been af;orded by the defeat of the U.S. aggres- colonial countries, for it confirmed a vital revolu- sors and their lackeys in Korea at the hands of the tlonary truth. With brilliant foresight, in 1926 Korean People's Army aided by the Chinese people's Stalin pointed out that the characverlstic of the volunteers men inspired by the spirit of the self- Chinese revolution was that of an armed people less heroes- of the PLA, opposing an armed counter-revolution. On August Having suffered a century of ravages and des- L, 1927, the Chinese people recognised this trulE truction by the feudal-imperialist forces, the Chi- and acted on it with decisive effect. They created ness people naturally and profoundly hate war- and launched their young revolutionary anny il They have already given remarkable evidence ol the arduous struggle against the brutal counter- the success of their peaceful efforts. In contrast revolutionary forces. to the monopoly-eapitalist system of the imperialist The birth of this mighty revolutionary armed countries based on exploitation for whom t'ar is an force sounded the death knell of the reactionary inherent need. The essence of the People's Demo- regime. Though it started with only a,few ill- cracy is peace, for it is the expression of the will equipped ffghters, in a series of historic campaigns it of the people whose primary need is peace. defeated immensely superior enemy forces and The PLA is the army of the people, of the flnally routed the 8,000,000 U.S.-equipped KMT armv People's Democracy. The PLA is an army dedicated in the War of Liberation. to the cause of peace. Old Poison l,l0a a New Bottle The U.S. imperialists and their chief sateliite, the contribution to encompassing Japan's defeat. It Attlee government, have learnt nothing good from aims to legalise the U.S. seizure of the Chinese their disastrous reverses in Korea. isiland of Taiwan. \trhile the Kaisung talks for a cease-fire in It also constitutes a flagrant attack on the legi- I(orea are in progress, Washington and London have timate interests of the Soviet people in the Japanese simultaneously made known the text of their so- peace settlement. It violates the true interests of called "revised draft peace treaty" with Japan and all natiorx which fought against fascist Japan in announced that a "conference" will be held in San the Iast war. Francisco on September 4 for the signing of this It must be stressed again that such a Japane3e separate peace treatY. "peace settlement," violating the genuine interests , No one need ponder long over the "revised of the Japanese people and without the participation draft": it is the same old poison-in a new bottle. of the Chinese People's Republic and the U.S.S.R., AII the fatal ingredients are there. Like the original will be neither viable nor valid. draft, it aims to perpetuate Vfall Street's enslave- This U.S.-British draft peace treaty is dead ment of the Japanese people and streamline Japan before it is born. It is condemned by all peace- into a major base for further aggressions against loving peoples. Several "invited" governments have the Asian peoples. already decided to boycott its signing at San Fran- This separate peace treaty is a flagrant attack cisco, and the opposition to it is growing as realisa- on the sovereign rights ofz the Chinese people. It tion of its aggressive nature spreads. This U.S.- attempts to exclude from taking part in the Japanese British plot of using the so-called Japanese peace peace settlement that nation which was the first to treaty to further their aggressive plans in Asia will resist Japanese aggression and made the greatest undoubtedly be smashed.

[, 4 PEOPLE'S CHINA

The Communist Party of China and the Chinese People's Liberation Army , Hsiao Hua It is exactly 30 years now since the birth of the in the face of ruthless massacre by the KMT reae- great Communist Party of China. In these 30 years, tionaries who would "rather kill a thousand in error the Party and its leader of genius, Chairman Mao than have one (Communist-Editor) escape." In Tse-tung, have led the people throughout China spite of enemy oppression, the Communist Party of through four extremely difficult revolutionary wars China continued to hold high the great banner of i (the First Revolutionary Civil War from 1925 to revolution and continued to wage heroic struggles in 1927, the Second Revolutionary Civil War from 1927 the cause of the Chinese people's liberation. On to 1936, the War of Resistance to Japanese Aggres- August l, 1927, the Party led the Nanchang Uprising. sion from 1937 to 1945 and the Third Revolutionary On August 7, 1927, the Central Committee of the Civil War beginning from 1946), founding and build- Party called an emergency meeting, which firm1y ing up a powerful, unequalled People's Liberation corrected and put an end to Chen Tu-hsiu's line ol Army, overthrowing the dark rule of imperialism, capitulation, decided on an over-all policy of agrarian feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism in China, and revolution and erryed resistance against the KMT re- bringing into being the great and glorious New actionaries' policy of massacre, and called on the Party China. The history of the Party's 30 years' struggle and the masses to continue revolutionary struggle. is mainly the history of leading the Chinese.people The Party also led one after another Autumn Harvest and the PLA in revolutionary wars. Uprisings in various places, the Canton Uprising and the South Hunan Uprising. Under the leader- II ship of Chairman Mao Tse-tung and other comrades, In founding and building up the people's army. the revolutionary troops, the workers' pickets and and in leading the revolutionary wars, the Com- peasants' self-defence corps which took part in the munist Party o{ China has traversed a difflcult and uprisings joined forces and formed a real people's circuitous road. army such as had never been seen before in the During the First Revolutionary Civil War, the history of China-the Workers' and Peasants' Red Party began to see the importance of armed strug- Army. gle. The Party gave active help to Dr. Sun Yat-sen The Party and Chairman Mao Tse-tung pains- (in to organise the revolutionary military academy takingly nurtured and cared for the young Red Army. Whampoa, Canton-Editor), it led the work of re- They put great effort into building up the Red Army moulding the I(uomintang troops, took the lead in the ideologically, politically and organisationally. They revolutionary war for the unification of Kwangtung corrected the adventurism and putschism of a few Province as well as in the 7926-1927 Northern Expedi- leaders within the Party in direeting the war. They tionary War. The Party also contrrolled a part of the ensured that the Red Army, Ied by the Party and arrned forces. Nevertheless, at that time the Party did fully relying upon the strength of the masses, grew not yet fully understand the extreme importance of from being small and weak to being big and strong. armed struggle in the Chinese revolution, and did not In 1930, the Red Army grew to between 60,000 and seriously prepare for battle or for the organising of 70,000 men. Fifteen liberated aneas were established armed forces. This lvas especially so in 1927 when on the borders of Hupeh, Hunan, Kwangsi, Anhwei, the Right opportunists inside the Party, as repre- Honan and Shansi Provinces, with the Kiangsi Base sented by Chen Tu-hsiu, followed a line of capitula- as their centre. the peo- tion and refused to organise and develop As the ple's armed forces. Consequently, when the KMT Red Army waxed in strength, the KMT reactionaries panicky. reactionaries betrayed the revolution and, in col- became extremely In the two yedis from 1930 to 1932, they assembled large and lusion with imperialism and feudalism, launched a powerful surprise attack on the people, the Party and the armed forces and launched four successive people were unable to organise effective resistance. "encirclement and annihilation campaigns" against The Party learned a painful lesson. To lead the the Red Army. Pursuing Chairman Mao Tse-tung's people throughout the country in revolutionary strategy and tactics, the heroic Red Army crushed one offensive another struggle in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, the after of the KMT reactionary forces. And in the course of this fighting, the Red proletariat's main method and main form of revolu- grew tion could not be peaceful; without armed struggle Army still stronger, to 300,000 men. Chiang Kai-shek became more and without a people's army, the people would have even vicious after his failures. Disregarding Japanese lost everything. the imperialists' invasion of the Northeast, Jehol Province When the First Revolutionary Civil War failed, and North China, he raised the treacherous clamour .,domestic the Party was neither frightened nor overwhelrned that secu- rity must precede resistanee to foreign aggression." After long preparation, and assembling IlsrAo .EIUA, Vice-Director of the Political,Department over a million of ttre People's Revolutionary Military Council, wrote this troops with the support of imperialism, he started article in co;nmemoration of ttre 30th Anniversary of the his flfth "encirclement and annihilation campaign,' Communist Party of China. in October 1933. This offensive, too, could have PEOPLE'S CHINA 6

been crushed. However, victory ple in the enemy-occupied areas, was not achieved on this occasion established l9 liberated areas anal because of the serious "Leftist" built up a people's militia of over mistakes of the then Party leaders, 2,200,000. The Eighth Route ArmY who refwed to acknowledge the and the New Fourth Army which fact that the enemy was strong grew to over one million were while we were weak. Violating steeled in the crucible of war into Chairman Mao Tse-tung's military an invincible and ever-victorious line, instead of the guerilla and iron force. FinallY, in co-ordina- rhobile warfare at which the Red tion rvith the Army of the Soviet Army was expert, they resorted to Union, they defeatecl Japanese im- positional $.rarfare which the Red perialism and won the great victory Army at the time was unable to of the War of Resistance to JaPan- sustain and they adopted so- ese Aggression. called "regular" u'arf,are instead of Firmiy applying the poli.tical and the peopie's warfare which was the military policy of the Party led bY correct thing to do. In October Chairman Mao Tse-tung, in the f934, the Red Army, to break Third Revolutionary Civil War through Chiang Kai-shek's encir- beginning from 1946, the PLA clement, started its world-shaking rallied the people and, relYing on 25,000-li Long March. Gen. Chu Teh, Commander-in-Chief of its of the PLA. them and on the basis In January 1935, the Central rich flghting experiences, put out Committee of the Party,' uader the leadership of of action in less than four years over 8,000,000 Chairman Mao Tse-tung, called a conference at of Chiang I(ai-shek's bandit troops who were aided Tsunyi, Kweichow Province. Here the "Left" op- by American imperialism, overthrew the rule of portunist line was ended, the correct line restored imperialism, feudaiism and bureaucratic capitalism and there began the new leadership of the Central in China and paved the way for the People's Republic Committee headed by Chairman Mao Tse-tung. This of China. It did all this on the foundation of its ehange within the Party was of the greatest historic rich war experience. The PLA has now grown to significaace. It saved the Party at its most critical an invincible army of over 5,000,000. On top of its mornent, ensured success for the Red Army in carry- powerful land forces, it has built up a powerful peo- ing through the Long March under extremety dif- ple's air force and a people's navy and has made ficult conditions, overcame the defeatism of Chang New China a world military power and a bulwark Kuo-tao, and preserved the backbone of the Chinese of peace in the East and the whole world. revolution. From theD on, the Party, under correct History has proved that only with the brilliant leadership headed by Chairman Mao Tse-tung, de- leadership of the Communist Party of China and of veloped not only the powerful political line of Chairman Mao Tse-tung could the PLA come into Marxism-Leninism, but also the powerful military being and the victory of the Chinese revolutionary Une of Marxism-Leninism. The Party was able to war and the freedom and emancipation of the Chi- apply Marxism-Leninism not only to the solution nese people be attained. of political problems but also to the solution of problems. III military The most important reason why the Communist In the course of the War of Resistance to Japa- Party of China was able to create and build the nese Aggression, the Red Army was reorganised as PLA under extremely difficult conditions and to lead the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army. China's revolutionary war to victory was that it was Under the leadership of the Party and Chairman guided by Mao Tse-tung's illuminating theory of the Mao Tse-tung, they made use the experiences of Mao Tse-tung, by the struggle gained the Chinese revolution. Chairman of armed which were during guiding principle integrating universal trutb revolutionary wars and they rbsolutely applied of the civil concrete practice ol the strategy and tactics laid down by Chairman Mao of Marxism-Leninism with the the strategic Tse-tung. They penetrated deep into the rear of China's revolution, brilliantly solved problems and the enemy, organised the people, armed the people, of the Chinese revolutionary war was the establidhed political power and unfolded the great created a masterly military theory. This people's war. In the eight years of the War of ideological weapon that armed the PLA. Resistance, they engaged 64 per cent of the Japa- An army of people's liberation must be sub- nese troops in China and 95 per cent of the puppet c4dinated to the ideological leadership of the pro- troops; and cn countless occasions crushed the cruel letariat, serving the people's struggle and setting up and ruthless "mopping-up operations" and "security revolutionary bases. Chairman Mao Tse-tung taught strengthening movements" of the Japanese in.zadels. us that it was not and could not be an army of auy Ttrey struggled victoriously against the utterl",* bar- other type. baric "buln-all, kill-all, Ioot-all poliey," "the boxing- Because the characteristic of the Chinese revolu- in policy," ."the blockade policy" and "the eating- tion was an armed people opposing armed counter- in policy" of the Japanese invaders. Three times revolution, the Chinese people had to build up their they repulsed the anti-Communist onslaughts of ihe o\^rn revolutionary army before they could achieve IIMT an

operation with large forces; "spread out the troops to plies, etc.) as well as all other relevant factors mobilise the masses and concentrate them to deal (politicat, economic, geographic and climatic). with the enemy"; "when the enemy advances, we He taught us to pay great attention to the study of retreati rvhen the enemy stays, we harass; when the r.,,arfare in the actual practice of lvar and to sum enemy tires, r,e attack; when the enemy retreats. up our practical experiences by scientiflc methods rve pursue"; "concentrate superior forces, select the and to become courageous and wise heroes, not rash enemy's weak points and make sur-e to wipe out a and foolhardy adventurers. part or major part of the ,enemy so as to beat him Chairman Mao Tse-tung taught us that the PLA bit by bit." must carry out solid political work and struggle to people, to Japanese Ag- unite our army, the friendly armies and the During the War of Resistance vic- gression, Chairman Mac Tse-tung, in his trvo ttis- and to demoralise the enemy troops and ensure toric documents, On Protracted War and. The Pro- tory in battle. period. up the army, bl,em of Strategy i.tt the GuerLlla War Against Japan, In the very flr'st of building pro- the Party and Chairman Mao Tse-tung set ttp the correctly defined the lVar of Resistance as a political tracted one and that it mu'st pass through the three political comrniSsar system and the worlr stages of defence, stalemate and counter-offensive. system in the Red Almy. In 1929, at the Conference Mao Tse- He lai

I I PEOPLE'S CHINA the common enemy, are welcome and given appro- priate possessing complete and excellent principles for education, It is forbidden to kill, maltreat building the army, and of strategy and tactics; it or insult prisoners of war, As a result of strict ia_ was abie to build up a fine flghting style, a glorious tegration of revolutionary political work with revo- tradition of hard struggle and its unique revolution- lutionary military work in the army, the people,s ary heroism; it was able to rely closely on the ,army has become an army that thoroughly people and 'the defends become the backbone of the people's war people's interests and is invincible. and the decisive force ensuring victory in the Chi- Chairman Mao Tse-tung taught us that it is of nese revolution. .:pecial importance to strengthen the Party leader- The victory of the PLA and the victory of the ship in the PLA and make the Party the core of people's revolutionary war signify the victory of the the w'hole leadership aDd unity of the troops. great military theories of Chairman Mao Tse-tung. In the early period of building up the army, the The brilliant art of war as evolved by Chairman Mao Party set up its organisations at all Ievels in the Tse-tung is a precious part of Marxist-Leninist mili- army. A Party branch was set up in each cornpany. tary theory. The people throughout the country will Under the unifled leadership of the Party, the miii- draw inexhaustible wisdom and strength from the tary, political and rear service organisations were treasury of Chairman Mao Tse-tung's military established and the Party's leadership in the army theory. rl,as consolidated. IV For 24 years, under the leadership of the Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung constantly instructed us great that the proletarian ideological education Marx- and our leader Chairman Mao Tse-tung, the of people's ism-Leninism must be ceaselessly improved in the forces have heroically and unflinchingly beeu army, as the starting point of all its Work, in order in the forefront of the struggle in the cause of the to consolidate and heighten the Party's leading role. Chinese people's liberation. Many flne members of -.4.s most of our army was founded on thb peasantry the Communist Party have shed their last drop of and petty bourgeoisie, these constituted its main biood for the people. The victory of the great Iorce in the revolutionary wars. But coming from Chinese people's r€volution has at least been won. the petty bourgeois class, they retained in their minds A heroic army has been created and built up, which narrowness, conservatism, selfishness, self-indulgence is loved by the people: throughout China and the and other weaknesses when they flist joined the world. The glory belongs to the Party and to Chair- army. If such non-proletarian ideology were not man Mao Tse-tung. It belongs to thei people through- eliminated, it would seriously hamper the carrying out China and the world and also to every commander out of the Party's line and policies. Therefore, as and fighter, and every Communist Party member in early as 1929, at the Kutien Conference, Chairman the PLA. Mao Tse-tung sternly opposed warlordism and the Today, China's revolution has entered a netv various other petty bourgeois ideological deviations era. The PLA has shouldered new, great historic then elisting in the Red Army. During the Anti- tasks, namely: resolute opposition to imperialist Japanese War and the People's Liberation War, the aggression, the safeguarding the national defences army of under the Ieadership of the Party and Chair- of the people's Motherland, the defence of peace in .man Mao Tse-tung carried out the great ideological the East and throughout the world, the consolidation remoulding movement directed against subjectivism, of '.the people's democratic dictatorship within the ,sectarianism, liberalism, Iack of organisational prin-' iouhtry, maintenance of public security and safe- ciple, lack of discipline and other forms of non- guarding of all construction, so as to usher in the proletarian ideology. Thus, the ideological and the great period of people's democratic construction and political level of the troops was greatly raised, the strive towards the splendid future of Socialism. In solidarity and unity within the army was consoli- these conditions, the building of the PLA has also dated as never before, and the tinks with the masses entered a new era, that of building itself up on its beearne closer than ever, thus ensuring the comple- present foundations into a powerful, modernised and tion of the great historical tasks. regular national defence army. The Party in the army, therefore, must strength- In celebrating the Party's 30th anniversary, all en the collective leadership of the Party committees Party members in the PLA should make the Party's at all levels and develop its main role as the nucleus leadership in the army even stronger, study Marx- of leadership and unity in the army. It must pay ism-Leninism and Mao Tse-tung's theory of the Chi- constant attention to ideological progress in the nese revolution conscientiously and flrmly apply army, carry on education in Mao Tse-tung's theory Chairman Mao Tse-tung's principles of army build- of the Chinese revolution both inside and outside the ing. They shor.rJ'l develop to the maximum our fine Party, develop the method of integrating theory with tradition of army building and study modestly the practice, of building close links with the masses and highly developed military science of the Soviet of self-criticism, and eliminate non-proletarian ways Union. Every Party member and flghter should be of thought. Only in this way can the standard of trained not to be arrogant, not to be rash and to rnilitary, political and rear service work be raised strive for progress. He should aim to become a good and unity in both thought anC action of the armed Communist and a good fighter of Chairman Mao forces be guaranteed. Tse-tung. We are convinced that, under the bril- lVith the guidance of Mao Tse-tung's theory of liant leadership of the Party and of Chairman Mao the Chinese revolution, the PLA, in the face of a Tse-tung, and supported by the people throughout powerful enemy, was able to attack skilfully and re- the country, we are certain to cornplete our great, treat skilfully in order to make gains and achieve new historical tasks. victory; it was able to build itself into a highly Long live the Communist Party of China! disciplined and powerfql army, with noble ideals, Long Iive Chairman Mao Tse-tung! PEOPLE'S CHINA I

Friendship with China Dr. Hewlett Johnson Dean of Canterbury, International Stalin Peace Pri,ze Laureate

ing from China-alas, from the exploitation of China from the years of the opium wars and onwards- has great present-day interests still in China, huge capital investments and extensive trade. If we con- sider the size of China, the immensity of lts mainly agricultural population, its ttade possibilities and if we remember the smallness of our own island with its overcrowded industrial population, we see how dependent we are upon mutually beneflcial connec- tions with China. The recognition of this inter- dependence is essential to our future well-being. The British Government realised these facts and a0ted on this n'ecessity when it recognised the nerv Chinese Governmeht. The popular demand for this recognition showed itself in the formation of the China-Britain Friendship Association and the various, and growingly numerous, "Hands Off China" Com- mittees. This friendship is no new thing. It would be Dr. Johnson at the meeting of the Worltl Peace hard to name any major country for whom the mass Council, Berlin, February 1951. of the British people entertain warmer feelings than for China. Her art, her ancient culture, her kindly, During this twgntieth century two supremely friendly people win universal praise. Few mer- progress significant steps in man's upward stand out chants returning to England but speak highly of the vi-vidly above all the ebb and flow of minor matters fair dealing Chinese trader, whose word is as good and events. The first was the Russian October Re- as his bond. Our porcelain, our furniture, our volution and the Second, following logically from it, fabrics, as well as from earlier times our paper, was the Chinese Revolution. Here the oldest civili- printing and gunpowder all the marks of greatest bear sation in the world and the country in the Chinese influence.... East steps forth in one giant stride from mediaeval backwardness and mediaeval exploitation into the - . The Chinese are a proud, patient. industrious and very forefront of progressive nations. intelligent people. And China's people are ready for. a renewal of friendship with us. They rvould China pursues the line traced out by the Soviet be ready to forgive and forget the past. We need its whole-hearted Socialist economy. Union with their friendship Friendship Following and taking what happened in and they need ours. that line, now would lay the foundations future prosperity the Soviet Union as a standard, it is safe to say that of both nations, as as make reparation for the ra,ithin a decade, perhaps less, the centuries of for well past. Good business good. ethics go hand in China's misery and hopeless poverty will give place and hand. We need China's goodwill and she needs ours. to era of unparalleled progress and abundance. an We need her good ideas and she needs China can benefit by Russia's experiments, also by ours. Each can make a powerful contribution to the worJd's Russia's powerful aid. development meet The perennial but only if we as eguals. Already, famine, China's and age-lcng mass of the British people and, I beiieve, the British plague, yielded attacks of good farming, has to the Government would welcome this. But alas we are improved transport, better organisation and abolition no longer free agents. of squeeze. Within one year of the victory of the Revolution, and despite the desolation of the fighting Britain is being dragged step by step by the rvith the warlords, the eight-year invasion by the U.S.A. from hostility to hostility. We approach the Japanese and the war launched by Chiang Kai-shek brink of war with China. This, while being a blorv against the people, the threatened famine of 1949 at China, would be disastrous for Great Britain. In 'lvas averted and now China holds out a helping recognition of this and to avoid the crime and hand to her great famine-stricken Eastern neighbcur. penality of such a war numerous meetings are being India; over half a million tons of Chinese grain held in Great Britain demanding a truce in Korea. have been despatched to that country. What states- And what we do here flnds its echo across the man, or what sane person could have imaginecl so Atlantic. Despite U.S.A. propaganda, despite those vast a change in so short a time! who would sell out to the U.S.A., the forces of peace Britain, bound by close ties to China for a cen- grow ever more strongly in this land and elsewhere. tury, no small part of her wealth and strdngth com- The real peril lies in the fact that the virus of im- 10 PEOPLE'S CHINA perialism has crossed from us to capitalistic, U.S.A., China needs electrical generating plants, China the last stronghold of monopoly big business and needs cotton goods and textile machinery. Must capitalist degeneration. Lancashire factories and mills stand idle while to Capitalism in decay is ferocious, willing in its China's trade departs to other channels, never prices unemployment blindness to pull down the pillar on which its own return; and while rise and insane safety depends. America of the warmongers the mounts and all because Britain follows the and American monopolists still seeks to push back the hands of lead of imperialism? Can rve not learn from the bitter experience of time and reverse the vast changes that China's people past years? After the Revolution of 191? we set out have wrought; it seeks to overthrow the precisely People's Republic and prop up the corrupt puppet to do to Russia what the American As- sistant Secretary State Rusk urges us to do today Chiang Kai-shek on his former throne. of when he bids us " destroy China" and "smash Com- But history has spoken. The hand of time is munism"-blunt, unguarded words which came as subject to no reversal. The forces released by the a salutary shock to many in Britain, who had people's democracy in China cannot be overthrown. thought it was for the freedom of oppressed Koreans I know enough of China to realise this.'I am not that the United Nations troops were asked to re- without personal knowledge of China and the inforce the U.S.A. attacks. Now we know that be- Chinese. I have travelled north, south, east and hind that excuse were hidden far laid plans to west in China, even into Inner Mongolia in the north smash China. As futile the "smash Russia" plans and to Tibet in the west. I am well acquainted after World War Mf we pursue the U.S.A. policy with the potentialities of the land and its agricul- we shall not destroy China. We shall incur the ture, its minerals, its varied climate, its rich soi]s. hostility of all Asia. We shall destroy ourselves. Is 'WelI acquainted too rvith the quality of its people, it to be that? Is it not rather to be a bright future their industry, their skill, for us and China? their honesty, their trust- If so, we must forsake the worthiness, their humanity. U.S.A. lead or redirect it We I have also observed-wh6' must withdraw the British could help it?-their need for representative who is still us and our need for them. maintained in Taiwan. We Could- needs be more com- must vote for the admissicn plementary? China needs ma- of Chinese delegates. to the chinery, heavy and iight, and U.N. Council and committees. u,ill need them for years to W'e must back any feasible come. We can supply them. peace proposals from any We need China's rice, cotton, source, We must remove the silks, hides, bristles, tuttg oil embargo on Chinese trade. for paints and food of all We must reverse the passport kinds, processed or semi- policy which refuses admis- processed. sion to a leader of a Chinese 'We need China's culture, a delegation for friendship and culture already high and dis- grants one to an Ex-Minister tinguished when we were of Education in the Chiang painted savages. Britain, at Kai-shek Government. Here this moment, as part of her are sorae steps. And there great Festival, is showing, as ar'e' many more. one of our esteemed treasures, One thing is sure. The Peace doves. An ink drawing by Yu Fei-an-- * - .:"". "'^:?. '. a special exposition of our ' victorious Chinese Revolution Tang Dynasty possessions. Deep in my memory are has come to stay as the Russian Revolution of 1917 the splendours of that dynasty as I saw its marks came to stay. in Sian and elsewhere. But how difEcult was thc Another thing is sure. The great World Island, transport from place to place when I saw it! the Heartland of which Sir HolJord Mackinder spoke China is changing rapidly. Roads, railways, during World War I, that great tract of land which, machines, heavy and light, machines for the fac- being possessed of illimitable manpower and un- tories-to supplement. I hope, not to replace, China's limited supplies of raw material and fighting on in- magniflcent handicraftsmanship-and machines for terior lines, was invulnerable to attack-is a hun- the land, to replace the mattock and the stone ram, dredfold invulnerable now. United in a common concrete mixers for land clearance purpose with the U.S.S.R. and the People's Demo- -bulldozers and and road construction. and steamers which can do clacies, that reinforced world island, stretching from in a day what the hand-drawn river boats take Prague to Peking and mustering some 800 million weeks to do. In all these things that China is build- souls, stands foursquare against all attack. And ing and doing, we too could help. behind it stands the sympathy and will of hundreds China's rivers can be harnessed for transport. of millions more in other lands. More important still, they can be harnessed for Shall Britain smash herself and endanger all power and irrigation. What mighty potential power that is precious in her splendid civilisation in the lies locked up in the rapids of the Yangtse alone! vain attempt to crush herself against this great and And what work here for our electrical engineering new and beneflcent world force? Millions in my skill! country say, "No!" PEOPLE'S CHINA 11

The Just Struggle of the Iranian People Saifudin The press of New China carriecl, on Julg 8, 1951 the follotoing staternent by Saifuilin, noted Moslem leader and Chairman of the Sinlcr,ang People's Democratic League, on the present eoents in lran. The Iranian people, fighting to nationalise their By bolcl demonstrations of tens of thorxands of people oil industry, are in the midst of a heroic struggle for and by large-scale strike action, they have dealt their national independence and sovereignty. We counter-blows to the imperialist attacks. The Gov- extend our deep sympathy to the Iranian people in ernment of Iran vacillated and wavered for a time this just struggle of theirs. but urged on by the masses of the people, on June 20 it finally decided on the immediate enforcement The Iranian people's demand for the nationalisa- of the Oil Nationalisation Act and announced the tion of the oil industry is perfectly reasonable and dissolution of the Anglo-Iranian OiI Company. just. It is essential for the achievement of national However, the British and American imperialists years, im- independence. For many long British have not as yet abandoned their intervention policy. perialism has been using the Anglo-Iranian OiI Com- They are still actively pursuing their plans to un- pany to control the economy and politics of Iran. dermine Iran's Oil Nationalisation Act. On June 21, This is the main cause of the extreme pauperisation people. Herbert Morrison, British Foreign Minister, speaking of the Iranian Over several decades, the in the House of Commons, openly discussed in Anglo-Iranian Oil Company has sucked wealth threatening tones the inilitary action that might pos- amounting to at least four to flve billion U.S. dollars sibly be taken. Dean Acheson, U.S. Secretary of from Iran. Iranian oil workers of the Anglo-Iranian State, also issued a statement in Washington on June Oil Company are treated inhumanly. They work 12 27 calling upon the Government of Iran to "recon- to 16 hours a day for a wage of one to three toman sider its present actions." Under the manipulatio-n (Iranian currency), which is hardly sufficient for a of the British and American imperialists, the Inter- semi-starvation subsistence. At present, there are national Court of Justice is also actively interven- over a million unemployed Iranians. These are ing against Iran's oil nationalisation, in an attempt calamities brought about by British imperialist eco- to forbid the Government of Iran to take over the nomic exploitation. Anglo-Iranian Oil Company before it renders a on question. These facts prove that The Iranian people certainly cannot endure such "decision" the imperialism tolerate Iranian people conditions passively. They are firmly opposed to will not the For this ruthless colonial policy of British imperialism in carrying out their nationalisation act smoothly. reason, the Iranian people must make strenuous Iran. Their struggle against British exploitation and this efforts to achieve objective oil nationalisa- for oil nationalisation has gained momentum since their of tion. We believe that the Iranian people will un- March of this year, and precisely because it was the animously unite and guard against the imperiallst demand of the broad masses of the people, the intrigues and treachery and the danger of compro- Majlis and the Government of Iran passed legislation mise, and will persist to the end in their patriotic nationalising the oil industry at the end of last April. struggle. Since the oil nationalisation act was passed, Brit- The Iranian people's struggle has the support of ish imperialism has used devious, contemptible and all progressive people throughout the world. The shameless threats as well as persuasion with a view sympathy of aII the people of Asia and the Moslem to maintaining its aggressive interests in lran. It masses is with the Iranian people. At the present even threatened armed intervention to suppress the time, the aggressive policy. of the American and Brit- Iranian people's just action. The U.S. Government ish imperialists has met with the heroic counter' has openly helped the British Government in its at- attack in Korea. The struggle of the peoples tempts to threaten and bait the Government of Iran throughout the world for peace and democracy is international into abandoning the Oil Nationalisation Act. But at steadily rising to full strength. The is favourable Iranian people in their the same time, the U.S. Government is secretly try- si.tuation to the fight for national independence and oil nationalisa- ing to take advantage of the situation to get control tion. We, the Chinese peopl,e and the millions of over Iran's These oil. disgusting acts of intervention Moslems of China, fully support the Iranian people's on part the of the British and American imperialists just struggle and oppose the unwarranted interven- once again reveal to the Iranian people and to people tion of the imperialists. We consider that the Iranian throughout the world the ugly, aggressive face of people absolutely have the right to settle their own British and American imperialism. The Iranian internal problems which involve the Lifu of their people have not been scared by imperialist threats. own country. 72 PEOPLE'S CHINA

Thirty Years of the Communisr Party of China II-The Second Revolutionary Civil W'ar ' Hu Chiao-mu Vice-Director of the Propaganda Department, Central Committee, Communist parta oJ China In 1927, during the rapidly developing revolution, in unceasing internecine wars with each other. the young Communist Party of China was assailed Workers and peasants were subjected. to heavier by powerful enemies both from within and outside exploitation and oppression than before. Especially the ranks of the revolution. The Party failed, to in the cities, KMT rule was even more brutal than resist these assaults in a proper way becatxe of that of the old-style warlords. After his betrayal of errors committed by its leading organisations and, the revolution, Chiang Kai-shek no longer represent- as a result, suffered extremely serious blows. The ed the interests of the national bourgeoisie, but the Party tried to save the revolution from defeat. On interests of imperialism, feudalism and the com- August 1, Chou En-Iai, Chu Teh, Yeh Ting, Ho Lung prador-bourgeoisie. Chiang Kai-shek developed and other comrades led over 30,000 troops of the what was later termed bureaucratic capitalism-com- Northern Expeditionary Army, who were under the prador, feudal, military, monopoly capitalism. Con- influence of the Party, in an armed uprising at Nan- sequently, the national bourgeoisie suffered greater chang, Kiangsi Province. But instead of joining with oppression under Chiang Kai-shek,s rule than before. the peasant movement in Kiangsi they marched Comrade Mao Tse-tung in summing up the situation southward to Kwangtung Province. Later, though at that time stated, in 1928: they preserved a small part of their strength, the part "The workers, peasants, the common people throirgh- major was defeated in battles against the enemy out the country part I(wangtung Province. and even the bourgeoisie still remain in the eastern of After under the counter-revolutionary rule without being that, the situation pointed to the inevitable defeat liberated at all politically or economicalty.,, (WhA tt of the revolution. From April 12, when Chiang Kai- fs Possible Jor China's Red Stote pouer to Erist) shek began his massacre, until after the defeat of Herein lies the many the fundamental reason why Japanese revolution, brilliant leaders of the Party imperialism dared and many revolutionary workers, peasants and intel- to launch large-scale military offensives against China 1931 193?. lectuals were savagely slaughtered throughout the in and. country. The whole country was suddenly plunged Although the rule of Chiang Kai-shek was more into darkness. Not only the national bourgeoisie, brutal than the previous warlord rule, it had its but many of the upper strata of the petty bourgeoisie weaknesses, which fundamentally r,vere its separation deserted the revolution. Many intellectuals of petty from the people and its internal conflicts. Chiang bourgeois origin, who had joined the Party but who Kai-shek's reactionary state apparatus was streng- lacked resolution, announced their withdrawal from thened in order to suppress the people. But, its the Party. But the heroic Communist Party and main force could be put only in the cities. As a the revolutionary people of China, as Comrade Mao result, it was not easy for the people in the cities Tse-tung said in }:is Coalition GoDernnlent, "wete to resume or develop their struggles rapidly. How- not frightened, not conqdered, and not annihilated. ever, it was impossible for Chiang Kai-shek to They stood up again, wiped off the bloodstains, buried establish a powerful reactionary rule everywhere their fallen comrades, and went on fighting." over the extremely vast rural districts throughout Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang, the be- the country. The continuous wars waged among the trayers of the revolution, did not and could not solve various factions of the KMT warlords ad.ded to any of the problems that gave rise to the Chinese Chiang Kai-shek's difficulties in this respect. revolution. On the contrary, China's national crisis Especially in the rural districts which had been was aggravated by Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT influenced by the revolution, the peasants urgenfly who were even more thoroughly dependent upon wanted land and had experience in organising them- imperialism and suppressed the revolutionary people selves to fight the landlord class. This was favour- even more ruthlessly than the previous reactionary able to the revolution and unfavourable to the rulers. The imperialists made certain formal c9n- counter-revolution. If the defeat of the First Re- cessions to Chiang Kai-shek (such as giving up the volutiohary Civil War re"ulted from the failure to right of consular jurisdiction and conventional lead the peasants correctly to solve the agrarian customs tariffs), for they knerv it made no difference problem, then the hope of reviving the revolutionary whether these rights were vested in Chiang Kai-shek movement lay precisely in correctly leading the pea- or retained by themselves. But in reality, their sants' struggle for land in the new conditions. aggression penetrated ever deeper into China. In the situation where the revolution had been Especially conspicuous was the ascendancy of Ameri- defeated and Chiang Kai-shek had established his can imperialist economic and political influence in out-and-out reactionary rule, the task of the party China. was to make clear to the people the necessity of Manipulated as in the past by imperialism and continuing the revolutionary struggle, and to lead feudalism, the new warlords of the KMT engaged them along the correct path of reviving that struggle. 'io PEOPLE'S CHINA IO To do so, the Party had to sum up the experiences In those places where these armed forces were of the First Revolutionary Civil War, correct the correctly Ied, the revolutionary armed struggle de- mistakes of the Party's leadership, and quickly veloped. After this the Second Revolutionary Civil assemble the revolutionary forces in order to organise War began. These troops were the embryo of the an orderly retreat and defence in face of the enemy's Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, the pre- offensive. In effect, it was necessary: for some of sent-day Chinese People's Liberation Army. the Party's orgahisations to move to the rural dis- But in the situation tricts where the counter-revolutionary forces were where the revolution had relatively weak and where the revolution was been defeated, what was relatively rvell entrenched in order to lead the pea- required of the Party sants in carrying out agrarian reform and guerilla organisations as a whole 'v.,-arfare; for another part of the Party's organisations was to conduct an appro- to remain in the cities, go underground, and carry priate retreat instead of on rvork under cover in order to preserve the cadres continuing the offensive. and Party organisations and preserve and build up For the time being local the revolutionary forces of the masses; and after this, armed struggles could con- for these two contingents to co-ordinate their strug- stitute nothing but a spe- gles and taking advantage of the enemy's internal cial form of defence. As contradictions and weaknesses, flght for the revival a result of incorrectly ap- of the revolutionary movement. praising the situation at Immediately after the I(MT at Wuhan turned the time as though the against the Communist Party in July 1927, the Party revolution were still on the ascendant, and by refusing called an emergency conference on August 7. This to admit that the revolution had failed, the Party, conference thoroughly rectifled Chen Tu-hsiu's from the winter of 7927 to the spring of 1928, under capitulationism au-d removed him from leadership. the leadership,of Comrade Chu Chiu-pai, fell into Chen Tu-hsiu's rnistakes were again examined in "Left" putschism, opposed retreat and wanted to greater detail at the Sixth Party Congress in July continue the offensive, thus continuously causing no 1928. Chen Tu-hsiu did not admit his mistakes. He small losses to the remaining revolutionary forces. and his supporters stated at that time that, with The Sixth Party Congress, held in JuIy 1928, the victory of the bourgeoisie, the Chinese bourgeois- liquidate

rade Mao Tse-tung both in practice and in theory. tionary bases were "the highest as well as the neces- In October 7927, Comrade Mao Tse-tung led a sary form which peasant struggles in a semi-colony contingent of the newly founded workers, and must adopt," and were "important factors in ac- peasants' revolutionary army in a withdrawal to the celerating the forthcoming nation-rvide revolution- Chingkang Mountain area, on the borders of Kiangsi ary upsurge." Comrade Mao Tse-tung was of the and Hunan Provinces, established there the Hunan- opinion that the war waged by the Red Army, Kiangsi Border Region Workers, and peasants, Gov- the agrarian revolution and the building up of revo- ernment, repulsed repeated attacks by the eDemy Iutionary state power should be developed to the and started to lead the peasants in distributing the maximum extent. "Only by so doing can we win land. the confidence and respect of the revolutionary mass- After the troops under Comrades Chu Teh and es throughout the country as the Soviet Union has Peng Teh-huai one after the other joined forces with done throughout the world. Only by so doing can the troops under Comrade Mao Tse.-tung, the revolu- we create great difficulties for the ruling classes, tionary bases with the Chingkang Mountail as their shake their foundations and accelerate their disin- centre, gradually expanded. During this period, tegration. And only by so doing can we really create peasant guerilla warfare and the struggles for the a Red Army that will be one of the important in- Iand under the leadership of the party also develop- struments in the forthcoming great revolution. In ed in Kiangsi, Hunan, Hupeh, Kwangsi and other short, only thus can we accelerate the oncoming provinces. Several contingents, of the Red Army revolutionary tide." Thus, Comrade Mao Tse-tung and several revolutionary bases were founded one discovered the only correct law of the development after another. In 1929, the Red Army, led by Com- of the Chinese revolution in the situation where rades Mao Tse-tung and Chu Teh, advanced to the the Chinese revolution had been defeated in the south of Kiangsi and the west of Fukien province, cities by po,r,erful enemies and where for the time and founded the Central Revolutionary Bases with being there was no way to win victory in the cities. Juichin, in Kiangsi, as their centre. This law was to encircle and subsequently to seize the cities occupied counter-revolution, The revolutionary bases first founded by Com_ by the by means armed, rade Mao Tse-tung in the winter ot tg27 ind the of revolutionary rural districts. The revolutionary war led by him, development of the Chinese revolution in the ensuing as well as the revolu- years tionary bases and the revolutionary wars founded 20 fully bore out Comrade Mao Tse-tung's and led elsewhere by other comrades, became the foresight. main content of the Chinese revolutionary struggle In this period, Comraoe in the new period. They constituted the main factor Mao Tse-tung not only in the nation's political 1ite, presented the greatest mapped out for the Party threat to Chiang Kai-shek,s reactionary rule and re_ general presented the course of de- the greatest hope of the labouring people velopment throughout of the revolu- the country. tion in the period of the Why were the development Second Revolutionary fare and the creation of rural Civi.l War, but also made possible? Why were they the important creative contri- Chinese revolutionary struggle butions in various aspects of concrete policies, such as policies regarding the agrarian revolution, the intermediate classes, mili- tary strategy and tactics to defeat superior enemy cle, Comrade Mao Tse-tung pointed out that there forces, work among the troops and the work of build- were five main conditions which made the existence ing the Party in the rural districts and under war of Red State Power possible at that time: conditions. In view of the facts that the poor pea- (1) China's locatised agricultural economy together sants and the farm labourers were the most revolu- with the imperialists, policy of carving up and tionary forces in the rural districts, that the middle exploiting China by dividing the country up peasants were an important force sup- among which flrmly themselves into spheres of influence ported the revolution, that in the stage of the bour- created gaps in the reactionary rule, of which geois-democratic revolution, the rich peasant eco- advantage could be taken by the revolutionary forces. nomy still needed to be preserved and medium and small scale industry and commerce needed to be pro- (2) The influence of the First Revolutionary Civil War still remained among the people in ,.it tected and developed, Comrade Mao Tse-tung cor- of the country. "."." rectly laid down and resolutely followed the line in (3) The revolutionary situation throughout the coun- the agrarian revolution of rel),ing upon the poor try continued to develop, peasants and farm labourers, uniting with the middle (4) There existed the Red Army to support the Red peasants, protecting the rich peasants and the State Power. medium and small industrialists and businessmen (5) There existed the Communist party, whose ganisation or- and liquidating only the landlord class. Since wdr was powerful and whose policy was was the main form of struggle and the army was correct, to the power. Euide Red State the main form of organisation in the Chinese revolu- In the second art o Tse_tung ap- tion, and since the characteristic revolution- praised of the in detail the he war waged ary war at that time was that the enemy was strong by the Chinese Red Mao Tse_tung while we were weak, enemy was big we pointed the vrhile out that Red nd the revolu- were small, and that ttre ene-y was divorced from PEOPLE'S CHINA 15 the masses while we were closely united with the imperialism on September 18, 1931. The Japanese masses, Comrade Mao Tse-tung correctly laid down imperialists, who had been determined to invade such basic principles as that the Red Army must China ever since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, saw be propagandists and organisers in the work of the that following the economic crisis which had struck Party, of the people's state power, of the agrarian the capitalist world by the end of 1929, Britain, the reform and of all other local work; the Red Army United States and other countries were much too must develop strong political work and strict mass preoccupied with their domestic affairs to compete discipline among its rank and flIe; the war waged with Japan in the seizure of China. They also saw by the Red Army must be a people's war relying that Chiang Kai-shek's government had completely on the masses with guerilla warfare or mobile war- capitulated to the imperialists, relying on the help fare having the character of guerilla warfare as its of the British and American imperialists to wage main form of flghting at that time; strategically it civil war among the counter-revolutionaries them- must carry on a protracted war but tactically it selves, and the civil war against the Workers' and must flght battles of quick decision; it must at ordin- Peasants' Red Army, and dared not resist the Japa- ary times send troops to mobilise the masses and at nese invasion of China. the time of battle concentrate superior forces to The Japanese imperialists decided to start by encircle and annihilate the enemy. AII these basic invading the Northeast and then gradually to ex- principles and certain other military principles con- pand aggression embrace whole of the military line of the Chinese revolution- their to the stitute China. Because the Chiang Kai-shek government ary war. In view of all this, it can be said that the persisted in carrying out its policy of offering no work Comrade Mao Tse-tun! did in this difficuLt resistance to of period of the Chinese revolution laid the main Japan, stepping up the "suppression intensifying fascist the foundations for leading the Chinese revolution Communists" and the terror, Japanese quickly occupied North- towards victory. the whole of the east in 1931. In January 1932, they invaded Shanghai. In 1930, the Red Army throughout the country In 1933, they occupied Jehol and the northern part grelv to about 60,000 men, of whom over 30,000 were of Chahar. In 1933, they occupied the eastern part in the Central Area in Kiangsi Province. In 1930 of Hopei. and a little later, revolutionary bases were extend- ed to Fukien, Anhwei, Honan, Shensi, Kansu and The Japanese imperialist invasion brought about other provinces as well as to Hainan Island, Kwang- a fundamental change in the politicat situation in tung Province. I'he rapid development of the Red China. To resist Japanese invasion became the Army caused a very great shock to Chiang Kai-shek. urgent task and the universal ilemand of the whole Towards the end of 1930, Chiang Kai-shek sent Chinese people. Movements conducted by workers, seven divisions, totalling about 100,000 men, in an peasants and students against Japanese imperialism encirclement campaign against the F,ed Army in the gained momentum in aII parts of the country. The Centlal Area with the result that one and a half upper strata of the petty bourgeoisie and the na- divisions were wiped out by the Red Army and tional bourgeoisie, which withdrew from the revolu- Chiang Kai-shek's lield commander was captured. In tion in 1927, now changed their political attitude, Febr-uary 1931, Chiang Kai-shek sent 200,000 men, began to be politically active and demanded that with Ho Ying-chin as commander, in a second en- Chiang Kai-shek's government change its policy. circlement campaign against the Red Army in the Political disintegration began, even in the ranks of Central Area. It was again crushed. Over 30,000 the KMT and the KMT troops. In January 1932, men and over 20,000 small arms were captured by the KMT 19th Route Arm-v, under the influence of the Red Army. In JuIy of the same year, Chiang the anti-Japanese movement of the Shanghai peo- Kai-shek started the third campaign. Himself com- ple, heroically resisted the Japanese troops invading manding and accompanied by British, Japanese and Shanghai. In November 1933 the leaders of this German military advisers, he led 300,000 men, pene- army, together u.,ith other KMT members, founded trated from three directions deep into the bases of a people's government in Fukien Province which the Red Army in the Central Area. But again the opposed Chiang Kai-shek and sought to unite rvith attack 'nvas crushed. At the same time, many im- the Communists. In May 1933 Feng Yu-hsiang in portant victories were won by the Army led by co-operation with the Communists, organised the Comrade Hsu Hsiang-chien which was flrst station- Anti-Japanese People's A1lied Army at Kalgan, ed at the Hupeh-Honan-Anhwei Base and later shift- Chahar Province. ed Northern Szechuan Base, and the Red to the by After the Japanese invaders attacked China, the the Western-Ilunan Western Hupeh Army of and Chinese Communist Party was the flrst to call for Bases Comrade Lung. led by Ho armed resistance. It also led or took an active part Influenced by the victories of the Red ArmJ,, in the nation--*,ide people's anti-Japanese movement over 10,000 troops of the KMT 26th Route Army and the anti-Japanese gueriila war waged by the which '"vas sent to attack the Red Army mutinied people of the Noltheast. In January 1933, the Chi- at Ningtu, Kiangsi Province, in December 1931 under nese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army declared the leadership of Comrades Chao Po-sheng, Tung that, on the three conditions of ceasing the attacks Chen-tang and others and . joined the Red Army. on the Red Army, safeguarding the people's demo- Through such victories, the strength of the Red cratic rights and arming the masses, the Red Army Army continued to grow, and a new revolutionary was willing to stop flghting and make peace with situation thus gradually approached fruition. all other troops in the country for the purpose of It was just at this time, that the large-scale jointly resisting Japanese aggression. But in spite invasion of Northeast China was started by Japanese of this, the leadership of the Party, between 1931 16 PEOPLE'S CHINA and 1934 committed new, serious "Left" mistakes. of the masses. Under this erroneous leadership, As a result, the revolution not only failed to advance almost all Party organisations in the KMT-control- in the favourable conditions created by the Red led areas were destroyed. The provisional Central Army's victories and the rising popular struggle Ieading organs formed by the "Left" elements were against Japan and Chiang Kai-shek, but it even moved to the Central Red Army bases in 1933. The suffered new setbacks. provisional Central leading organs, following their In spite of the lessons of the failure of the First arrival in the Red Army hases, joined up with Ure Revolutionary Civil War and the various events Central Committee members, such as Comrade Mao which ensued, the Ieading organs of the Party after Tse-tnng and others who had been working in the the Sixth Party Congress were still located in Shang- Red Army and the revolutionary bases, and later hai-the centre of counter-revolution, and the became the formally established official Central lead- leadership of the Party still was not focused on ing organs. But Comrade Mao Tse-tung's leadership, Red Army warfare and did not have Comrade Mao especially hls leadership of the Red Army was thrust Tse-tung as its centre. Imbued rvith petty bour- aside, and thus the revival of the revolution demon- geois impetuosity and ignorant of the significance strated by thg victories of the Red Army and the and lar,vs of Red Army warfare, the "Left" oppor- upsurg€ of the mass moverrrent in the KMT-controlled tunists, who held illusions of organising uprisings areas was undermined. in cities which were under counter-revolutionary Fr-om June 1932 to February 1933, Chiang Kai- white terror, continued to occupy leadurg positions shek, immediately after selling out the War of in the central organs of the Party. Headed by Com- Resistance to Japanese Imperialism in Shanghai, rade Li Li-san, the Central Committee of the Party, employed 90 divisions totalling 500,000 men in the from June to October of 1930, demanded that a fourth all-out enbirclement campaign against the general uprising be organised in the key cities Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Guided and a general offensive against key cities be by Comrade Mao Tse-tung's strategy, the Red Army launched by all Red Army forces., This erroneous again won great victories in this counter-encircle- plan had caused serious losses to the underground ment campaign. But in October 1933, Chiang Kai- organisations of the Party in the KMT-controlled shek unleashed the fifth encirclement campaign produce areas, but it did not serious effects in the against the Red Army, with a force of 1,000,000 men Red Army, where Comrade Mao Tse-tung led the and sent 500,000 troops to attack the Central Red resolute opposition to it. In October 1930, Comrade Army. During this campaign, the Red Army failed Li Li-san's mistakes were corrected at the Ihird to smash the enemy's encircleme:rt, owlng to the Plenary Session elected of the Central Committee completely wrong military line of remaining solely by the Sixth Party Congress. However, in January on the defensive and other wrong policies pursued 1931, a new faction headed Comrades "Left" by by the Central leading organs the Party. Wang Ming (Chen Shao-yu) and Po Ku (Chin Pang- of hsien) and characterised by its doctrinairism, made In October 1934, the Central Red Army withdrerv use of the cloak of Marxist-Leninist "theories" to from bases in Kiangsi Province and began the Long attack the Third Plenary Session from the "Left.', March which was unparalleled in world history. The members of this faction held the view that Meanw'hile, other revolutionary bases and Red Army the chief mistake committed by Comrade Li Li-san, forces throughout the country.su-ftered similar losses and the chief danger within the Chinese Communist at the hands of the "Left" elements. With the Party at that time, were Right deviations and not exception of the Red Army units led by Comrades "Left" deviations. They charged that the Third Liu Tse-tan, Kao Kang and others in Northern Plenary Session "had not done anything to expose Shensi, the Red Army units in various places $'ith- and attack the Right-opportunist theory and prac- drew from their original bases one after another tice rvhich the Li Li-san line had consistently fol- and joined the Long March. lowed." They finally secured the leading positions During the Long March of the Central Red in the central organs at the fourth plenary session Army, the Central Ieading organs of the Party con- of the Central Committee elected at the Sixth Party tinued to commit military blunders which several Congress. This new "Left" faction headed by rvVang times put the Red Army in dangerous predicaments Ming and Po Ku completely denied the important ... and caused extremely great losses with the enemy changes which the Japanese invasion had brought ,' blocking the route of advance and pursuing from about in China's domestic political situation aDd the rear. In order to save the imperilled Red Army regarded the various cliques and the middle groups and China's revolutionary cause, Comrade Mao Tse- in the KMT as equally counter-revolutionary; there- tung and other comrades conducted a resolute fore they demanded that the Party should wage a struggle and secured the calling of an enlarged con- life-and-death struggle against all of them without ference of the Political Bureau of the Central Com- distinction. mittee 1935, Tsunyi, question of the Party in January at As to the of Red Army warfare, this Kweichow Province. With the group the majority of "Left" opposed Comrade Mao Tse-tung's ideas comrades conscious of the issues and their guerilla with of warfare and mobile warfare and persist- support, the Tsunyi Conference removed the demanding "Left" ed in that the Red Army seize all the opportunists from the Party leadership and establish- key cities. On the question of Party work in the ed Comrade Mao Tse-tung's leading position in the cities in the KMT-controlled areas, they opposed the Central organs and in the Party as From viervs of utilising legal forms and accumulating a whole. that time on, the Communist Party of China and revolutionary strength, as firmly held Comrade by the Chinese Revolution have been continuously Liu Shao-chi and continued to carry out the adven- turist policies which isolated them from the majority (Continue(I on page 33)

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A howitzrcr unit on parark. . Today

I by Comtade Mao lars of revolutionary reration Army today med force, invincible Chinese Communist I all lovers of peace. artl the fruits of the

Planes of the People's Air Force. { I The dem".nddem". for books is insatiable. At the Working Pcople's Palace of Cultrre, the former T9orkers at an open-air bookstall. irnperial anccstral shrine.

Girl students performing group fynnastics in a recent psking athletlc meet. Peking, Heart of the Nation Peking, magnificent ancient capital of China, has returned to its rightful owners, its builders-the working people. They have taken over the former imperial palaces and parks, They are making their city a model of people's municipal constructlon. The old charms of the city have been preserved and enhanced, and new public works have been completed for the welfare of the working people.

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One of the many new municipal construction projects-spacious, nodera swlmmlng pools bullt over the former site of a neglected lake. PEOPLE'S CHINA 2l

I\ euu P ekin g Jack Chen Seen from above, from a plane Once the centre of the Eastern Now its grey wall is being pulled in the middle distance, frorn the world, flnally reduced to the status dou,n. Its embassies are inter- favourite viewpoint of the classical of a provincial town by the KMT, sperse

From the Korean Front A Regimerut of Heroes Pai Shih Outside the spring rain of Korea Company was nominated a Heroic to the trenches. The oUrer attack- drizzled persistently. I\rside the Company. The 2nd and 6th com- ers fled. The volunteers had suf- school hall it was comfortably panies, flve platoons and ten squads fered flve casualties. The medics dry. Somehow it had missed the 'were each awarded collective cita- came to fetch them away. attention of the bombers. People tions. Those who hid been award- were in festive mood. The walls ed The bombardment that followed minor merits were not even intense. 'were covered with posters and became more and more listed, for there were too many of pine cartoons: "Down with the Ameri- them, over Snow fell from the branches a thousand. And there and bits and pieces of jagged rock can Invadersl" "For the Peace of are many, such regiments and the World!" Colourful flags gnd flew about as in a whirlwind. The divisions'ion the Korean front. telephone lines were cut. The squad bannels had been sent various by aaa Headquarters. groups and popular organisations lost contact with in the Motherland, saying: ,,Glory Mulunyun, northwest of Hoeng- At 10 a.m. five planes,came over to the People's Defenders!', A tre- sung, is a hill 41b mqtres high, again and this time they dropped mendous shout of greeting poured' which commands the t highways bombs. But our flghters had dug from the crowd outside and rolled trom Hoengsung westwards and in deep and well. They waited in a great wave into the packed hall, from Ryuchu to the north. The calinly for the second assault and, when more than 400 volunteers- U.S. 2nd Army sent some 800 men whsYr it took place, downed another all combat heroes and model fight- to take it. They began to climb dozen of the enemy with hand ers-arrived. They marched in it from three different directions grenades and forced the rest to flee down the centre aisle. Straight only to find the volunteers from in confusion. But five more of the ahead of them on a backgiound of this regiment's vanguard already squad were badly wounded and pine branches was a portrait of in occupation. had to leave the position. Chairman Mao Tse-tung. Next day Azaleas, at early dawn, enemy Only one wounded com- peach and pear blossoms slightly decorated artillery laid down a barrage to rade remained Shih-pao, the frame. The presidium rose pgepare With Wu and a fresh attack. The guns the eombat-team leader. Their am- clapped thetu. The band played roared. But, the defenders-only munition the stirring "March was exhausted. What of the Volun- 12 of them-'lvere not ones to let now? They crawled out and took teers" for them. Women comrades noise disturb them. They improved presented them whatever they could from the with bouquets. their entrenchments and even man- bodies of the enemy dead. With aged to snatch a rest. These 400 all belonged to the Enemy shells this fresh stock of grenades they same regiment. They fell harmlessly until daybreak. drove back a third assault. had fought The volunteers in four battles after crossing the crouched in their Yalu dugouts. An observation plane flew Wu's fellow flghtelwas now River, dealing one deadly badly wound- blow after another against over, then returned with four jets the U.S. He asked invaders and their puppets. szhich strafed the hill. The volun- ed. teers, knowing the routine, took up Wu whether he For 13 successive days and nights, more advantageous positions. thought th at they held the hill of Hwangtsoryeng How Mulunyun vyas Hetd they should re- and checked the enemy advance tire. W'u,though towards Enemy trench mortars sent up a the Yalu. Then they thrust he himselJ was themselves smokescreen. The attack was com- like the btade of a slightly wouncl- knife deep into the enemy lines at ing. About 200 GI's preceded by -hitl. ed, answered shortly: "So long as Nyengwon and Mangsan. The four tanks began climbing the enemy fled and they pursued a single man remains, this position him At that moment the Regimental holds." across the 38th Parallel. There Commander who was watching the they gripped him in a deadly vice scene attentively from his post It was almost dark. He bore the for 48 days on the Han River. nearby ordered his artillery into fourth assault alone and drove off After their fourth battle the re- action. Shells exploded right be- a dispirited enemy with hand giment was awarded a collective hind the tanks and killed a score grenades. By nightfall, the rein- citation. On the red poster at the of the enemy. This cheered the forcements arrived. Wu, by then entrance of the school house the squad. Wu Shih-pao, the combat- completely exhausted, was taken regiment put team Ieader shouted: "The hill's back to the regimental post. Mu- had up a list of its 'Wu merits: five of its members had too steep for the tanks. Use lunyun haE[ been held, and was bqen awarded three major merits; grenades! Aim at the infantry!,, later decorated for outstanding bravery. The three had won two major merits; Tension was high. Firing open- whole squad was given a collective citation. 55----one major merit. Two had ed up on all sides as the enemy been awarded flve secondary mer- rushed towards the volunteers, Such is the heroism which, add- its; l9-four secondary merits; Z6- position. But their flrst assault ed to that of the l(bnean People's three secondary merits; and, 227- was repulsed instantly. A dozen Army, has brought victory the two gth to secondary merits. The enemy dead littered the approach people's cause in Koreal PEOPLE'S CHINA z5

How the Tillers Win Back Their Land-Vll The First Taste of Happiness Hsiao Ch'ien

In the newly emanciJated Peng ding ought to be officiated through way up in front, Fu-chuan carry- Chu Homestead a tender undulat- the Militia Headquarters. ing a red banner on which were ing sound could be heard, regular, Grandma Li's first reaction to embroidered the characters, "Vic- rhythmic, like the beat of the heart. her daughter's coming marriage tory in Land Reform." This strong, It was Hsin-wu's twins crYing. was one of undiluted joy. She was well-organised and disciplined pro- cession of peasants picked its way The two babies lay in a Pair of proud of Fu-chuan. He worked As she along the paths planted with tele- wicker baskets, Yelling at the toP hard and was dePendable. began plrone poles and went towards the of their lungs, sometimes alternate- was talking, however, tears in unison. Then theY to trickle down her cheeks' Yes, Seven Star Slope. ly, sometimes Chun- punting, the up heels and throw she'd be very lonelY once With Shuang-chuan would kick their glided arms about, as though doing hsing left. boat slowly towards Shihma their hsiang on of the announce to the world Chun-hqlng understood perfectly the other side their best tq 'Pigeon Standing near the good news: there won't be any what was troubling her mother and River. the helm, Lu Yang pointed at the dyke more feudal exploitation in the new reassured her bY telling her that and then formed a trumpet with his new China is ours!. Fu-chuan had promised that the old China-the hands, through which he shouted to kePt going in and out woman would not be deserted. Peasants personallY readjust- the peasants who had come to see room. Some brought food He'd see to of the rooms, so that mother him oft: "Work on those dykes and and delicacies. Some just wanted ing the good and daughter needn't be seParated. have a year. Remember, this to "lend a hand." And some came year you're bringing in your own the out of a curiositY to see what those On f,he evening of the daY of harvest!" clever babies were like. Clever Emancipation Meeting, an "Ex- At this, many of the peasants they certainly were, because they change of Opinions" was held in standing on the dyke shouted back Work had chosen a most oPPortune mo- the temple, attended bY the that they would do what he said, ment to be born. Team cadres and various Peasants' and Lo Shu-min certainly ex- The Instead of enjoYing a bit more Association offrcers. PurPose pressed the sentirhent of the major- get the peasants to Point Ieisure, now that the land had bben was to ity when she shouted in a shrill Ilsin-wq was, if any- out to the land reform cadres mis- voice: "Come back at the Autumn distributed, in their work- busier than before. He would takes and deviations Festival, Comrade Lu, and taste our thing, during the earlY in the morn- ing methods and attitude new rice!" lssvs his home The uP his coat as he period of the land reform. The same evening, a meeting of ing, buttoning Tearn After dashing from one small next day, all the Work Hsinlu Village Peasants' Associa- went. throughout the group to the other all day, he would comrades, scattered tion officers and activists was call- hsiarzg villages, met toge- come back very late at night. Huilung ed by Hsin-wu and Village Chair- ther ffrst in the District Office and Enriched with the fruits of Strug- man Peng Yu-tang. One topic came from there were led bY Chao Chieh- up to which Uncle Kuang-lin, Tu gle, both Chun-hsing and Yueh-lien min to the county seat to attend started thinking about their "trous- Yu-chen and Lo Yung-nien all con- an enlarged cadres' meeting. There f evils seaux." The romance between Chun- tributed actual details-the they were to sum uP the ex- brought by water. Uncle I{uang- hsing and Fu-chuan had long been periences they had obtained and knowledge, lin recalled eloquently how his a matter of common exchange opinions. Then they would and people had gradua1lY stopped whole family had suffered from the go on to some other hsiong to take "tyranny the teasing them. But the first inkling of water" all through part in further land reform work. years. The crops would have just people had that there was "some- Thus, the imPortant job of con- thing" between Yueh-Iien and Li begun to display tassels when along solidating the success of Peasant would come a huge flood. The Su-ming, a young farmhand from emancipation devolved on the member of dyke would collapse and everything the Li Garden and a shoulders of people like Peng Hsin- the of sink under water. Lo Yung-nien's the rnilitia, only came on daY wu-activists who rose from among Emancipation Meeting, when land was situated on a high ridge the the ranks of the peasants. .,1'hich the two partnered in a long harvest- to the water supply was con- dance, totally oblivious of the On the morning of JanuarY 26, tlolled by the landlord, Lo Pei-jung, others. The two young couPles all when Lu Yang was scheduled to his uncle. During drought year's, belonged to the militia. It was this start off, all of the Hsinlu Village he had to buy water from the lat- peasants gathered together, amidst ter, using the "green sprouts" as that drew forth from Hsin-wu the 'What jocose remark that the joint wed- the music of gongs and drums, to his security. frequently hap- give him a warm send-off. There pened was that the interest piled women, up, with the result that when This is the concluding section of were the militia men and our seven-part reportage-novelette on harvest dancers, Pioneers wearing autumn came along, his entire har- Iand reform in Hunan Province. red ties and bearing flowers and, vest. over which he had sweated 26 PEOPLE'S CHINA year, go carrying bas- for a lvould into Lo Pei- t. with jung's barn. ketfuls of earth up the terrace-shaped The Village Chairman then re- l ported on winter production plans slope. Above and for the whole countY. The central below, you could 'work was to be the rePairing of see the energetic dams and dykes, and getting it done peasants at work, before spring cultivation began. He perspiring freelY in also explained how, in the other spite of the bitter districts which had gone through cold weather. As Iand reform alreadY, every famil!- the "squares" of rnade out its or,vn production plan. various size got Then discussion began as to hoiv deeper, shovels of they shculd make a production plan solid, hard, wintrY of their own. earth were added on Everyone agreed that two sub- to the dyke. Thus committees should be set up under slowly, against a the Production Committee of the cold blue skY, the Peasants' Association, on the basis The emancipated peasants hurried to repair the tlyke. dyke grew. of the four small groups of the had also fallen down. That was That went on until the sun had village, one on dyke-repairing rvhere they needed to put in some gone down behind the hills. The and one on the repairing of good hard work without delay. small group leaders had to beat the reservoirs. Seventy per cent Early the next morning, when their gongs three times before the of the expenses involved were the fields were still wrapped in a peasants reluctantly left off' to be met by the peasants them- haze, the Hsinlu Village peasants, "Now that the local tYrants are selves, the amount being deter- old and young, under the leada- down, it seems to be Pretty easy mined by the degree of benefits ship of small group officers, began to tackle the water tYrant." enjoyed by individual plots of to journey torvards the dyke near This came from Uncle Kuang-lin, land. Farmhands and poorpeasants the slope. Some carried hoes or as he jauntily swung his hoe on to could pay with physical labour. shovels, some basketS for carrying his shoulder. Each then went back For the 30 per cent deficit, they the earth and some pushed hand- to the group he belonged to and could apply for a government loan. carts. The winter sun was smiling the peasants started on their horne- The work had already been lvarmly on a Huilung hsiozg deck- ward journey. In the deePening drafted by the County Committee ed in silver. Along the way, they twilight, more than one head turned on Dyke Repairing. The section could see nail-shaped prints made from time to time to look at the that Hsinlu Village was given the by the magpies in the snow. Tread- visibly heightened dyke with pride responsibility extended from the ing lightly on the path, the peasants and elation. Seven Star Slope to the Shaho chattered, laughed and sang as they On the rvay, the grouPs also dis- River, altogether 12 Ii in length. i,l.ent on their way. cussed launching an emulation The width was to be increased from "Granddra Lil Surely at gour drive to increase efficiencY. the original 4.5 feet to 20 feet, and age you could stay behind and let *t* the height from the original 10 feet Chun-hsing go alonel" That evening the classroom in to 33 8 feet. The local sub-commit- The remark was made in obvious the Lo Primary School was even tee u'ould take care of the division admiration of her "activeness" and more crowded than ever. Children of labour among the four small not intended to dissuade her from of seven or eight rubbed elbows groups and the driving in of stakes. golng. with their elders. His mlnd busY There were 33 reservoirs of Grandma Li. with a meal-basket with the practical problems in- various size in the village and most dangling loosely from one arm, volved, Peng Kuo-chang rvas fuIIY of them badly needed repairing. It turned around: "Chun-hsing's got aware that it was going to be a was decided that for 'this year re- her land and I've got mine, haven't red-letter day in the cultural eman- pair work would be done on a I? How can she go' in my place cipation of the local peasants. selective basis, repairing only the then? I've lived for over 50 years When Li Su-ming complained most dilapidated and those with and this is the first time I repair that no more copies of the "EIe- the greatest capacity. If there were the dyke 'for my own good."' mentary Reader for Workers and time and labour to spare, new re- On the dyke the Construction Peasants" were available at the servoirs would be opened. For in- Team from town had already mark- local Hsinhua Bookstore, he nod- stance. the reservoir that watered ed out with chalk and willow bran- ded sympathetically, but there was the largest area in this village rvas ches the projecteil height and width a suggestion in his manner that the "Horseneck Reservoir" near the of the dyke, according to the AIl- "everything would come out flne." Big Graveyard, but it had long County Plan. The moment the pea- "Peasant comrades!" At these been leaking like a sieve. The sants arrived, Hsin-wu summoned words of Peng Kuo-chang's the corner-stones were out of position together the small group leaders noise quieted down. "You have and on the verge of breaking and and divided up the work into worked hard the whole day at the the main pillar had already top- "zones." Some of the peasants dyke and you must be very tired. pled dbwn in the flood last year. started digging earth at the foot of Can anyone tell me why you're still The plank to keep the water back the dyke. Some busied themselves so enthusiastic about studying?" PEOPLE'S CHINA 27 They could think of a lot of rea- had gone into the pool but the Asso- only there to sell, but now scores sons. One said in the past he had ciation reierved 2 per cent of the of them could be seen, with baskets been cheated and he didn't want "public land," and further con- on their arms, negotiating to buy anything like it to happen again. fiscated a whole lot of lumber and ffsh and ham for the New Year. Another said he would like to be coffins Irom the landlords. TtreY The restaurant "Home of Spring" able to read the "Blackboard News." had carpenters and builders right in which only catered to the landlords Other peasants also told about the village. Why couJ.dn't the Asso- in the past now advertised its "eco- what they had suffered through ciation contribute the land and the nomic meals" to appeal to the "having no education." Some got building material and the peasants peasants. Newly-made implements swindled when the landlords made contribute labour power? They piled up in the blacksmith shops, out contracts which they could not could then build a school house. with name tags pasted on them read. Some could not even read Everybody applauded the brilliant of the people who had sent the lots they drer,l- and were idea. in the orders. Six new cotton- pressganged into the KMT military Going home in the starlight, the bowing machines from Hsiangtan service. Fu-chuan also spoke up: peasants from the two homesteads County were being operated in the "If we can't read, we can't look at carried on heated discussions about four cotton stores. An atmosphere the newspapers and can't teII the of prosperity enveloped the whole the architecture and set-up of their 'When truth from the rumours!" future school. It seemed as though Street. Fu-chuan and Chun- Seeing that the mass feeling was the building had already risen uP hsing entered Chou Jui-hsiang's so high, Peng Kuo-chang said: before their eyes and was no Ionger department store to buy some "Peasant comrades! Your demand only in their dreams. towels and a washbasin, they saw quite people for literacy is natural and legJti- aia a number of frorn mate. The difficulty, however, is in other villages who s.eemed also to marriage of Fu- the shcrtage of classrooms and When the future be on the lookout for various things. Li Su- teachers. Ours is a fairly big vi1- chuan and Chun-hsing, of Thought Chun-hsing, "Strange, is lage, seven or eight hundred peo- ming and Yueh-lien were taken uP everybody getting ma.rried?" during a militia meeting, everyone ple, and we have only two primary At the west end of the street a schools. Of course free education agreed that these two couples sYm- bolised the true emancipation of the new store had just opened. A will be provided for all by the state placard told the passers-by that it before very long. But the problem peasants of Hsinlu Village. The double wedding was set for the 29th was the "Mobile Section of the is: What are we to do norv?" the Twelfth Moon, according to Hunan Trade Company." The at- There was temporary lull and of it was to tendants of this state-owned enter- everybody began to think. the lunar calendar,' and place of the hsiong prise had on light-blue uniforms. "I'm '..villing to contribute five take in the office The militia body was In the past the peasants had tou of grain out of what I've re- Government. prepared pool its strength and to sell their by-products at an ceived in land distribution, so that to resources and make it a big event. impossibly low price to the mer- we may also have a school in the chants, from whom again they Peng Chu Homestead!" The two couples were moved be- had to buy manufactured pro- The one that spoke r",'as Tu Yu- yond words when the meeting dis- ducts at a high price. The Mobile chen, nursing her baby as usual persed. In the old society all they Section bought pig bristles, eggs, She turned her head slightly and had to expect was to be spat and tea and tobacco leaves from the glanced meaningfully at her ex- trampled upon, and now a new life peasants. Being free from middle- ferryman husband, who promptly was open before them. They knew men's exploitation it was in a posi- raised his hand in support of the that this would not have been pos- tion to offer better prices. At motion, as he, too, had suffeled from sible without Chairman NIao and the same time it sold all kinds of being illiterate. The ball started the Communist Party. Hence they equipment production the planned for to rolling. One tan from Uncle to write a Ietter to their peasants, including things like new- benefactor Chairman Mao, in Kuang-lin, some from Grandma Li - model implements, reflned cotton and some from Fu-chuan. Twenty- which, besides thanking him for and chemical fertilisers at a low odd ,or1 was got together in no time helping them in their struggle, they price. would teII him the future plans the at all by the peasants of the Peng What pleased Fu-chuan and them made. It was Chu Homestead. Those of the Li four of had Chun-hsing most was a copy of Garden followed. naturally a bold thing to do, but the eagerly-awaited "Elementary it. At Lo Yung-nien's suggestion, the they felt they ought to do Reader," which they picked up at peasants of the Big House Lo and On the "Kitchen-God Day," the a Rural Branch Office of the the Seven Star Slope, u'ho already Association decided to give the two Hsinhua Bookstore. Among other had schools of their ou'n, also chip- couples a day off so that they could things they also bought some copy ped in and helped with small go shopping for the things they books and a pencil for each of them, amounts of grain. would need in the "bridal cham- and then the crowning touch-a At this point, Head of the bers." Chun-hsing and Fu-chuan coloured portrait of Chairman Mao. Women's Small Group Lo Shu-min had already converted some of the Li Su-ming and Yueh-lien, who had a brainwave. There used to be "fruits" they got from land dis- had gbne to the Shihchiao Village a good deal of "school land" in tribution into cash, and they went Co-operative Store instead, also the villages, but the landlords forth happily towards the Seven came back with armfuls of pack- usurped it a1l. They collected rent Star Slope. ages. From them, the peas- but didr,'t build any school. In The street certainly looked differ- ants learnt that already over 2,000 land distribution all "public land" ent. Formerly, the peasants were farmhands, poor and middle peas- 28 PEOPLE'S CHINA joined ants had the co-op, and that many of which were actually scraps A charcoal fire was burning in with the conclusion of land reform of paper with a barely intelligible the District Chairman Shao Tsu- they would develop further and sentence or two, the stationery as chang's office. Portraits of Chair'- take in all the nine villages of the well as the handwriting showed a man Mao, Commander-in-Chief Chu, hsiang. Yueh-lien then mentioned tremendous variety. Some of them Vice-Chairman Liu Shao-chi and how much things like soap, candles, contained very detailed homely in- Premier Chou decorated the walls. oil, homespun cloth and salt cost formation like what they would Since the District Chairman was there, and the prices were really plant on their newly-acquired land having a meeting inside, Peng Yu- cheap. and how family discord (especially tang used the opportunity to intt'o- ..*\ among in-laws) was smoothed out duce these national leaders to the At the general call sent out by after ]and distribution. four young people, who stood for the hsiong Association to make re- It was Uncle Kuang-lin who re- a long time gaping with undis- doubled efforts at hoeing, fertilising marked wisely that they should ask guised interest and admiration. and threshing, the Hsinlu Village Peng Kuo-chang to incorporate At Iast the District Chairman Production Committee also got everybody's ideas into one com- came out and listened,to Peng Yu- busy organising Mutual-Aid Small posite whole. Eyeing the sheaves tang describe the miserable past of Groups, thus solving the problem ahd sheaves of letters on the table, the young couples and the courage of the shortage of implements, he said, "We have hundreds of they showed in struggling. Peng draught animals and labour power. thousands of villages like ours in Yu-tang also took care to point out China, you a The Blackboard News announced don't we? If write that it was during land reform that the "production plans" made by the letter and I write a letter and their love for each other grew.. everyone won't various families in Hsinlu Village. writes a letter, Shao Tsu-chang then asked a few Chairman Mao get out?" Young people who were strong tired questions about their personal back- worftd repair the dyke and culti- His idea met with general ap- grounds and made sure that they vate their own land. If there was proval, Thus, in th€ literacy class were getting married of their own still time left, they would go far of the night school, collaboration in free will. Then he pr,oduced ap- into the hills to work at reclaim- letter-writing became an item of plication forms from a drawer, ing wasteland. Older men would universal interest. and the young pgople filled in their weed, sweep leaves and sift and Each peasant stood up and told names, ages and home town. The store up fertiliser, and older women what he wanted to have put in forms were subsequently passed on could spin yarn, make shoes and and Peng I(uo-chang took every- to the Clerical Section where {he sandals and feed chickens and pigs. thing down swiftly. licenses were issued. One thing had caused a good deal "Say that in the past those who At this point, Hsiung Peng, the of comment among the villagers: could read in our village could be Secretary of the Comrnunist Party's so far there had been no trace of counted off on one hand and now District Branch, also ar-rived on the production plans for Fu-chuan and many of us know over 100 words. scene. He congratulated the two Li Su-ming, two of the most gen- "Say this year on 'I(itchen-God couples and the conversation turned erally admired activists. Day' we had glutinous rice. We to their plans after marriage. An idea had occurred to lots of also bought two new- coverlets. In "Chun-hsing and I have already peasants while pondering over their the past dried potato was all we decided," Fu-chuan was the firdt production plans. Why couldn't we had even on New Year's Day, and to speak up. "We're both young. also write to Chairman Mao and our clothes were in tatters and I have no family and she has only tell him about our emancipation there was only one quilt for the her mother. The trvo of them just as the two couples were doing? whole family!" could easily support themselves by Our improved livelihood, our plans Fu-chuan said, "Be sure to let labouring. Therefore I request to for tomorrow-surely these were Chairman Mao know that I wouldn't be allowed to join the People's things we should let him know. have got a 'dife if it hadn't been Liberation Army." Schoolmaster Peng Kuo-charfg for land reform!" "We too have decided," said Li was the one to whom most people "And Chun-hsing," yelled the Su-ming, rising from his seat. "If turned, Everyday ov.er a dozen peasants in great glee. ."You must the PLA want5 me, as a soldier, as "letters" would be handed tc him, say something too, Chun-hsingl" a cook or as anything, I'm ready to go!" When they flnally got the remark "Aren't aII four of you already HOW THE TILLERS WIN out of her, Chun-hsing was already members of the militia?" asked BACK THEIR, LAND in tears. "I-I'd be a widow norv Hsiung Peng. if it hadn't been for Chairman Mao." Hsrao Cr'mt "Yes," replied Fu-chuan. "We The consumptive boy to whom joined the militia to watch the This reportage-novelette about Chun-hsing was originally promised landlords. Now that land reform land reform in Hunan Pro- had recently died. is compldted, the Peasants' Asso- vince, serialised in an ab- On the morning of February 4 ciation caF take care of them. We ridged form in People's China, (the 28th of the Twelfth Moon, ac- know Chiang Kai-shek is the published will shortly be cording to the old calendar), the master of the landlords, and in full as a book by thc two couples, accompanied by the American imperialism is the master Foreign Languages Press, Village Chairman Peng Yu-tang, of Chiang Kai-shek. Until their Peking. went to the District Government to masters are overthrown, the land- apply Ior their marriage licenses. l'ords will never really behave!" PEOPLE'S CHINA 29 'When Shao Tsu-chang and Hsiung triotism. It has made us see that Immediately everybody became Peng heard this, they both shook the Motherland belongs to us all quiet and attentive. This was hands with each of the four young and it is up to us to defend it. their letter, therefore of the ut- people. Hsiung remarked, "I'm "Yet, joining the PLA impulsively most importance. In a clear and eonvinced what the PLA needs is without careful deliberation before- resonant voice, Peng l(uo-chang just such emancipated peasants hand isn't right either. I would started to read, articulating each trike yourselves, courageous, Ioyal, like to ask those who demand to word clearly: with a high leve). of political con- enlist in the PLA to study the ex- "Our Beloved Chairman I\Iao, sciousness." amples of these two newly-married Saviour of the Chinese People: When the young couples returned, couples. They have been discus- "We are peasants of Hsinlu ViI- they were met, at the ferry place sing this since the day of the Eman- lage, Huilung hs'zng. We are by the entire miLitia body. The cipation Meeting and have got writing to you to express our dyhe-repairers also quit early and, everything flnally settled. They thanks for the emancipation you tcarrying implements on their know how to carry on productiol helped us obtain and also to re- phoulders, they trailed behind. plans. -the the alongside with their enlistment, port to you on our future ftwo couples to Peng Chu since for us now production is the "There are still in our village lHomestead. On the way everybody main task. people who can remember the Sang song.. "After you have thoroughly con- 'year 1927 when you led us in a ! In frcnt of the temple, once more sidered this matter, if you still bitter struggle against the reac- h platform was put up. Red scrolls think you should join, then the tionary warlords and landlords' on either side read: "Freedom in Association and the Village Gov- Later on, you were forced to leave Marriagel" and "Companions in ernment will certainly recommend because the dirty swine, Chiang Revoiutionl" Even the old trees on you, provided you're in good health Kai-shek, betrayed the revolution, the open ground had red silk and have the consent of your and a period of utter darkness strearneLs tied around them. The famiIy." began to come upon us. On the slanting sun threw a shaft of light There was another wave of ap- one hand, the landlords took stag- over Chairman Mao's portrait. plause. gering rents from us, on the other, Amidst the music of gongs and we had to pay taxes drusrs and the rising and falling and provide man- of harvest songs, the two couples power to meet all mounted the stage. Chun-hsing and kinds of impossible Yueh-lien had on newly-made demands from a gowns with bright patterns. Grand- reactionary g o v- ma Li wore a blue silk gown wiUr ernment. For over fur li:ring which was handed in by 20 years, we rice- some landlord i.u lieu of surplus growers had not grain. And Fu-chuan and Li Su- been able to taste ming, too, were in new, blue rrni- one grain of rice. forms. 'We subsisted en- Under the supervision of Peng tirely on dr i e d Yu-tang, the young people put their potato strips. Our seals on the marriage certiflcates. clothes were shot Scattered shouts came from the through with holes peasants below. "Come on, bride- and a pair of . grooms! Speech!" sandals rn"as a great i Fu-chuan and Li Su-ming stood Iuxury to us. In The letter to Chairman Mao was reail. i. up and the night, we slept [other, th together with Itne ar* The next one to go up was Peng draught animals in damp and fllthy land that Kuo-chang. After he had care- barns, Our life was not even equal In the midst of the loud applause fully unrolled a sheet of paper, he to that of some kinds of animals, that greeted this announcement Li addressed the audience: "During and aII the time we lived und.er the Chen-nan's voice lvas heard. the last ten days or so, Iots of threat of Chiang Kai-shek. people as "Chairman, I want to join too!" A in or.r village, the old "In August 1949, you came back. as young, have offered to forest of arms were raised to ex- well the That is to say, the PLA and cadres press tJre same intention. write to Chairman Mao. Now I you led and trained came back. Here, Hsin-wu felt an explana- have collected a1I of your ideas To us peasants, that was like find- tion was needed, hence and have put them together in one ing water in a desert or seeing a he rvent up your to the stage, and the people quieted letter. I have tried to keep withered tree bursting forth in original avoided re- down. "Peasant comradesl It's remarks but bloom. petitions. Let me take this good 30 years, you and goo

THE PLA'S CULTURAL TROUPES

builder and educator of the armed of the flghters fully. By assisting forces in the spirit of revolutionary the men in their olvn cultural ac- Cultural Front service to the people. tivities, they enrich their ov''n art, This conference gave the funda- as when in 1947 they launched the At height the famous the of mental direction 'u,ork the slogan of "Soldiers act soldiersl" At Huaihai Battle that sealed the fate oI to cultural troupes. Later during the first the fighters thought it strange the I(MT north of the Yangtse of Anti-Japanese War they were join- to act the part of someone theY' River, a young girl in battle dress ed in front line service work by made her rvay cautiously, yet with cultural teams organised by the calmness veteran, to the of a up progressive students and the Left- the front line trenches. She car- Wing Writers' Federation which, ried a violin. It seemed rncon- despite bitter persecution, had con- gruous in a landscape explosive- of tinued activities KMT churned up earth, smoking ruins its in the play- ly areas. This fresh talent for the cul- duced more than 2,000 such dominated by the chatter of has tural troupes of 8th Route and wrights. The 4th Field Army machine-guns and the heavy thun- the Nerv 4th Armies was retnforced by been proud to hear that one- of its der of field artillery. Crouching plays performed the graduates of training schools rvill be at the com- for a moment in a dugout, she Iike the famous Lu IIsun Art ing Berlin Youth Festival-the answered the query of a tyro neu's Academy in Yenan, which combin- story of Tung Tsun-jui, a Com- reporter merely pointing her by to ed teaching instruction munist who sacrificed his life to badge: "The PLA 3rd Field Army art with in the arts of guerilla flghting. : save his comrades at the liberation Cultural Troupe," and adding: of Changteh. going These cadres did yeoman service "Flont line awards are to be poems"-couplets, given and we're to perform!" at the front and in the guerilla "Rifle epigrams, bases behind the enemy lines simple expressions of the faith of It is routine for the PLA cultural a people's soldier, militant pledges, throughout the Anti-Japanese War. jotted troupes to work under flre. They They expanded steadily to keep in do*'n on the Uutt of a rifle, grew up on the battlefleld with the pace with the needs of the grog,ing for remembrance or dedication- papers, paint- people's army. They are part of people's army during the War af countless articles for sculptures.. . .these the army and live with it under its Liberation. Now they number 100,- ings, drawings, command. Where the Army is, 000 men and wornen of the PLA. are only some of the activities cul- there they are. Part of their work tivated among.the troops. Many of even is to help win over the enemy Artistic Ingenuity them have a supremely practical troops. Under the direct super- They have shown the utmost in- and urgent significance. In the vision of the army political com- genuity in carrying out their tasks days of the Liberation War, when missars, they are responsible for all under the most varied conditioas of the PLA fighters came up against kinds of cultural activities in the battle against home reactionaries or massed tanks for the f;rst time, the ranks. They put on their own per- foreign invaders. Music and story cultural troupes composed a telling formances, plays, playlets, concerts, telling, hallad singing, comedy cross poem on "Ten Ways to Attack q but they also take care of the cul- chat, dancing, lantern slide talks, tural development of the fightes "living newspaper" performances themselves, helping them in their and stage plays both classic and drive for literacy, to compose their modern 'tlone to the light of the own literary works, poems, essays, moon or on improvised stages with articles for unit wall-newspapers, or scenery and lighting and orchestral American "Sherman" and demolish plays and sketches, closely integrat- accompaniment-these are the "set it with a well-placed grenade. ing these activities with the political pieces" of cultural troupe work. In May thls year, the 3rd Field tasks of the moment. Their's is a Army helcl one of the first formal ffghting people's . But when there was little time art of the Ubera- performance, reviews of its artistic activities. It tion with a glorious tradition. for a full the teams used the "wave system," going in staged a programme of 80 selected. There 'were propaganda teams succession in small teams or in- items as well as exhibitions of its in the Workers' and Peasants' dividually into the front lines to literary work, models of battle Red Army. They cheered the troops lead songs, tell the latest news and scencs, paintings, hand-made music- on the Long March. But they got propagandise the slogans of the al instruments-a display of artistie major attention and settled or- day. They bring the cultural world talent of every description, that was ganisational status only after the to the PLA, but their characteristic at the same a tribute to the work' famous Kutien Conference back in work is composed of the stuff of of the cultural troupes. 1929 when Chairman Mao Tse-tung army life. Every worker of the With its mor,6 than 500 cultural pginted out their great importanee cultural teams is expected to "go troupes, the People's Army is ao as propaganda the arm, the morale into the army," to share the life army of liberation and culture. , PEOPLE'S CHINA 31

CURRENT CHINA JuIy 11-25, l95l

Triunnphant Peace Drive Korean Front PLA Day Preparations I The China Peace Committee an- Cease-Fire Talks: T'he Korean nounces that the nation-wide twin Throughout the country preparations are being made cease-fire negotiation teams on July campaign for signatures to support the to celebrate August 1, the 21 held their 8th meeting since a 5-Power Peace Pact and voting talks began on July 10. In vierv on the question of Japanese rearma- People's Liberation Army's 24th anniversary. At Nan- of the U.N. delegation's consistent ment was concluded successfully on place the chang, birthplac.e of the PLA, refusal to on the agenda July 18. In less than three months, question for- a special committee is arrang- of withdralval of all troops from Korea, the talks, ing the celebrations. People eign proposal the delegation of from circles Peking and on the of all in people's other cities have drarvn up the KPA and Chinese adjourned for pacts or plans to extend the volunteers, were three days 25 give benefits given to dependents until July "to adequate con- revolutionary martyrs and both sides time to population respectively. of question PLA fighters. The China sider the carefully." Bumper Wheat Harvest Peace Committee has sent a U.S. Hostile Activities: While China's wheat harvest was com- special letter of greetings to cease-flre talks are being held in pleted by the end of June. Reports the PLA. Kaisung, the U.S. and its satellite I from all parts of the country sholv troops have launched a series of that yields this year averaged about A Creche per Factory attacks along almost the entire front. 10 per cent higher than last year. East China had the best results of Every factory and mine where Meanwhile, U.S. planes have any of the great wheat areas. Its women workers have infants in made repeated intrusions into harvests of wheat and barley were Northeast China must set up a China's territorial air over North- 30% higher than last year. creche or a kindergarten or both, east China. On July 21, at 08:29 states a directive issued by the hours, seven of eight U.S. F-94 jet Grand Reservoir Completed Northeast People's Government. flghters, while flying in the direc- the Shihmantan Reservoir, one AII costs will be borne by the man- tion of Mukden and then turning of the most important installations agement. towards Liaoyang and Fengcheng, of the Huai River project, was com- lvere brought down by the Chinese pleted in early July after three Labour Insurance Benefits air force which rose to defend its months' work. The Reservoir is Motherland. In a statement pro- Labour insurance benefits cover- testing against this act of aggres- located on the upper reaches of the ing sickness, injury and old age as Hung River, a tributary of the Huai sion, Chang Han-fu, Vice-Minister well as death insurance have been of Foreign Affairs, pointed out that in Honan Province. Capable of workers extended to over 417,000 this provocation was the "most holding as much as 47,000,000 cubic and staff in 1,006 factories and mines metres of the water that rushes in flagrant" of its kind and that it was in East China, states a reeent committed even during the present spate down the neighbouring moun- Hsinhua News Agency report. tains, it will harness this supply to Korean cease-fire talks. He con- cluded by stating that the U.S. Gov- irrigate 90,000 rnou of farmland. Youth Delegation for Berlin Another major construction job is ernment must be held fully respon- t the Junhochi Dam on the middle The Chinese Delegation, headed sible for the consequences caused by Feng Wen-pin, Secretary of the thereby. I reaches. Its completion on Jily 20 Central Committee of the Youth gnarked the conclusion of the flrst Enemy's and League, Berlin on Casualties: The U.S. Stage of the Huai River project. left Peking'for July 16 to attend the 3rd World satellite troops sustained a loss of 19,000 men Korea dtring the 20 Rail Workers Agreement Festival of Youth and Students for in days' flghting ending JuIy 10. A further rise in living standards Peace. It is composed of 300 mem- is assured the 40,000 workers and bers, including a cultural troupe Soviet Challenge Accepted staff of the Shanghai Railway Bu- and basket and volley ball teams. feau by their new collective agree- Dairen's all-women crew of the ment. The management under this Jen Pi-shih Buried "March 8" locomotive, headed by agrieement undertakes to provide Jen Pi-shih, member of the Secre- model worker Tien I(uei-ying, has three mcre sanatoria, a nerv hos- tariat of the Central Committee of written to B. A. Ivanova, rvoman pital, special care for working the Chinese Communist Party, who deputy captain of the Soviet Union's mothers, schools f or the u,orkers' died on Oct. 27,1950, rvas buried in steamer, "Minin," taking up the children, etc. In return, the work- the People's Cemetery, Peking, on latter's challenge to fulfll work tar- ers pledge themselves to overfulfii JuIy 18. The funeral service was gets in honour of the 34th anniver- the year's transport plan and to put attended by his comrades-in-arms sary of the October Revolution and forward at least 100 innovations anci Liu Shao-chi, Chou En-lai, Chu Teh the 2nd anniversary of the Chinese rationalisation proposals. and others. People's Republic. 32 PEOPLE'S CHINA Viet-Nam Delegation Arrives 13 by Soviet Ambassador Roshchin Chairman of the Central People's A Viet-Nam People's Delegation, for their outstanding work in flIm- Governmeut, and other leaders. whose mission is to strengthen ing The VictorA af the Chinese the Swedish Ambassador Presents already flrm friendship between the People and Liberate(l China, joint peoples of the two neighbouring Soviet-Chinese productions. Win- Credentials countries, arrived in Peking on ners included Liu Pai-yu, Chou Li- Staffan Soderblom, the newlY- July 23. Its 16 members, led by po and Li Hua. appointed Swedish Ambassador to Hoang Quoc Viet, Vice-Chairman of China, presented his credentials to the National United Front, were Cultural Exchange Vice-Chairman Chang Lan of the welcomed at the station by Li Chi- A cultural co-operation agree- Central People's Government on shen, Shen Chun-ju, Kuo Mo-jo and ment between China and Hungary July 21. Chen Shu-tung, Vice-Chairrnen of was concluded on July 12. It was the National Committee of the Chi- signed by Shen Yen-ping, Minister Requisition of U.S. Oil Firms nese PPCC. The Committee gave a of Cultural Affairs, for China and The properties other than the , dinner party the following evening by Erik Nlolnar for Hungary. sites of their head offibes and 'il at which Cornrade Liu Shao-ihi, branches and sales agencies ol ii representing the Chinese Com- Polish National Day Plarked three U.S.-controlled firms - the * munist Party, delivered a '"1'elcom- Dodin, Charge d'Affaires ad Standard Vacuum, Texas Co. I irlg address. interim of the PoDsh Embassy gar,'e tChina) and Cathay Oil Companies t a reception on July 21 in Peking to are to be taken over and their Film \Yorkers Honoured mark the Polish National Day. .Ovel -oil stocks requisitioned by cash Stalin Prizes were awarded to 300 people u'ere present, among payment by order of the Shanghai eight Chinese film workers on July whom were Li Chi.shen, Vice- Military Control Committee. I-etters fr:om (Dur Rearlers Sino-Indian Friendship the misdeeds of the imperialists and be conscripted, and we will fight To the Editor: their lackeys. until our last breath against con- Though we are all non-Commu- Shtrma scription. The Yankee imperialists nists, we want to stand by ftre Bihar, India are also trying to rebuild a Ger- man arrny in Europe and a Japa- people's China because it is China Australian Workers Hail which has come forward with a nese army in the Far East-armies sympathetic heart to save us from New China which were our enemies during starvation by sending food. Of To the Editor: World War II. course there are many in our coun- The Australian workers demons- We are all with you in defeating try who don't like this friendly trated flercely against John Fopter imperialist powers in Asia. Most attitude. They want to sell our Dulles' presence in this country. of my comrades wish they could country to the American imperial- They demanded that the people's go as volunteers to help drive the ists. I have studied in a U.S. in- China be consulted on the Peace imperialists out of Asia, but we stitution and been closely associated Treaty with Japan. Thousands of are so far away. Our main task with Americans for the last ten letters and telegrams flooded the today is the overthrow of the capi- years, and I know what they are. Parliament demanding that trve talist system and the establishment V/e cannot be deceived by their recognise the Central People's of a new life. WalI Street p::opaganda. We are Government of China and stop F. Monk receiving American Reporter and fostering Chiang Kai-shek's regime Ontario, Canada we know how they try to poison the in Taiwan. May 2, 1951 minds of Indian3. W'e want peace, Much is being done, even more but the American imperialists don't. has to be done before we can ex- Greetings from Canada I G. D. Ilrishnaswamy tend the hand of a Socialist Aus- To the Editor: Devakapuram, India tralia to New Democratic China. I find People's Chi,na very in- June 15, 1951 The working class warmly welcome teresting. I wouldn't miss qne copy, China's freedom from the age-old Unfortunately the Canadian Gov- Indian Protests U.S. Slander feudal system. ernment is! completely under the To the Editor: F. H. Miller influence of the warmongering In these days of the people's Sydney, Australia imperialists in W'ashington. If the rising consciousness, Asia welcomes April 20, 1951 Canadian people were given the China as the torch bearer of New truth about China you would have Democracy. It is shocking what Canadian Youth for Peace many millions of friends here. the American imperialists are do- To the Editor: Your great liberation army encour- ing; their puppets are engaged in I am writing you on behalf of aged millions of people in all throwing mud on the new born progressive, Canadian youths who capitalist and colonial c.ountries to Republic of China. One shameful rvant to let you know that they throw off their imperialist masters. article against China was published are with you in fighting against Scott Mclean in the Hindi American Reporter of those Yankee imperialists who are (A Worker) May 2, 195f. I wish that in future trying to cleate a new war. The Tolonto, Canada Peopl,e's China would, too, expose 5outh of Canada do not want tc June 27, 1951 PEOPLE'S CHINA 33 THIRTY YEARS OF THE C.P.C. Provinces, jointly smashed the third encirclement campaign of the KMT troops against the revolution- (Continued lrom page 76) ary bases in Northern Shensi, thus greatly consoUdat- uuder the Marxist-Leninist leadership of this out- ing these bases and raising the prestige of the Red standiDg, great and completely reliable leader-and Army. Later, owing to further attacks on North this was the most important guarantee for the victory China by Japanese imperialism, the "December 9" of the revolution. movement, beginning with the great Resist-Japan- With incomparable tenacity, after overcomi-ng and-Save-China Demonstration by students in Peking innumerable military and political difficulties as well on December 9, 1935, spread to the whole of the as other natural obstacles, and after completing the country. During this movement, the broad masses Long March of 25,000 li (over 8,000 miles) and of the people unanimously adopted the slogan ot crossing almost impassable snow-clad moultains and "Stop the Civil War; unite to resist Japan" formul- steppes, the Central Red Army reached North Shensi ated by the Communist Party of China. The tide . ,in October 1935, one year after the beginning of of the revolution was once more on the rise. Mean- while, there was an urgent need to make an ac- curate analysis of the internal situation since the policy ffa Loxo ianifr oF 8,@ Mr!E! Japanese invasion of China, to decide the of the Party and to correct the "Left," "closed-door" tendency prevalent within the Party. This work could not have been accomplished by the Central Ied by Comrade Hsu leading organs of the Party between 1931 and 1934 joined Hsiang-chien also and, similarly, it could not have been accomplished forces *'ith Centrdl ,i \Lr\.@rl the by Comrade Mao Tse-tung in 1935, during the Long i: / Red Army in October 1936 March. This need was met when, aided by the in the Shensi-Kansu rarea. ...,'..i':.:,-. ..-:..1.::.:Sf tudb correct policy of the united front against fascism Chang Kuo-tao, who adopted by the Communist International, the Com- worked in the Red Army munist Party of China issued a declaration on August units led Comrade Hsu by f, 1935, calling for a united front and, in particular, Hsiang-chien, Iost faith in when the Po]itical Bureau of the Central Committee revolution and engaged activi- the future of the iu of the Party on December 25 passed resolution the' refused a ties to split and betray Party. He on the current political situation and the tasks ol go northward from northwestern Szechuan in to the Party and when Comrade Mao Tse-tung made company rvith the Central Red Army, coerced part a report entitled The Policg of Fighting Japanese the troops into retreat towards Sikang Province of IrnperLalism on Decembet 27, at a conferencb of and unconstitutionally set up another Central lead- Party activists. ing organ. Thanks to the correct policy on inter- Party struggle adopted by Comrade Mao Tse-tung The problem of establishing a national united and thanks to the persevering efforts o? Comrades front against Japanese imperialism was systematical- Chu Teh, Jen Pi-shih, Ho Lung, Kuan Hsiang-ying ly expounded in Comrade Mao Tse-tung's report. and others, the splitting intrigues of the traitor After pointing out the possibilities that the Left wing of the national bourgeoisie join the Chang Kuo-tao quickly met with complete failure, , might in but not before they had caused further great losses fight against Japanese imperialism, that the rest of to the Red Army. Before the fifth KMT encircle- the national bourgeoisie might move from vacilla- ment compaign, the Red Army had expanded into tion to neutrality, that the KMT camp might split, a force of 300,000 troops, but after reaching Northern that the clique of pro-Anglo-American compradors Shensi at the end of the Long March, owing to the within it might, under given conditions, be com- many setbacks caused by erroneous Ieadership within pelled to take part in the fight against Japan and the Party, the Red Army totalled less than 30,000 after pointing out the great signiflcance of the Long troops. These were the most precious flower of the March, Comrade Mao Tse-tung summarised the Red Army and the Party. Party's tasks as follows: 'W'ork- The victorious Long March of the Chinese "The task before the Party is to integrate the ers' and Peasants' Red Army marked the turn from activities of the Red Army with all the activities of danger to security in the Chinese revolution. It the workers, peasants, students, the petty bourgeoisie, gave the Chinese people hope in the future of the and the national bourgeoisie of the whole country and revolution and in the future of the anti-Japanese to form out of this integration a united national revolutionary front." national salvation movement. It convinced China and the whole rvorld of the invincible strength of Comrade Mao Tse-tung vigorously rebutted all the Communist Party of China and of the Chinese the arguments of the "Left" elements in the Party Red Army and forced them to see that, in order against a united front. Comrade Mao Tse-tung to defeat Japanese imperialism whose ambitions of raised the slogan of a people's republic to replace encroachments on China were insatiable, China had that of a republic of workers and peasants, and to rely upon the Communist Party and had to put formulated an accurate policy towards the national an end to the civil war against the Communists. bourgeoisie both politically and economically. Com- In November 1935, immediately after joining rade Mao Tse-tung pointed out that, during the forces, the Central Red Army, the Red Army units bourgeois-democratic revolutionary period, the Peo- in North Shensi and the Red Army units which hacl ple's Republic would protect those members of the marched northward from Hupeh, Honan and Anhwei national bourgeoisie who did uot support imperialism 34 PEOPLE'S CHINA and its lackeys, together with their industry and resisted Japanese aggression and the national War businesses and that the People's Republic, with the of Eesistance broke out. The realisation of internal workers and peasants as its foundation represented peace and of the War of Resistance, which resulted the interests of all strata of the people who opposed from the correct views and work of the Communist imperialism and feudalism. Party of China during and after the Sian Incident, Comrade Mao Tse-tung pointed out that the greatly raised the prestige of the Communist Party difference between the present united front and that among the masses of the people throughout the of 1924 to L927 lay in the participation of the resolute country. and powerful Communist Party and the revolution- In May, 1937, the Central Committee convened a ary Army. Comparing tb.e differences between the Party Conference which discussed and ratifled the two periods, Comrade NIao Tse-tung said: political line of the Party since 1935 and made politi- "But the situation is changed now. Not only are cal and organisational preparations for the War of there a resolute and powerful Communist Party and Resistance. a strong Red Army, but there are also bases for the During the years in rvhich the revolution emerg- Red Army. They are not only initiators of the na- ed from danger and lvas approaching a new upsurge, . tional anti-Japanese united front but will inevitably Comrade Mao Tse-tung devoted great efforts. : become pillar the strong supporting in the future to theoretical experi- '.-. anti-Japanese government and army, thus ensuring ences and tr 1936,.$ the final frustration plots Japanese and of of the of the he wrote ?he Reuolu-rE Chiang Kai-shek to disruFt the anti-Japanese national 4 united front and spread defeatism among us.". ,.,, tionarg Wars, ences of the revok+tionary wars between 1927 and 1936, ex- Comrade Mao Tse-tung's report nbt o;ry Uid plained tJte . characteristics policy of China's revolution- down the Party's at that time and foretold dy urars and systematically criticised the mistaken the future development of the Chinesi: pdlitical . military Iines of the "Leftists" and the Rightists. situation, but also summarised the fundamental e*- This was one of the most britliant Marxist works of periences of the two periods of revolutionary civil .the the world Communist movement on military science. wars and deflned the basic line of Peirty in the N[ore than that, this book was an important politicat period democratic revolution. of and philosophical rvork, because it made a penetrat- political Com-' The correct line of the Central ing analysis of the laws the Chinese revolution mittee of the Communist Party of China, Epidly of as a whole, of the causes of victory and defeat in war, great quickly achieved results and brought into exist- of t-he laws of war as well as the process of under- ence the War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression. standing the laws of war. After driving into Shansi Province in February 1936 In the summer of 1937, Comrade Mao Tse-tung advancing east and u'inning many victories, the : by wrote his renowned philosophical entitled Red Army issued an open message to the KMT in' treatise proposing On Practice. In this book, Comrade Mao Tse-tung May cessation of hostilities, negotiations profound popular for peace and concerted action against Japanese im- made a comprehensive, and exposi- perialism, and first of all secured a truce ,with tion of the Marxist-Leninist theory ot knowledge. It Chang llsueh-liang, Yang Hu-cheng, and others in rs of the utmost importance history Shensi Province. In the KMT-controlled areas, the and value in the Party work and the national salvation movements of Chinese thought and in against Japan carried out by people of all strata the ideological work of the were similarly resumed and were spreading under Party. It is the best text- book for teaching the peo- the correct leadership of Comrade Liu Shao-chi. ple But Chiang Kai-shek sti1l clung to the reactionary how to think, act and policy of opposing the Communist Party of China study correctly. It analy- and the Chinese people, and continued to attack the sed the philosophical na- Red Army. On December 12, 1936, Chang Hsueh-' ture of the inner-Party liang and Yang Hu-cheng, who demanded an alliance controversies during the . the Communist Party China resisting Second Revolutionary Civil with of in 'War Japan, detained Chiang Kai-shek in Sian, forcing and by means of the , him to put an end to the anti-Communist civil war' irrefutable principles of which rvas ruining the nation. In this situation, the materialism, exposed the docttinaire and empiricist Communist Party of China considered it necessary errors in the theory of knowledge of the "Leftists" to secure a peaceful solution of the Sian Incident in and Rightists. It not only laid the foundation for order to resist Japanese imperialist aggression, and the education of the Communist Party of China in Chiang Kai-shek was therefore released and internal Marxism-Leninism but also made a splendid contri- peace achieved. bution to the rvorld's philosophical treasury of After the peaceful solution of the Sian Incident, Marxism-Leninism. to assist in maintaining internal peace and to win The period ot the Second'Revolutionary Civil the landlord class over to joint resistance to Japanese War was a period in which the Communist Party of imperialism, the Communist Party of China decided China, in extremely difficult circumstances, reached temporarily to suspend carrying out the policy of political maturity and advanced the revolution to confiseating and redistributing the land of the land- new heights. During this period, mainly owing to lords. Thanks to the achievement of internal peace, the efforts of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, the Party pro- vrhen the Japanese imperialists used the pretext of foundly recognised the importance of military work the Lukouchiao (Marco PoIo Bridge) incident of and rural work, cleated the revolutionary army and JuIy 7, 1937, to launch a new offensive against China, 'the revolutionary bases in the countrylide, and learn- Chinese troops, including Chiang Kai-shek's army, ed horv to lead the levolutionary war, Iand reform PEOPLE'S CHINA 35 and various kinds of work involved in state power. our Party completely and our Party conducted most During this period, the Communist Party of China difficult, intricate and brave strugglesagainstthem; on recognised Comrade Mao Tse-tung as its own real the other hand, having overcome thc Right oppor- Marxist-Leninist leader and at the same time also tunism of Chen Tu-hsiu, the Party was assailed recognised the danger and the harmfulness of the several times by "Left" opportunism, which brought various types of "Left" petty bourgeois ideology. it into t,Le greatest danger. Ilowever, thanks to the In the struggle against various erroneous petty correct creative Marxist-Leninist leadership of Com- bourgeois ideologies, the Party established its leader- rade Mao Tse-tung, his unusual patience and his ship with Comrade Mao Tse-tung at the head. Just spirit of observing discipline, the Party finally suc- as Rightism caused the main damage during the ceeded in overcoming the opportunist errors with KMT-Communist coalition ,in the period of the First perfectly satisfactoly results and in extricating itself Revolutionary Civil War, "Left" deviations constitut- from an extremely dangerous situation. Thus, dur- ed the chief mistake of the Party's Leadership during ing the lO-year period of reaction, the Party, in spite this period. "LeftiSt" mistakes caused the Party and of being assailed by enemies, from both within and the Red Army to suffer serious setbacks, retarding without, was able to educate the vast masses of the the advance of the revolution to new heights. Never- people throughout the country in ihe revolutionary theless, the Party and the Army which emerged with spirit, uphold the revolutionary banner of the Party rich experience from many tribulations and complex among the masses of the people, preserve the essen- ordeals, later on constituted the main force that tial main foree of the Red Army and part of the revo- subsequently ied the War of Resistance , and the lutionary bases, pteserve a large number of the People's Liberation War. In the light of .thege facts, outstanding cadres of the Party and tens of thou- it may be stated that it was during the Second Revo- sands of Party members and amass a wealth of revo- lutionary Civil War that the most important politicai lutionary experience, especially regarding warfare preparations and nurturing of cadres 1r/as made for and revolutionary bases, to meet the new revolu- the victory of the Chinese revolution today. ti,onary tide-the nation-wide patriotic War of Resis- The Party tided over the extremely reactionary tance and the npw co-operation between the KMT period between 1927 and 1937. During this period, and the Communist Party of China. on the one hand, the enemy attempted to annihilate , (To be continued,)

THE FIRST TASTE OF carried out land reform, we got women in the village plan to open from the landlords ton TIAPPINESS 82 and seven a weaving factory with the help fou of marshy land, 12 toa and five of the co-op. We are convinced (Continued, frotn page 29) tou of dry land, 45 farm imple- our days will becon:e steadily With your shining example and ments, six oxen, 52 rooms both big better and better. Today is but the example of the Communist anQ small, and over 4,000 catties the beginning of a yet more glori- Party befclre us, \,ve have come to of-surplus foodstuffs. In the past, ous tomorrow. see that aII the talk about 'fate' botb the land beneath our feet andl "We know if we really cherish and 'horoscope'has no truth at all. the .poof over our heads belonged our happiness, we should persist in "Your instruction has helped us to others; we dared not complain the Resist-America-and-Aid-Korea to change our fate. Our village or shed tears. Now we have our Campaign until we have complete- has now carried through land re- own houses and our orvn land, and ly overthrow-n the enemies-Amer- prosperous form, wiped out the feudal system a future is in sight. ican aggressors and their lackey, of exploitation and cut apart the "We understand that these Chiang Kai-shek. chains of slavery. '[Ve can now changes have only become possible "Hence. wc peasants of Hsinlu stand up erect and be the masters rvith the liberation of the rvhole Village have solemnly undertaken of our village. nation. OnIy. with a government to do the following things: "We want esl:ecially to teII you of our orvn could rte have obtain- "(1) repair all dykes and water- about two man'iages: between Fr,r- ed the prescnt conditions. We gates, step up spring cultivation chuan and Chun-hsing, Li Su- realise that the futule success of and increase foodstuff production. ming and Yueh-Iien. AII Iour are the nation lests largely on our "(2) enlarge and strengthen the members of the militia. Thc effolts at production and in pro- organisation of the Pcasants' Asso- brideglooms both used to be tecting the people's democratic dic- ciation and the militia. Heighten farmhands without a sheng of Iand tatorship in the rural areas. our vigilance against counter-revo- or a root above them that they "Thercfore wc have decided to Iutionary elements and strengthen could call their olrrn. Now each detotc all our power to repairing public security. has got some land, a house and a dykes and water-gates and culti- "(3) support u'hole-heartedly the wifc. Chun-hsing used to be a vating and fertilising the land, so campaign to resist U.S. aggression child-bride, and Yueh-lien a maid- that in the coming autrlmn vie can and aid Korea with material and servant. Both were direct victims bring in a bumper harvest to re- manpower and carry on the revolu- of feudal society. And now both pay your goodness and help tion to a victorious end. have got land and houses of their strengthen our nation economically. "We wish you own and have chosen their life "There is a lot else we might "Unbreakable health like the companions of their own free wiII. teII you. We are planning to rock's and "There are altogether 192 fami- build a school our own. We "Eternal brightness like the sun's. of (Signed) Iies in our village, of u'hich 115 wiII soon have our own co-op. A were lamilies of landless or almost medical clinic will soon be estab- The whole body of Hsinlu landless farmhands or poor peas- lished near the Seven Star Slope. Village peasants ants before land reform. After we "Aftcr the autumn harvest the February 4, 1951." ,,8 Deoples Ghlna Jrt Hq 4pA * s4 B" 64 ---/=-i't *t\ :*t -1'-,L'\

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Chinese People's Volunteers Capture a Key }lountain Pass in Kores. Woodant by Yen llan