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Wildland Urban Interface Operating Principles

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Wildland Urban Interface Operating Principles Wildland Urban Interface Operating Principles California Department of Forestry and Fire protection Wildland Urban Interface Operating Principles first edition 2014 Ken Pimlott Director California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection John Laird Secretary for Natural Resources Secretary for Natural Resources Agency Edmund G. Brown, Jr. Governor State of California Fire Characteristics Chart . 45 CONTENTS Fire Weather Forecasts . 46 Foreword ......................................................... ix Remote Automated Weather Station Message from the Chief ................................. xi (RAWS) . .. 46 Visual Indicators of Extreme Fire Behavior 46 Introduction .................................................... xv Pre-Incident Activities ................................... 47 Notes from the WUI Working Group .......... xvii Fire History and Area Orientation . 47 Fire Service Leadership .................................. 1 Pre-Incident Plans . 48 Values and Principles...................................... 2 Active Incident Activities .............................. 48 Duty . 2 Initial Attack Response . 48 Respect . 3 Initial Attack Decisions and Actions . 54 Integrity . 3 Incident Briefings . 60 Unified Command . 61 Levels of Leadership ....................................... 3 General Staff . .. 63 Command Presence ........................................ 3 Organizing for Structure Defense . 64 Situational Awareness .................................... 6 Command Staff . 67 Incident Within the Incident . 69 Leader’s Intent ................................................. 7 Transition Activities ...................................... 70 Appropriate Action .......................................... 8 Transition Briefing . 70 Communication ............................................... 9 Extended Attack Incident Command . .. 71 Decision Making .............................................. 9 Transition to Incident Management Team . 72 Training and Experience . 10 Post-Suppression Activities ......................... 74 Feedback and Input . 10 Incident Demobilization . .. 74 Team Building and Crew Cohesion ............. 11 Damage Inspection . 75 The Formation Phase . 11 Suppression Damage and Repair . .. 75 The Development Phase . 11 Administrative Activities . 77 The Sustainment Phase . 12 Structure Triage ............................................. 79 Crew Cohesion . 12 Structure Triage Categories ......................... 80 Career Development...................................... 13 Not Threatened . 80 Fuel, Weather, and Topography ................... 15 Threatened Defensible . 80 Fuel . 15 Threatened Non-Defensible . 81 Weather . 20 S-FACTS Structure Triage Check List ......... 81 Topography . 32 S – Survival . 82 Fuel, Weather, and Topography Aligned . 33 F – Fire Environment . 82 Extreme Fire Behavior .................................. 34 A – Access . 84 Crown Fires . 34 C – Construction / Clearance . 85 Area Ignition . 36 T – Time Constraints . .. 86 Slope Reversal . 36 S – Stay or Go . 87 WUI-Specific Fire Behavior........................... 37 Triage Documentation and Notifications ..... 87 Radiant Heat . 37 WUI Placard . 87 Convective Heat . 37 Objectives, Strategies, and Tactics ............. 93 Direct Flame Impingement . 38 Objectives . 93 Wind Eddies Around Structures . 38 Strategy . 94 Fire Behavior Forecasting Tools .................. 38 Tactics . 96 Campbell Prediction System . .. 39 Tactical Engagement ..................................... 98 Geospatial Fire Analysis Applications . 40 Tactical Action . 98 National Fire Danger Rating System Tactical Maneuver . 98 (NFDRS) . 42 P-A-C-E . 99 Fire Danger Pocket Card . 43 Tactical Engagement Principles ................. 102 Traffic Control . 207 DRAW-D . 107 Information Flow . 210 Repopulation . 211 Tactical Actions ........................................... 109 Primary Structure Defense Tactics . 109 Incident Evacuation Checklists and Plans 211 Immediate Evacuation Checklist . .. 212 Firing ............................................................. 131 Firing Operations . 131 Incident Evacuation/Repopulation Plan . 212 Developing a Firing Plan . .. 134 Pre-incident Planning .................................. 213 Firing Considerations . 135 Developing Pre-Plan Maps . 214 Firing Strategies . 139 Developing the Written Plan . 216 Applied Fire Behavior . 139 Training and Validation . 218 WUI Firing Operations ................................. 142 Tactical Structure Defense Planning ......... 219 Control Lines and Check Lines . 142 Approving and Implementing the Plan . 222 Holding Operations . 143 Safety Mentality ........................................... 223 Firing Around a Structure . 144 Firing Around a Subdivision . 146 Situational Awareness ................................ 224 Firing Around Infrastructure . 146 Hazards......................................................... 225 Resource Types ........................................... 149 WUI-Specific Hazards . .. 225 Engines . 149 Hazard Identification . 226 Fire Crews . 155 Carbon Monoxide Exposure . 226 Dozers . 158 Heat Injury . 227 Hazardous Materials . 228 Resource Configuration .............................. 160 Firefighting Chemical Application . 174 Survival Tools .............................................. 229 10 Standard Firefighting Orders . 229 Support Equipment ..................................... 182 18 Watch Out Situations . 230 Squads and Ambulances . 182 LCES . 231 Private (Hired) Equipment . 183 Look Up, Down, and Around . 232 FEMA Coordinated Resources . 184 Common Denominators of Fire Behavior on Private Industry Fire Response . 184 Tragedy Fires . 233 Pre-incident Team Building ........................ 185 Survival Facts (S-FACTS) . 233 Risk Management Process . 236 Cooperating Agencies ................................ 186 Law Enforcement . 186 Roles and Responsibilities ......................... 236 Animal Control . 187 Personal Safety . 236 Utility Companies . 188 Incident Supervisors . 238 Incident Commander . 239 Assisting Fire Agencies .............................. 189 Local Agreements . 190 Safety Officer . 239 Statewide Agreements . 191 Accountability .............................................. 240 Notification ................................................... 192 Vehicle Safety .............................................. 242 Emergency Vehicle Operations . 242 Emergency Operations Center/Joint Operations Aircraft Drop Safety . 243 Center ........................................................... 193 After Action Reviews ................................... 193 Survival Options .......................................... 244 Escape Routes . 244 Roles and Responsibilities ......................... 195 Safety Zones . 246 Primary Responsibility . 195 Temporary Refuge Areas . 247 Law Enforcement Agency . 197 Shelter Deployment Zones . 250 Cooperating Agencies . .. 198 Entrapment ................................................... 253 Evacuation Planning ................................... 198 Protective Actions . 199 The Science and Art of Fire Suppression . 255 Decision Points . 205 Appendix ...................................................... A-1 Conducting Evacuations ............................ 207 Notifications . 207 viii Foreword I hope the bobcat that leaped to my headlights and showed me the road I could not find in the smoke escaped the flames, too. If not for that wild creature, I likely wouldn’t have survived the Cedar Fire—to date still the biggest in California history. It terrorized San Diego for a week in October 2003, destroying more than 2,200 homes, including mine, and killing 15 people, 12 of them my neighbors. The 15th victim, Steven Rucker, was a firefighter who’d traveled 500 miles to help protect the lives and property of people he didn’t even know. Now recognized among the first of a virulent new breed of megafires exacerbated by climate change, the Cedar Fire led the news and entered the history books not just for its great size and speed, but also for its remorseless incursion into suburban neighborhoods long assumed immune from the high fire risk associated with rural communities. It happened again only 4 years later. Ten people died and 1,600 homes burned in simultaneous fires that struck the San Diego region in October 2007. Again, an affluent suburban community fell victim to fire sweeping in from adjacent wildlands. As I write these words, San Diegans are once again emerging from a devastating firestorm. Over the past week, 10 separate fires fed by unseasonably strong Santa Ana winds have taxed firefighting resources and terrorized communities across San Diego County. At least one person is dead. More than 60 homes lie in heaps of rubble and buckled metal. Firefighters are exhausted from working long days and nights through triple-digit heat and single-digit humidity, buffeted by winds gusting as high as 50 mph. And it’s only May. What once we could legitimately categorize as unprecedented has become all too familiar, not only in San Diego, but also throughout California, across the United States, and around the globe. Climate change is no longer speculation or prediction. Climate change is here, altering the face of our planet and with it, fire regimes worldwide. Already we’re experiencing longer and more frequent droughts, higher temperatures, and spreading infestations of timber-killing insects, all boosting the likelihood of catastrophic fires across our wildlands. This text is a timely and welcome publication designed
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