PRIVATE ACADEMIES OF TOKUGAWA

Private Academies of Tokugawa Japan

RICHARD RUBINGER

Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey Copyright © 1982 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, Princeton, NewJersey In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Guildford, Surrey All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data will be found on the last printed page of this book Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Paul Mellon Fund of Princeton University Press This book has been composed in Monophoto Bsiskerville by Asco Trade Typesetting Ltd., Hong Kong Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books are printed on acid- free paper, and binding materials are chosen for strength and durability Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press, Princeton, NewJersey For JVoriko

CONTENTS

List of Figures, x List of Illustrations, xi List of Tables, xiv Acknowledgments, xv Prefatory Note, xvii

Introduction 3

I. Cultural Integration and Education: The rugaku System 15 Restrictions on Travel and Communication Among Han in the Tokugawa Period. The Breaking Down of Local Isolation: Travel in the Nineteenth Century. Cultural Integration and Education: The Tiigaku System. Han Tiigaku Policies. Bakufu and Han School Facilities for Students on Tiigaku 16

Case Studies Part One: Chinese Studies Shijuku 39

II. Chinese Studies Shijuku of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 41 Nakae Toju's Toju Shoin. Genroku: Ito Jinsai's Kogido. Late Eighteenth Century: Miura Baien's Baien Juku 44

III. Nineteenth-Century Chinese Studies ShiJuku: Hirose Tanso's Kangien 60 Life of Hirose Tanso. Tanso and the Hita Daikan. Fees and Financial Independence. Curriculum at Kangien. Rules and Regulations at Kangien. Students at Kangien 61 viii Contents

Case Studies Part Two: Dutch Studies Shijuku 99

Introduction: Overview of Dutch Studies in Tokugawa Japan 101

IV. Dutch Studies Shijuku in and Nagasaki 106 Early Dutch Studies Shijuku in Edo: Otsuki Gentaku's ShirandS. Nagasaki: Siebold's Narutaki Juku. Dutch Studies Shijuku in Edo at the End of the Tokugawa Period: Ito Gemboku's Shosendo and Tsuboi Shindo's Ankaido-Nisshudo 106

V. Dutch Studies Shijuku in : Ogata Koan's Teki Juku 126 Ogata Koan: Overview of Training and Career. Student Life at Teki Juku. Income and Fees at Teki Juku. Curriculum at Teki Juku. Students at TekiJuku 127

Case Studies Part Three: Other Types of Shijuku 153

Introduction 155

VI. Kokugaku Juku: Motoori Norinaga's Suzu no Ya 158 Kokugaku and Kokugaku Juku. Motoori Norinaga and the Development of Suzu no Ya. Students at Suzu no Ya. Course of Study and Teaching Strategy: Recruitment of Rural 158 Commoners

VII. Schools of the "Practical" Arts: Military Juku, Schools of Calligraphy and Calculation 174 Military Juku. Schools of Calligraphy and Calculation 174

VIII. Direct Action Juku 187 Economic Disturbances and Shijuku: Oshio Heihachiro. Political Disturbances and Shijuku: Shoka Sonjuku of Yoshida Shoin 188

IX. Conclusion: Shijuku and Patterns of Tugaku in the Creation of a Modernizing Elite 208 Contents ix

Appendices

A. A Historiographical Note on Schools in the Tokugawa Period 227 B. A Note on the "Shijuku-Terakoya Chart" in Nihon Kydiku-shi Shiryo (JMKSS) 229 C. Development of the Kangien Compound 231 D. A Note on Currency and Shijuku Fees 232 E. BriefBiographies of Selected Kangien Students by Career 233 F. Entrance Fees at Dutch Schools in Edo 239 G. Biographies of Selected Students from Ogata Koan's TekiJukuMentionedintheText 240 H. Biographies of Selected Students at Shoka Sonjuku 242 I. Outlines of Educational Backgrounds and Careers of Selected Early Meiji Leaders Mentioned in the Text 245

Glossary, 255 Bibliography, 266 Index, 275 LIST OF FIGURES

1. The Provinces of Tokugawa Japan 2 2. Total Number of Shijuku and Terakoya by Prefecture through 1872 4 3. Geographical Distribution of Students at Toju Shoin by Home Province 1637-1648 47 4. Geographical Distribution of Students at Kogido by Home Province 1681-1687 54 5. Number of New Entrants to Kangien by Year 69 6. Age of Students upon Entrance to Kangien 1801- 1871 89 7. Geographical Distribution of Students at Kangien by Home Province 1801-1871 91 8. Geographical Distribution of Students at Narutaki Juku by Home Province 1824-1828 and 1859-1861 115 9. Geographical Distribution of Students at Shosendo by Home Province 1847-1870 122 10. New Entrants by Year at Shosendo 1847-1870 and TekiJuku 1848-1864 Compared 124 11. Floor Plan of Teki Juku 132 12. Geographical Distribution of Students at TekiJuku by Home Province 1844-1864 144 13. Geographical Distribution of Students at Norinaga's Suzu no Ya by Home Province 1758-1801 164 14. Geographical Distribution of Students at the Shijuku of Motoori Ohira by Home Province 1801-1833 165 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Commoners enjoying themselves on a pilgrimage to Ise. From a print by Ando Hiroshige (1797-1858). Photo by Thomas J. Garneau 22 Nakae Toju (1608-1648). Courtesy of Adogawa Bunka Geijutsu Kaikan, Shiga Prefecture 45 An eighteenth-century sketch of Toju Shoin in Omi 47 ItdJinsai (1627-1705). Courtesy of Ito Shigekazu. Photo by Thomas J. Garneau 51 Entranceway to the Kogido compound in . The pine tree and the storehouse on the left are all that remain from Jinsai's day. Jinsai is said to have planted the pine tree himself in order to be remembered. Courtesy of Ito Shigekazu. Photo by Thomas J. Garneau 54 Hirose TansS (1782-1856). Courtesy of Hirose Sadao 63 Exterior of Shufuan in Hita. This is all that remains of the Kangien compound 65 A page from the entrance register of Kangien, showing entrance data for Omura Masujird written in his own hand. Courtesy of Hirose Sadao 87 Sketch of the Kangien compound as it looked in the nineteenth century. Courtesy of Hirose Tsuneta 91 Dejima at the time of Siebold, by Kawahara Keiga. Courtesy of Nagasaki Daigaku Keizai Gakubu, Muto Bunko 112 Phillip Franz Balthasar von Siebold (1796-1866). Painting by Kawahara Keiga (dates unknown). Courtesy of Nagasaki Kenritsu Nagasaki Toshokan 114 xii List of Illustrations

Sketch of Siebold's NarutakiJuku in Nagasaki, by Naruse Sekichi (dates unknown). Courtesy of Nagasaki Daigaku Keizai Gakubu, Muto Bunko 115 Ogata Koan (1810-1863). Courtesy ofTeki Juku Kinen Kai in Osaka 127 A Doeff-Halma Dutch-Japanese dictionary, similar to the one used at Teki Juku. The TekiJuku copy has been lost. Courtesy of Teki Juku Kinen Kai in Osaka. Photo by Thomas J. Garneau 138 A close-up view of a page of the Doeff-Halma Dutch- Japanese dictionary. Courtesy of Nagasaki Kenritsu Nagasaki Toshokan 139 Pages of the TekiJuku entrance register. The page on the left shows entrance data for Fukuzawa Yukichi. Courtesy of Teki Juku Kinen Kai in Osaka. Photo by Thomas J. Garneau 141 Fagade of a recently refurbished TekiJuku in Osaka. Note the narrow openings on the second floor, which made the study rooms quite dark. Courtesy of Osaka Daigaku 144 A self-portrait of Motoori Norinaga at the age of sixty. Courtesy of Motoori Norinaga Kinen Kan in Matsuzaka 161 Exterior of the Motoori home in Matsuzaka. Suzu no Ya is the small room in the upper right, behind the pine branches. Courtesy of Motoori Norinaga Kinen Kan in Matsuzaka 164 Interior of Suzu no Ya. The bells, which Norinaga rang for relaxation, are hanging in the far corner. Courtesy of Motoori Norinaga Kinen Kan in Matsuzaka 168 The siizu (or bells) used by Norinaga, after which his school was named. Courtesy of Motoori Norinaga Kinen Kan in Matsuzaka 169 A poetry reading at Suzu no Ya. Norinaga is seated on the left, to the rear. The formal wear of Norinaga and the students suggests that this was probably a New Year's gathering. The painting was done by List of Illustrations Xlll

Motoori Ohira (who also appears in it, second from right) in 1827. Courtesy of Motoori Norinaga Kinen Kan in Matsuzaka 170 Egawa Tarozaemon (1801-1855). Courtesy of Nirayamach5 Ky5iku Iinkai in Shizuoka. Photo by Thomas J. Garneau 179 Entrance to the former daikan residence in Nirayama. Courtesy of Nirayamacho Kyoiku Iinkai in Shizuoka. Photo by Thomas J. Garneau 181 Oshio Heihachiro (1793-1837). Courtesy of Osakajo Tenshu-kaku. Photo by Thomas J. Garneau. 189 Yoshida Shoin (1830-1859). This statue was carved from wood shortly after Shoin died, at the direction of his students. Thus it is said to bear an uncanny resemblence to Shoin himself, including the charac­ teristic downward tilt of his right shoulder. Courtesy of Kyoto Daigaku Fuzoku Toshokan 194 Exterior ofShoka Sonjuku in Hagi. The school run by Sh5in was in the small room on the right of the pic­ ture. The rest of the building was added by students after Shoin's death 198 Interior of Shoka Sonjuku in Hagi 199 LIST OF TABLES

1. Development of Types of Schools by Date of Establishment 5 2. Rank of Teachers at Terakoya and Shijuku (Percentages) 11 3. Total Number of Shijuku through 1872 by Field of Study 13 4. Class Background of Students at Kogido 1681-1687 55 5. Curriculum at Kangien by Grade 77 6. Cbmparison of the Gettanhyo of Kangien and the Plan of the School Law of 1872 80 7. Class Background of Students at Kangien 93 8. Number of Entrants to Otsuki Gentaku's Shirando by Year 109 9. Number of Entrants to Norinaga's Suzu no Ya from Ise and from Outside Ise by Year 163 10. Class Background of Students at Norinaga's Suzu no Ya 166 11. Class Background of Students at Shoka Sonjuku 203